Dissertationen: „Common bean“

1

Maxwell-Benson, Kelli S. "Balancing biological and chemical nitrogen in irrigated Phaseolus vulgaris (L) cropping systems." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1313917301&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Millar, Austin Walter. "Relationships between pathotypes of bean common mosaic virus." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334484.

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3

Serrano, Miguel Santiago. "Probing behaviors of Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on common bean genotypes and the use of AC electronic feeding monitors to characterize tolerance /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841333.

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4

Gómez, Oscar. "Evaluation of Nicaraguan common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Crop Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a476.pdf.

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5

Korban, Martine. "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41644.

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Regeneration and shoot multiplication of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'ICA Pijao') from half-cotyledonary nodes was achieved on modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal medium amended with 5 $ mu$M 6-benzylaminopurine. Histological studies confirmed the adventitious origin of the regenerated buds. Shoots were rooted ex vitro and developed into morphologically normal plants compared with seed-grown controls. The relative susceptibility of bean tissues to infection by a collection of wild-type Agrobacterium strains was tested. Positive transformation events were evaluated based on morphological and biochemical changes observed following Agrobacterium infection. The A. tumefaciens strain C58 was particularly virulent on greenhouse-grown plants, in vitro-derived stem sections, half-cotyledonary nodes and seedlings. A sensitive and rapid method was developed to detect opines using thin layer chromatography. Transient $ beta$-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression was detected in 'ICA Pijao' bean buds regenerated from half-cotyledonary nodes following Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer with the binary vector pGV1040 or p35SGUSINT. Four out of eight putative transformants contained the chimeric GUSINT gene following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. This was confirmed by Southern analysis of blotted PCR gels. However, there was no stable integration of the GUSINT gene as none of the R1 progeny showed an amplified GUSINT fragment with PCR.

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6

CORTINOVIS, GAIA. "Common bean as a model to understand crop evolution." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11566/299804.

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Il nostro sistema agricolo e quindi la sicurezza alimentare sono minacciati da una combinazione di eventi, come l'aumento della popolazione, l'impatto del cambiamento climatico e la necessità di uno sviluppo più sostenibile. Grazie alla loro qualità nutrizionale, alla capacità di fissazione biologica dell'azoto e all'ampio adattamento a diverse condizioni agro-ecologiche, i legumi alimentari sono cruciali per le principali sfide sociali legate all'agricoltura. Attualmente, i legumi rappresentano la seconda famiglia di colture più importante dal punto di vista agricolo su scala mondiale dopo i cereali . Tra tutti i legumi, il fagiolo comune (P. vulgaris), è il legume da granella più importante al mondo per il consumo umano diretto. Inoltre, la storia ben documentata di domesticazioni multiple in P. vulgaris e il suo ulteriore adattamento a diversi ambienti ne fanno un sistema modello per studiare l'evoluzione delle colture. L'aumento vertiginoso delle tecnologie di sequenziamento di nuova generazione (NGS) ad alto rendimento ha cambiato radicalmente la nostra comprensione dei genomi. Infatti, la loro applicazione ha fornito nuovi approcci che hanno notevolmente migliorato la nostra comprensione in relazione alla storia evolutiva del fagiolo comune. Il concetto emergente di pan-genoma sta offrendo anche una grande opportunità per scoprire nuovi geni e meccanismi genetici che contribuiscono all'adattamento fenotipico associato ad importanti tratti agronomici. Con l'obiettivo di comprendere meglio le basi genetiche e le conseguenze fenotipiche degli addomesticamenti paralleli e dell’ adattamento a diversi agroecosistemi, abbiamo sviluppato e analizzato il primo pan-genoma di fagiolo comune. Nel presente studio, seguendo un approccio non iterativo, abbiamo costruito il pan-genoma di fagiolo comune utilizzando cinque genomi di alta qualità e 339 accessioni WGS a bassa copertura. L'analisi preliminare delle PAVs (i.e., presence/ absence variations) ha confermato la struttura di popolazione di P. vulgaris e identificato la presenza di geni associati alla sindrome dell'addomesticamento e ai tratti di adattamento, come la dormienza, la fioritura e le risposte di difesa allo stress biotico e abiotico. Our agricultural system and hence food security is threatened by a combination of events, such as increasing population, the impacts of climate change, and the need for more sustainable development. Because of their nutritional quality, biological nitrogen fixation capacity, and broad adaptation to several agro-ecological conditions, food legumes are crucial for the key agriculture-related societal challenges. Currently, legumes represent the second most agriculturally important crop family on a global scale after cereals. Among legumes, common bean (P. vulgaris) is the most important grain legume for direct human consumption in the world. Moreover, the well-documented history of multiple domestications in P. vulgaris and its further adaptation to different environments make it a model system to study crop evolution. The meteoric increase in sequencing with high throughput next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) has dramatically changed our understanding of genomes. Indeed, their application has provided novel approaches that have significantly advanced our understanding of new and long-standing questions in common bean evolutionary history. The emerging pangenome concept is also offering a great opportunity to discover new genes and genetic mechanisms that contribute to phenotypic adaptation associated with important agronomic traits. With the aim to better understand the genetic bases and phenotypic consequences of the parallel common bean domestications and its adaptation to novel and different agro ecosystems, we developed and analysed the first common bean pangenome. In the present study, following a not-iterative approach, we constructed the common bean pangenome by using five high-quality genomes and 339 low coverage WGS accessions. Interestingly, preliminary PAVs (i.e., presence / absence variations) analysis confirmed the population structure of the common bean species and identified the presence of genes associated with the domestication syndrome and adaptation traits, such as dormancy, flowering and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stress.

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7

Teshale, Assefa Mamo. "Selection for drought bruchid resistance of common bean populations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426573.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is world’s most important grain legume for human consumption and the crop is grown annually on more than 14 million hectares. Drought stress limits common bean production worldwide. Understanding drought resistance mechanisms and identifying key plant traits may help to select the superior performers of crop under drought stress. Storage insect attacks on stored beans are also known to be substantial all over the world. Understanding the resistance mechanisms to bruchid weevils and identifying resistant genes can help to develop resistant varieties. Participatory variety selection also helps to select genotypes that possess farmers preferred plant and grain traits. The main objectives of the study were (i) to conduct phenotypic evaluation of a set of 81 genotypes along with two parents for drought resistance and identifying key plant traits related to superior performance under drought stress; (ii) to select the most promising genotypes that combine drought resistance with seed yield and market potential;( iii) to select bruchid-resistant advanced lines and apply marker-assisted selection useful for the identification of arcelin gene; (iv) to evaluate bean genotypes using participatory variety selection. In the first study, a total of 78 lines, two parents and one standard check (Awash melka) were evaluated under drought stress and irrigated (control) conditions at Melkassa research center (390 12'N and 80 24'E and 1550 meters above sea level) over two season ( 2008 and 2009) in Ethiopia. A 9x9 lattice experimental design with three replications (two rows of 3m long with 0.4m wide) was used. The seeds were planted at plant to plant distance of 10 cm. Data were taken on seed yield, seed number and pod number per plant, 100 seed weight, Shoot biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and pod harvest index (PHI). Data were analyzed using SAS 2002. Pearson correlation test and principal component analysis were used to determine the relation between and among measured variables. Significant (P< 0.05) genotypic differences were recorded in drought and irrigated conditions for grain yield, seeds per plant, pods per plant and 100 seed weight. The mean values of yield for the 81 lines ranged from 404 to 1580 kg/ha grown under moisture stress, while in the irrigated conditions, yield ranged from 1560 to 3985 kg/ha. Genotypes G80,G13, G19, G40, G87, G6, G28, G21,G24, G70, G22, G78, G60, G100 and G14 performed better under drought stress, and they also showed higher values for seeds per plant and pods per plant. Genotypes G78, G80, G6 and G19 were found to be responsive to irrigated conditions. Significant differences among genotypes for their LAI and PHI values were found under drought condition but a significance difference for canopy biomass was only found under irrigated conditions. Canopy biomass under drought conditions was higher with genotypes such as G80, G6, G87, G76 and G58 compared with the poor lines G16, G35 and G101. Genotype G103, G70, G2, G105, G74, G69, and G49 had significantly better LAI value than the standard check (Awash melka) and SxB 405 under drought conditions. There were also higher PHI recorded for G24, G78, G19, G14, G72, G60, G13, G100 and G87. Grain yield under drought conditions was positively correlated with seed number per m2, pod number per m2, 100 seed weight, canopy biomass and PHI. Genotypes such as G14, G21, G28, G60, G22, G24, G19, G78, G40 and G6 had positive association with grain yield, seed number, pod number, 100 seed weight and PHI. In the second study, a set of 40 advanced lines of RAZ (resistance against zabrotes) and susceptible commercial varieties were tested for bruchid resistance using four replicates of 30 seeds. Each replicate of advanced lines and commercial varieties at 10% seed moisture was infested with 6 pairs of newly emerged Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus) from the stock rearing of CIAT Colombia. Two microsatellite markers analysis were used for the marker assisted selection scheme and protein analysis was done for presence or absence of arcelin. A field trial was also conducted in Ethiopia. Data were collected on number of eggs at 15 days, number of emerged adults, percentage emergence, adult dry weight and yield. RAZ 4, RAZ 101, RAZ 173, RAZ 44 and RAZ 174 showed consistently high resistance for all the parameters measured. The average yield of susceptible varieties (2.11 t/ha, SE = 0.05) was moderately higher than that of the resistant lines (1.8 t/ha, SE = 0.02). Arcelin protein analysis of 21 highly resistant advanced lines and 5 susceptible varieties together with the controls also showed a high level of accuracy. Resistance was associated entirely with the presence of the heavy 35KDa band representing Arcelin 1. The molecular markers BMy 11 and Pvatct 001 confirmed that they are more tightly associated with the arcelin gene and they produced bands that were 208 and 192 bp long for resistance lines. In the third study, a total of 16 farmers were invited in the 2008 season and 20 farmers in the 2009 season from Boffa and Siredodota areas to Melkassa research farm in Ethiopia to evaluate the 80 genotypes of common beans at podding and maturity growth stages. Seeds of selected genotypes were exposed to exporters and traders for quality assessment. A total of 25 genotypes were selected in 2008, both individually and in a group by farmers. Four genotypes were selected by exporters and traders. In 2009, a total of 12 genotypes from a total of 25 were selected by farmers from the two sites. Farmers from Boffa as well as from Siredodota conducted a last group selection of the genotypes under field conditions and ranked the top five genotypes (G60, G53, G40, G80 and G5) in terms of seed size, contrasting color and contrasting shape. The main selection criteria used by male farmers from both Boffa and Siredodota were grain yield, drought resistance, earliness, pod load, vegetative vigor, pod filling, marketability and color (brilliance). Female farmers also used their own selection criteria, grain yield, drought, earliness, pod load, color (brilliance) and suitability for stew. Exporters and traders evaluated and selected G40, G60, and G80. Exporters’ and traders’ selection criteria were seed size, color, shape, split seed, slightly stained (anthracnose) and moisture content of the seed. The study conducted over two years implied that there is a need to combine the classical breeding with participatory variety selection for effective and efficient selection of bean genotypes under drought conditions. Insect bioassay should also be supported by marker assisted selection for identification of better resistant genotypes to bruchids. Il fagiolo (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) è una leguminosa tra le più coltivate al mondo per il consumo umano, su una superficie di più di 14 milioni di ettari, ma fortemente limitata dalla siccità. Un altro dei fattori limitanti per il fagiolo è rappresentato dagli insetti che attaccano i semi, appartenenti ai coleotteri bruchidi. La comprensione dei meccanismi di resistenza alla siccità e agli insetti è utile per la selezione di varietà superiori. Inoltre la partecipazione dei coltivatori al processo di selezione è importante al fine di identificare le caratteristiche migliori di piante e semi. Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono: (i) condurre una valutazione fenotipica di 81 genotipi in relazione alla resistenza alla siccità; (ii) selezionare i genotipi migliori per resistenza alla siccità, produzione e caratteristiche commerciali; (iii) selezionare linee resistenti ai bruchidi anche mediante marcatori genetici associati al gene dell’arcelina; (iv) valutare i genotipi mediante la partecipazione dei coltivatori in Etiopia. Nel primo studio sono state impiegate 78 linee, due parentali e un controllo (Awash melka) in condizioni di stress idrico e di irrigazione presso il centro etiope di Melkassa nel 2008 e nel 2009, secondo un disegno di blocchi randomizzati con tre repliche. Sono state analizzate le seguenti variabili: resa in seme, semi per baccello, peso di 100 semi, biomassa della pianta, LAI (leaf area index) e PHI (pod harvest index). I valori di resa in seme sono variati da 404 a 1580 kg/ha, con differenze significative tra i genotipi. I genotipi G80, G13, G19, G40, G87, G6, G28, G21,G24, G70, G22, G78, G60, G100 e G14 hanno dato risultati migliori in condizioni di stress idrico. I genotipi G78, G80, G6 e G19 e hanno dato buoni risultati anche con l’irrigazione, mostrando differenze significative anche per la biomassa della pianta. La resa in seme in condizioni di stress è correlata positivamente con il numero di semi per m2, il numero di baccelli per m2 , il peso di 100 semi, la biomassa e il PHI. Nel secondo studio sono state utilizzate in laboratorio 40 linee avanzate per la resistenza ai bruchidi, con 4 repliche di 30 semi ciascuna. Ogni gruppo di semi è stato infestato con 6 coppie del bruchide Zabrotes subfasciatus provenienti dall’allevamento presso il CIAT di Cali, Colombia. Due marcatori genetici microsatelliti sono stati utilizzati per la caratterizzazione delle linee in merito alla presenza del gene per l’arcelina, unitamente all’analisi della proteina stessa. Le stesse linee sono state infine utilizzate in una prova di campo condotta in Etiopia. I dati raccolti hanno riguardato variabili relative alla performance degli insetti e alla resa delle linee in campo. Le linee RAZ 4, RAZ 101, RAZ 173, RAZ 44 e RAZ 174 hanno mostrato una resistenza elevata per tutte le variabili considerate. Nel complesso la resa in campo è stata moderatamente più elevata per le linee suscettibili (2.11 t/ha, SE = 0.05) rispetto alle resistenti (1.8 t/ha, SE = 0.02). La resistenza è stata sempre associata alla presenza di una proteina da 35 kDa che rappresenta l’arcelina 1. I marcatori microsatellite BMy 11 e Pvatct 001 hanno confermato l’associazione con il gene per l’arcelina. Nel terzo studio sono state condotte indagini con coltivatori etiopi nel 2008 (16 coltivatori) e nel 2009 (20 coltivatori) provenienti dalle aree di Boffa e Siredodota. Sono state utilizzate le prove del primo studio presso il centro di Melkassa, valutando sia le piante sia il prodotto. I semi sono stati inoltre mostrati a esportatori e commercianti per la valutazione di qualità. Nel 2008 tale processo ha portato alla selezione di 25 genotipi superiori, di cui 4 apprezzati commercialmente. Nel 2009 è stato individuato un sottogruppo di 12 genotipi, all’interno dei quali è stato possibile elencare i 5 migliori (G60, G53, G40, G80 e G5) in relazione a misura, colore e forma del seme. I criteri di selezione sono variati tra coltivatori maschi e femmine. La valutazione commerciale, basata su caratteri in parte simili, ha portato alla selezione di tre linee (G40, G60, G80).

