Dissertationen zum Thema „Copper Copper Runoff“

An extensive investigation with parallel field andlaboratory exposures has been conducted to elucidateatmospheric corrosion and metal runoff processes on copper andzinc used for roofing applications. Detailed studies have beenperformed to disclose the effect of various parameters on therunoff rate including: surface inclination and orientation,natural patination (age), patina composition, rain duration andvolume, rain pH, and length of dry periods inbetween rainevents. Annual and average corrosion rates and runoff rateshave been determined consecutively during urban field exposuresin Stockholm on naturally patinated copper and zinc of varyingage and patina composition. The corrosion rate was found todecrease with time, amounting to 6.7 g Cu/(m2.y) and 5.0 gZn/(m2.y) after 48 weeks of exposure, whereas the runoff ratewas relatively constant with time on a yearly basis, being 1.3g/(m2.y) and 3.1 g/(m2.y) for copper and zinc, respectively.The annual runoff rate was found to be significantly lower thanthe corresponding corrosion rate for both copper and zinc.Somewhat higher runoff rates of copper were determined fromnaturally green-patinated copper (>40 years old, 2.0g/(m2.y)) compared to brown-patinated copper (1 year old). Themain reasons are specific environmental conditions combinedwith characteristics of the patina layer, which increase themagnitude of dissolved species flushed from the surface duringthe first flush volume of a rain event. No intrinsic effect ofpanel age on the runoff rate was seen for naturally patinatedzinc. However, differences in prevailing environmentalconditions during the initial exposure period and, hence,differences in formation rate and surface coverage of thecorrosion patina, resulted in variations in runoff rate. Thisinitial difference remained also during prolonged exposureperiods and was referred to as a memory effect.

Model roof investigations and laboratory studies showedsurface orientation and inclination to have a detrimentaleffect on the runoff rate with high runoff rates from surfacesof low inclination from horizon and surfaces exposed towardsthe wind direction.

Based on fieldexposures and literature data, a correlationwas established between the runoff rate and the prevailingSO2-concentration. The runoff rate increases with increasingSO2 level for exposure sites of similar annual precipitationquantities (500-1000 mm/y). A rain device, using artificialrain, was shown to successfully simulate outdoor rain events ofvarying intensity and pH and result in realistic runoff ratesof both copper and zinc. The device was used to monitor changesin metal concentration and quantity of runoff water duringindividual rain events. High metal concentrations are found inthe initial rain volume flushing the surface (first flush),which decreased to rather constant metal concentrations duringthe subsequent rain volume (steady-state). The magnitude offirst flush depends primarily on environmental conditions priorto a rain event and the characteristics of the corrosionpatina. The metal concentration in runoff water increases withrain acidity, decreases with rain intensity and increases withlength of the dry period preceding a rain event.

A comparison between instantaneous corrosion rates,monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a2-electrode set-up, and runoff rates during a continuous rainevent was performed for naturally patinated copper panels.Corrosion rates were found to be approximately 10 (brownishpatina) and 25 times (greenish patina) lower than correspondinginstantaneous runoff rates.

A schematic description of the first flush and steady-stateregion of the runoff process was established. The magnitude ofthe concentration during first flush is primarily affected byprevailing environmental conditions prior to a rain event,while rain pH and intensity primarily affect the concentrationduring steady-state.

Key words:atmospheric corrosion, corrosion rate, runoffrate, copper, zinc, field study, laboratory study, roof, firstflush, rain quantity, rain intensity, rain pH, dry and wetdeposition, corrosion and runoff process.

