Zeitschriftenartikel: „Cuticular Hydrocarbon“

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Thomas, Melissa L., und Leigh W. Simmons. „Short-term phenotypic plasticity in long-chain cuticular hydrocarbons“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1721 (02.03.2011): 3123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0159.

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Cuticular hydrocarbons provide arthropods with the chemical equivalent of the visually extravagant plumage of birds. Their long chain length, together with the number and variety of positions in which methyl branches and double bonds occur, provide cuticular hydrocarbons with an extraordinary level of information content. Here, we demonstrate phenotypic plasticity in an individual's cuticular hydrocarbon profile. Using solid-phase microextraction, a chemical technique that enables multiple sampling of the same individual, we monitor short-term changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of individual crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus , in response to a social challenge. We experimentally manipulate the dominance status of males and find that dominant males, on losing fights with other dominant males, change their hydrocarbon profile to more closely resemble that of a subordinate. This result demonstrates that cuticular hydrocarbons can be far more responsive to changes in social dominance than previously realized.

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Walsh, Justin, Luigi Pontieri, Patrizia d'Ettorre und Timothy A. Linksvayer. „Ant cuticular hydrocarbons are heritable and associated with variation in colony productivity“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, Nr. 1928 (10.06.2020): 20201029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1029.

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In social insects, cuticular hydrocarbons function in nest-mate recognition and also provide a waxy barrier against desiccation, but basic evolutionary features, including the heritability of hydrocarbon profiles and how they are shaped by natural selection are largely unknown. We used a new pharaoh ant ( Monomorium pharaonis ) laboratory mapping population to estimate the heritability of individual cuticular hydrocarbons, genetic correlations between hydrocarbons, and fitness consequences of phenotypic variation in the hydrocarbons. Individual hydrocarbons had low to moderate estimated heritability, indicating that some compounds provide more information about genetic relatedness and can also better respond to natural selection. Strong genetic correlations between compounds are likely to constrain independent evolutionary trajectories, which is expected, given that many hydrocarbons share biosynthetic pathways. Variation in cuticular hydrocarbons was associated with variation in colony productivity, with some hydrocarbons experiencing strong directional selection. Altogether, this study builds on our knowledge of the genetic architecture of the social insect hydrocarbon profile and indicates that hydrocarbon variation is shaped by natural selection.

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Alarie, Yves, Hélène Joly und Danielle Dennie. „CUTICULAR HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS OF THE AQUATIC BEETLE AGABUS ANTHRACINUS MANNERHEIM (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 130, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1998): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130615-5.

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AbstractRelatively little information concerning the cuticular hydrocarbon composition of aquatic insects is known. The cuticular hydrocarbons of the aquatic beetle Agabus anthracinus Mannerheim have been identified with the aid of a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The cuticular hydrocarbon profile comprises n-alkanes (46.8%), n-alkenes (27.1%), and methylalkanes (25.9%) and is basically similar to that of terrestrial Coleoptera. However, the hydrocarbons of A. anthracinus differ in that (i) the shorter chain n-alkanes are present in higher proportion, (ii) there is a relatively lower abundance of methylalkanes, and (iii) the proportion of n-alkenes is significantly higher.

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Gemeno, C., N. Laserna, M. Riba, J. Valls, C. Castañé und O. Alomar. „Cuticular hydrocarbons discriminate cryptic Macrolophus species (Hemiptera: Miridae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, Nr. 6 (17.04.2012): 624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000193.

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AbstractMacrolophus pygmaeus is commercially employed in the biological control of greenhouse and field vegetable pests. It is morphologically undistinguishable from the cryptic species M. melanotoma, and this interferes with the evaluation of the biological control activity of M. pygmaeus. We analysed the potential of cuticular hydrocarbon composition as a method to discriminate the two Macrolophus species. A third species, M. costalis, which is different from the other two species by having a dark spot at the tip of the scutellum, served as a control. Sex, diet and species, all had significant effects in the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, but the variability associated to sex or diet was smaller than among species. Discriminant quadratic analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons confirmed the results of previous molecular genetic studies and showed, using cross-validation methods, that M. pygmaeus can be discriminated from M. costalis and M. melanotoma with prediction errors of 6.75% and 0%, respectively. Therefore, cuticular hydrocarbons can be used to separate M. pygmaeus from M. melanotoma reliably.