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8

Mukoko, Olivia Zvinofa. "Breeding beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for resistance to bean common mosaic virus in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240145.

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9

Tar'an, Bunyamin. "Development and application of molecular markers in common bean breeding." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/NQ47413.pdf.

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10

DESIDERIO, FRANCESCA. "Origin and domestication of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242368.

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11

Biagetti, Eleonora. "The genomic consequences of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) domestication." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242840.

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La domesticazione è un importante processo evolutivo che ha determinato la codipendenza tra le specie coltivate e l’uomo grazie a cambiamenti genetici avvenuti nelle piante coltivate e fissati dalla selezione operata dall’uomo. Il fagiolo (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) presenta una storia evoluzionaria unica caratterizzata dalla presenza di due principali pool genici, geograficamente e geneticamente distinti, quello Mesoamericano e quello Andino, in cui si sono verificati almeno due eventi di domesticazione indipendenti. In questo lavoro il sequenziamento dell’RNA (RNA-Seq) è stato impiegato per analizzare l’intero trascrittoma del fagiolo a partire da 64 accessioni selvatiche e domesticate appartenenti ai due principali pool genici di questa specie. L’elevato numero di polimorfismi identificati è stato impiegato per inferenze di genetica di popolazione con lo scopo di approfondire le conseguenze della domesticazione in fagiolo. Una drastica riduzione della diversità nucleotidica (~60%) è stata osservata per le forme domesticate rispetto a quelle selvatiche. In particolare sono state evidenziate tracce di selezione nel 9% dei geni ottenuti da un approccio di assemblaggio de novo, sequenziando 21 genotipi selvatici e domesticati, principalmente dal Mesoamerica. In parallelo, il processo di domesticazione ha comportato in Mesoamerica anche la diminuzione della diversità di espressione (18%; Capitolo 1), con una più ampia riduzione (26%) nella porzione del tracrittoma sotto selezione. Usando il genoma del fagiolo come riferimento inoltre sono confrontati gli effetti della domesticazione del fagiolo sulla diversità genetica sia nel pool genico Mesoamericano che in quello Andino. Una perdita di diversità genetica tre volte inferiore associata con la domesticazione è stata riscontrata nelle Ande rispetto al Mesoamerica come risultato del collo di bottiglia avvenuto in questo pool genico prima del processo di domesticazione. Domestication is a fundamental evolutionary process that induced a co-dependence between crop plants and humans, resulting in genetic modifications of plants due to human selection. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) presents a unique evolutionary history among crops, as it characterized by the presence of two main geographically and genetically distinct gene pools, Mesoamerican and Andean, where at least two independent domestication events occurred. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) strategy to investigate the whole common bean transcriptome as of 64 wild and domesticated accessions from the two gene pools. We identified a high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms that we used for population genetics inferences with the aim to scrutinize the consequences of common bean domestication. A drastic reduction in nucleotide diversity (~60%) was evident for the domesticated compared to the wild forms. In particular, as main outcome in the chapter one, we highlighted signature of selection in the 9% of genes achieved from a de novo assembling approach, sequencing 21 wild and domesticated genotypes, mainly from Mesoamerica. In parallel, the domestication process in Mesoamerica was found to influence also the expression pattern, involving a decrease in the expression diversity (18%) with a broader reduction (26%) in the portion of transcriptome under selection. In the second chapter, using the common bean genome as reference, we have compared the effects of common bean domestication on genetic diversity in both the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. A loss of genetic diversity three-fold lower associated with domestication was observed in the Andes compared with the Mesoamerica as result of a bottleneck occurred in this region before domestication.

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12

FRASCARELLI, GIULIA. "Investigation of the evolutionary history of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Doctoral thesis, Universita' Politecninca delle Marche, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11566/299802.

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Gli studi evolutivi, basati sull'analisi delle forme selvatiche, sono fondamentali per lo sviluppo dei programmi di breeding perché forniscono informazioni sulla diversità genetica disponibile che può essere utilizzata per ripristinare la variabilità persa durante la domesticazione. Il fagiolo comune (P. vulgaris) è uno dei legumi più importanti per il consumo umano e la sua singolare storia evolutiva ne fa un modello per lo studio dell’evoluzione delle colture. Si possono individuare tre popolazioni selvatiche e geograficamente distinte in Mesoamerica, nelle Ande e in nord Perù-Ecuador. Ad oggi, diverse ipotesi sull’origine del fagiolo comune sono state proposte. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è risolvere il dibattito sull'origine del fagiolo comune attraverso l'analisi della sua filogenesi a livello plastidiale e nucleare. Abbiamo ricostruito la filogenesi del fagiolo comune con SNP plastidiali e cloroplasti assemblati de-novo, con cui abbiamo anche stimato il tempo di divergenza tra i pool genici. I risultati hanno suggerito due eventi migratori, dal Mesoamerica al nord del Perù-Ecuador (~150.000 anni fa) e dal Mesoamerica alle Ande (~90.000 anni fa). Infine, marcatori nucleari sono stati utilizzati per studiare la storia evolutiva a livello nucleare. Per rispettare il requisito di assenza di ricombinazione, gli SNP delle regioni centromeriche sono stati selezionati e utilizzati per le analisi. Sebbene i dati plastidiali riflettano chiaramente un'origine monofiletica e mesoamericana del fagiolo comune e non identifichino il pool genetico del Nord Perù-Ecuador come specie diversa, questa popolazione ha comportamenti discordanti quando si analizzano i marcatori nucleari dell'intero genoma e gli SNP localizzati in regioni non ricombinanti. Oltre a far luce sull'origine del fagiolo comune, questo lavoro rappresenta un interessante esempio dell'effetto della ricombinazione nelle analisi filogenetiche, confermando il ruolo chiave dei cloroplasti in questo tipo di studi. Evolutionary studies, based on the analysis of wild forms, are fundamental for the development of breeding programs because they give information about the available genetic diversity that can be utilized to recover the variability lost during domestication. One of the most important grain legumes for human consumption is common bean (P. vulgaris). The peculiar evolutionary history of this species makes it a model for the study of crop evolution. Three different wild eco-geographical gene pools can be recognized: the Mesoamerican, the Andean, and the North Peru -Ecuador gene pool. To date, numerous studies investigated the origin of common bean and different hypotheses have been proposed. In this thesis, we aimed at solving the open discussion about the origin of common bean through the investigation of its phylogeny at plastid and nuclear level. We reconstructed the phylogeny of common bean with plastid SNPs and de-novo assembled plastomes, wherewith we also estimated the divergence time among gene pools. The results suggested two migration events: from Mesoamerica to North Peru -Ecuador occurred ~150.000 ya and one from Mesoamerica to South Andes arisen ~90.000 ya. Finally, nuclear data of a set of 10 accessions were used to study the evolutionary history at nuclear level. To respect the assumption of absence of recombination, SNPs from the centromeric regions were selected and used for the analyses. Albeit the analyses of plastid SNPs and whole plastomes clearly reflect a monophyletic and Mesoamerican origin of common bean and do not identify the North Peru-Ecuador gene pool as a different species, we found that this population has discordant behaviors when analyzing whole genome nuclear markers and SNPs located in non-recombinant regions. In addition to shed light on the origin of common bean, this work represents an interesting example of the effect of recombination in phylogenetic analyses, confirming the key role of chloroplast genomes in this kind of studies.

