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Thematische Bibliographien / Cocoa swollen shoot virus / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Cocoa swollen shoot virus“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 7. Juni 2025

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 2. August 2025

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1

Thresh, J. M., G. K. Owusu, A. Boamah, and G. Lockwood. "Ghanaian cocoa varieties and swollen shoot virus." Crop Protection 7, no. 4 (1988): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(88)90043-9.

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2

Quainoo, A. K., A. C. Wetten, and J. Allainguillaume. "Transmission of cocoa swollen shoot virus by seeds." Journal of Virological Methods 150, no. 1-2 (2008): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.009.

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3

Adesah, Tetteh, Collins Osei, Enoch Kwame Tham-Agyekum, and John-Eudes Andivi Bakang. "Improving Support Systems for Cocoa Farmers beyond Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease Infestation." Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture 12, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v12i1.64388.

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Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) has severely hampered the production of cocoa in Ghana since pre-colonial days. The Ghana Cocoa Board has put several measures in place to support cocoa farmers in the fight against the CSSVD. This present study captures how the CSSVD affects cocoa farmers and the support systems for such situations. Using a survey design, the study employed the multi-stage sampling technique to select 413 cocoa farmers. A structured questionnaire was used to seek information from the cocoa farmers. A multiple linear regression model was estimated to analyse the data.

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4

L, N. Dongo, Orisajo, and B. S. "Status of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease in Nigeria." African Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 17 (2007): 2054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2007.000-2317.

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5

Andres, Christian, Andreas Gattinger, Henry K. Dzahini-Obiatey, Wilma J. Blaser, Samuel K. Offei, and Johan Six. "Combatting Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease: What do we know?" Crop Protection 98 (August 2017): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.010.

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6

Pacôme, BROU, Kouassi Adles Francis, and Pandry Koffi Ghislain. "RUNGE-KUTTA’S 4TH-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SYSTEM (RK4) BASED ON THE SIR (SUSCEPTIBLE-INFECTED-REMOVED) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE DYNAMIC SPREAD OF COCOA SWOLLEN SHOOT VIRUS." Far East Journal of Dynamical Systems 38, no. 2 (2025): 159–76. https://doi.org/10.17654/0972111825007.

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Swollen shoot disease (CSSV - Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus) represents a major threat to cocoa plantations, causing significant economic losses in cocoa-producing regions. This paper proposes a differential equation system based on a Runge-Kutta 4th-order SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Removed) epidemiological model to analyze, predict and control the spread of Swollen Shoot disease in cocoa plantations. This model makes it possible to analyze epidemiological dynamics with stochastic variability, identifying effective strategies for limiting the impact of the disease. The aim of the SIR model is to pr

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7

HUGHES, J. d'A, and L. A. A. OLLENNU. "Mild strain protection of cocoa in Ghana against cocoa swollen shoot virus?a review." Plant Pathology 43, no. 3 (1994): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb01578.x.

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8

Ameyaw, G. A., H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, and O. Domfeh. "Perspectives on cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) management in Ghana." Crop Protection 65 (November 2014): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.07.001.

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9

Ollennu, L. A. A., G. K. Owusu, and J. M. Thresh. "Spread of cocoa swollen shoot virus to recent plantings in Ghana." Crop Protection 8, no. 4 (1989): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(89)90010-0.

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10

Ameyaw, G. A., O. Domfeh, H. Dzahini-Obiatey, L. A. A. Ollennu, and G. K. Owusu. "Appraisal of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) Mild Isolates for Cross Protection of Cocoa Against Severe Strains in Ghana." Plant Disease 100, no. 4 (2016): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-15-0974-re.

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Two mild strains of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), N1 and SS365B, were assessed for their capability to mitigate the devastating effects of CSSV in field trials at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana in comparison with noninoculated cocoa plants. Analysis of growth, mortality, and yield of cocoa trees inoculated with the mild strains over a period of two decades between 1996 and 2014 indicated that the cocoa plants inoculated with mild strains performed significantly (P < 0.05) better in the presence of the severe strains (CSSV 1A) than noninoculated cocoa, albeit degenerated over time

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11

Cilas, C., E. Muller, and E. Mississo. "Occurrence of Cacao swollen shoot virus in Litimé, the Main Cocoa-Producing Area of Togo." Plant Disease 89, no. 8 (2005): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0913b.