The fate and distribution of copper-based crop protectants, applied to tomato fields to protect against disease, were investigated in a greenhouse-scale simulation of farming conditions in a coastal environment. Following rainfall, 99% of the applied copper was found to remain on the fields sorbed to the soil and plants; most of the soil-bound copper was found sorbed to the top 2.5 centimeters of soil. Of the copper leaving the agricultural fields, 82% was found in the runoff with the majority, 74%, sorbed to the suspended solids. The remaining copper, 18%, leached through the soil and entered the groundwater with 10% in the dissolved phase and 8% sorbed to suspended solids. Although only one-percent of the copper was found to leave the field, this was sufficient to cause high copper concentrations (average 2102 ± 433 mg/L total copper and 189 ± 139 mg/L dissolved copper) in the runoff. Copper concentrations in groundwater samples were also high (average 312 ± 198 mg/L total copper and 216 ± 99 mg/L dissolved copper). Sedimentation, a best management practice for reducing copper loadings, was found to reduce the total copper concentrations in runoff by 90% to a concentration of 245 ± 127 mg/L; however, dissolved copper concentrations remained stable, averaging 139 ± 55 mg/L. Total copper concentrations were significantly reduced by the effective removal of suspended solids with sorbed copper. This research was supported by a grant from the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Funding was also provided by Sea Grant.
Master of Science

The objective of this research was to measure the concentrations of the cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc in bass and carp taken from the Occoquan Reservoir in Virginia with three purposes in mind. First, to determine whether the amounts of metals present represent any hazard to humans when the fish are used as food. Second, to assess the degree of change in the concentrations over time when compared with a previous study. Third, to discover whether the geographical patterns of metal concentrations point to source areas of elevated stream contamination. Fish were collected from three stations. Liver and fillet samples were prepared using wet digestion techniques and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Average concentration in the edible fillet of all fish sampled for all metals studied were below published action levels. Eleven out of sixty-four bass had levels of lead in the fillet above a US FDA action level of 0.25 µg/g. Zinc and copper in bass livers, and zinc in carp livers were significantly higher than in fish sampled in the earlier study. However these increases could be caused by seasonal variations, and not be indicative of a long-term increase in metals levels. Bass from the arm of the reservoir that passes through the most highly developed area of the watershed were found to have significantly higher liver copper levels and fillet mercury levels, than did bass taken from the other stations.
Master of Science

Polluted stormwater, if not treated, can compromise water quality throughout our hydrologic cycle, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems. Common stormwater pollutants, copper and zinc, have been identified as primary toxicants in multiple freshwater and marine environments. For small-scale generators, stormwater management can be cumbersome and implementation of common BMPs impractical thus catch basins are popular though not the most environmentally conscious and sustainable option. This study aims to characterize the potential of a mobile media filter operation for the treatment and on-site recycling of catch basin stormwater. The removal capacities of various commercially available filter media (e.g. a common perlite; Earthlite™, a medium largely composed of biochars; and Filter33™, a proprietary porous medium) were measured using binary injection solutions modeled after local catch basin stormwater characteristics. The results of filtration experiments, rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs), indicate that the transport of metals in Perlite is primarily impacted by nonspecific sorption whereas in Earthlite™ and Filter33™ both nonspecific and specific sorption are present. For all media and experimentation, there was a consistent preferential uptake of copper such that copper displayed delayed arrival and/or greater removal than zinc. Moreover, the observed snow plow effects and concentration plateaus in Earthlite™ and Filter33™ RSSCTs suggest rate limited ion exchange and specific sorption in addition to ion competition. Earthlite™ exhibited an approach velocity dependent removal efficiency in the RSSCTs and pseudo second order uptake behavior for zinc in kinetic batch experiments. At the lab scale equivalent of the proposed field scale flow rate, Filter33™ displayed the greatest average zinc removal of 8.6 mg/g. In all, this research indicates that test parameters (i.e. pH, competitive ions solutions, empty bed contact time, flow rate) based on the natural environment and field scale operation can greatly impact removal efficiency in filter media.

