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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Culturally responsive agriculture“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Culturally responsive agriculture"
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Keeney, Annie J., Amy Quandt, Daniela Flores und Luis Flores. „Work-Life Stress during the Coronavirus Pandemic among Latina Farmworkers in a Rural California Region“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 8 (18.04.2022): 4928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084928.
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Objectives: To examine the type and severity of stressors experienced among Latina farmworkers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey containing the Migrant Farmworker Stress Inventory was administered to 77 female-identifying Latina farmworkers working in a US–Mexico border region. A sub-sample of five participants participated in key-informant interviews. Data collection occurred in Summer 2021. Results: Nearly 40% of Latina farmworkers reported high stress levels indicative of clinical mental health risks. Health and safety concerns and experienced stressors identified included visible substance abuse and poor bathroom conditions at the field site, language barriers, and balancing work and home life demands. Conclusions: Latina farmworkers have unique health and safety needs, and COVID-19 has contributed to the experienced stressors. Understanding the familial and working environment sources of stress specific to female agriculture workers is imperative to implementing culturally and gender-responsive strategies to better support the health and safety of farming populations in future pandemics.
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Diaz, John, Cecilia Suarez und Laura Valencia. „Culturally Responsive Teaching: A Framework for Educating Diverse Audiences“. EDIS 2019, Nr. 5 (18.10.2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-wc341-2019.
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As the diversity of Extension clientele continues to grow, it is important for Extension educators to consider new ways of supporting this population. The purpose of this new 5-page article is to provide a framework for educating diverse audiences to assist in helping these audiences attain the learning outcomes of Extension education programs. This includes: (1) acquiring a knowledge base of diverse cultures, (2) designing or utilizing culturally relevant curricula, (3) utilizing cultural caring and developing a learning community, (4) practicing intercultural communications, and (5) establishing cultural congruity in classroom instruction. Written by John Diaz, Cecilia Suarez, and Laura Valencia and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc341
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Gremmen, Bart, Vincent Blok und Bernice Bovenkerk. „Responsible Innovation for Life: Five Challenges Agriculture Offers for Responsible Innovation in Agriculture and Food, and the Necessity of an Ethics of Innovation“. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 32, Nr. 5-6 (18.10.2019): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-019-09808-w.
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Abstract In this special issue we will investigate, from the perspective of agricultural ethics (e.g. animal welfare, agricultural and food ethics, environmental ethics etc.) the potential to develop a Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) approach to agriculture, and the limitations to such an enterprise. RRI is an emerging field in the European research and innovation (R&I) policy context that aims to balance economic, socio-cultural and environmental aspects in innovation processes. Because technological innovations can contribute significantly to the solution of societal challenges like climate change or food security, but can also have negative societal consequences, it is assumed that social and ethical aspects should be considered during the R&I process. For this reason, the emerging concept of RRI calls for ethical reflection on the nature, scope and applicability of responsibility and innovation in innovation practices in general, and the way social–ethical issues can be applied and addressed in agriculture.
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Devkota, Rachana, Laxmi Prasad Pant, Hom Nath Gartaula, Kirit Patel, Devendra Gauchan, Helen Hambly-Odame, Balaram Thapa und Manish N. Raizada. „Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 1 (02.01.2020): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010374.
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Agricultural mechanization in developing countries has taken at least two contested innovation pathways—the “incumbent trajectory” that promotes industrial agriculture, and an “alternative pathway” that supports small-scale mechanization for sustainable development of hillside farming systems. Although both pathways can potentially reduce human and animal drudgery, the body of literature that assesses the sustainability impacts of these mechanization pathways in the local ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and historical contexts of hillside farms is either nonexistent or under-theorized. This paper addresses this missing literature by examining the case of Nepal’s first Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy 2014 (AMPP) using a conceptual framework of what will be defined as “responsible innovation”. The historical context of this assessment involves the incumbent trajectory of mechanization in the country since the late 1960s that neglected smallholder farms located in the hills and mountains and biased mechanization policy for flat areas only. Findings from this study suggest that the AMPP addressed issues for smallholder production, including gender inequality, exclusion of smallholder farmers, and biophysical challenges associated with hillside farming systems, but it remains unclear whether and how the policy promotes small-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable development of agriculture in the hills and mountains of Nepal.
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Stasytytė, Viktorija, und Viktorija Dužinskytė. „AGRICULTURE SECTOR RISK MANAGEMENT / ŽEMĖS ŪKIO SEKTORIAUS RIZIKOS VALDYMAS“. Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 8, Nr. 2 (08.06.2016): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2016.901.
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Agriculture sector is characterized by a particular specificity that is not considered in other fields and because of that agriculture sector is defined as highly risky sector. Response to risk is still very im-portant and responsible activity in this field. According to this, the process and applied strategies of risk management make and ensure that the sector activity and operations are more stable and effective. The aim of the article reflects the need to distinguish the most appropriate agricultural risk management tools in order to manage agricultural risks as effectively as possible. In the article the agricultural risk management tools are distinguished and after that the advantages and disadvantages of it are presented and the possibilities of mentioned tools are analyzed. Using agricultural risk management tools, the important interactions between agri-cultural risks and risks management instruments are discovered. The aim of the article is reflected by studied conception of risk and agricultural risk types, explored risks sources and specificity of agriculture sector. Žemės ūkio sektorius išsiskiria iš kitų sričių tam tikrais požymiais, dėl kurių yra laikomas padidintos rizikos sritimi. Atsakas į riziką išlieka gana svarbus ir atsakingas veiksmas, užtikrinantis stabilią bei efektyvią sektoriaus veiklą. Straipsnio tikslas – pateikus ir išanalizavus rizikos rūšis, su kuriomis žemės ūkio sektoriuje susiduriama dažniausiai ir kurių įtaka šiam sektoriui yra didžiausia, pateikti galimus rizikos valdymo būdus sektoriaus patiriamoms rizikoms mažinti. Norint pasiekti tikslą, yra analizuojamos žemės ūkio sektoriaus rizikos ir jų rūšys, kilmė, žemės ūkio sektoriaus ypatumai. Darbe yra pristatoma nemažai žemės ūkio sektoriaus rizikų valdymo instrumentų, įvardijami pagrindiniai jų privalumai ir trūkumai.