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Cacao swollen shoot disease, first described from Ghana on Theobroma cacao in 1922, was identified in Togo in 1955 (4) in Kloto, a minor cocoa-producing area. Litimé is the main production zone in the country. However, its share of production has fallen from approximately 75% of national production in the 1980s to 55% currently because of aging plantations and new swollen shoot foci in this region that had previously been free of the disease. This disease is caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), of which the first isolate to be studied molecularly (Agoul) came from Kloto (1). Since then,

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12

Kouadio, Sara Georgina, Eric-Olivier Tienebo, Kouakou Théodore Kouadio, Koffi Badou Jérémie Kouamé, Louis Koko, and Kouabenan Abo. "Foliar Application of Boron during Flowering Promotes Tolerance to Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Swollen Shoot Viral Disease." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 21 (2017): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n21p387.

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Boron nutrition is known to reduce the effect of some viral and fungal diseases on plant fitness. This study investigated the potential of boron application to improve yield and tolerance of cacao trees naturally infected by virulent cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) strains and determined the effective dose and time of application. Foliar sprays of a commercial product containing 20.5% of boron were performed either at the onset of flowering’s peak of the little milking (early in November) or four weeks later (early in December) with four doses of boron (0, 31.25, 41.67, and 83.27 g/ha) in a r

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13

Kouakou, K., B. I. Kébé, N. Kouassi, S. Aké, C. Cilas, and E. Muller. "Geographical Distribution of Cacao swollen shoot virus Molecular Variability in Côte d'Ivoire." Plant Disease 96, no. 10 (2012): 1445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0749-re.

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The discovery of new outbreaks caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in Côte d'Ivoire in 2003, when this disease seemed to have been eradicated since the end of the 1950s in that country, casts doubt on the sustainability of Ivorian cocoa production. The aims of this study were, first, to carry out a molecular characterization of CSSV isolates from the main outbreaks in Côte d'Ivoire; second, determine their phylogenetic position in relation to isolates already discovered in Togo and Ghana; and, finally, study their geographical distribution to understand the dispersal of the virus. Addit

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14

Quainoo, A. "PCR-based quarantine procedure for the detection of cocoa swollen shoot virus." Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1, no. 6 (2010): 1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2010.1.6.1357.1364.

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15

Andres, Christian, Wilma J. Blaser, Henry K. Dzahini-Obiatey, et al. "Agroforestry systems can mitigate the severity of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 252 (January 2018): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.031.

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16

Quainoo, A. K., A. C. Wetten, and J. Allainguillaume. "The effectiveness of somatic embryogenesis in eliminating the cocoa swollen shoot virus from infected cocoa trees." Journal of Virological Methods 149, no. 1 (2008): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.007.

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17

Agusto, Folashade B., Maria C. A. Leite, Frank Owusu-Ansah, Owusu Domfeh, Natali Hritonenko, and Benito Chen-Charpentier. "Cacao sustainability: The case of cacao swollen-shoot virus co-infection." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0294579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294579.

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The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is among the most economically damaging diseases of cacao trees and accounts for almost 15–50% of harvest losses in Ghana. This virus is transmitted by several species of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) when they feed on cacao plants. One of the mitigation strategies for CSSVD investigated at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) is the use of mild-strain cross-protection of cacao trees against the effects of severe strains. In this study, simple deterministic, delay, and stochastic ordinary differential equation-based models to descri

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18

Jeger, M. J., and J. M. Thresh. "Modelling Reinfection of Replanted Cocoa by Swollen Shoot Virus in Pandemically Diseased Areas." Journal of Applied Ecology 30, no. 1 (1993): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404282.

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19

Koffi, Alain Déron, Régis Babin, Gérard Delvare, et al. "A barcode database for insects associated with the spread of the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease in Côte d'Ivoire." Biodiversity Data Journal 13 (March 14, 2025): e144017. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.13.e144017.

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Swollen Shoot is a viral disease affecting cocoa trees, transmitted by several species of mealybugs (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Pseudococcidae). These insects maintain trophobiotic relationships with a complex and species-rich assemblage of ants protecting them and natural enemies controlling their populations. Here, we provide a curated DNA barcode database to characterise this insect community. Systematic observation of 7,500 cocoa trees was conducted, coupled with the collection of mealybug colonies and associated insect communities (parasitoids, predators and ants). Natural enemie

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20

Ullah, Ihsan, Andrew J. Daymond, Paul Hadley, Michelle J. End, Pathmanathan Umaharan, and Jim M. Dunwell. "Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Germplasm." Viruses 13, no. 11 (2021): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112152.