Open graded friction course (OGFC) has been under use over the past decades by the highway agencies as the road surfacing material. The friction course reduces splash/spray, noise, and water accumulation, and provides better visibility and traction. In addition, OGFC has the ability to adsorb particulate pollutants into its internal pores/voids. However, it cannot adsorb dissolved/non particulate constituents, especially heavy metals. The objective of this study is to prepare multifunctional open graded friction course pavement (MOGFC) as road surfacing material which not only preserves OGFC’s advantages, but also extends its ability to remove heavy metals from highway runoff water. This research investigated batch adsorption capacity for Cu and Zn by five different additives (bentonite, zeolite, silica, organo clay, and fly ash). Bentonite, zeolie, and fly ash showed maximum adsorpton capacity of 1.43, 10.63, and 11.06 mg/g for copper and 1.17, 1.95, and 10.24 mg/g for zinc. Silica and organo clay resulted in low adsorption capacity. The metal removal efficiencies for MOGFC were also evaluated. Results showed that MOGFC with bentonite, zeolite, and fly ash has the ability to remove Cu and Zn from the synthesized highway runoff water. Cu and Zn removal efficiency increased as the additives were increased. MOGFC with bentonite, zeolite, and fly ash exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 76%, 73%, and 94% for copper, and 42%, 43%, and 86% for zinc. In addition to this, observed permeability rate also indicated that MOGFC can avoid the accumulation of highway runoff on the road surface. It has concluded that this in situ treatment technique will have both environmental and economic benefits, as it is inexpensive and eliminates the need for external highway runoff treatment facilities.

Economic development in an area attracts more people to live in it. This increment drives the necessity to improve available infrastructure, like roads for instance, to satisfy a higher demand. Bigger roads and higher number of vehicles have raised the concern about possible pollution coming from these sources In this thesis, copper coming from road runoff in a peri-urban catchment in Portugal was analyzed. The catchment is located in the Coimbra region, center of Portugal. In order to model copper pollution in road runoff, it is necessary to couple a hydrological model and a water quality Based on a previous study (Kalantari, Ferreira, Walsh, Ferreira, & Destouni, 2017) a physical based hydrological model  MIKE SHE  coupled with the hydraulic model MIKE 11was updated and further coupled with  ECO Lab to simulate water quality and ecological processes. The results show an improvement of the hydrological model compared with the original one, nash-sutcliffe efficiency was raised from 0.59 to 0.77 and the coefficient of determination varied from 0.64 to 0.79. For copper the model behavior for punctual and distributed sources was analyzed. For punctual sources, highest concentrations were present in the grid points where the incoming sources were located in the tributaries, and these concentrations are rapidly reduced downstream. On the other hand, distributed sources approach gives higher concentrations near the end of the river than in the tributaries upstream. Comparing time-averaged model results along the river, with fresh water quality criteria according to U.S. EPA (2004), for punctual sources an extension of 978 meters (7,6% of the river) presents a concentration above CCC or CMC, on the contrary, for distributed sources the extension is lower with 494 meters (3,8%). The organic carbon partitioning coefficient have bigger influence on the results than other factors, nevertheless this influence is not marked. Modeled copper values do not agree well with the mesured values specially for periods with higher discharge as the model simulates lower concentration with higher discharge and viceversa. Copper boundary values for the model represent a big challenge considering limited data available. This thesis gives good overview about the coupling process between MIKE 11 and ECO Lab, as well as analyzes the importance of some factors as well as model limitations and uncertainties.

Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
Na viticultura, o tratamento com fungicidas à base de cobre resulta muitas vezes em elevados teores de cobre nos solos. Sabendo que o cobre em determinadas concentrações se pode assumir como um composto tóxico, a sua acumulação nos solos pode ter impactos nos organismos terrestres, comprometendo as funções ecossistémicas asseguradas pelo solo. Além disso, considerando que as áreas de vinha sofrem frequentemente processos de erosão acentuados, o seu transporte e entrada em sistemas aquáticos adjacentes pode igualmente impactar o biota aquático. Na tentativa de melhorar as propriedades do solo e garantir uma produção agrícola efetiva, têm sido propostas várias medidas, nomeadamente o uso de biochar. O biochar é um carvão obtido através do processo de pirólise que é utilizado na remediação de solos devido aos seus benefícios na qualidade do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar as concentrações de cobre no solo de uma vinha e compreender o papel do biochar na qualidade do solo e na redução do transporte de sedimentos ricos em cobre através do escoamento superficial, este trabalho testou a utilização de dois tratamentos de biochar, com aplicações distintas (5 kg/m2 e 10 kg/m2) e a sua influência nas propriedades do solo, numa vinha na região demarcada da Bairrada. Pela comparação dos dois tratamentos de biochar, verificou-se que o tratamento com menor taxa de aplicação de biochar melhorou a qualidade do solo em geral e a sua capacidade de infiltração. Em particular, neste tratamento observou-se uma redução de 69% no transporte de sedimentos e de 76% no transporte de cobre particulado por escoamento superficial. O efeito do biochar na imobilização do cobre foi evidenciado sobretudo após a aplicação de cobre, observando um comportamento visivelmente diferente entre os tratamentos com e sem adição de biochar. A aplicação de biochar em baixas concentrações mostrou ser efetiva na redução da exportação de sedimentos e consequentemente na exportação de cobre. Não obstante, será importante compreender as implicações que o cobre continuará a exercer nos organismos terrestres e na sua potencial lixiviação para águas subterrâneas.
In viticulture, treatment with copper-based fungicides often results in high levels of copper in vineyard soils. Knowing that copper in certain concentrations can be assumed as a toxic compound, its accumulation in soils can have impacts on terrestrial organisms, compromising the ecosystem functions assured by the soil. In addition, considering that vineyards often suffer from severe erosion processes, copper transport and input into adjacent aquatic systems may also impact the aquatic biota. To improve soil properties and ensure effective agricultural production, several measures have been proposed, such as the use of biochar. Biochar is a coal obtained through the pyrolysis process that is used in soil remediation due to its benefits in soil quality. In order to assess de concentration of copper in a vineyard soil and understand the role of biochar in soil quality and in reducing the transport of copper enriched sediments through surface runoff, this work tested the use of two biochar treatments with different applications (5 kg/m2 and 10 kg/m2) and its influence on soil properties in a vineyard located in the demarcated region of Bairrada. By comparing the two biochar treatments, it was verified that the treatment with lower application rate of biochar improved the soil quality in general and its infiltration capacity. A reduction of 69% in sediment transport and a 76% reduction in the transport of particulate copper from surface runoff was observed in this treatment. The effect of biochar on the immobilization of copper was particularly evident after the application of copper, with a noticeably different behaviour between the treatments with and without addition of biochar. The application of biochar in low rates has shown to be effective in the reduction of the export of sediments and consequently in the export of copper. Nonetheless, it is important to understand the implications that copper will continue to exert on terrestrial organisms and its potential leaching into groundwater.