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Brodie, Bekka S., Jacob D. Wickham und Stephen A. Teale. „The effect of sex and maturation on cuticular semiochemicals in Monochamus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)“. Canadian Entomologist 144, Nr. 6 (23.11.2012): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.82.

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AbstractContact pheromones are a subset of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons secreted on the cuticle and play an important role in the mating behaviour of several cerambycid species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). In this study, we investigated the relationship between maturation (newly eclosed and sexually mature) adult Monochamus scutellatus (Say) beetles and sex and the composition of the cuticular hydrocarbon blend to determine if this information is encoded in the blend and potentially available for communication purposes. Whole-body extracts of unfed females, and both mature females and males were analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the components of the cuticular hydrocarbons. There were no unique compounds present in any of the three groups, but discriminant analysis indicated that the relative proportions of the cuticular hydrocarbon components were unique for each group.

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Alnajim, Ihab, Manjree Agarwal, Tao Liu, Beibei Li, Xin Du und Yonglin Ren. „Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS“. Molecules 25, Nr. 7 (29.03.2020): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071565.

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Phosphine resistance is a worldwide issue threatening the grain industry. The cuticles of insects are covered with a layer of lipids, which protect insect bodies from the harmful effects of pesticides. The main components of the cuticular lipids are hydrocarbon compounds. In this research, phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of two main stored-grain insects, T. castaneum and R. dominica, were tested to determine the possible role of their cuticular hydrocarbons in phosphine resistance. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to extract and analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons. The results showed significant differences between the resistant and susceptible strains regarding the cuticular hydrocarbons that were investigated. The resistant insects of both species contained higher amounts than the susceptible insects for the majority of the hydrocarbons, sixteen from cuticular extraction and nineteen from the homogenized body extraction for T. castaneum and eighteen from cuticular extraction and twenty-one from the homogenized body extraction for R. dominica. 3-methylnonacosane and 2-methylheptacosane had the highest significant difference between the susceptible and resistant strains of T. castaneum from the cuticle and the homogenized body, respectively. Unknown5 from the cuticle and 3-methylhentriacontane from the homogenized body recorded the highest significant differences in R. dominica. The higher hydrocarbon content is a key factor in eliminating phosphine from entering resistant insect bodies, acting as a barrier between insects and the surrounding phosphine environment.

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Benziane, Taoufiq, und Mireille Campan. „Effets d'un élevage en isolement sur le développement gonadotrope, la production d'hydrocarbures cuticulaires et le comportement sexuel de Calliphora vomitoria (Diptères, Calliphoridae)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, Nr. 6 (01.06.1993): 1175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-160.

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Isolated rearing (during the first gonadotropic cycle) was found to modify physiological variables (gonadotropic development, cuticular hydrocarbon production) as well as behavioral modalities of the courtship of male and female Calliphora vomitoria. In males, slower development and a decrease in the volume of the testes and the annex glands were noticed; in females, there was only a reduction in the volume of the terminal follicle without modification of the rate of growth. In contrast, cuticular hydrocarbon production was more disturbed in the female than in the male. Isolated rearing of males did not change either the number or the relative proportions and concentrations of cuticular hydrocarbons. In females, isolation was accompanied by a slight increase in both the relative proportions of cuticular hydrocarbons, namely monomethyalkanes, dimethylalkanes, and alkenes, and the concentrations of all hydrocarbons. Finally, isolated rearing was found to modify the sexual behavior of both partners. Isolated males showed later and scarcer sexual behavior than grouped males. They courted females later and more briefly, with lower frequencies and shorter durations of each stage of courtship; therefore, courtship was reduced with many interruptions. Isolated females appeared more permissive, with lower frequencies and durations of the stages of courtship, and shorter courtship. These differences were emphasized when both partners were reared in isolation. The lack of exchanges during imaginal development led, owing to lack of exercise and (or) nervous maturation, to sex-specific alterations: decreased gonadotropic development in males, modified cuticular hydrocarbon production in females, and reduced sexual behavior in both sexes.

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Horne, G. L., und A. A. Priestman. „The chemical characterization of the epicuticular hydrocarbons of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, Nr. 4 (August 2002): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002170.

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AbstractThe chemical characterization of the hydrocarbon fraction of the epicuticular lipids of the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) was performed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Seventy eight compounds were detected in purified hexane extracts and of these, 42 hydrocarbons were identified and several of the remaining compounds were partially characterized. The hydrocarbon classes present were n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes and alkenes and the results were similar to those published for other Aedes species. Quantitative comparisons of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were made between males and females, different age groups and between a standard laboratory strain and a recently colonized strain of A. aegypti. These results provide baseline data for further studies on the possible role of mosquito cuticular hydrocarbons in the modification of mating behaviour.