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Sala, L., und R. Mujeriego. „Cultural eutrophication control through water reuse“. Water Science and Technology 43, Nr. 10 (01.05.2001): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0595.
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The increasing use of mineral fertilisers over the last decades has contributed to the appearance of numerous cases of water eutrophication, a new form of water pollution. The starting point of eutrophication is the increase of nutrient concentration (nitrogen and phosphorus) in a water mass, which is subsequently followed by an uncontrolled growth of primary producers and episodes of oxygen depletion due to microbial decomposition of algal organic matter. The excess nutrient loads reaching surface waters are usually associated to discharges from anthropogenic activities, which normally involve direct water usage instead of reuse of reclaimed effluents. Agriculture activities and livestock breeding are two of the main nutrient sources responsible for water eutrophication, as well as human - urban and industrial - wastewater discharges. Wastewater reclamation and reuse can be a suitable strategy for preserving the quality of natural waters, by suppressing effluent discharges and the associated nutrient contributions to receiving waters. Reuse of reclaimed water for agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as for environmental enhancement offers an adequate strategy for preserving natural water systems from eutrophication.
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Skokanová, Hana, Vladimír Falťan und Marek Havlíček. „Driving forces of main landscape change processes from past 200 years in Central Europe - differences between old democratic and post-socialist countries“. Ekológia (Bratislava) 35, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2016-0004.
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Abstract The article compares and points out differences in driving forces of four main landscape change processes that shaped post-socialist countries and old democratic countries of Central Europe during the last two centuries. Studying landscape change processes and corresponding driving forces helps in understanding patterns of present landscape and can help among others in better prediction of future landscape change trends. Here, the presented results are based on review of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2014. Driving forces affecting these processes were grouped into four categories. Economic forces drove mainly agricultural intensification; agricultural land abandonment and urbanisation and were pronounced especially in the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. Technological driving forces affected agricultural intensification especially in the 19th century and the second half of the 20th century while cultural driving forces had the biggest impact on urbanisation at the beginning of the 21st century. Political driving forces affected agricultural intensification, urbanisation as well as agricultural land abandonment and were pronounced mainly during the second half of the 20th century in the post-socialist countries. Political forces in the form of subsidies drove agricultural extensification at the beginning of the 21st century. The drivers for the agricultural intensification as well as urbanisation seem to be similar for both old democratic and post-socialist countries. In contrast, agricultural land abandonment in the old democratic countries was driven by technological, cultural and economic driving forces while in the post-socialist countries the political driving forces were mainly responsible. Changes in systems for subsidies and changes in the agricultural commodity markets are also responsible for different frequencies and rates of extensification of agriculture between the two groups of countries.
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Morakar, Prakash R., C. P. Hiremath und D. M. Jakati. „Impact of Climate Change-Induced Rainfall on the Agriculture Pattern of Goa – A Geographical Perspective“. Journal of Climate Change 9, Nr. 1 (13.03.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc230002.
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“Climate change poses a roadblock. The number of droughts increasing year after year. Climate change is not only affecting farmers, government officials, politicians, and lawmakers but also every citizen of the country. Many famous academicians are also opining that the recent onion and tomato crisis is an example of the challenge from climatic change”. Goa is a tiny emerald land situated well on the west coast of India. Apart from Mining, Tourism, and Fishing, Agriculture is one of the major occupations; it plays a crucial role in the economy of the State. The above-said occupations provided the main livelihood to rural, urban, and coastal populations. According to FAO (2018), the share of the agricultural population in the study area is less than 32% among the working population and accounts for just 16% of the GDP. The statistical data for the agricultural scenario in Goa is indicating that traditional agriculture is declining concerning the area as well as production. Though agriculture is the backbone of the State’s economy, which provides a source of livelihood to the majority of Goan people, it is now rapidly declining due to physical as well as cultural factors. Researchers clearly say that, global warming is also one such factor, which is responsible for the reduction in agricultural pursuits. The present study discusses the trends, growth, and impact of global warming and climate change on agriculture patterns in Goa. Farmers, academicians, scientists, and politicians of the State think that there is an impact of climate change and global warming on Goan agriculture. The study further revealed that there is a reduction in area under staple crops, and most significantly yield/productivity is also declining (Economic Survey, 2020-21). Given global warming and climate change, coastal plains are exhibiting various problems like floods and landslides. Government officials have already revealed that the land-use pattern has already taken place in the study area, and a lot of damage has taken place concerning forests and mangroves. These are the main concern for our study to know the agricultural activities in Goa are largely impacted by global warming and climatic changes. Hence, all the hypotheses quoted tested positive.