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13

Teshale, Assefa Mamo. "Selection for drought and bruchid resistance of common bean populations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427366.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is world’s most important grain legume for human consumption and the crop is grown annually on more than 14 million hectares. Drought stress limits common bean production worldwide. Understanding drought resistance mechanisms and identifying key plant traits may help to select the superior performers of crop under drought stress. Storage insect attacks on stored beans are also known to be substantial all over the world. Understanding the resistance mechanisms to bruchid weevils and identifying resistant genes can help to develop resistant varieties. Participatory variety selection also helps to select genotypes that possess farmers preferred plant and grain traits. The main objectives of the study were (i) to conduct phenotypic evaluation of a set of 81 genotypes along with two parents for drought resistance and identifying key plant traits related to superior performance under drought stress; (ii) to select the most promising genotypes that combine drought resistance with seed yield and market potential;( iii) to select bruchid-resistant advanced lines and apply marker-assisted selection useful for the identification of arcelin gene; (iv) to evaluate bean genotypes using participatory variety selection. In the first study, a total of 78 lines, two parents and one standard check (Awash melka) were evaluated under drought stress and irrigated (control) conditions at Melkassa research center (390 12'N and 80 24'E and 1550 meters above sea level) over two season ( 2008 and 2009) in Ethiopia. A 9x9 lattice experimental design with three replications (two rows of 3m long with 0.4m wide) was used. The seeds were planted at plant to plant distance of 10 cm. Data were taken on seed yield, seed number and pod number per plant, 100 seed weight, Shoot biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and pod harvest index (PHI). Data were analyzed using SAS 2002. Pearson correlation test and principal component analysis were used to determine the relation between and among measured variables. Significant (P< 0.05) genotypic differences were recorded in drought and irrigated conditions for grain yield, seeds per plant, pods per plant and 100 seed weight. The mean values of yield for the 81 lines ranged from 404 to 1580 kg/ha grown under moisture stress, while in the irrigated conditions, yield ranged from 1560 to 3985 kg/ha. Genotypes G80,G13, G19, G40, G87, G6, G28, G21,G24, G70, G22, G78, G60, G100 and G14 performed better under drought stress, and they also showed higher values for seeds per plant and pods per plant. Genotypes G78, G80, G6 and G19 were found to be responsive to irrigated conditions. Significant differences among genotypes for their LAI and PHI values were found under drought condition but a significance difference for canopy biomass was only found under irrigated conditions. Canopy biomass under drought conditions was higher with genotypes such as G80, G6, G87, G76 and G58 compared with the poor lines G16, G35 and G101. Genotype G103, G70, G2, G105, G74, G69, and G49 had significantly better LAI value than the standard check (Awash melka) and SxB 405 under drought conditions. There were also higher PHI recorded for G24, G78, G19, G14, G72, G60, G13, G100 and G87. Grain yield under drought conditions was positively correlated with seed number per m2, pod number per m2, 100 seed weight, canopy biomass and PHI. Genotypes such as G14, G21, G28, G60, G22, G24, G19, G78, G40 and G6 had positive association with grain yield, seed number, pod number, 100 seed weight and PHI. In the second study, a set of 40 advanced lines of RAZ (resistance against zabrotes) and susceptible commercial varieties were tested for bruchid resistance using four replicates of 30 seeds. Each replicate of advanced lines and commercial varieties at 10% seed moisture was infested with 6 pairs of newly emerged Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus) from the stock rearing of CIAT Colombia. Two microsatellite markers analysis were used for the marker assisted selection scheme and protein analysis was done for presence or absence of arcelin. A field trial was also conducted in Ethiopia. Data were collected on number of eggs at 15 days, number of emerged adults, percentage emergence, adult dry weight and yield. RAZ 4, RAZ 101, RAZ 173, RAZ 44 and RAZ 174 showed consistently high resistance for all the parameters measured. The average yield of susceptible varieties (2.11 t/ha, SE = 0.05) was moderately higher than that of the resistant lines (1.8 t/ha, SE = 0.02). Arcelin protein analysis of 21 highly resistant advanced lines and 5 susceptible varieties together with the controls also showed a high level of accuracy. Resistance was associated entirely with the presence of the heavy 35KDa band representing Arcelin 1. The molecular markers BMy 11 and Pvatct 001 confirmed that they are more tightly associated with the arcelin gene and they produced bands that were 208 and 192 bp long for resistance lines. In the third study, a total of 16 farmers were invited in the 2008 season and 20 farmers in the 2009 season from Boffa and Siredodota areas to Melkassa research farm in Ethiopia to evaluate the 80 genotypes of common beans at podding and maturity growth stages. Seeds of selected genotypes were exposed to exporters and traders for quality assessment. A total of 25 genotypes were selected in 2008, both individually and in a group by farmers. Four genotypes were selected by exporters and traders. In 2009, a total of 12 genotypes from a total of 25 were selected by farmers from the two sites. Farmers from Boffa as well as from Siredodota conducted a last group selection of the genotypes under field conditions and ranked the top five genotypes (G60, G53, G40, G80 and G5) in terms of seed size, contrasting color and contrasting shape. The main selection criteria used by male farmers from both Boffa and Siredodota were grain yield, drought resistance, earliness, pod load, vegetative vigor, pod filling, marketability and color (brilliance). Female farmers also used their own selection criteria, grain yield, drought, earliness, pod load, color (brilliance) and suitability for stew. Exporters and traders evaluated and selected G40, G60, and G80. Exporters’ and traders’ selection criteria were seed size, color, shape, split seed, slightly stained (anthracnose) and moisture content of the seed. The study conducted over two years implied that there is a need to combine the classical breeding with participatory variety selection for effective and efficient selection of bean genotypes under drought conditions. Insect bioassay should also be supported by marker assisted selection for identification of better resistant genotypes to bruchids. Il fagiolo (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) è una leguminosa tra le più coltivate al mondo per il consumo umano, su una superficie di più di 14 milioni di ettari, ma fortemente limitata dalla siccità. Un altro dei fattori limitanti per il fagiolo è rappresentato dagli insetti che attaccano i semi, appartenenti ai coleotteri bruchidi. La comprensione dei meccanismi di resistenza alla siccità e agli insetti è utile per la selezione di varietà superiori. Inoltre la partecipazione dei coltivatori al processo di selezione è importante al fine di identificare le caratteristiche migliori di piante e semi. Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono: (i) condurre una valutazione fenotipica di 81 genotipi in relazione alla resistenza alla siccità; (ii) selezionare i genotipi migliori per resistenza alla siccità, produzione e caratteristiche commerciali; (iii) selezionare linee resistenti ai bruchidi anche mediante marcatori genetici associati al gene dell’arcelina; (iv) valutare i genotipi mediante la partecipazione dei coltivatori in Etiopia. Nel primo studio sono state impiegate 78 linee, due parentali e un controllo (Awash melka) in condizioni di stress idrico e di irrigazione presso il centro etiope di Melkassa nel 2008 e nel 2009, secondo un disegno di blocchi randomizzati con tre repliche. Sono state analizzate le seguenti variabili: resa in seme, semi per baccello, peso di 100 semi, biomassa della pianta, LAI (leaf area index) e PHI (pod harvest index). I valori di resa in seme sono variati da 404 a 1580 kg/ha, con differenze significative tra i genotipi. I genotipi G80, G13, G19, G40, G87, G6, G28, G21,G24, G70, G22, G78, G60, G100 e G14 hanno dato risultati migliori in condizioni di stress idrico. I genotipi G78, G80, G6 e G19 e hanno dato buoni risultati anche con l’irrigazione, mostrando differenze significative anche per la biomassa della pianta. La resa in seme in condizioni di stress è correlata positivamente con il numero di semi per m2, il numero di baccelli per m2 , il peso di 100 semi, la biomassa e il PHI. Nel secondo studio sono state utilizzate in laboratorio 40 linee avanzate per la resistenza ai bruchidi, con 4 repliche di 30 semi ciascuna. Ogni gruppo di semi è stato infestato con 6 coppie del bruchide Zabrotes subfasciatus provenienti dall’allevamento presso il CIAT di Cali, Colombia. Due marcatori genetici microsatelliti sono stati utilizzati per la caratterizzazione delle linee in merito alla presenza del gene per l’arcelina, unitamente all’analisi della proteina stessa. Le stesse linee sono state infine utilizzate in una prova di campo condotta in Etiopia. I dati raccolti hanno riguardato variabili relative alla performance degli insetti e alla resa delle linee in campo. Le linee RAZ 4, RAZ 101, RAZ 173, RAZ 44 e RAZ 174 hanno mostrato una resistenza elevata per tutte le variabili considerate. Nel complesso la resa in campo è stata moderatamente più elevata per le linee suscettibili (2.11 t/ha, SE = 0.05) rispetto alle resistenti (1.8 t/ha, SE = 0.02). La resistenza è stata sempre associata alla presenza di una proteina da 35 kDa che rappresenta l’arcelina 1. I marcatori microsatellite BMy 11 e Pvatct 001 hanno confermato l’associazione con il gene per l’arcelina. Nel terzo studio sono state condotte indagini con coltivatori etiopi nel 2008 (16 coltivatori) e nel 2009 (20 coltivatori) provenienti dalle aree di Boffa e Siredodota. Sono state utilizzate le prove del primo studio presso il centro di Melkassa, valutando sia le piante sia il prodotto. I semi sono stati inoltre mostrati a esportatori e commercianti per la valutazione di qualità. Nel 2008 tale processo ha portato alla selezione di 25 genotipi superiori, di cui 4 apprezzati commercialmente. Nel 2009 è stato individuato un sottogruppo di 12 genotipi, all’interno dei quali è stato possibile elencare i 5 migliori (G60, G53, G40, G80 e G5) in relazione a misura, colore e forma del seme. I criteri di selezione sono variati tra coltivatori maschi e femmine. La valutazione commerciale, basata su caratteri in parte simili, ha portato alla selezione di tre linee (G40, G60, G80).

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Amsalu, Fenta Berhanu. "Investigation of the physiological responses in soybean and common bean to water deficit." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24328.

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Drought causes considerable reduction of legume productivity and significantly threatens the food security, and this situation is expected to be aggravated due to climate change. In soybean and common bean, water resource capturing through plant root architectural plasticity and the role of symbiotic nitrogen fixation have not been investigated in greater detail yet. This study was therefore conducted to identify and apply useful morphological and physiological performance markers (traits) for selection of drought-tolerant common bean and soybean cultivars under both controlled phytotron and field conditions that might be applicable as markers in future legume breeding programs. In soybean, traits related to above ground performance, such as photosynthesis, biomasses, and stomatal conductance, were related to parameters for nitrogen acquisition in nodules. The ability to maintain vigorous shoot growth under drought-induced nitrogen limitation was identified as an important trait that can be used to select for improved drought tolerance. Further, experiments carried out growing different common bean inbred lines under controlled phytotron conditions revealed the importance of growth and gas exchange parameters as well as nitrogen fixing ability as performance markers to select superior performing bean lines for growth under drought. As a further result, the strong association of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance was also ascertained. In field experiments the effective use of water through enhanced lateral root development and maintaining the water status of the plant was found to be crucial for enhanced productivity under drought, with root morphology traits (root length, area and volume) as well as root architectural traits (first whorl angle, basal root number and adventitious root branching density) significantly related to seed yield. Measurement of these traits might be added to future bean varietal improvement programs. Further, a direct relationship between both water use efficiency (WUE) estimated using carbon isotope discrimination (CID) and nitrogen fixation (15N abundance) with root morphological and architectural traits (root length, area and volume, basal root number, 1st as well as 2nd whorl angles) was identified. CID (WUE) and 15N abundance (SNF ability) had a direct relationship with each other and also with productivity traits (seed yield and pod harvest index). Soybean field experiments verified the importance of root system architecture and morphology for providing drought tolerance with root architectural traits, tap and lateral roots (diameter and branching density) and morphological traits (root length, surface area and volume) contributing to better performance under drought. Moreover, the strong association of CID (WUE) with ä15N (SNF), root traits as well as seed yield in soybean exposed to drought was ascertained. Findings suggested that higher performance in CID under drought stress may be due to higher CO2 assimilation and better N2 fixation resulting in better root system architecture and morphology of the drought-tolerant cultivar through maintenance of the water status of the plant for efficient biological activity. Overall the study has generated new knowledge about the use of physiological markers (traits) that can be used widely for legume evaluation under drought suitable for both phytotron and field studies. Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. Plant Science unrestricted

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Oliveira, Antônio Alberto Rocha. "Mycorrhizal effects on the growth of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/76190.

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Oliveira, Antônio Alberto Rocha. "Mycorrhizal effects on the growth of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157947.

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Goretti, Daniela. "Footprint of domestication in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genome." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242060.