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Floreani, Chiara, Francesco Pavan und Francesco Nazzi. „Analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons in two Anagrus species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) as a tool to improve their correct identification“. Canadian Entomologist 138, Nr. 3 (Juni 2006): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-094.

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AbstractMale and female adult wasps belonging to the atomus group of the genus Anagrus Haliday, classified according to morphological techniques, were analyzed for their cuticular hydrocarbons to detect any possible differences between species. Most female specimens that were identified as either A. atomus L. or A. ustulatus Haliday, using morphological and morphometrical characters, showed two distinct cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. These profiles seemed to be independent of the plants the insects were collected from, the potential leafhopper host species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and the emergence period, and they were largely consistent with classification based on morphology. Both A. atomus and A. ustulatus females were shown to emerge from leafhopper eggs found on Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae). Males, for which conclusive diagnostic characters are not yet available, showed the same two cuticular hydrocarbon patterns observed in females; on average, specimens displaying one hydrocarbon profile differed from those showing the other profile in three characters used for morphometrical analysis.

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Noor, Mohamed A. F., und Jerry A. Coyne. „Genetics of a difference in cuticular hydrocarbons between Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis“. Genetical Research 68, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1996): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300034005.

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SummaryWe identify a fixed species difference in the relative concentrations of the cuticular hydrocarbons 2-methyl hexacosane and 5,9-pentacosadiene in Drosophilapseudoobscura and D. persimilis, and determine its genetic basis. In backcross males, this difference is due to genes on both the X and second chromosomes, while the other two major chromosomes have no effect. In backcross females, only the second chromosome has a significant effect on hydrocarbon phenotype, but dominant genes on the X chromosome could also be involved. These results differ in two respects from previous studies of Drosophila cuticular hydrocarbons: strong epistasis is observed between the chromosomes that producethe hydrocarbon difference in males, and the difference is apparently unrelated to the strong sexual isolation observed between these species.

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Phillips, A., A. Sabatini, P. J. M. Milligan, D. Boccolini, G. Broomfield und D. H. Molyneux. „The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae): comparison of the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles determined in adults of five Palaearctic species“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1990): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300050720.

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AbstractA comparison was made between the cuticular hydrocarbons of five Palaearctic species of the Anopheles maculipennis Meigen complex; A. maculipennis sensu stricto, A. melanoon Hackett, A. messeae Falleroni, A. labranchiae Falleroni and A. atroparvus Van Thiel. Females of these species had their cuticular lipid removed and the hydrocarbons separated and quantified by gas chromatography. Discriminant analysis determined the degree of difference between the species. Wild caught adults of the complex had an average correct classification rate of 77.9%. A. atroparvus and A. labranchiae are homosequential and have no uniquely diagnostic isoenzymes, but expressed distinct hydrocarbon profiles enabling them to be separated in more than 86% of cases. Similarly, A. maculipennis sensu stricto and A. melanoon differ only by minor karyotype alterations, yet their hydrocarbon profiles could be separated with 83% correct classification. A dendrogram was drawn up, based on the hydrocarbons, using the Mahalanobis distances between species. A. maculipennis sensu stricto and A. melanoon were the two closest groups; A. messeae was next to join the cluster, followed by A. labranchiae and then A. atroparvus. These last two species were also very close to each other, but quite distant from A. maculipennis sensu stricto and A. melanoon. The species' relationships based on hydrocarbons thus reflect the tentative chromosomal phylogeny of the complex. In nature, hydrocarbon differences between species may be a device enabling the recognition of suitable mates. Studies showing that hydrocarbon dissimilarity is elevated between sympatric populations are also discussed in support of this theory.

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Holman, Luke, Jelle S. van Zweden, Ricardo C. Oliveira, Annette van Oystaeyen und Tom Wenseleers. „Conserved queen pheromones in bumblebees: a reply to Amsalem et al.“ PeerJ 5 (16.05.2017): e3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3332.