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The main alternative of pig slurry discard is its disposition in the soil as source of nutrients for plants. However, copper and zinc accumulation in the soil has been increasing significantly and may become an environmental pollutant problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate copper and zinc potential pollutant in areas with successive applications of pig slurry through zinc and copper forms and accumulations in the soil, and their transference by surface runoff and percolation flow. The work was carried out in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Typic Hapludalf soil was used and four rates of pig slurry (0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1) were applied on the soil surface presenting a total of 17 applications. In October 2006, the soil samples were collected in the depths of 0 - 2, 2 - 4, 4 - 6, 6 - 8; 8 - 10, 10 - 12, 12 - 14, 14 - 16, 16 - 18, 18 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 35, 35 - 40, 40 - 50, and 50 - 60 cm. After collect, total contents in the pig slurry, as well as total contents and extracted contents by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 of copper and zinc in soil were analyzed. Soil samples (0 and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry) and dry pig slurry samples were collected and copper and zinc sequential extraction analyzed. Water volume and sediment losses were determined. Moreover, copper and zinc forms in samples of solutions transferred by surface runoff and percolation flow collected during the cycle of the corn (2006/07) in each event (rain + surface runoff) were determined. Successive applications of pig slurry increased the total content of copper and zinc extracted by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 in soil (superficial layers). These metals tended to be transferred to deeper layers of soil and to other environment compartment. The sequential extraction in soil where 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry was applied showed an increase in the copper and zinc contents in the soil samples of the superficial layers when extracted with water deionization, MgCl2, HNO3 + H2O2, and NH2OHHCl, which represent soluble forms, exchangeable forms, mineral fraction forms, and organic matter forms, respectively. The findings showed an increase in the copper and zinc bioavailable forms. Losses by surface runoff were the main form of transferring copper and zinc, especially in treatments with successive applications of pig slurry.
A principal alternativa para o descarte do dejeto líquido de suínos é sua disposição no solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, a constatação do acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo vem causando preocupação com relação à segurança ambiental. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial contaminante do cobre e do zinco em área com aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos, através do acúmulo e das formas do cobre e do zinco no solo e suas transferências por escoamento superficial e percolação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. As doses de dejeto líquido de suínos foram 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1, sendo realizadas 17 aplicações de dejetos até o momento da coleta do solo em outubro de 2006, num Argissolo Vermelho Arênico distrófico. As camadas de solo amostradas foram as seguintes: 0 - 2; 2 - 4; 4 - 6; 6 - 8; 8 - 10; 10 - 12; 12 - 14; 14 - 16; 16 - 18; 18 - 20; 20 - 25; 25 - 30; 30 - 35-; 35 - 40; 40 - 50 e 50 - 60 cm de profundidade. Foram determinados os teores totais e extraídos com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 de Cu e Zn no solo e os teores totais nos dejetos. Foi realizada a extração seqüencial de Cu e Zn onde não foi aplicado dejeto e onde foi aplicado 80 m3 ha-1, bem como na fração seca do dejeto. Determinou-se o volume de água e sedimentos transferidos e as formas de Cu e Zn em amostras de soluções transferidas por escoamento superficial e percolação durante o ciclo do milho, ano agrícola 2006/07, em cada evento (chuva + escoamento superficial). As aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos promoveram aumentos nos teores totais de Cu e Zn e extraídos por HCl 0,1 mol L-1 nas camadas superficiais do solo, com tendência de transferência para camadas mais profundas do solo e para outros compartimentos do ambiente. A extração seqüencial em solo onde foi aplicado 80m3 ha-1 de dejeto mostrou que nas camadas superficiais do solo, ocorreu um incremento nos teores de Cu e Zn extraídos com os extratores água deionizada, MgCl2, HNO3 + H2O2 e NH2OHHCl, que representam, respectivamente, as formas solúveis, trocáveis, ligadas à fração mineral e à matéria orgânica do solo. Isso evidencia que houve um aumento das formas consideradas biodisponíveis de Cu e Zn no solo. Com relação às transferências, se observou que a principal forma de transferência de cobre e zinco do solo foi à solução escoada superficialmente, onde foram significativas as transferências de cobre e zinco nos tratamentos com aplicações sucessivas de dejeto.