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Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, is an important tropical perennial crop grown widely in the humid tropics. The exchange of cocoa germplasm between germplasm collections and breeding centres is vital for varietal development. Intermediate quarantine facilities, such as the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading UK (ICQC-R) play a vital role in ensuring the transfer of germplasm whilst minimising the risk of spreading pests and diseases. Current screening procedures combine visual inspection and molecular techniques, which are effective in detecting Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), a badnavirus

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21

Oduro Sarpong, Fred, Jonathan Arthur Quaye-Ballard, and Ernest Biney. "The Use of 3S Technology to Assess Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease in Offinso Cocoa District Area, Ghana." Journal of Health and Environmental Research 7, no. 4 (2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.11.

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22

Domfeh, O., G. A. Ameyaw, H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, and L. E. del Río Mendoza. "Spatiotemporal Spread of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Severe Strain 1A in Mixed Hybrid Cacao Pre-inoculated With Mild Strain N1." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (2019): 3244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2175-re.

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The spatiotemporal spread of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD), which is caused by cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) severe strain 1A in mixed hybrid cacao pre-inoculated with CSSV mild strain N1 (CSSV-N1), was investigated during a field experiment from 2006 to 2017, at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. The development of disease epidemics has been described by the use of statistical modeling. Protecting all cacao plants with CSSV-N1 reduced the rate of CSSV-1A symptom appearance by 43% (P = 0.05) compared with the nonprotected control and by 33% compared with plots where cacao pl

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23

HUGHES, J. d'A, and L. A. OLLENNU. "The virobacterial agglutination test as a rapid means of detecting cocoa swollen shoot virus." Annals of Applied Biology 122, no. 2 (1993): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1993.tb04035.x.

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24

Amon-Armah, Frederick, Owusu Domfeh, Francis Baah, and Frank Owusu-Ansah. "Farmers’ adoption of preventive and treatment measures of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease in Ghana." Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 3 (March 2021): 100112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100112.

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25

Opoku, IY, JT Dakwa, and LAA Ollennu. "The development ofPhytophthora canker on different cocoa genotypes infected and uninfected withcocoa swollen shoot virus." Tropical Science 45, no. 1 (2005): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ts.47.

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26

Dumont, A., F. Ribeyre, R. Babin, et al. "Associations between scale-dependent agroecosystem factors and cocoa swollen shoot virus incidence in Côte d’Ivoire." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 393 (November 2025): 109851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109851.

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27

Ahenkorah, Y., B. J. Halm, M. R. Appiah, G. S. Akrofi, and J. E. K. Yirenkyi. "Twenty Years' Results from a Shade and Fertilizer Trial on Amazon Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001101.

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SUMMARYThe effects of three shade densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest/disease relationship on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) over a 20-year period are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under the no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2) treatments, respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend. No appreciable changes in the exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value

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28

Ahenkorah, Y., B. J. Halm, M. R. Appiah, G. S. Akrofi, and J. E. K. Yirenkyi. "Twenty Years' Results from a Shade and Fertilizer Trial on Amazon Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003380.

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SUMMARYThe effects of three shade densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest/disease relationship on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) over a 20-year period are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under the no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2) treatments, respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend. No appreciable changes in the exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value

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29

Pacôme, BROU, DIOMANDÉ Siaho, KOUASSI Adlès Francis, and OUMTANAGA Souleymane. "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR MULTI-CLASS PREDICTION OF AN INTELLIGENT SWOLLEN SHOOT DISEASE SYSTEM BASED ON AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL DATA." Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences (FJMS) 142, no. 3 (2025): 337–58. https://doi.org/10.17654/0972087125020.

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The cocoa sector, a major economic pillar in West Africa, is facing a concerning phytosanitary threat: Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV), mainly transmitted by mealybugs. This viral disease leads to a progressive decline of plantations, affecting yields and compromising the socio-economic resilience of producers. Faced with the limitations of traditional detection methods, which are often delayed, this study proposes an innovative AI-based approach for predicting CSSV infection stages. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, 250 cocoa plants were simulated with eight agro-environmental v

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30

Ofori, Atta, Francis Kwame Padi, George Akumfi Ameyaw, Abu Mustapha Dadzie, and Samuel Lowor. "Genetic variation among cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) families for resistance to cocoa swollen shoot virus disease in relation to total phenolic content." Plant Breeding 134, no. 4 (2015): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12282.

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31

Guiraud, Boguinard Sahin Honorine Brigitte, François N’guessan Kouamé, N’Dri Kouame Nobert, et al. "Assessment of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) for their productivity and tolerance to cocoa swollen shoot virus disease in Cte dIvoire." African Journal of Agricultural Research 21, no. 4 (2025): 307–14. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2024.16812.

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32

Aneani, Francis, R. Adu-Acheampong, and O. Sakyi-Dawson. "Exploring Opportunities for Enhancing Innovation in Agriculture: The Case of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Production in Ghana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p33.