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Kazimee, B. A. „Representation of vernacular architecture and lessons for sustainable and culturally responsive environment“. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 4, Nr. 4 (19.03.2010): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dne-v4-n4-337-350.
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El Bilali, Hamid. „Innovation-Sustainability Nexus in Agriculture Transition: Case of Agroecology“. Open Agriculture 4, Nr. 1 (12.02.2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0001.
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AbstractDifferent governments and international organizations have shown interest in agroecology as a promising pathway for transition to sustainable agriculture. However, the kinds of innovation needed for agro-ecological transition are subject to intense debate. The scale of this debate is itself an indicator of the complicated relation between innovation and sustainability in the agro-food arena and beyond. This review paper analyses the potential of agro-ecology in agricultural sustainability transitions. It also explores whether agro-ecological transition is a sustainable innovation (cf. ecological, green, open, social, responsible). Furthermore, the paper investigates the potential contribution of agro-ecological transition to sustainability, using the 3-D (Direction, Distribution and Diversity) model of the STEPS centre. Agroecology is one of the few approaches that can harmoniously combine innovation and sustainability in agriculture while promoting genuine transition to agro-food sustainability since it embraces all dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic, social/cultural/ethical). Nevertheless, it can be taken for granted neither that all traditional practices can be classified as ‘agro-ecological’ nor that all farmer-led innovations can be included in the agro-ecological repertoire. Moreover, the relationship between the three aspirations of agroecology (science, movement and practice) needs further elaboration in order to maximise potential for agriculture transition.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Culturally responsive agriculture"
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Jagger, Carla Beth. „Undergraduate Students’ Cultural Proficiency Education in Career and Citizenship Preparation“. The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468884257.
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Roth, B., B. Gardner und B. Tickes. „Barley Response to Water and Nitrogen, 1988“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200813.
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Results from 1988 show that yields of 3.9 and 3.7 tons per acre are feasible for Gustoe and NKX -1558 barley cultivars. The short season cultivar Barcott yielded about one ton less. The predicted optimum amounts of water and nitrogen were approximately 30 inches and 150 pounds per acre, respectively.
Bücher zum Thema "Culturally responsive agriculture"
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Bandung, Indonesia) Beyond UNCED Global Forest Conference: Response to Agenda 21 (1993. Appendix: Response to Agenda 21, Bandung, 17-20 February 1993 ; organized by Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University Bandung, West Java, Indonesia in cooperation with Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, Indonesian Cultural Foundation Inc., New York, USA, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, 1993.
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Watts, Sydney. Food and the Annales School. Herausgegeben von Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0001.
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Food history emerged as a serious academic pursuit in the wake of a major reorientation in the field of history led by French scholars of the Annales School. Established in 1929 by French historians Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, the Annales in 1929 was a ground-breaking journal dedicated to historical and contemporary research in economics and sociology. Although the Annales is not solely responsible for the rise of social history, its founders undertook ambitious studies focusing on historical standards of living, material lives, demographic trends, and mentalities of pre-modern peoples, a research interest which typically addressed the history of agriculture and problems of subsistence. This article explores how the Annales School has shaped the field of food history by looking at three significant"moments": agricultural patterns and cognitive frameworks of pre-modern societies, food production and food consumption as a foundation of social and economic life, and the history of cuisine through a cultural approach to taste and identity. The article concludes by assessing the influence of the Annales School on the history of food outside of France.
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Schibler, Jörg. Zooarchaeological results from Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland and dryland sites in the Central Alpine Foreland. Herausgegeben von Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers und Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.6.
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A small but very diverse structured landscape, a high degree of preservation of archaeological findings and structures because of waterlogged conditions, and very precise dendrochronological dating are the advantages of the archaeological and archaeozoological situation in Switzerland. These opportunities allow differentiating the topographic, environmental, and cultural conditions that influenced and shaped the role of domestic and wild animals in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Because of the proximity to the Alps, unfavourable weather conditions had a strong impact on agricultural production, resulting frequently in a more intense use of wild resources. Therefore, during the Neolithic, but even in the Bronze Age, hunting played periodically an important role. On the other hand, the topographic situation, the extent of open landscapes resulting from human clearances, as well as cultural influences, are responsible for the variable importance of different domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goat, and pig.
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Carter, Christopher. The Spirit of Soul Food. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044120.001.0001.
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This book suggests that the genesis of Black American foodways, and soul food in particular, was the survival and preservation of the Black community. However, if soul food is to remain a response to social and food injustice in the Black community, given the myriad of ways industrial agriculture harms Black people—economically, environmentally, ideologically—what should soul food look like today? In seeking to answer this question, this book explores the relationship between and among food, Christian, and cultural identity among African Americans by examining the U.S. food system and the impact that current policies and practices have on Black, Indigenous, and other people of color. Using liberation theology and decolonial methods, the book argues for and constructs an anti-oppressive theological anthropology that serves as the foundation for liberatory Black foodways. The book concludes by offering three theologically grounded food practices as a way to begin addressing food injustice and to move toward food sovereignty in Black and other marginalized communities: soulfull eating (of which an agent and context specific black veganism is seen as ideal), seeking justice for food workers, and caring for the earth.
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Robin, Libby, Robert Heinsohn und Leo Joseph, Hrsg. Boom and Bust. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097094.
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In Boom and Bust, the authors draw on the natural history of Australia's charismatic birds to explore the relations between fauna, people and environment in a continent where variability is 'normal' and rainfall patterns not always seasonal. They consider changing ideas about deserts and how these have helped us understand birds and their behaviour in this driest of continents.