Ce travail de thèse a visé le développement d'un outil d'évaluation des flux métalliques annuels émis par les matériaux de couvertures à l'échelle d'un bassin versant, dans le contexte architectural et météorologique de l'Île-de-France. La méthodologie mise en place pour tendre vers ce but repose sur (1) l'évaluation des émissions annuelles de métaux par différents matériaux métalliques de couverture classiquement utilisés dans la région grâce à une approche expérimentale sur bancs d'essais, (2) l'établissement d'un cadre méthodologique pour la modélisation des flux métalliques émis à l'échelle annuelle par les toitures d'un bassin versant qui se base d'une part sur la modélisation des émissions métalliques par les matériaux à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles (en fonction de la pluviométrie, de la géométrie du toit...) à partir des données obtenues sur les bancs d'essais, et d'autre part sur la quantification des surfaces métalliques des toitures d'un bassin versant. La première partie du travail a donc consisté à développer et à exploiter, sur deux sites différents, des bancs d'essais expérimentaux d'1/2 m², testant 12 matériaux métalliques issus de 5 familles (zinc, cuivre, plomb acier, aluminium), sous différentes mises en oeuvre (panneaux, gouttières, crochets de fixation). 13 espèces métalliques ont été quantifiées dans les eaux de ruissellement collectées ce qui a permis (1) d'acquérir une importante base de données de taux de ruissellement annuels par les différents matériaux, mettant en évidence que les taux de ruissellement annuels obtenus peuvent être assez importants, de l'ordre de plusieurs grammes par m² et par an pour les éléments constitutifs des matériaux, (2) de hiérarchiser ces matériaux en fonction de leur potentiel polluant, à travers la définition d'un indice de contamination métallique se basant sur les émissions de Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn et permettant de tenir compte des différences de toxicité des métaux. Une modélisation des émissions métalliques par les matériaux à différentes échelles de temps a été réalisée, conduisant à la conclusion que la hauteur de pluie, ainsi que la durée d'exposition sont des paramètres fondamentaux. Il est apparu que la hauteur de pluie seule est suffisante pour modéliser les émissions métalliques par les matériaux à des échelles de temps longues mais ne suffit pas à modéliser ces émissions sur quelques semaines. Un modèle plus complexe, basé sur une hypothèse d'accumulation / dissolution de produits de corrosion à la surface des matériaux donne des résultats satisfaisant à ces échelles de temps plus courtes. L'extrapolation spatiale des résultats de ruissellement obtenus sur les bancs d'essais s'est basé sur d'autres expérimentations, d'abord sur bancs d'essais conduisant à la conclusion que la longueur d'écoulement n'a pas d'influence sur la masse de métal entraînée dans le ruissellement, qui peut être calculée à partir de la hauteur de pluie, de la surface projetée et de l'inclinaison du panneau (qui s'avère négligeable quand elle est inférieure à 50°); puis à l'échelle de toits réels pour une étape de validation. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, la quantification des surfaces de rampants à l'échelle d'un bassin versant a été effectuée grâce à un outil de classification d'image basé sur l'analyse de la radiométrie des matériaux à partir d'une photo aérienne. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants, avec environ 75 à 80% des toits qui bien classés à l'issue de la classification. Les principales erreurs reposent sur des confusions de l'outil entre des matériaux de radiométries voisines (ardoise / zinc par exemple, qui peuvent être proches en fonction du degré d'ensoleillement)...