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In a recent study, Amsalem, Orlova & Grozinger (2015) performed experiments withBombus impatiensbumblebees to test the hypothesis that saturated cuticular hydrocarbons are evolutionarily conserved signals used to regulate reproductive division of labor in many Hymenopteran social insects. They concluded that the cuticular hydrocarbon pentacosane (C25), previously identified as a queen pheromone in a congeneric bumblebee, does not affect worker reproduction inB. impatiens. Here we discuss some shortcomings of Amsalem et al.’s study that make its conclusions unreliable. In particular, several confounding effects may have affected the results of both experimental manipulations in the study. Additionally, the study’s low sample sizes (mean n per treatment = 13.6, range: 4–23) give it low power, not 96–99% power as claimed, such that its conclusions may be false negatives. Inappropriate statistical tests were also used, and our reanalysis found that C25substantially reduced and delayed worker egg laying inB. impatiens. We review the evidence that cuticular hydrocarbons act as queen pheromones, and offer some recommendations for future queen pheromone experiments.

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Gebre-Michael, T., R. P. Lane, A. Phillips, P. Milligan und D. H. Molyneux. „Contrast in the cuticular hydrocarbons of sympatric Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) females (Diptera: Phlebotominae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, Nr. 2 (Juni 1994): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039730.

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AbstractThe cuticular hydrocarbons of laboratory-bred and wild-caught females of Phlebotomus martini Parrot and P. celiae Minter, originating from southern Ethiopia, were used to distinguish females of the two sympatric and isomorphic species. Field-caught sandflies were dissected for parasites prior to the analysis. A high degree of separation, was achieved between the two species in both laboratory-bred (91.6%) and wild-caught (91.3%) specimens. However, the discriminating hydrocarbon peaks in laboratory reared specimens were different from those of wild-caught specimens, resulting in a high number of misclassiflcations in the pooled analysis of wild and laboratory specimens in each species. High degrees of hydrocarbon differentiation (84.7%–96.7%) between laboratory-bred and wild caught flies within each species were also obtained.

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Brill, Jeffrey H., und Wolfgang Bertsch. „AN INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INSECT CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS“. Journal of Entomological Science 20, Nr. 4 (01.10.1985): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.435.

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Several sampling methods were examined to determine their efficiency at recovering the cuticular hydrocarbons, including solvent washing, extraction, and dynamic headspace analysis. Hexane proved to be an acceptable solvent for obtaining a representative hydrocarbon sample, but is not a good solvent for quantitative recoveries, unless special measures are taken. This appears to be as a result of both limitations in solubility and kinetic problems. Dynamic headspace analysis using a pyroprobe for thermal desorption of the hydrocarbons proved to be a rapid and quantitative sampling method.

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van WILGENBURG, E., M. R. E. SYMONDS und M. A. ELGAR. „Evolution of cuticular hydrocarbon diversity in ants“. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24, Nr. 6 (07.03.2011): 1188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02248.x.

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Coyne, Jerry A. „Genetics of a Difference in Male Cuticular Hydrocarbons Between Two Sibling Species, Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia“. Genetics 143, Nr. 4 (01.08.1996): 1689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.4.1689.

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Abstract In seven of the eight species of the Drosophila melanogaster group, the predominant cuticular hydrocarbon of males is Ftricosene, but in the island endemic species D. sechellia it is 6-tricosene. The phylogeny of the group implies that the novel hydrocarbon profile of D. sechellia is a derived character. Genetic analysis of hybrids between D. sechellia and its close relative D. simulans show that each of the five major chromosome arms carries at least one gene affecting the ratio of the two tricosene isomers, with the right arm of the third chromosome having the largest effect. The species difference in this character is therefore polygenic with the effects of the different chromosome arms generally additive, although there is some epistasis among third-chromosome genes. Observations of courtship by males who have been coated with foreign hydrocarbons suggest that a male's hydrocarbon profile may slightly affect the degree of sexual isolation in one of the reciprocal hybridizations between these species, but that this role is small compared to that played by hydrocarbon differences between females.

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van Wilgenburg, Ellen, Antoine Felden, Dong-Hwan Choe, Robert Sulc, Jun Luo, Kenneth J. Shea, Mark A. Elgar und Neil D. Tsutsui. „Learning and discrimination of cuticular hydrocarbons in a social insect“. Biology Letters 8, Nr. 1 (10.08.2011): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0643.