The book describes the responses of animals and plants to environmental variability and stress. It is also a cultural concept, when it is used to capture the patterns of change wrought by humans in Australia, where landscapes began to become cultural about 55,000 years ago as ecosystems responded to Aboriginal management. In 1788, the British settlement brought, almost simultaneously, both agricultural and industrial revolutions to a land previously managed by fire for hunting. How have birds responded to this second dramatic invasion?
Boom and Bust is also a tool for understanding global change. How can Australians in the 21st century better understand how to continue to live in this land as its conditions are still dynamically unfolding in response to the major anthropogenic changes to the whole Earth system?
This interdisciplinary collection is written in a straightforward and accessible style. Many of the writers are practising field specialists, and have woven their personal field work into the stories they tell about the birds.
Buchteile zum Thema "Culturally responsive agriculture"
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Eke, Damian Okaibedi, Schmidt Shilukobo Chintu und Kutoma Wakunuma. „Towards Shaping the Future of Responsible AI in Africa“. In Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI, 169–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_8.
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AbstractArtificial Intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented opportunities for Africa. Increasingly, AI and other emerging technologies are being deployed in African contexts—healthcare, agriculture, sociopolitical processes, businesses and education—in ways that promise to change cultural dynamics. Despite obvious potential good benefits, AI deployment and implementation raise fundamental questions bordering on human rights, fairness, privacy, bias, discrimination, security, climate change and the future of work which highlight the importance of Responsible AI. However, the growing literature on Responsible AI focuses more on contexts in the Global North whereas African contexts are ignored or largely forgotten. This chapter makes an argument to clarify the importance of Responsible AI that considers African contexts, interests, values, fears, hopes and aspirations. It reviews the current and future AI landscape and then makes recommendations on how the discussions on Responsible AI in and for Africa should be shaped.
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Erkan, Yonca. „Change in Water Technology in Anatolia: From Use to Energy, Conflicts to Climate Action“. In 50 Years World Heritage Convention: Shared Responsibility – Conflict & Reconciliation, 309–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05660-4_24.
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AbstractUNESCO World Heritage properties in Anatolia show a great variety in their land use morphologies as a response to their environmental differences, developing different ways of managing water for daily use and agricultural irrigation. History testifies to the many conflicts and wars that occurred in defending and/or accessing these important water resources. The remnants of this infrastructure form part of invaluable cultural heritage and present opportunities for the embodied traditional knowledge to mitigate the impacts of climate change. However, ruthless water regimes (i.e. hydroelectric plants), which disregard the importance of water for communities, have prioritized water as a source of energy over its value for daily and agricultural use and have impacted the environment and climate, which directly affects both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Dried creeks leave water-related infrastructure and equipment without a purpose and people deprived of water. In the age of Anthropocene, such an approach victimizes people through the idea of taking over nature while at the same time making people the victims of nature’s response. In return, new regional conflicts are instigated, and migration becomes inevitable, diminishing neighbourly peace and also aggravating climate change, causing negative impacts on cultural heritage and jeopardising many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
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Ume, Chukwuma Otum, Patience Ifeyinwa Opata und Anthony Nwa Jesus Onyekuru. „Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Among Rural Households in Nigeria“. In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2099–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_182.
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AbstractFemale- and male-headed rural households have unequal opportunities in climate change adaptation. Efforts in climate change adaptation in regions with deeply entrenched sociocultural norms should also account for the varied gender components of climate change. The broad objective of this study is to integrate gender issues into climate change adaptation thereby distilling lessons and evidence for policymakers on how to approach the necessary transformation of gender relations in climate change interventions. The study employed focus group discussions to uncover the structural factors undermining women’s adaptive capacity, thereby making them vulnerable to climate change impacts. In addition to this, in-depth interviews were also conducted. For the in-depth interviews, 27 farmers were sampled using a snowballing method, while four focus groups were carried out differently for male and female farmers. Ten extension personnel and ten representations from the ministry of agriculture were also surveyed using in-depth interviews. Results from the study showed that female farmers in the region were more vulnerable to climate change as a result of the deeply rooted cultural systems and unwarranted assumptions about women. Findings also suggested that women with high adaptive capacity were less vulnerable to climate impacts. We conclude that gender-responsive climate change adaptation is important in achieving balanced relations that will ensure climate resilience in more equitable and nonhierarchical ways.
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De Paula Vieira, Andreia, und Raymond Anthony. „Reimagining Human Responsibility Towards Animals for Disaster Management in the Anthropocene“. In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 223–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_13.
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AbstractAnimals, like human beings, are prone to suffering harms, such as disease, injury and death, as a result of anthropogenic and natural disasters. Animals are disproportionately prone to risk and adversely affected by disasters, and thus require humane and respectful care when disasters strike, due to socially situated vulnerabilities based on how human communities assess and value their moral standing and function. The inability to integrate animals into disaster risk and management practices and processes can sometimes be associated with a lack of understanding about what animal ethics and animal health and welfare require when designing disaster management programs. This chapter seeks to reimagine human responsibility towards animals for disaster management. The pervasiveness of disasters and their impacts on animals, human-animal and animal-environment relationships underscore the importance of effective animal disaster management supported by sound ethical decision-making processes. To this end, we delineate six ethically responsible animal caretaking aims for consideration when developing disaster management plans and policies. These aims, which address central vulnerabilities experienced by domesticated animals during disasters, are meant to be action-guiding within the disaster management context. They include: (1) Save lives and mitigate harm; (2) Protect animal welfare and respect animals’ experiences; (3) Observe, recognize and promote distributive justice; (4) Advance public involvement; (5) Empower caregivers, guardians, owners and community members; (6) Bolster public health and veterinary community professionalism, including engagement in multidisciplinary teams and applied scientific developments. To bring about these aims, we offer a set of practical and straightforward action steps for animal caregivers and disaster management teams to ensure that animals’ interests are systematically promoted in disaster management. They include: (1) Respect and humane treatment; (2) Collaboration and effective disaster communication; (3) Strengthening systems of information sharing, surveillance, scientific research, management and training; (4) Community outreach and proactive contact; (5) Cultural sensitivity and attitudes check, and (6) Reflection, review and reform.