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Il fagiolo comune (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) è una specie annuale diploide (2n = 2x = 22), prevalentemente autocompatibile; è il più importante legume da granella per il consumo diretto. La specie è caratterizzata da due principali pool genici, quello mesoamericano e quello andino, ed in ognuno dei due il fagiolo ha subito una domesticazione indipendente. Molti studi hanno investigato la diversità molecolare e fenotipica e la struttura della popolazione del fagiolo comune, ma non sono molte le informazioni riguardanti la sua diversità nucleotidica. In questo lavoro, è stato studiato il processo di domesticazione in Mesoamerica mediante il sequenziamento di 54 frammenti genici in un set di 47 accessioni di fagiolo, molte delle quali provenenti dal Mesoamerica (39; sia genotipi selvatici che domesticati). Otto accessioni addizionali sono state incluse come controlli: quattro di origine andina, due da popolazioni selvatiche del Nord Perù ed Ecuador caratterizzate dalla faseolina di tipo I (proteina di riserva del seme), e un’accessione di P. coccineus e di P. dumosus. Questo studio rappresenta il primo tentativo di approccio “bottom-up” per identificare loci coinvolti nel processo di domesticazione di P. vulgaris, identificando tre geni come putativi target della selezione artificiale durante la domesticazione in Mesoamerica. L’uso di dati nucleotidici ha permesso di identificare chiaramente una riduzione di diversità genetica e un più esteso linkage disequilibrium nelle forme domesticate rispetto alle selvatiche da imputare al bottleneck della domesticazione. La struttura della popolazione, le analisi PCA, l’albero NJ e i network degli aplotipi hanno indicato un singolo evento di domesticazione in Mesoamerica. Infine, un risultato del presente studio è stata l’individuazione di 825 SNPs. Questi polimorfismi rappresentano uno strumento utile in diversi tipi di studi su P. vulgaris, come quelli di tipo evoluzionistico, di genetica di popolazione o studi di associazione tra tratti agronomici importanti e marker da usare nei programmi di incrocio. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a diploid (2n = 2x = 22) annual species that is predominantly self-pollinating, and it is the most important grain legume for direct human consumption. This species is characterised by two major geographically distinct gene pools that predate its domestication, and where two independent domestication events occurred: Mesoamerica and the Andes. Many studies have investigated the molecular and phenotypic diversity and the population structure of the common bean, although little information is available on the level and extent of its nucleotide diversity. Here, we focused on the domestication process in Mesoamerica by sequencing 54 gene fragments from a set of 47 accessions of the common bean, most of which were from Mesoamerica (39; as both wild and domesticated forms). Eight additional accessions were included as controls: four from the Andes, two from northern Peru–Ecuador wild populations that are characterised by phaseolin type I (a seed storage protein), and one each of Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus dumosus accessions. This study is the first to use a bottom-up approach to identify loci involved in the domestication process of P. vulgaris, and we have identified three outlier genes that might have been the target of artificial selection during the domestication process in Mesoamerica. The use of nucleotide data allowed the identification of a clear reduction in diversity and a higher level of linkage disequilibrium in the domesticated forms, clearly due to the domestication bottleneck. Population structure, principal component, neighbour-joining tree, and network haplotype analyses indicate the occurrence of a single domestication event in Mesoamerica. Finally, an additional outcome of the present study is the identification of 825 single nucleotide polymorphisms. These polymorphisms represent a useful tool for different studies, such as evolutionary studies for Phaseolus species, population genetics studies, and association studies between important agronomic traits and markers for use in breeding programmes.

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He, Yiqing. "Improved seed health tests for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in common bean." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1476299.

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Maniruzzaman, Fnu. "Evaluation of Genetic Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Dry Edible Bean." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27869.

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Common bacterial blight (CBB) is an economically important disease of dry bean worldwide caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, (Xap). The objectives of this research were to determine the frequency of CBB resistance in NDSU breeding materials and to evaluate the effectiveness of two SCAR markers, SAP6 and SU91, linked with major QTL for CBB resistance, across this host population. A total of 593 advanced and preliminary lines were phenotyped in the greenhouse and genotyped using SAP6 and SU91. Phenotyping revealed CBB resistance in 310 lines, with a higher frequency of resistant lines in the pinto, great northern and small red market classes. A total of 188 lines were phenotyped under field condition and only 23 lines were found resistant. The presence of the SU91 marker, and both markers in combination, more effectively identified CBB resistance than did the SAP6 marker alone. Identification of resistant lines should accelerate breeding efforts. Northarvest Bean Growers Association North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Association

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Jimenez, Garcia Emilio. "ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRUSES FROM BEANS GROWING IN THE SONORA DESERT OF MEXICO (COWPEA, CHLOROTIC MOTTLE)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187907.

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Survey of crops of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Sonora, Mexico revealed the presence of two isometric viruses and one flexuous rod virus on the basis of host reaction, particle morphology, serology and physico-chemical properties. The isometric viruses were identified as Bean Southern Mosaic Virus (BSMV) and Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV); the flexuous rod virus was identified as Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV). Using bean cultivar differentials, two strains of the potyvirus BCMV were identified, NY-15 and a previously undescribed strain designated YV-1. Host range, serological tests, and RNA electrophoresis indicated that the Sonoran BSMV cultures are similar to BSMV-strain A. Serology and RNA-electrophoresis indicated that the Sonoran CCMV isolates are identical to CCMV-strain A. BSMV and CCMV were always isolated as a mixture from seed lots and from field collected bean tissue. BCMV occurred alone or in mixed infections with BSMV and CCMV. BCMV was seed transmitted with an average efficiency of 58 percent. The BSMV-CCMV mixture was transmitted with an efficiency of 6 percent. BSMV and CCMV were seed transmitted together, but separate transmission of BSMV or CCMV was not detected. Commercial seed lots from two major bean growing regions of Sonora (Hermosillo Coast, Sonora River) were contaminated with the BSMV-CCMV mixture but not with BCMV. The average contamination level was 13 percent. Two common weeds present in Sonoran agricultural areas were found to be potential alternate hosts of CCMV. Both Sisymbrium irio L. and Melilotus indica L. were infected systemically, although the infection in M. indica was latent. Potential losses due to Sonoran bean viruses were measured in greenhouse experiments with the cultivar Pinto 111. BCMV strains caused a 29.4 to 60.1% reduction, whereas BSMV-CCMV mixtures induced a 22.5 to 74.6% yield reduction. A synergism occurred between the BSMV-CCMV mixture and BCMV resulting in more severe symptoms and a yield reduction of 92.7%. Synergistic effects were also observed between BSMV and CCMV. Actual yield reduction resulted from impaired flower production and, consequently, reduced pod production. Significant effects on plant tissue production, flower fertilization and seed quality were not observed. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus infected mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) a previously unreported host. Infection of mung bean by BSMV was only possible when CCMV was present in the inoculum. Both BSMV and CCMV could be isolated from symptomatic plants infected with the BSMV-CCMV mixture, however, symptoms on mung bean were unchanged from infection by CCMV alone.

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Mazaheri, Lucy. "Development of a Molecular Marker to Track APA G40199 Introgression in Common Bean for Bruchid Resistance." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29300.

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In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), the main seed storage pests are the bruchid beetles. Damage done to the seed by the larvae has a large impact on seed quality and yield. Arcelin (ARC), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and α-amylase inhibitor (α-AI) are linked seed storage proteins that form the APA locus on chromosome Pv04 and are associated with resistance. A major breeding objective is to introduce bruchid resistance into common bean from a resistant tepary genotype, G40199, by introgressing the resistant APA locus into susceptible common bean backgrounds. Here we developed a molecular marker that tracks the introgression. A set of PCR primers to the α-amylase inhibitor locus amplified a DNA fragment that showed a 45 base pair insertion in the middle of a lectin Leg_b domain. This enhanced locus characterization and insertion/deletion marker may preclude the need for bruchid resistance screening early in the breeding. United States. Agency for International Development United States. Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative (Cooperative Agreement No. EDH-A-00-07-00005-00)

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Meziadi, Chouaïb. "Caractérisation génétique et génomique de l'interaction Phaseolus vulgaris/Bean pod mottle virus." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS494.

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Les interactions plante-virus diffèrent des autres interactions plante-pathogènes du fait de la nature des virus qui sont des parasites intracellulaires obligatoires. Plus spécifiquement, l’interaction haricot commun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) a été étudiée en mettant l’accent à la fois sur la résistance de la plante mais aussi sur la virulence du virus dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre et d’identifier les facteurs intervenant dans le dialogue moléculaire entre plante et virus. Ces deux partenaires interagissent selon le modèle «gène-à-gène» de Flor. 1) Côté plante, nous avons identifié un gène de résistance dominant vis-à-vis du BPMV chez BAT93, le gène R-BPMV. Ce gène est localisé à l’extrémité du chromosome Pv02, dans la région du locus I, un locus de résistance multi-parasitaire vis-à-vis de différents virus, bactérie et champignon. La cartographie fine du gène R-BPMV suivie du séquençage de la région à partir d’un contig de clones BACs chez BAT93 a permis d’identifier des séquences codant pour des protéines NB-LRR qui pourraient correspondre au gène R-BPMV. Des études de microsynténie et de phylogénie ont été réalisées afin de mieux comprendre l’évolution des gènes présents dans cette région. L’étude au niveau cellulaire du phénotype associé à la résistance a permis de montrer que le gène R-BPMV bloque le mouvement de cellule à cellule du virus et que le phénotype associé est température-dépendant. 2) Côté virus, le clonage de toutes les ORFs du BPMV associé à des expériences d’agroinfiltration sur P. vulgaris et Nicotiana benthamiana ont permis d’identifier deux facteurs viraux importants dans le dialogue moléculaire plante-virus : la protéine VPg du BPMV correspond à la protéine d’avirulence agissant en interaction avec le produit du gène R-BPMV dans le cadre du modèle «gène-à-gène», et l’ARN polymérase ARN-dépendante virale correspond à un suppresseur de silencing à effet faible. 3) A ce jour, la transformation génétique stable n’est pas applicable en routine chez les légumineuses. Un objectif de la thèse est de développer des outils de validation fonctionnelle pouvant s’appliquer à des gènes d’intérêt agronomique, dont des gènes de résistance aux maladies. L’approche VIGS basée sur un vecteur viral dérivé du BPMV, déjà utilisée chez le soja, a ainsi été adaptée sur haricot et pois (Pisum sativum), une légumineuse économiquement importante en Europe Plant-virus interactions differ from other plant-pathogen interactions because viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. More specifically, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) interaction was studied by focusing both on the plant resistance and on the virus virulence in order to highlight and identify factors involved in the molecular dialog between plant and virus. These two partners interact according to the “gene-for-gene” model described by Flor. 1) On the plant side, we identified a dominant resistance gene against BPMV in cv. BAT93, the R-BPMV gene. This gene is located at one end of chromosome Pv02 in the I locus region, a multi-parasitic resistance locus involved in resistance to different viruses, bacteria and fungi. Fine mapping of R-BPMV followed by sequencing of the region from a BACs contig in BAT93 allowed us to identify sequences encoding NB-LRR proteins that could correspond to R-BPMV. Microsynteny and phylogeny studies were performed to understand the evolution of genes present in this region. When resistance phenotype was studied at the cellular level, we found that R-BPMV blocks BPMV cell-to-cell movement and that resistance phenotype is temperature-dependent. 2) On the virus side, cloning of all BPMV ORFs in association with agroinfiltration assays in P. vulgaris and Nicotiana benthamiana allowed us to identify two important factors involved in plant-virus molecular dialog: the BPMV VPg acting as an avirulence factor in interaction with the product of R-BPMV in the “gene-for-gene” model, and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that corresponds to a weak RNA silencing suppressor. 3) To date, stable genetic transformation is not routinely feasible in legumes. One objective of this thesis was to develop news tools for functional validation studies for genes of agronomic interest, including disease resistance genes. The VIGS approach based on the viral BPMV vector, first used in soybean, was adapted to common bean and pea (Pisum sativum), a legume species of high economic importance in Europe

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Beattie, Aaron D. "Application of marker-assisted selection to breeding of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33207.pdf.

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Masli, Aryananda. "Search for restriction fragment length polymorphism of Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to the immune gene to bean common mosaic virus." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798405/.

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A technique involving Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to observe the DNA fragment polymorphism between a bean cultivar with I/I genotype and a bean cultivar with i/i genotype. The I gene encodes immunity to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV).

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Lindeque, Michelle Irene. "Diversity of root nodule bacteria associated with Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus vulgaris species in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02162007-170945.

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Parsons, Deborah Mary Joy. "Oviposition and host selection by the common bean beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325156.

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Polania, Perdomo José A. "Morpho-physiological analysis of adaptive responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to drought stress." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400243.