Copper and zinc are heavy metals commonly present in highway stormwater runoff. Discharge of these metals to surface waters inhabited by sensitive aquatic species including threatened and endangered salmonids has necessitated the need for improved treatment techniques. Although copper is of the greater toxicological concern, zinc is often present at concentrations several times higher than copper and may compete with copper during adsorptive treatment processes. In the current study, the ability biogenic fish-bone based alternative adsorbent, Apatite II™, for copper and zinc removal from synthetic stormwater runoff was evaluated. Batch experiments were employed to examine equilibrium removal and rapid small scale column tests (RSSCT) were used to simulate dynamic operation in continuous systems. In both batch and continuous systems, the release of phosphate and calcium were observed, and Apatite II™ achieved high removal efficiencies. The removal of copper and zinc was likely due to a combination of processes including adsorption, ion exchange and precipitation. Precipitation played a dominant role in copper removal and the release of phosphate and pH buffering appear to drive this process. While precipitation was also quite important for zinc removal, adsorptive removal also played a role. The findings from the current study provide a general understanding of the performance of copper and zinc removal from stormwater runoff using Apatite II™.
Graduation date: 2012

The increasing urbanization of landscapes significantly alters the surface water hydrology of impacted watersheds. As a side effect, stormwater discharges to receiving water bodies are often of decreased quality due to pollutants deposited on impervious urban surfaces being entrained by runoff. A pertinent example of this problem is the presence of copper and zinc in highway runoff. Both copper and zinc have been shown to exert toxic effects on aquatic micro- and macro-biota. Copper in particular has been shown to harmfully disrupt the olfactory nervous system of fish species at concentrations as low as 3 [mu]g/L. To meet these limits, treatment of highway runoff for the removal of copper and zinc is necessary. However, due to the complexities associated with the behavior of heavy metals in natural systems, the appropriateness of removal techniques will necessarily depend on a variety of system-specific factors and chemical characteristics of highway runoff. Adsorption has been shown to be generally effective in the removal of dissolved heavy metals, but the choice of adsorptive media is again dependent on system-specific parameters. This study developed and evaluated a column testing protocol that can be used to quickly and reliably evaluate adsorptive removal of dissolved heavy metals from highway runoff. The protocol is demonstrated in an evaluation of iron oxide, manganese oxide, crab shell, concrete, and bone meal media for removing dissolved copper and zinc from highway runoff. The performance of these media was assessed as a function of various runoff characteristics including pH, ionic strength, alkalinity, and total organic carbon. The methodology was used to show that iron oxide media in combination with crab shell or concrete media provided the most effective removal of copper and zinc from highway runoff. Through this study, the convenience, flexibility, and robustness of the proposed protocol are compellingly established.
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One of the few mining mega-projects in the world today, the construction phase of the Antamina copper-zinc project was recently completed. The open pit mine and flotation concentrator produce copper, zinc and molybdenum ore concentrates from a remote site in the Peruvian Andes, some 200 km inland from the Pacific Ocean and at an elevation of 4,200 metres above sea level. The copper and zinc concentrates are delivered via a 302 km slurry pipeline to the Huarmey port site for shipment to customers worldwide. To provide access to the mine site, a 120 km road was constructed through the rugged terrain of the high Andes. This paper presents an overview of the Antamina project with emphasis given to the control of runoff, erosion and sedimentation. A case study of particular significance will be presented that describes the successful control of severe sedimentation associated with the instability of road cut and fill slopes that was affecting a pristine alpine lake and trout fishery.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
101
There are three 40-years-old wasted gas tunnels in the abandoned Taiwan Metal Mining Corporation (TMMC) complex in Chinkuashih, New Taipei City, Taiwan. It was found that the residue in the gas tunnels or the soil near the tunnels contained high concentration of arsenic. However, in the field survey and pollution impact assessment conducted in the past, the impact on the water quality of receiving waters by soil erosion or surface runoff was not assessed. In this study, sequential extraction was used to characterize the speciation of arsenic in soils, the surface runoff and soil loss quantity were estimated with the assist of global information system (GIS) and universal soil loss equation (USLE), and the arsenic concentration in the surface runoff was estimated. Surface runoff and receiving water in the study area were also collected and analyzed to compare to the simulation results. The results of the sequential extraction analyses indicate that more than 70% of arsenic is in the forms of amorphous and crystalline hydrous Fe/Al bound speciation, 3 to 30% is non-specific or specific bound arsenic speciation on the sample surface, only 1 to 5 % is residual form in the waste and soil samples. According to the results of BCR sequential extraction, no more than 30% of arsenic can be regarded as the most easily mobilizable arsenic fraction from acetic acid extraction procedure, and is lower for samples subject to longer weathering time. The total contaminated land in this site is estimated about 25.8 hectare. 95 tons of soil is lost per hectare per year, that is 2,400 tons of polluted soil lost for this contaminated site estimated by GIS and USLE calculation. The loading of arsenic from soil erosion is about 5.4 tons each year. The predicted arsenic concentration in the surface runoff would be 3.11 mg/L in the polluted area, and be diluted to 1.28 mg/L with non-polluted surface runoff from the catchment. Arsenic concentration of surface water runoff collected near waste gas tunnels is 1.5 mg/L, whereas the average concentration is only 0.2 to 0.5 mg/L for the contaminated catchment. Most of the arsenic in the water sample is in dissolved form, which might be released from the gas tunnels waste and polluted soil due to acidic leachate, then entrained by surface water flows or intermediate flow downgradient. The dissolved load contributes more to the arsenic concentration in the receiving waters than the particulate arsenic from the soil impacted by raindrops and mobilized by surface water runoff. The USLE is not suitable to estimate the concentration of arsenic in runoff in very acidic soil condition as the soil in this site. Therefore, it is not suitable to compare the arsenic concentration of water samples directly to the simulation results. The arsenic speciation of gas tunnel waste and polluted soils with different weathering condition were revealed. The amount of soil eroded and pollutants exported from the polluted area have been investigated and the impact of surface runoff near wasted gas tunnels on the water quality of receiving waters was estimated. The results can provide valuable information for the environmental hazardous assessment and risk management of this contaminated abandoned copper mine and refinery site in Chinkuashih, Taiwan.