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Yirzagla, Julius, Ibrahim K. D. Atokple, Mohammed Haruna, Abdul Razak Mohammed, Desmond Adobaba, Bashiru Haruna und Benjamin Karikari. „Impacts of Cowpea Innovation Platforms in Sustaining TL III Project Gains in Ghana“. In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 171–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_12.
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AbstractOver the past decades, farm-level yields of cowpea have remained low (0.6–0.8 t/ha) compared to what is observed on research fields (1.8–2.5 t/ha). Lack of farmer access to quality seeds of improved varieties and inappropriate cultural practices are the major factors responsible for the low productivity of the crop. The use of Innovative Platforms (IPs) as a strategy to facilitate farmer access to quality seeds was, therefore, considered under the Tropical Legume (TL) III and USAID Cowpea Outscaling projects in Northern Ghana. The platform activities started in 2016 with a total membership of 100, which increased steadily to 820 by December 2018. The research team of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI) trained platform members to produce certified seeds to be supplied to target communities, thereby enhancing smallholder farmers’ access to improved varieties. A total of 1848 members of the platform were trained in various farm operations. A revolving system was set up in which each farmer group was supplied with improved seed and after harvesting returned the equivalent of seed received to the platform. Having been trained to produce their own seed, members of the platform are self-reliant in acquiring improved seed and are actively engaged in various operations that sustain the gains of the two projects that have been phased out.
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Ranjan, Pratyush, und Sanskruti Pujari. „Veganism in the Bhagwad Gita“. In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 125–52. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9893-0.ch008.
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This chapter will start by giving a brief description about the most contextually relevant portions of the Bhagwad Gita (the Song of the Spirit) and go on to establish its stark opposition to egoism in general and anthropocentrism, in particular, which is responsible for most of the global problems in the age of the Anthropocene. It contends that anthropocentrism (including speciesism) is guilty for the globalized industry of animal agriculture that is responsible for large-scale suffering and various major global problems. It then seeks directions from the Gita on the appropriate principled responses to the industry, including that of changing dietary habits towards plant-based sources, before finally exploring whether the Gita would promote veganism.
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Jander, Georg. „Biotic Challenges: Pests“. In Plants, Genes & Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9781605356846.003.0015.
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This chapter examines insects and nematode pests that consume or otherwise destroy plants. Farmers have multiple options for controlling pests: cultural practices, synthetic chemicals, natural genetic resistance, and biotechnology. Plants defend themselves with toxic and deterrent chemicals. Not only do they have constitutive defenses, but they also increase the production of defensive chemicals in response to herbivory. One option for pest control is integrated pest management (IPM). This process requires assessing pest density and then using environment-friendly interventions. Chemicals are only employed as a last resort, and only when the cost of application is lower than expected pest-related losses. The chapter then looks at insecticide sprays, both natural and synthetic.
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Clouse, Carey. „Design for Autonomy“. In Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, 388–403. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch018.
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This chapter describes one series of climate-adaptive design innovations found in Ladakh, north India. Five different water management techniques chart the region's unique and highly specialized response to water scarcity, and in so doing highlight important lessons for climate-adaptive planning elsewhere. In this case study, the dispersed, community-based water management strategies practiced in Ladakh suggest a level of design thinking that supports environmental stewardship, economic autonomy, cultural consciousness and social cohesion.
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Kendall, Ann. „Applied Archaeology in the Andes: The Contribution of Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Terracing to Environmental and Rural Development Strategies“. In Humans and the Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0018.
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Patterns of civilization in the Central Andes can be seen to have fluctuated over the last 5,000 years in relation to climate changes. Starting with the first American civilization at Caral, on the Peruvian coast, other impressive coastal centres and cultural areas followed and subsequently the highland cultural areas and civilizations took over in what now seems to have been at least partly a response to periods of climate changes. While the early coastal environment offered economic advantages of maritime resources and made it easy to adapt and benefit from the early arrival of imported cultigens, greater effort was required to develop agriculture from wild local species at high altitudes in rugged terrains. However, by the first millennium BC, following adverse effects of droughts in coastal areas, the highland religious centre at Chavin de Huantar developed an influential impact in the Early Horizon Period (c.500–c.200 BC), expanding through trade networks to adjacent regions and southwards towards Paracas on the southern coast. Following the centre’s demise around 200 BC (due to the increasing impoverishment of the highland environment) impetus returned to a new surge of coastal developments, notably the emergence of the Mochica and Nazca cultures on the northern and southern coasts respectively, and at Pucara in the altiplano. Here Rowe’s chronological system of Intermediate Periods characterized by regional states and Horizon Periods characterized by broader dominating cultures can be seen to be influenced by the swings of past climate. Temperature and precipitation have been shown to be prime influences underlying the sustainability of cultural developments, driven by agricultural developments, at key centres of Andean power (Kendall and Rodríguez 2009),. Early economic and cultural developments centred on Lake Titicaca in the southern altiplano were supported by agricultural systems, including cocha (ponds) networks developed for specialized cultivation (Flores Ochoa and Paz 1986) and camellones or wayru wayru (raised fields) around wetland shores (Erickson 1985).