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El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es la leguminosa alimenticia más importante en los trópicos. Es cultivada por pequeños agricultores y por lo general expuesta a condiciones desfavorables con mínimo uso de insumos. La sequía y la baja fertilidad del suelo, especialmente deficiencias de nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P), son principales limitaciones para el rendimiento del frijol en los sistemas de pequeños productores. El frijol puede derivar parte de su requerimiento de N de la atmósfera a través de la fijación simbiótica de nitrógeno (SNF). El estrés por sequía limita severamente la capacidad SNF de las plantas. Identificación de rasgos asociados con resistencia a sequía contribuye a mejorar el proceso de generación de genotipos de frijol adaptados a estas condiciones. Se realizaron ensayos de campo en el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Palmira, Colombia, para determinar la relación entre rendimiento de grano y diferentes parámetros morfo fisiológicos tales como uso efectivo del agua (EUW), biomasa dosel, removilización de fotosintatos (índice de partición vaina, índice de cosecha, índice de cosecha de vaina) y capacidad de SNF en líneas élites seleccionadas por resistencia a sequía durante la última década. También se validó la metodología de abundancia natural de 15N usando tejido de grano para cuantificar diferencias fenotípicas en la capacidad SNF y su aplicación en programas de mejoramiento. Se utilizó discriminación de isótopo de carbono (CID) para la estimación de uso eficiente del agua (WUE) y uso efectivo de agua (EUW). Se evaluaron 36 genotipos de frijol pertenecientes al acervo genético mesoamericano en condiciones de campo con dos niveles de suministro de agua (riego y sequía) en dos temporadas. Adicionalmente, se realizó un estudio en condiciones de invernadero utilizando cilindros de plástico con suelo, para determinar la relación entre rendimiento de grano y diferentes características morfo fisiológicas de raíz tales como la longitud total de raíces, producción de raíces finas y tasa de crecimiento visual de raíces. La resistencia a estrés por sequía se asoció positivamente con EUW, raíces profundas y vigorosas, mejor crecimiento de las plantas, y superior movilización de fotosintatos a la formación de vaina y granos; y negativamente con días a floración y días a madurez fisiológica. Basándose en diferencias fenotípicas obtenidas en CID, conductancia estomática, biomasa del dosel y rendimiento de grano en condiciones de sequía, las líneas evaluadas se clasificaron en dos grupos, los ahorradores y los gastadores de agua. Estos dos grupos también se diferenciaron en sus características de raíces, los gastadores de agua con un vigoroso y profundo sistema de raíces y los ahorradores con un moderado a superficial sistema de raíces con mayor presencia de raíces finas. Se utilizó el método de abundancia natural de 15N para comparar capacidad de SNF estimada convencionalmente usando tejido foliar vs tejido de grano. Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva y significativa entre el nitrógeno derivado de la atmósfera (Ndfa) calculado utilizando tejido foliar y Ndfa usando el tejido de grano. El método usando grano mostró variabilidad fenotípica en la capacidad de SNF bajo condiciones de riego y sequía, y una reducción significativa en condiciones de sequía. Se recomienda usar este método en programas de mejoramiento de frijol para mejorar la capacidad SNF. Mejor habilidad SNF bajo estrés por sequía fue relacionada con presencia de raíces gruesas. Mayor absorción de nitrógeno del suelo fue asociado con un sistema de raíces fino y profundo. El índice de cosecha vaina, discriminación de isotopo de carbono y Ndfa usando tejido de grano podría ser criterios de selección útiles en los programas de mejoramiento para seleccionar frijol común con resistencia a la sequía. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume in the diet of poor people in the tropics. This legume is cultivated by small farmers and is usually exposed to unfavorable conditions with minimum use of inputs. Drought and low soil fertility, especially phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) deficiencies, are major limitations to bean yield in smallholder systems. Beans can derive part of their required N from the atmosphere through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Drought stress severely limits SNF ability of plants. Identification of traits associated with drought resistance contributes to improving the process of designing bean genotypes adapted to these conditions. Field studies were conducted at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira, Colombia to determine the relationship between grain yield and different parameters in elite lines selected for drought resistance over the past decade. The selected traits were effective use of water (EUW), canopy biomass, remobilization of photosynthates to grain (pod partitioning index, harvest index and pod harvest index) and SNF ability. Moreover, in field trials we also validated the use of 15N natural abundance in grain tissue to quantify phenotypic differences in SNF ability for its implementation in breeding programs aiming to improve SNF in common bean. Carbon isotope discrimination (CID) was used for estimation of water use efficiency (WUE) and effective use of water (EUW). A set of 36 bean genotypes belonging to the Middle American gene pool were evaluated under field conditions with two levels of water supply (irrigated and rainfed) over two seasons. Additionally, a greenhouse study was conducted at CIAT using plastic cylinders with soil inserted into PVC pipes, to determine the relationship between grain yield and different root parameters such as total root length, fine root production and visual root growth rate in same group of elite lines under drought stress. Resistance to terminal drought stress was positively associated with EUW combined with a deeper and vigorous root system, better plant growth, and superior mobilization of photosynthates to pod and seed production, but negatively associated with days to flowering and days to physiological maturity. Based on phenotypic differences in CID, leaf stomatal conductance, canopy biomass and grain yield under drought stress, the tested lines were classified into two groups, water savers and water spenders. These groups also differ in their root characteristics, water spenders with a vigorous and deeper root system and water savers genotypes with a moderate to shallow root system and more presence of fine roots. We used 15N natural abundance method to compare SNF ability estimated from shoot tissue sampled at mid-pod filling growth stage vs. grain tissue sampled at harvest. The results showed a significant positive correlation between nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa), estimated using shoot tissue at mid-pod filling, and Ndfa estimated using grain tissue at harvest. The method showed phenotypic variability in SNF ability under both drought and irrigated conditions. A significant reduction in SNF ability was observed under drought stress. We suggest that the method of estimating Ndfa using grain tissue (Ndfa-G) can be applied in bean breeding programs to improve SNF ability. Using this method of Ndfa-G, we identified bean lines that combine greater SNF ability with higher grain yield under drought stress. Better SNF ability under drought stress was related with superior presence of thick roots. Superior N uptake from the soil was associated with a large root system with more presence of fine roots. Pod harvest index, grain CID and Ndfa using grain tissue could be a useful selection criterion in breeding programs to select for drought resistance in common bean.

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Hannah, Matthew Alan. "Physiological and biochemical characterisation of the DL gene system in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250873.

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Chacon, Sanchez Maria Isabel. "Chloroplast DNA polymorphisms and the evolution and domestication of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367751.

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Chiaramonte, Josiane Barros. "The rhizosphere microbiome of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the effects on phosphorus uptake." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-17012019-161756/.

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The current population growth will demand a higher productive agriculture to full the food requirement. To supply this need and preserve the environment, many resources are applied to promote sustainable agriculture. Phosphorus depletion is the main factor that limits crops yields in tropical soils, where the pH and clay content rapid fixate this nutrient. Plant breeders aim to solve this issue by changing the plant requirements for phosphorus and adapting them to low P availability. However, with these approaches the demand for phosphorus fertilizers will continue and so the depletion of the natural deposits. In this study is proposed that plants with contrasting phosphorus uptake efficiency, i.e. P-efficient and P-inefficient, recruits distinct rhizosphere microbiome specialized in phosphorus mobilization. This hypothesis was tested growing plants in a gradient of two sources of P, triple superphosphate or rock phosphate Bayovar. Thebean rhizosphere microbiome was assessed with culture dependent and independent approaches, enzymatic assays, predictive metagenomics and networks analysis. A differential enrichment of several OTUs in the rhizosphere of the P-inefficient common bean genotype, and the enrichment of bacterial chemotaxis functions and functions involved in phosphorus mobilization suggest that this genotype has superior communication with the rhizosphere microbiome and is highly dependent on it for phosphorus mobilization. As a proof of concept, the P-efficientefficient genotype was sown in soil previously cultivated with P-inefficientinefficient genotype. The results showed that P-efficientefficient genotype positively responded to the modified rhizosphere in early stages, that is, the microbiome selected and enriched by the P-inefficient genotype improved the P uptake in the genotype cultivated afterwards in the same soil. Taken collectively, these results suggest that plants partly rely on the rhizosphere microbiome for P uptake and that the exploration of these interactions during plant breeding would allow the selection of even more efficient genotypes, leading to a sustainable agriculture by exploring soil residual P. O atual aumento populacional irá demandar uma maior produção agrícola para completar a necessidade de alimento. Para suprir essa necessidade e preservar o meio ambiente, muitos recursos serão aplicados para promover a agricultura sustentável. A depleção de fósforo é um dos principais fatores que limita a produção agrícola em solos tropicais, onde o pH e o conteúdo de argila fixam rapidamente esse nutriente. Os melhoristas de plantas visam solucionar esse problema alterando a necessidade de fósforo das plantas e adaptando-as as baixas disponibilidade de fósforo. No entanto, com essas estratégias a demanda por fertilizantes fosfatados irá continuar assim como a exploração das reservas naturais de fósforo. Nesse estudo foi proposto que as plantas contrastantes em relação a eficiência na absorção de fósforo, i.e. P-eficiente e P-ineficiente, recrutariam um microbioma rizosférico distinto em relação a mobilização de fósforo. Essa hipótese foi testada cultivando plantas em um gradiente usando duas fontes distintas de P, triplo fosfato ou fosfato de rocha Bayovar. O microbioma da rizosfera de feijão foi então avaliado por técnicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo, análise enzimática, predição metagenômica e análises de network. Um enriquecimento diferencial de várias OTUs observado na rizosfera do genótipo de feijão P-ineficiente, e o enriquecimento de funções de quimiotaxia bacteriana e envolvidas na mobilização de fósforo sugerem que esse genótipo tem uma maior comunicação com o microbioma rizosférico e é altamente dependente deste para a mobilização de fósforo. Como prova de conceito, o genótipo P-eficiente foi plantado em solo previamente cultivadocom o genótipo P-ineficiente. Os resultados mostraram que o genótipo P-eficiente responde positivamente à rizosfera modificada nos estádios iniciais de crescimento, ou seja, o microbioma selecionado e enriquecido pelo genótipo P-ineficiente melhorou a absorção de fósforo no genótipo cultivado posteriormente no mesmo solo. Coletivamente, esses resultados sugerem que as plantas dependem parcialmente do microbioma da rizosfera para a absorção de P e que a exploraçãodestas interações durante o melhoramento vegetal permitiria a seleção de genótipos muito mais eficientes, conduzindo à uma agricultura sustentável explorando o fósforo residual do solo.

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Gebeyehu, Setegn. "Physiological response to drought stress of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes differing in drought resistance." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2006. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2006/3726/index.html.

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Moss, Caroline J. "Heritable resistance in seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. to Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae)." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543258.

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Silva, Leonardo Corrêa da. "Linkage fine-mapping, GWAS and QTLs affecting morpho-agronomic traits of a common bean RIL population." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/16357.