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An exploratory study was conducted to identify opportunities to enhance innovation in the cocoa sector in Ghana. The specific objectives were to identify the key stakeholders in the cocoa industry, and elicit farmers and other stakeholders’ perceptions on cocoa production and marketing practices, as well as the inherent constraints and opportunities. The study involved literature review of published information and the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools such as focus group discussion, problem tree analysis, seasonal calendar, and ranking techniques to elicit information from the

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33

Domfeh, O., G. A. Ameyaw, H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, et al. "Use of Immune Crops as Barrier in the Management of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD)—Long-Term Assessment." Plant Disease 100, no. 9 (2016): 1889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-16-0404-re.

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A field trial was conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana from 1992 to 2004 to investigate the prospects of using Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV)-immune crops as a barrier to prevent the spread of the virus from existing outbreaks into newly established cacao plantings. The treatments consisted of four crops—citrus (Citrus spp.), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), kola (Cola nitida Vent.), and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)—planted as a barrier between cacao trees serving as test plants on one side and as source of CSSV strain 1A infection on the other. Over a 7-year period post CSSV

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34

Padi, Francis Kwame, Owusu Domfeh, Jemmy Takrama, and StephenYaw Opoku. "An evaluation of gains in breeding for resistance to the cocoa swollen shoot virus disease in Ghana." Crop Protection 51 (September 2013): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2013.04.007.

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35

HUGHES, J. d'A, D. ADOMAKO, and L. A. A. OLLENNU. "Evidence from the virobacterial agglutination test for the existence of eight serogroups of cocoa swollen shoot virus." Annals of Applied Biology 127, no. 2 (1995): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1995.tb06674.x.

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36

C. Sudhalakshmi, J. Lekhavarshinee, P. Latha, and J. Suresh. "Abysmal Hike in Global Cocoa Price and its Implications on Cocoa Plantations in Tamil Nadu - A Critical Analysis." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 7 (2024): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74308.

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Cocoa belonging to the family Sterculiaceae has its origin in South America and later it had spread to Europe, Africa and Asia. In Tamil Nadu, cocoa is accommodated as an intercrop in arecanut and coconut plantations especially in South India. But over the past few years, the acreage under cocoa showed a steady decline and the area currently hovers around 5,000 ha especially concentrated in Coimbatore, Theni and Kanyakumari districts of the state. Price volatility is the key player in culminating cocoa plantations in the state. But the recent global shortage of cocoa associated with climatic v

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Ameyaw, George A., Henry K. Dzahini-Obiatey, Owusu Domfeh, Francis K. Oppong, and Kwaku Abaka-Ewusie. "History and Data Analyses of ‘Cutting Out’ Method for Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD) Control in Ghana." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 122, no. 5-6 (2015): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03356553.

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38

Ofori, Atta, Francis K. Padi, George A. Ameyaw, et al. "Field evaluation of the impact of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease infection on yield traits of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0262461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262461.

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Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is a major disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana and other West African countries that grow the crop. Attempts to develop resistant varieties since the discovery of the disease in 1936 have yielded little success. Recently, planting materials that are tolerant to the disease have been recommended for planting in areas with high CSSVD prevalence. However, the effect of CSSVD on yield component traits of most cacao clones including the tolerant varieties has not been well studied. To investigate the impact of CSSVD on these traits, reduction in

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39

Campbell, C. A. M. "Homoptera associated with the ants Crematogaster clariventris, Pheidole megacephala and Tetramorium aculeatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa in Ghana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 3 (1994): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032429.

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AbstractPopulation densities of honeydew-producing Homoptera were assessed on mature upper-Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (Sterculiaceae) trees with combinations of the ants Crematogaster clariventris Mayr, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) and Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr). Interactions were found between combinations of the three ant species and the abundance of Homoptera attended for honeydew. Crematogaster clariventris primarily attended Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell (Stictococcidae), and less frequently Waxiella sp. nr zonata (Newstead) (Coccidae). Pheidole megacephala attended mealybugs

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40

Aka, Aka Romain, Bi Tra Aimé Vroh, Walet Pierre N’guessan, et al. "Floristic composition of the cocoa farms infected with the cocoa swollen shoot disease virus (CSSDV) in Marahoué region in the central west of Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Applied Biosciences 146 (February 29, 2020): 15055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.v146.8.

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41

Franck, Zokou Oro. "Efficiency of Banzai Biostimulant on the cherries production in healthy and cocoa trees affected by swollen shoot virus: A case study at Petit-Bondoukou Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre) 6, no. 1 (2020): 108–19. https://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2020.33683.