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Seghese, Marcos Alberto, und José Ozinaldo Alves de Sena. „Agrotóxicos, transgênicos na agricultura e saúde humana no estado do Paraná-Brasil“. In CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE E SUAS DESCOBERTAS CIENTÍFICAS. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/ciesaudesv1-101.
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O Estado do Paraná destaca-se por ser responsável por mais de 20% da produção nacional de grãos. A agricultura paranaense utiliza intensamente os insumos disponíveis no comércio, sendo o terceiro maior consumidor nacional de agrotóxicos. No atual modelo agrícola, a aplicação de agrotóxicos é obrigatória para a obtenção de bons índices de produtividade, colocando em risco a saúde humana e demais espécies, impactando negativamente o meio ambiente. Os distribuidores e vendedores de agrotóxicos no geral estão muito mais preocupados com as cotas de vendas do que com a segurança. Neste modelo hegemônico de agricultura domina a dimensão econômica (lucro e poder), destruindo as dimensões ecológicas, política, social, ética, cultural dentre outras. O alimento está se transformando em mercadoria (um produto industrial) cada vez mais concentrado e determinado por poucas empresas transacionais. A alimentação está sendo dominada pela lógica privada do capital, criando um cenário produtor de doenças e de desigualdades econômicas e sociais. O estado brasileiro está perdendo a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e o Direitos Humanos à alimentação adequada, comprometendo toda a saúde pública e a garantia dos direitos humanos, fruto do capitalismo, o campo imposto pela Revolução Verde. Os agricultores de modo geral possuem baixo nível educacional e carência de informações sobre os impactos negativos da Revolução Verde. Dessa forma, é urgente políticas públicas que façam o enfrentamento de todos esses problemas descritos acima, e que promovam uma reflexão crítica sobre os caminhos a serem seguidos em direção a uma agricultura sustentável, preservando o meio ambiente para esta geração e para as gerações futuras, pois o contrário anteciparemos a sexta extinção em massa no planeta Terra. A revisão aponta, ainda, para a possibilidade de correlação entre uso de agrotóxicos, de materiais transgênicos e doenças em humanos no Paraná, com destaque especial para alguns tipos de cânceres, possibilidade que precisa ser discutida e receber atenção especial da pesquisa.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Culturally responsive agriculture"
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Gabriele, Marzia. „DETECTING AND MAPPING FLASH FLOODING WITH SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) SATELLITE DATA: THE METAPONTO PLAIN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CASE STUDY“. In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12115.
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Due to Climate change, unpredictable and uncertain weather conditions increase the likelihood of natural disasters, which correlates to major impacts on Cultural Landscapes and Heritage sites. Thanks to SAR sensors, continuous and rapid information can be collected with satellite data. When a sensor generates a directed beam of pulses, terrain returns high-resolution radar-frequency reflected energy, enabling a first effective data implementation, helping to quickly localize where damage occurred during a flash-flood event. This could facilitate after-disaster response through rapid delivery and coordination of rescue operations. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is capable of passing through clouds and weather phenomena and continuously monitor a flooding event by plotting its patterns for a cost-effective flood mapping. Free availability of SAR data through the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Sentinel-1 SAR mission created a major opportunity for flood extent monitoring. The chosen case study is the area of the Metaponto Plain in Basilicata, southern Italy, which recently earned a candidacy as UNESCO site. In the effort of protecting Cultural Landscape and archeological Heritage, local authorities have to face multiple challenges coming from climate change and the impact of human activity. The object of this study is the flash-flooding event occurred on the 12th of November 2019, which was reported to be an extreme hydrological event, causing important damages to the agricultural landscapes and cultural heritage sites. The Metaponto area exemplifies multiple pressures deriving from climate change and human activity, thus having to cohabit within an important cultural landscape and archeological heritage. The workflow here presented can be quickly implemented to extract information through simple and effortless algorithms, providing mid-regional scale event maps with a good resolution, and it is formally aimed at user-end Control Centres for putting in place rapid risk mitigation actions.
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Savin, Cristina, Calin Cojocaru, Florica Moldoveanu und Alin Moldoveanu. „MODELLING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS USING ONLINE PLATFORMS“. In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-158.
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One of the general characteristics of contemporary society is change, be it at political, social, cultural or industrial level. This changing trend has slowly been passed to the surrounding environment and thus to the natural elements. Therefore, one of the most important problems that society is facing nowadays is climate change. Although there are increasingly more and more efforts and directives in the sense of slowing and stopping the human actions that are causing climate change, we are still in danger of facing extreme situations. These situations are also called 'high-end' scenarios and are increasingly plausible. Existing modelling tools of climate change effects are limited in the sense that they do not take into consideration these high-end scenarios and their simulations usually get uni-sectorial results. This raises the need to develop an innovative integrated assessment (IA) tool to allow both decision-makers and the general public to have access to relevant and credible scientific information on climate change. This article will present such a tool that will analyse a multitude of important key sectors that interact and are interconnected through their sharing resources. The instrument will cover a variety of key sectors such as: forest, urban, land use, water, flooding, agriculture, yield and biodiversity. The tool is an online platform with delayed response that will simulate the effects of climate change at a multi-sectorial level, also allowing the exploration of adaptation strategies for the identified high-end scenario. The platform is also a powerful educational tool through which students have access to information on climate change being encouraged that every effort no matter how small may help improve the current situation.