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Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2018-01-15T15:39:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1009278 bytes, checksum: 0ca0f39af7e469a6dded1b9a46b70329 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-15T15:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1009278 bytes, checksum: 0ca0f39af7e469a6dded1b9a46b70329 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma das leguminosas mais cultivadas e consumidas em todo o mundo. É uma fonte relativamente barata de proteínas e nutrientes, firmando-se como um importante alimento na manutenção da segurança alimentar no planeta. Nesse sentido, o melhoramento genético é fundamental para a obtenção de cultivares mais produtivas, com arquitetura de plantas mais adequada aos sistemas de colheita, com ciclo compatível com às regiões de produção e de aspecto de grãos que atenda às exigências do mercado consumidor. Uma ferramenta auxiliar no melhoramento genético de plantas é a seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares do DNA. O mapeamento de ligação (Linkage Mapping, LM) é a abordagem mais comum no melhoramento para detectar marcadores moleculares associados a QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci, ou locos controladores de características quantitativas). A abundância de marcadores no genoma das espécies fez do mapeamento de associação (Association Mapping, AM) uma nova estratégia pra detecção de QTLs. Uma importante metodologia do mapeamento de associação é o estudo de associação genômica ampla (Genome Wide Association Study, GWAS). Neste contexto, o Programa de Melhoramento do Feijoeiro da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) desenvolveu uma população formada por 376 RILs (Recombinant Inbred Lines, ou linhagens endogâmicas recombinantes) de feijão comum, obtidas do cruzamento entre Rudá e AND 277, para a obtenção de um mapa genético e detecção de QTLs relacionados a sete características morfo-agronômicas usando essas duas metodologias. Essa população foi denominada de RILs RA. Outro objetivo foi conhecer a função biológica destes QTLs pela sua localização em relação a genes candidatos com função biológicas que se relacionassem às características destes QTLs. A população foi genotipada com 3.098 marcadores do tipo SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, polimorfismo a partir de um único nucleotídeo) e fenotipada em campo para as características número de dias até o florescimento (DF) e até a maturação (DM), arquitetura de plantas (ARC), produtividade de grãos (YLD), grau de achatamento (SF) da semente, forma da semente (SS) e massa de cem grãos (SW). Pelo mapeamento de ligação (LM), foi obtido uma mapa genético com 1.962 SNPs e tamanho total de 1.065,48 cM. Também foram detectados 29 QTLs, para as sete características, distribuídos nos 11 cromossomos, que explicaram de 3,83 a 32,92% da variação fenotípica. Na anotação gênica, quatro sequências de SNPs identificados como ligados aos QTLs foram relacionados a 18 genes com função biológica conhecida. Pelo estudo de associação genômica ampla (GWAS), foram detectados 112 SNPs/QTLs em todos os cromossomos, com exceção dos cromossomos 06 e 07, relacionados a todas as características avaliadas. Alguns destes QTLs estavam posicionados próximos ou dentro de genes candidatos com função biológica que se relacionava com as características morfo-agronômicas avaliadas. Conclui-se que o tamanho da população de RILs RA (376 linhagens) permitiu a obtenção de um mapa genético com estimativas de frequência de recombinação acurada. O número de marcadores utilizados propiciou boa saturação em todos os cromossomos, o que permitiu a detecção de QTLs com mais eficiência e confiabilidade pelo mapeamento de ligação e pela GWAS. Os genes candidatos localizados nas regiões destes QTLs corroboram o potencial destes na seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares para as características morfo-agronômicas avaliadas. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most cultivated and consumed legumes worldwide. It is a relatively inexpensive source of protein and nutrients, establishing itself as an important food in maintaining food security on the world. In this sense, genetic breeding is essential to obtain more productive cultivars, with plant architecture more adequate to the harvesting systems, with a cycle suitable to the regions of production, and grain type compatible with the requirements of the local market. An auxiliary tool in plant breeding is the DNA marker-assisted selection. Linkage mapping (LM) is the most common approach to detect molecular markers associated to quantitative trait loci (QTL). The abundance of molecular markers in the genome of the species made of association mapping (AM) a new methodology to QTLs detection. An important association mapping (AM) methodology is the genome wide association study (GWAS). In this context, the Common Bean Breeding Program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) developed a population consisting of 376 RILs, obtained from the crossing between Rudá and AND 277, to construct a genetic map and detect QTLs related to seven morpho-agronomic traits using these two methodologies. Another objective was to know the biological function of these QTLs by their location in relation to candidate genes with biological functions that related to the traits of these QTLs. The population was genotyped with 3,098 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers and phenotyped in the field conditions for the trais number of days to flowering (DF) and to maturity (DM), plant architecture (ARC), seed yield (YLD), degree of seed flatness (SF), seed shape (SS), and 100- seed weight (SW). A genetic map with 1,962 SNPs, spanning a total size of 1,065.48 cM, was obtained by linkage analysis. In addition, 29 QTLs were detected for the seven characteristics distributed on the 11 chromosomes, which explained from 3.83 to 32.92% of the phenotypic variation. In gene annotation, four sequences of SNPs identified as linked to QTLs were related to 18 genes with known biological function. 112 SNPs/QTLs related to the traits evaluated were detected in all chromosomes by genome wide association study (GWAS), except to chromosomes 06 and 07. Some of these QTLs were positioned near or within candidate genes with biological function that were related to the morpho-agronomic traits evaluated. It is concluded that the population size of RA RILs (376 lines) allowed to obtain a genetic map with accurate estimates of recombination frequency. The number of markers used in this study provided good saturation in all chromosomes, which allowed the efficiently and reliably QTL detection by linkage mapping and GWAS. The candidate genes located in the regions of these QTLs corroborate their potential in the marker-assisted selection for these seven morpho-agronomic traits.

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Bressan, Dayanne Fabrício. "Uso dos eliciadores acibenzolar-s-metílico e harpina na indução de resistência em plantas de feijoeiro comum ao crestamento bacteriano." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/232.

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CAPES O crestamento bacteriano comum, causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, é uma das principais doenças da cultura do feijoeiro. Em busca por alternativas no controle de doenças em plantas, o uso de eliciadores/indutores de resistência tem sido explorado. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência dos eliciadores harpina e acibenzolar-S-metílico na indução de mecanismos de defesa em plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ao crestamento bacteriano comum, causado por X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, avaliandose possíveis alterações no processo de trocas gasosas e ativação das principais enzimas envolvidas na defesa vegetal - peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, além de proteínas e fenóis. Foram utilizadas sementes dos cultivares IAPAR 31 e IPR Colibri. Depois de emergidas as primeiras folhas trifoliadas na fase vegetativa (V3) as plantas, foram tratadas com os eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metílico, harpina e água destilada (controle). Sete dias após a primeira aplicação dos eliciadores, foi inoculado o patógeno nas folhas do feijoeiro. A avaliação da severidade foi realizada a cada 10 dias sendo a primeira avaliação realizada 15 dias após a inoculação do patógeno. As leituras de fotossíntese foram realizadas 40 dias após a inoculação quando os sintomas e danos da doença demonstravam-se estabelecidos. Para a realização das análises bioquímicas, amostras de tecidos foliares de cada tratamento foram coletadas 24 horas antes, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação dos eliciadores. Também, foram determinados o rendimento e seus componentes em ambas as cultivares.A aplicação de ASM e harpina proporcionou redução na severidade da doença do crestamento bacteriano comum nas plantas de feijoeiro da cultivar IPR-Colibri e a mesma tendência foi observada para a cultivar IAPAR 31 tratada com ASM. As plantas da cultivar IAPAR 31 tratadas com o eliciador ASM, apresentaram maiores taxas de assimilação de CO2 quando comparadas ao controle e a mesma tendência foi observada para a cultivar IPR-Colibri. A aplicação do ASM promoveu o aumento da atividade da enzima antioxidativa peroxidase e a indução da síntese de compostos fenólicos e especialmente na cultivar suscetível IPRColibri. Para o rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o controle e os eliciadores ASM e harpina. Os eliciadores ASM e harpina induziram os mecanismos de resistência em feijoeiro contra X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicando a potencialidade do uso dos eliciadores na cultura do feijoeiro. The common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli is one of the major diseases of the bean crops. In search for alternatives to control the plant diseases, the use of the elicitors / inductors of resistance has been explored. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the effectiveness of the elicitors harpina and acibenzolar-S-methyl in the induction of the defense mechanisms in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against common bacterial blight caused by X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, evaluating the possible changes in the process of gas exchange and the activation of the key enzymes involved in the plant defense - peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, besides proteins and phenols. It was used seeds from IAPAR 31 and IPR Colibri cultivars. After emerged the first trifoliate leaves in the vegetative stage (V3) the plants were treated with the elicitors Acibenzolar-S-methyl and harpina, and distilled water (control). Seven days after the first application of the elicitors, the pathogen was inoculated on the leaves of bean plants. The severity assessment was performed every 10 days and the first evaluation 15 days after the pathogen inoculation. The measurement photosynthesis were performed 40 days after the inoculation when the symptoms and the damages of the disease showed themselves established. To carry out the biochemical analysis, samples of leaf tissue from each treatment were collected 24 hours before, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application of the elicitors. Also, it was determined the yield and its components in both cultivars. The application of ASM and harpina provided the reduction in the severity of the common bacterial blight disease of the bean plants of IPR-Colibri cultivars and the same trend was observed for the IAPAR 31 cultivars treated with the elicitor ASM. Plants by IAPAR 31 treated with the elicitor ASM showed higher rates of assimilation of CO2 when compared to the control and the same trend was observed for cultivar IPR-Colibri. The application of ASM promoted the increase of the antioxidative enzyme peroxidase activity, and the induction of the phenolic compounds synthesis and, especially in the susceptible cultivar IPR-Colibri. For grain yield and its components, significant differences were not observed between the control and the elicitors ASM and harpina. The elicitors ASM and harpina induced the resistance mechanisms in bean plant against X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicating the potentiality of the elicitor utilization in bean crops.

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Lagos, Frank Silvano. "Uso do leite de vaca no controle do oídio em feijão-de-vagem." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/239.

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A crescente procura por alimentos mais saudáveis demanda um aumento na produção isenta de agrotóxicos. O feijão-de-vagem é uma das principais olerícolas cultivadas no Brasil. Dentre as principais doenças que afetam essa cultura está o oídio, podendo ocasionar perdas de produção em até 69%, sendo de ocorrência comum em cultivos protegidos especialmente em períodos tardios. O uso do leite tem demonstrado boas perspectivas no controle desta doença em diversas culturas. Foram desenvolvidos na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Campus de Pato Branco – PR, nos anos de 2007 e 2008, trabalhos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do leite de vaca in natura e seus possíveis mecanismos de ação sobre o controle de oídio em feijão-de-vagem sob ambiente protegido. Conduziu-se experimento com aplicação de leite de vaca in natura nas concentrações de 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% em freqüência semanal e quinzenal, com e sem espalhante adesivo. Foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a produtividade. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Em outro experimento avaliou-se o efeito dos componentes químicos do leite, com aplicações foliares de Nitrato de Potássio (0,79 g L-1), Cloreto de Amônio (0,82 g L-1), Nitrato de Cálcio (0,96 g L-1), Fosfato de Amônio Monobásico (0,51 g L-1), Carbonato de Sódio (0,23 g L-1), mistura destes componentes, leite (200 ml L-1) e água. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 3 repetições. No terceiro experimento avaliou-se a atividade metabólica em tecidos foliares de feijão-de-vagem tratado com aplicações semanais de leite de vaca in natura nas concentrações do primeiro experimento. O cultivo foi em vasos, em casa de vegetação com ambiente controlado. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Para realização das análises bioquímicas (proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, peroxidases e FAL) foram coletados discos foliares de 0,2 g de cada unidade experimental, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação do leite de vaca in natura. O leite aplicado em freqüência semanal promoveu controle do oídio de 37,94 a 79,96%. Em freqüência quinzenal o controle variou de 22,32 a 28,59%, sendo mais efetivo no início da infestação. Sua aplicação não requer uso de espalhante adesivo. As concentrações mais viáveis foram entre 10 e 15%. Aplicação dos diferentes componentes químicos de forma combinada controlou a doença de forma semelhante à aplicação do leite de vaca in natura. Aplicações de concentrações crescentes de leite de vaca in natura interferiu nos parâmetros bioquímicos foliares de proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, atividade de peroxidase e FAL, demonstrando ser um elicitor capaz de induzir a uma resposta de resistência, alterando a atividade de enzimas relacionadas com a defesa do feijão-de-vagem. The rising search for healthier food demands a rising in the production without fertilizers. The bean pod is one of the main plants from the vegetable gardens grown in Brazil. Among the main diseases which affect this culture is the powdery mildew which can cause losses in the production up to 69%, being a common occurrence in protected cultures especially in late periods. The usage of milk has shown good perspectives in this disease control in different cultures. Works with the aim of evaluate the effect of in natura milk and its possible mechanisms of action in the powdery mildew control in bean pods under a protected environment were developed during 2007 and 2008. In the Federal Technological University of Paraná – campus in Pato Branco- PR. The experience was conducted with the application of in natura milk in the concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% every week or every fifteen days with or without the adhesive spreader. The severity of this disease was evaluated as well as the productivity. The design was in blocks at random, with four repetitions. In other experiment it was evaluated the milk chemical components effect with application leaf of Potassium Nitrate (0.79 g L-1), Ammonium Chloride (0.82 g L-1), Calcium Nitrate (0.96 g L-1), Ammonium Phosphate Monobasic (0.51 g L-1), Sodium Carbonate (0.23 g L-1), mixture of these components, milk (200 ml L-1) and water. The design was entirely developed with three repetitions. In the third experiment the metabolic activity was evaluated in the follicular tissue in bean pods treated with weekly applications of cow milk in natura in the concentrations of the first experiment. The cultivation was in vases in a vegetation house with controlled environment. The design was entirely developed with four repetitions. In order to make the biochemical analysis (proteins, total sugar and reductors, peroxidasis e PAL) Follicular disks of 0.2g were collected from each experimental unity, 24, 48 e 72 hours after the application of cow milk in natura. The milk applied weekly promoted the powdery mildew control of 37.94 to 79.96%. Being used every fifteen days the control varied from 22.32 to 28.59%, being more effective in the beginning of the infestation. Its application does not require the usage of adhesive spreader. The most variable concentrations were between 10 e 15%. The application of different chemical components in a combined form controlled the disease in a similar way to the application of cow Milk in natura. The applications of rising concentrations of cow milk in natura interfered in the follicular biochemical patterns of proteins, total sugar and reductors, activity of peroxidasis and PAL demonstrating to be an elicitor which is able to induct to an answer of resistance, alternating the enzymatic activity related to the bean pod defense.

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Borregaard, Nicola. "An international environmental effect of the Common Agricultural Policy : soil erosion through soya bean production in Argentina." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259668.

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Songa, Wilson A. "Variation and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina in relation to screening common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for resistance." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283673.

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Mumba, Luke E. "The genetic relationship between the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321498.

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Wilkus, Erin Lynn. "Seed exchange among common bean producers in Uganda| Examples of networks that stimulate adoption and market participation." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10182833.