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<em>The present study is to evaluate the efficiency of the Biostimulant "Banzai" on the production of cherries from healthy and diseased trees in a context of pressure from Swollen shoot cocoa disease in Petit-Bondoukou in the department of Soubré. The specific aim is to compare the effect of the single and double doses of Banzai on the production of cherries from healthy and diseased trees. The experimental design consists of a single block of four plots marked T0 (Control), T1 (a standard rate Banzai application without fertilizer), T2 (a double rate Banzai application witho

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Gyan, Dorcas Twumwaa, Esi Dadzie, Sheena Dorcoo, Edmound Oti Boateng, and Jeff Dacosta Osei. "Determinants of the Adoption of Additional Livelihoods among Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in the Sefwi Akontombra Cocoa District of Ghana." International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, no. 44 (June 3, 2024): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/ijaap.44.19.31.

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Although the production of cocoa in Ghana sustains the economy, its quantity has not been stable in the past. This instability in the quantity of cocoa produced can be attributed to climatic conditions and other human-induced factors such as Galamsey. In the Sefwi Akontombra cocoa district, one leading cause of the reduction of cocoa is the infestation of the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD). Farmers Business School has been one medium through which farmers are educated on how to make farming a business however, various factors seem to limit farmers decisions to adopt these additional

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Bwambale Bisereko, Blasio, Godfrey Sseremba, and Julius Mwine. "Disease prevalence and shade tree diversity in smallholder cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farms: case of Bundibugyo District, Western Uganda." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 02 (2021): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i02.ah01.

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) growing systems in Uganda consists of shade systems with different tree species. Tree shade systems are the pure stand trees in the cocoa plantation which have been attributed towards reducing on pests and disease incidences, shade provision, boosting fertility, Agro biodiversity, fodder and improving production. The study was aimed at identifying potential shade tree species that can minimize disease threats on cocoa farms. Eighty-two cocoa farmers were reached out of 120 cocoa farmers in Bundibugyo that possessed at least five acres of the plantation in a purposive sa

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Zokou Oro, Franck, Hermann-Desiré Lallie, Nahoua Koné, Juslin Kouadio, and Hortense Atta Diallo. "Comparison of the prevalence of Cocoa Swollen shoot virus and the prevalence of Phytophthora sp in Petit-Bondoukou, South-West of Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 5, no. 6 (2020): 1659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.56.33.

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Ameyaw, G. A., O. Domfeh, B. Armooh, A. Y. Boakye, and A. Arjarquah. "Inconsistent PCR detection of Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is linked to the occurrence of different variants across the cocoa regions of Ghana." Journal of Virological Methods 300 (February 2022): 114400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114400.

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Oro, Franck Zokou, Hermann-Desiré Lallie, Jesus Inza Fofana, Pacôme Bi-Zaouli, and Hortense Atta Diallo. "Efficiency of Banzai Biostimulant on the cherries production in healthy and cocoa trees affected by swollen shoot virus: A case study at Petit-Bondoukou Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 06, no. 01 (2020): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2020.33683.

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Nyadanu, D., R. Akromah, B. Adomako, et al. "Effects of Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Infection on Foliar Resistance to P. palmivora and P. megakarya and its Implications in Selection and Breeding Against Black Pod Disease." International Journal of Plant Pathology 3, no. 2 (2012): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijpp.2012.45.55.

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H, Dzahini Obiatey, and T. V. Fox R. "Early signs of infection in Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) inoculated cocoa seeds and the discovery of the cotyledons of the resultant plants as rich sources of CSSV." African Journal of Biotechnology 9, no. 5 (2010): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb09.848.

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Bolou, Bi Bolou Antoine, Koffié Kouakou, Lucien Diby, Luc Belé, Yeboi Bené, and Christophe Kouamé. "Biological control using essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum and four other biopesticides on Formicococcus njalensis, the most active mealybugs species in the transmission of CSSV (Cocoa swollen shoot virus)." African Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 4 (2022): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2021.15750.

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Adopo, Wenceslas Affessi, Mahyao Germain Adolphe, Nestor Tiehi, Camille Koffi, Koffie Kouakou, and Zié Ballo. "Impact of Swollen Shoot Disease on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Côte d'Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 40 (2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n40p58.

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Cocoa Swollen Shoot Disease (CSSD) due to badnavirus species is endemic in West Africa and has been causing significant and irreversible economy losses for smallholder cocoa farmers in infected areas in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. The impact of the disease on the smallholder farmers’ livelihoods has been investigated at cocoa farm households level in Côte d’Ivoire. To this end, the propensity score matching method was used to construct a counterfactual and to compare groups capturing the situation of affected households before the disease affects their plantations, based on the observable charact

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