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Scutelnic, Dumitru, Giacomo De Rossi, Nicola Piccinelli, Claudia Daffara, Salvatore Siracusano und Riccardo Muradore. „A novel stereoscopic thermal endoscope for tissue damage prevention“. In THE HAMLYN SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS. The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2023.25.
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Multi-spectral imaging systems, namely thermal and visible spectrum imaging systems, are recently being employed successfully in multiple civilian applications, such as civil engineering , precision agriculture, and cultural heritage preservation [1], due to the more general availability of high-performing, compact sen- sors. The same success can not yet be appreciated in medical or surgical applications, with most examples of thermography in medicine being applied on the epidermis [2] or specialized applications with limited measurements [3]. Nevertheless, direct thermal tissue measurements could prove invaluable in laparoscopy and laparo-assisted robotic surgery, where bipolar electroco- agulation or ultrasonic energy are often used to achieve haemostasis to maximise a clear view of the surgical field. The temperatures exceed 45 ◦ C where disruption in the neurovascular bundles (NVB) functions was observed in vivo , with protein denaturation and subsequent cellular death occurring between 57 ◦ C and 65 ◦ C [4]. Coagulation by thermal energy can be considered responsible for the damage to the NVB that are intimately located on the lateral, posterolateral and posterior surface of the prostate during nerve-sparing robotic-assisted radical prostatec- tomy (RARP) [5]. This damage can decrease the chance of a full recovery of physiological functions after the procedure, namely the erection and urinary continence, which is estimated to be at 50% [6]. For this reason, cautery-free procedures have been evaluated to reduce the amount of induced thermal damage by using clips [7], but they introduce risk of unintentional neural bundle dissection. We present a novel endoscope prototype for minimal invasive surgery: it integrates full stereoscopic vision with 3D-mapped, direct thermal measurements to evaluate the heat propagation over the surface target tissue during bipolar coagulation. The precise mapping of the multi-spectral images would allow clinicians to quickly assess the risk of damage to sensitive tissues intra- operatively.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Culturally responsive agriculture"
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Blaxter, Tamsin, und Tara Garnett. Primed for power: a short cultural history of protein. TABLE, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/ba271ef5.
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Protein has a singularly prominent place in discussions about food. It symbolises fitness, strength and masculinity, motherhood and care. It is the preferred macronutrient of affluence and education, the mark of a conscientious diet in wealthy countries and of wealth and success elsewhere. Through its association with livestock it stands for pastoral beauty and tradition. It is the high-tech food of science fiction, and in discussions of changing agricultural systems it is the pivotal nutrient around which good and bad futures revolve. There is no denying that we need protein and that engaging with how we produce and consume it is a crucial part of our response to the environmental crises. But discussions of these issues are affected by their cultural context—shaped by the power of protein. Given this, we argue that it is vital to map that cultural power and understand its origins. This paper explores the history of nutritional science and international development in the Global North with a focus on describing how protein gained its cultural meanings. Starting in the first half of the 19th century and running until the mid-1970s, it covers two previous periods when protein rose to singular prominence in food discourse: in the nutritional science of the late-19th century, and in international development in the post-war era. Many parallels emerge, both between these two eras and in comparison with the present day. We hope that this will help to illuminate where and why the symbolism and story of protein outpace the science—and so feed more nuanced dialogue about the future of food.
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Halperin, Sarah, Jen Schneider, Rebecca L. Som Castellano und Jodi Brandt. Understanding Arguments to Protect Farmland in Idaho. Boise State University, Albertsons Library, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/hes.75.boisestate.
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Between Spring 2022 and Spring 2023, a team of researchers at Boise State University conducted interviews with people involved in farmland protection efforts. Our goal was to understand how interviewees frame the issue of farmland loss. Frames can draw attention to an issue, contextualize decision-making, and influence the policy solutions considered. Through a frame analysis, we gained a clearer understanding of potential approaches for farmland protection in Idaho. We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing government agencies, academic institutions, land trusts, non-profit organizations, and farmers. After conducting the interviews, we analyzed the transcripts in a systematic manner to identify recurring message frames pertaining to farmland loss. The analysis process enabled us to map these frames onto potential policy solutions applicable to Idaho. Our report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each frame and pinpoints which ones are likely to resonate with specific groups. Our research revealed a diverse range of frames used to address farmland protection, with many interviewees citing multiple frames. The domestic food security, regional economy, and national/global trade frames are expected to have broad appeal, while the national security and environmental benefits frames may appeal to more specific audiences. The threatened resource and cultural importance frames are likely to resonate with those valuing tradition. We identified a variety of solutions, such as agricultural protection areas, support for rural economies, promotion of regenerative agriculture, and expansion of Idaho's Right to Farm Act protections. Our findings underscore the importance of diverse, flexible, and responsive solutions to improve the feasibility of farmland protection in Idaho. We hope that our work will provide a solid basis for future efforts aimed at preserving Idaho's farmland.
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Katan, Jaacov, und Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, Oktober 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.
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In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.
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Sessa, Guido, und Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.
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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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Sessa, Guido, und Gregory Martin. MAP kinase cascades activated by SlMAPKKKε and their involvement in tomato resistance to bacterial pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699834.bard.