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Seed exchange networks represent the patterns and processes of seed movement in society, a fundamental component of crop production with major biological and social implications. These networks can furthermore explain patterns in household willingness to experiment with and adopt new and unusual varieties. This body of research focused on common bean (Phaseolus vulagris) seed exchange networks among household producers in western Uganda, where household producers represented over 70% of the population. Among these household producers, nearly all produced beans for either subsistence or commercial purposes and exchanged seeds through social networks. This study provided evidence that regional- and community-level seed exchange networks contributed to unique patterns of seed adoption and adoption-related outcomes. Households with different regional- and community-level seed exchange networks had distinct seed management practices and seed security constraints. Adoption, in situ genetic diversity and evidence of landrace replacement varied across households that participated in different seed exchange networks. Finally, the impact of public sector breeding activities on adoption and household market participation also varied across households that participated in different seed exchange networks. The study found a unique example among one community-level seed exchange network (Kakindo Sustainable Cooperative) of seed management practices that achieved both diversification and conservation of bean varieties and stimulated participation in local seed markets. The analysis suggests that a households' ability to simultaneously increase diversity of household seed stocks and conserve landraces was accomplished through a combination of conservative management of the more historically predominant Andean varieties and willingness to adopt and experiment with rare Mesoamerican varieties.

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Colbert, Raphael Wesly. "Towards the Development of a Gene-Based Eco-Physiology Model for Common Bean: Genotype by Environment Interactions." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27352.

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Genotype by environment interactions (GxE) complicate selection in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Crop models can play a valuable role by helping plant breeding programs to better understand GxE. The objectives of this study were to evaluate agronomic, morphological, and phenotypic traits of a recombinant inbred lines population derived from the inter-gene pool cross [Jamapa (Mesoamerican) x Calima (Andean); RIJC] across five environments and generate data to validate a gene based eco-physiology model using an independent population (RISR) from the cross of Stampede x Redhawk. Field trials were conducted across North Dakota, Florida, Puerto Rico, Colombia (Popayan and Palmira), and Nebraska from 2011 to 2013. Resolvable row-column designs and RCBD with three replications and two-row plots were used to evaluate the populations. Analysis of variance was performed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Genotype main effect and GxE interaction (GGE) biplots were assessed for seed yield components and RISR were compared to the RIJC population. The results suggested different mega-environments depending on the trait of interest. Locations relatively more homogenous can be clustered and North Dakota usually stands alone. The biplots allowed detecting stable genotypes or subsets which were best adapted to mega-environments. Moderate to high narrow-sense heritability estimates (0.55 to 0.87, 0.25 to 0.76 and 0.56 to 0.69 for phenological traits, seed yield components and other agronomic traits, respectively), were observed suggesting various traits such as flowering time, physiological maturity, seeds per pod, plant height, among others, may be used as selection criteria to improve common bean. The populations responded relatively more similar for most of the traits assessed in North Dakota. However means across locations for RIJC differ significantly from RISR grown alone in North Dakota. Seed yield losses for RISR population in drought conditions were 54.3% and 59.0% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This study will help developing the next generation gene-based crop model along with a high-resolution linkage map and identification of potential candidate genes controlling various traits. Ideal genotypes suited for specific mega-environments can be designed. These new techniques should shorten the cycle needed to develop superior varieties by implementing efficient early generation selection.

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Munthali, Grace Timanyechi. "Assessing farmers’ willingness-to-way for improved common bean seed varieties in Malawi : a case study of Kasungu and Dedza districts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40344.

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Common beans are one of the most important food and cash crops for most Malawians. The insufficient production of the crop in the country coupled with low yields has made scientists give much interest to the crop so that they can address the constraints to the productivity problems. In this regard, breeders have been engaged in the development and release of improved varieties of common beans which in most cases are disease resistant, high yielding, drought resistant, and fast cooking. Therefore it is the interest of this study to find the reasons why productivity of the crop is still low despite the release of the improved varieties. The study adopted contingent valuation (CV), a method frequently used to assess willingnessto- pay of people for non-market goods or services and this was applied to assess farmer’s willingness-to-pay for the new improved bean seed varieties which are high yielding. Double bounded dichotomous choice with an open ended follow-up format was used to obtain the household’s willingness-to-pay. In addition; the study reviewed the existing dissemination channels of bean seed to make recommendations with regard to seed supply. Descriptive statistics from the 132 households interviewed shows that the structural constraints to seed acquisition are compounded by farmers’ poverty. Otherwise, most farmers are aware of the existence of improved varieties of common bean seed and perceive that with the use of this seed, productivity can improve hence willing to pay for the good. The study is 95% confident that mean price farmers are willing to pay for improved common bean seed is between MK 527.78 and MK 591.92. Three major existing informal dissemination channels of bean seed were discovered in the study areas. Therefore there is a need for government to work in collaboration with NGOs towards ensuring a formal supply system of bean seed characterised by vertically organised production and dissemination of tested and approved seed varieties, and using strict quality control rules, so that farmers can be assured of accessing improved seed varieties. This will increase the nation’s food security. Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. gm2014 Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development unrestricted

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Kellman, Anthony W. "Rhizobium inoculation, cultivar and management effects on the growth, development and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/378.

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Genotypic differences in growth and yield of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) cultivars to Rhizobium inoculation and management were investigated. In 2003-04, the two bean cultivars (Scylla and T-49) were combined with three inoculant treatments (strains CC 511 and RCR 3644, and a control of no inoculation), two fertiliser levels (0 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹) and two irrigation treatments (irrigated and rainfed). There was no nodulation on either cultivar. To further investigate the symbiotic relationship, 16 rhizobial isolates, including the two used in the first field experiment, were combined with the cultivar Scylla and evaluated in a greenhouse. Subsequently, five Rhizobium isolates were chosen for further field evaluation, based on signs of early nodulation in the greenhouse trial. The second field experiment in 2004-05 combined the five inoculant strains (RCR 3644, UK 2, H 20, PRF 81, PhP 17 and a control) with two bean cultivars (Scylla and T-49). In the greenhouse, nodule number varied from 7 (UK 2) to 347 (H 441) nodules plant⁻¹ at 51 DAS and from 13 (UK 1) to 335 (CIAT 899) nodules plant⁻¹ at 85 DAS. In 2004-05, in the field, nodulation was also variable, ranging between 1 and approximately 70 nodules plant⁻¹, with higher nodules numbers plant⁻¹ being found on cultivar T-49. Of the isolates used in the field, strains H 20, PRF 81 and PhP 17 produced 70, 25 and 12 nodules plant⁻¹ at 70, 40 and 54 DAS respectively. Nodules formed were of various sizes and more than 80 % were pink to dark red in colour denoting the presence of leghaemoglobin and active N fixation. The remaining nodules were either green or white. The importance of selecting an appropriate cultivar for the growing conditions was highlighted in these experiments. Leaf area index, leaf area duration intercepted radiation and final utilisation efficiency were significantly affected by cultivar. In both seasons cv. T-49 reached maturity (dry seed) before Scylla, while unirrigated plants reached green pod maturity seven days before irrigated plants. Plants of cv. Scylla gave a final TDM of 730 g m⁻²; compared to the 530 g m⁻² produced by T-49. The average growth rate was 7.0 and 5.2 g m⁻² day⁻¹ for Scylla and T-49 respectively (2003-04). Plants receiving 150 kg N ha⁻¹ produced 665 g m⁻² TDM which was 12 % more than was produced by unfertilised plants. The application of 150 kg N ha⁻¹ gave an average growth rate of 6.4 g m⁻² day⁻¹ compared to 5.7 g m⁻² day⁻¹ from plants with no N. Inoculation in the field had no significant effect on TDM in both seasons. Temperature affected growth and DM accumulation. Accumulated DM was highly dependent on cumulative intercepted PAR. Air temperatures below the base temperature (10 °C) affected growth in 2004-05, resulting in plants accumulating just 0.24 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR during early growth. This increased to 2.26 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR when the temperature was increased above the base temperature. There was a strong relationship between LAI and intercepted PAR. A LAI of 4.0-4.5 was required to intercept 90-95 % of incident solar radiation. Cultivar significantly (p < 0.001) affected radiation use efficiency (RUE). Scylla had a RUE of 1.02 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR compared to T-49 at 1.18 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR. Seed yield was significantly (p < 0.001) affected by cultivar and fertiliser application. Cultivar Scylla produced 467 g m⁻² which was 76 % more than T-49, while a 12 % increase in seed yield was observed in N fertilised plants over unfertilised plants. Only cultivar significantly affected HI, while the yield components that had the greatest effect on seed yield were hundred seed weight and pods plant⁻¹. Inoculation significantly (p< 0.05) affected 100 seed weight (2004-05). Plants inoculated with strain H 20 had the highest 100 seed weight at 25.2 g with cv. Scylla producing larger seeds than T-49. The belief that local environmental conditions play a major role on field survival of bacteria, led to the use of PCR methods to identify field nodulating organisms. Amplification of genomic DNA from parent isolates using primers fC and rD generated a single band for each isolate. Isolates were identified to the species level as either Rhizobium or Agrobacterium, using the highly conserved internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region and are known to nodulate common bean. The DNA extracted from the isolates recovered from nodules of field grown beans gave multiple bands with primers fC and rD. Five distinct banding patterns were observed. All of these were different from those of parent isolates. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA demonstrated that nodules of field grown beans in Canterbury were inhabited by Pseudomonads either alone or in association with other root nodulating organisms. The inability to identify the inoculant strains in nodules of field grown beans does not rule out their infection and nodulating function in the cultivars used. The results suggest the possibility of both Rhizobium and Pseudomonads cohabiting in the nodules of field grown beans. The aggressive nature of Pseudomonads on artificial media, possibly out competing the inoculant rhizobia is proposed, leading to the inability to identify the inoculant strain from the nodules of the field grown beans by PCR methods. The need to identify the nodule forming or nodule inhabiting bacteria in the nodules is necessary to classify the importance of these organisms and their economic benefit to agricultural production. This study also underlines the importance of using PCR methods to gain valuable insights into the ecological behaviour of Rhizobium inoculants and nodule inhabiting organisms.

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Tock, Andrew J. "Applying next-generation sequencing to enable marker-assisted breeding for adaptive traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90803/.

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This research establishes molecular breeding capability for adapting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to UK growing conditions. A high-resolution linkage map was constructed for a bi-parental recombinant inbred population (large brown x small white haricot) using genotyping-by-sequencing data. Pre-breeding material was exploited to enable genetic mapping and marker-assisted selection of essential adaptive traits, including (1) resistance to halo blight, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola (Psph), (2) root architecture related to abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient acquisition, (3) earliness of maturity, (4) plant architecture amenable to mechanical harvest, and (5) seed coat colour of consumer interest. A 500-kb mapping interval was defined for quantitative resistance to the broadly virulent Psph race 6, a devastating bacterial pathogen that threatens global bean production with losses from halo blight. Complementary research generating high-quality draft genomes for 32 pathogenically and geographically diverse isolates of Psph identified five high-probability candidate determinants of the broad virulence of Psph race 6, including avirulence protein AvrD. Pathogenicity effectors that are highly conserved within the pathovar were identified as candidate targets for potential race-nonspecific resistance to halo blight. Putative QTL for root architecture traits associated with water and nutrient acquisition were detected on chromosome Pv07. A useful breeding strategy may be to select for larger taproot diameter in view of the comparatively high heritability of this trait. Potentially desirable alleles on Pv07 are linked in coupling phase with the dominant allele of seed coat pigmentation factor P. Identification of lines recombinant for these alleles may prove useful for the introgression of genes governing physiological resilience into white-seeded varieties adapted to UK growing conditions. Provisional QTL for morphological and reproductive traits of agronomic importance, including plant architecture, growth stage and yield, were identified using phenotypic data obtained from pilot field and polytunnel evaluations of the recombinant inbred population.

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Tanure, Janaína Paula Marques. "Desenvolvimento e validação de marcadores microssatélites para o feijão-comum." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4710.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 831305 bytes, checksum: 7de0dccf59e4128a858ec0de24b05804 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-03 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a crop of great nutritional, economical and social importance. Breeding programs use molecular markers as important auxiliary tools for various types of genetic studies. Different classes of molecular markers have been developed, and among them microsatellites highlight. Microsatellites are DNA simple sequence repeats (SSR) distributed in tandem along the genome, forming highly variable polymorphic sites, enabling their use as molecular markers. SSRs are codominant, multiallelic, and thus can be used in several types of studies, mainly for genetic mapping. Primers flanking microsatellite sequences are commonly developed from genomic libraries, enriched genomic libraries, sequences obtained from databases and, alternatively, from internal simple sequence repeats (ISSR-PCR). Common bean breeding molecular geneticists have developed SSR markers for mapping specific traits of interest. However, a saturated consensus genetic map for common bean has not been established so far that can be used as a reference for the development of specific maps. Therefore, the BIOAGRO/UFV common bean breeding program developed a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which is suggested to be used to integrate, in one single map, all microsatellite markers that have been developed so far. However, to saturate the map, there must be a great number of markers available. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate primers that amplify microsatellites sequences obtained from enriched genomic libraries and from ISSR sequences. In the first case, two enrichedgenomic libraries for microsatellite sequences, that had been developed in a previous study, were used. In the present study, 207 clones were selected from these two genomic libraries. One hundred and ninety six of these clones (94.68%) were sequenced and 184 (88.89%) of them could be analyzed, 133 clones from library 1 and 51 from library 2. Forty eight redundant clones (26.09%) were detected. Clone analysis led to the identification of 66 (49.62%) microsatellite motifs in library 1 and 20 (39.22%) in library 2, and 56 primer pairs were designed. From the 56 primer pairs developed, 34 were characterized andtested in 20 Mesoamerican and Andean genotypes, including AND277 and Rudá. All the primer pairs were able to generate PCR products and six (17.65%) generated polymorphic DNA bands among the tested genotypes. In the ISSR enrichment methodology, 250 clones were seleted with sizes over 400 bp. From these 250 clones, 168 (67.2%) were sequenced and 103 (41.2%) could be analyzed. Thirty redundant clones (29.13%) were detected. Clone analyses led to the identification of 58 microsatellite motifs (56.31%) and 32 primer pairs were developed. Out of these, 10 were characterized and tested in the same genotypes used in the previous methodology. Out of the 10 primer pairs tested, six were identified as codominant markers and the other four as dominant. The codominant markers revealed no polymorphisms among the tested genotypes. Additionally, microsatellite containing sequences obtained from both methodologies were submitted to BLAST analysis against sequences deposited in public databases. Similarity was identified between the SSR sequences and transcribed and non-transcribed regions, from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes, and also with retrotransposon sequences. Both methodologies were effective for selecting, in common bean, sequences that contain microsatellites. The results obtained represent an initial effort to select molecular markers that will be mapped in the future RIL's consensus population, contributing for the construction of a satured genetic map for the species. In addition, these primers can be used in different types of genetic studies which are important for common bean breeding programs that use molecular markers. O feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma cultura de destacada importância nutricional, econômica e social. Programas de melhoramento genético do feijoeiro têm utilizado marcadores moleculares como importantes ferramentas auxiliares em diversos tipos de estudos genéticos. Diferentes classes de marcadores têm sido desenvolvidas, dentre as quais se destacam os microssatélites. Os microssatélites (SSR) são seqüências simples repetidas de DNA, que se repetem em tandem ao longo do genoma, formando sítios altamente polimórficos, o que possibilita o seu uso como marcas moleculares. Como marcadores, são codominantes, multialélicos, e aplicáveis em diversos tipos de estudos, principalmente no mapeamento genético. Primers que flanqueiam sequências SSR geralmente são desenhados a partir da construção de bibliotecas genômicas, bibliotecas genômicas enriquecidas, sequências depositadas em bancos de dados e, alternativamente, a partir de seqüências internas simples repetidas (ISSR). Geneticistas moleculares têm desenvolvido marcadores SSR com o intuito de mapear genes que codificam determinadas características de interesse. Entretanto, não existe um mapa consenso saturado para o feijão que sirva como referência para auxiliar na construção de mapas específicos. Nesta perspectiva, o Programa de Melhoramento Genético do Feijoeiro do BIOAGRO/UFV desenvolveu uma população de RIL s que poderá ser usada para integrar, em um único mapa, todos os marcadores SSR já desenvolvidos. No entanto, para a saturação do mapa, há necessidade de um grande número de marcadores. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver e validar primers que amplifiquem regiões contendo microssatélites a partir da metodologia da construção de bibliotecas genômicas enriquecidas e a partir de ISSR. Na primeira metodologia, em trabalho anterior, foram construídas duas bibliotecas genômicas enriquecidas para seqüências SSR. No presente trabalho, a partir das bibliotecas genômicas desenvolvidas, foram selecionados 207 clones contendo insertos de tamanho desejado. Destes, foram seqüenciados 196 (94,68%), dos quais 184 (88,89%) puderam ser analisados, sendo 133 clones da biblioteca 1 e 51 da biblioteca 2. Foram detectados 48 (26,09%) clones redundantes. A análise dos clones permitiu identificar 66 (49,62%) motivos SSR na biblioteca 1 e 20 (39,22%) na biblioteca 2, a partir dos quais foram desenhados 56 pares de primers. Destes, 34 tiveram suas condições de amplificação otimizadas e padronizadas e foram testados quanto ao polismorfismo detectado entre 20 genótipos andinos e mesoamericanos, incluindo os genitores AND277 e Rudá. Todos os primers geraram produtos de amplificação e seis (17,65%) amplificaram produtos polimórficos entre os genótipos testados. Em relação à metodologia de enriquecimento por ISSR-PCR foram selecionados 250 clones contendo insertos com tamanho desejado, obtidos a partir da amplificação por ISSRPCR, clonagem dos fragmentos e transformação de células competentes. Dos 250 clones, 168 (67,2%) foram sequenciados e 103 (41,2%) puderam ser analisados. Foram detectados 30 clones redundantes (29,13%). A análise das sequências permitiu identificar 58 motivos microssatélites (56,31%) e foi possível o desenho de 32 pares de primers. Destes, 10 tiveram suas condições de amplificação padronizadas e foram analisados quanto ao polimorfismo detectado entre os mesmos 20 genótipos andinos e mesoamericanos utilizados na metodologia de bibliotecas genômicas enriquecidas. Dos 10 pares de primers testados, seis comportaram-se como marcadores codominantes e quatro como dominantes. Dos codominantes nenhum mostrou-se polimórfico dentre os genótipos testados. Adicionalmente, as sequências contendo motivos microssatélites, obtidas a partir das duas metodologias utilizadas, foram submetidas à busca por similaridade com sequências já caracterizadas em bancos públicos de sequências. Foi identificada similaridade com regiões transcritas e não traduzidas, e com regiões codificadoras de proteínas, a partir do genoma nuclear, mitocondrial e do cloroplasto, e também a partir de sequências advindas de retrotransposons. As duas metodologias utilizadas foram eficazes para a seleção, no feijoeiro, de seqüências contendo microssatélites. Estes resultados representam um primeiro esforço no sentido de selecionar marcadores moleculares que serão futuramente mapeados na população consenso de RILs, além de fornecer marcadores que poderão ser usados nos mais variados tipos de estudos genéticos, contribuindo de fundamental maneira para o aprimoramento dos programas de melhoramento do feijoeiro comum que utilizam marcadores moleculares.

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Ahmed, Mai Mohammed Osman Deiab. "Nitrogen fixation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Common bean (Phaselous [Phaseolus] vulgaris L.) at various phosphorus supply levels." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007.

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Carmeis, Filho Antonio Carlos de Almeida 1984. "Soil acidity management on an oxisol quality and wheat-common bean growth under a long term no-tillage system /." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148617.

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Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes Banca: Jose Eduardo Corá Banca: Eduardo Favero Caires Banca: Adriano Stephan Nascente Resumo: Os distúrbios químicos e físicos do solo estão entre os principais fatores que restringem o potencial produtivo da agricultura tropical. A baixa capacidade produtiva tem sido associada principalmente à acidez do solo e deficiência de macronutrientes, portanto, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de estratégias que ampliem a capacidade de produção de solos ácidos tropicais. O calcário e o gesso agrícola (PG) são materiais comumente empregados na agricultura para melhorar as propriedades químicas do solo, mas existem poucas informações sobre os efeitos da aplicação superficial desses produtos nas propriedades físicas dos Latossolos e nas diversas frações da matéria orgânica do solo (SOM). Diante destes aspectos, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação superficial de calcário e PG sobre os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, crescimento radicular, nutrição de plantas, componentes de produção, características tecnológicas e produtividade de trigo e feijão e sobre as diversas frações de SOM, as quais são consideradas críticas para tornar os sistemas agrícolas tropicais sustentáveis e produtivos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram estabelecidos quatro tratamentos: controle (sem aplicação de calcário e gesso); PG (2,1 Mg ha-1); calcário (2,0 Mg ha-1); e uma combinação de calcário e PG (2,0 e 2,1 Mg ha-1, respectivamente). Desde a instalação do experimento em 2002, as doses de calcário e PG foram aplicadas três vezes (2002,... Abstract: Soil chemical and physical disorders are among major limiting factors to improve productive potential of tropical agriculture. The low productive capacity has been associated especially to soil acidity and macronutrient deficient, thus the development of strategies that improve production capacity of tropical acid soils are required. Lime and phosphogypsum (PG) are materials commonly used to improve soil chemical condition, but there is few information about the long-term effects of these products, applied superficially, especially on Oxisol physical properties and organic matter pools. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of surface application of lime and PG on the soil chemical and physical attributes, root growth, plant nutrition, yield components, technological characteristics and yield of wheat and common bean, and soil organic matter (SOM) pools considered critical to make agricultural tropical systems sustainable and productive. A randomized complete block design was used and treatments were replicated four times. Four treatments were carried out: control (without lime and gypsum application); PG (2.1 Mg ha-1); lime (2.0 Mg ha-1); and a combination of lime and PG (2.0 and 2.1 Mg ha-1, respectively). Since the experiment was established in 2002, the amendments rates have been applied three times (2002, 2004, and 2010). Superficial liming alleviated Oxisol acidity in the surface and subsurface layers after twelve years under soil acidity management, wit... Doutor

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Mafimoghaddam, Samira. "Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Agronomic Traits and Developing a Genome Wide InDel Panel in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24811.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an economically important legume. The agronomic characteristics of this crop such as days to flower, growth habit and seed yield affect breeding strategies. However, little is known about the genomic regions controlling these traits. Therefore, discovering the genetic architecture underlying important agronomic traits can accelerate breeding via marker assisted selection (MAS) in addition to providing genomic and biological information. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) are currently the method of choice to find the genomic regions associated with traits of interest using a population of unrelated individuals. It takes advantage of the historic recombinations that exist in the population to map the traits at a higher resolution. The availability of a reference genome in common bean has paved the way for higher throughput and more accurate genomic research including the discovery of new knowledge and development of new tools. In the first experiment we conducted GWAS using a panel of 280 diverse genotypes from the Middle American gene pool and about 15,000 SNPS with minor allele frequency of 5% and greater to map seven important agronomic traits in common bean. We were able to detect known and new genomic regions with strong candidate genes associated with these traits. In the second experiment we used sequence data from 19 genotypes from different bean market classes to develop a panel of insertion-deletion (InDel) markers that can be used for MAS as well as other genetic and genomic studies. These user-friendly, cost-effective, and co-dominant markers were tested for their efficiency and application. They demonstrated utility in a medium throughput genetic map construction and diversity analysis. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agricultural (NIFA) Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI), Project #2009-01929

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Yang, Zhongbao [Verfasser]. "The interaction between aluminium toxicity and drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) : physiological and molecular aspects / Zhongbao Yang." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015447910/34.

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[Verfasser], Setegn Gebeyehu. "Physiological response to drought stress of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes differing in drought resistance / vorgelegt von Setegn Gebeyehu." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2006. http://d-nb.info/988661039/34.

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Perseguini, Juliana Morini Küpper Cardoso 1984. "Estudo do desequilíbrio de ligação em Phaseolus vulgaris L. visando o mapeamento associativo de fatores bióticos e abióticos = Linkage desequilibrium study in Phaseolus vulgaris L. to perform associative mapping of biotic and abiotic traits." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316984.

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Orientador: Luciana Lasry Benchimol Reis Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perseguini_JulianaMoriniKupperCardoso_D.pdf: 12546958 bytes, checksum: 39944eda3d8791dd247ca42277bb68df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document Doutorado Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

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Dissertationen zum Thema „Common bean“

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