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The research problem: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria (Xcv) are the causal agents of tomato bacterial speck and spot diseases, respectively. These pathogens colonize the aerial parts of the plant and cause economically important losses to tomato yield worldwide. Control of speck and spot diseases by cultural practices or chemicals is not effective and genetic sources of resistance are very limited. In previous research supported by BARD, by gene expression profiling we identified signaling components involved in resistance to Xcvstrains. Follow up experiments revealed that a tomato gene encoding a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKe) is required for resistance to Xcvand Pststrains. Goals: Central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which MAPKKKεand associated MAP kinase cascades regulate host resistance. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine whether MAPKKKεplays a broad role in defense signaling in plants; 2. Identify components of MAP kinase cascades acting downstream of MAPKKKε; 3. Determine the role of phosphorylation-related events in the function of MAPKKKε; 4. Isolate proteins directly activated by MAPKKKε-associatedMAPK modules. Our main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Characterization of MAPKKKεas a positive regulator of cell death and dissection of downstream MAP kinase cascades (Melech-Bonfil et al., 2010; Melech-Bonfil and Sessa, 2011). The MAPKKKεgene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Xcvand Pstbacterial strains and for hypersensitive response cell death triggered by different R gene/effector gene pairs. In addition, overexpression analysis demonstrated that MAPKKKεis a positive regulator of cell death, whose activity depends on an intact kinase catalytic domain. Epistatic experiments delineated a signaling cascade downstream of MAPKKKεand identified SIPKK as a negative regulator of MAPKKKε-mediated cell death. Finally, genes encoding MAP kinase components downstream of MAPKKKεwere shown to contribute to tomato resistance to Xcv. 2. Identification of tomato proteins that interact with MAPKKKεand play a role in plant immunity (Oh et al., 2011). We identified proteins that interact with MAPKKKε. Among them, the 14-3-3 protein TFT7 was required for cell death mediated by several R proteins. In addition, TFT7 interacted with the MAPKK SlMKK2 and formed homodimersin vivo. Thus, TFT7 is proposed to recruit SlMKK2 and MAPKKK client proteins for efficient signal transfer. 3. Development of a chemical genetic approach to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase cascades (Salomon et al., 2009, 2011). This approach is based on engineering the kinase of interest to accept unnatural ATP analogs. For its implementation to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase modules, we sensitized the tomato MAP kinase SlMPK3 to ATP analogs and verified its ability to use them as phosphodonors. By using the sensitized SlMPK3 and radiolabeled N6(benzyl)ATP it should be possible to tag direct substrates of this kinase. 4. Development of methods to study immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in tomato and N. benthamiana plants (Kim et al., 2009; Nguyen et al. 2010). We developed protocols for measuring various PTI-associatedphenotypes, including bacterial populations after pretreatment of leaves with PAMPs, induction of reporter genes, callose deposition at the cell wall, activation of MAP kinases, and a luciferase-based reporter system for use in protoplasts. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized a signal transduction pathway mediating plant immunity to bacterial pathogens. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease. In addition, we successfully developed new biochemical and molecular methods that can be implemented in the study of plant immunity and other aspects of plant biology.
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Gender mainstreaming in local potato seed system in Georgia. International Potato Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4160/9789290605645.
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This report presents the study findings associated with the project “Enhancing Rural Livelihoods in Georgia: Introducing Integrated Seed Health Approaches to Local Potato Seed Systems” in Georgia. It also incorporates information from the results of gender training conducted within the framework of the USAID Potato Program in Georgia. The study had three major aims: 1) to understand the gender-related opportunities and constraints impacting the participation of men and women in potato seed systems in Georgia; 2) to test the multistakeholder framework for intervening in root, tuber, and banana (RTB) seed systems as a means to understand the systems themselves and the possibilities of improving gender-related interventions in the potato seed system; and 3) to develop farmers’ leadership skills to facilitate women’s active involvement in project activities. Results of the project assessment identified certain constraints on gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system: a low level of female participation in decision-making processes, women’s limited access to finances that would enable their greater involvement in larger scale potato farming, and a low awareness of potato seed systems and of possible female involvement in associated activities. Significantly, the perception of gender roles and stereotypes differs from region to region in Georgia; this difference is quite pronounced in the target municipalities of Kazbegi, Marneuli, and Akhalkalaki, with the last two having populations of ethnic minorities (Azeri and Armenian, respectively). For example, in Marneuli, although women are actively involved in potato production, they are not considered farmers but mainly as assistants to farmers, who are men. This type of diversity (or lack thereof) results in a different understanding of gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system as well. Based on the training results obtained in three target regions—Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, and Marneuli—it is evident that women are keen on learning new technologies and on acquiring updated agricultural information, including on potato production. It is also clear that women spend as much time as men do on farming activities such as potato production, particularly in weeding and harvesting. However, women are heavily burdened with domestic work, and they are not major decision-makers with regard to potato variety selection, agricultural investments, and product sales, nor with the inclusion of participants in any training provided. Involving women in project activities will lead to greater efficiency in the potato production environment, as women’s increased knowledge will certainly contribute to an improved production process, and their new ideas will help to improve existing production systems, through which women could also gain confidence and power. As a general recommendation, it is extremely important to develop equitable seed systems that take into consideration, among other factors, social context and the cultural aspects of local communities. Thus, understanding male and female farmers’ knowledge may promote the development of seed systems that are sustainable and responsive to farmers’ needs and capacities.