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Social insect cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) mixtures are among the most complex chemical cues known and are important in nest-mate, caste and species recognition. Despite our growing knowledge of the nature of these cues, we have very little insight into how social insects actually perceive and discriminate among these chemicals. In this study, we use the newly developed technique of differential olfactory conditioning to pure, custom-designed synthetic colony odours to analyse signal discrimination in Argentine ants, Linepithema humile . Our results show that tri-methyl alkanes are more easily learned than single-methyl or straight-chain alkanes. In addition, we reveal that Argentine ants can discriminate between hydrocarbons with different branching patterns and the same chain length, but not always between hydrocarbons with the same branching patterns but different chain length. Our data thus show that biochemical characteristics influence those compounds that ants can discriminate between, and which thus potentially play a role in chemical signalling and nest-mate recognition.

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Kamhawi, S., R. P. Lane, M. Cameron, A. Phillips, P. Milligan und D. H. Molyneux. „The cuticular hydrocarbons of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Phlebotominae) from field populations in northern India and Sri Lanka, and their change with laboratory colonization“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300051749.

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AbstractThe cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of wild caught, male Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale & Brunetti from Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Calcutta, India, were significantly different. Using discriminant functions based on three peaks from a gas-liquid chromatogram, 89% of specimens were correctly allocated to their parent sample. These results correlate with previously reported morpho-metric differences in this species from different parts of its range. Following laboratory colonization of the Kandy strain, the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles showed a progressive change, so that wild-caught and F5 generations could be completely distinguished by discriminant function anaysis, with the F1 and F 2 as intermediates.

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Moore, Hannah, und Sue Shemilt. „Cuticular Hydrocarbon Analysis in Forensic Entomology: A Review“. Archaeological and Environmental Forensic Science 1, Nr. 2 (11.07.2018): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/aefs.36241.

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Anyanwu, G. I., D. H. Davies, D. H. Molyneux und A. Priestman. „Cuticular-hydrocarbon discrimination betweenAnopheles gambiaes.s. andAn. arabiensislarval karyotypes“. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 95, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2001): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813704.

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Otte, Tobias, Monika Hilker und Sven Geiselhardt. „Phenotypic Plasticity of Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles in Insects“. Journal of Chemical Ecology 44, Nr. 3 (22.02.2018): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-0934-4.

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Li, Dan-Ting, Xiao-Jin Pei, Yu-Xuan Ye, Xin-Qiu Wang, Zhe-Chao Wang, Nan Chen, Tong-Xian Liu, Yong-Liang Fan und Chuan-Xi Zhang. „Cuticular Hydrocarbon Plasticity in Three Rice Planthopper Species“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 14 (20.07.2021): 7733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147733.

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Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are organic compounds of the surface lipid layer, which function as a barrier against water loss and xenobiotic penetration, while also serving as chemical signals. Plasticity of CHC profiles can vary depending upon numerous biological and environmental factors. Here, we investigated potential sources of variation in CHC profiles of Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus and Sogatella furcifera, which are considered to be the most important rice pests in Asia. CHC profiles were quantified by GC/MS, and factors associated with variations were explored by conducting principal component analysis (PCA). Transcriptomes were further compared under different environmental conditions. The results demonstrated that CHC profiles differ among three species and change with different developmental stages, sexes, temperature, humidity and host plants. Genes involved in cuticular lipid biosynthesis pathways are modulated, which might explain why CHC profiles vary among species under different environments. Our study illustrates some biological and ecological variations in modifying CHC profiles, and the underlying molecular regulation mechanisms of the planthoppers in coping with changes of environmental conditions, which is of great importance for identifying potential vulnerabilities relating to pest ecology and developing novel pest management strategies.

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Takahashi, Aya, Nao Fujiwara-Tsujii, Ryohei Yamaoka, Masanobu Itoh, Mamiko Ozaki und Toshiyuki Takano-Shimizu. „Cuticular Hydrocarbon Content that Affects Male Mate Preference of Drosophila melanogaster from West Africa“. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (28.03.2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/278903.

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Intraspecific variation in mating signals and preferences can be a potential source of incipient speciation. Variable crossability between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans among different strains suggested the abundance of such variations. A particular focus on one combination of D. melanogaster strains, TW1(G23) and Mel6(G59), that showed different crossabilities to D. simulans, revealed that the mating between females from the former and males from the latter occurs at low frequency. The cuticular hydrocarbon transfer experiment indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons of TW1 females have an inhibitory effect on courtship by Mel6 males. A candidate component, a C25 diene, was inferred from the gas chromatography analyses. The intensity of male refusal of TW1 females was variable among different strains of D. melanogaster, which suggested the presence of variation in sensitivity to different chemicals on the cuticle. Such variation could be a potential factor for the establishment of premating isolation under some conditions.

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Coyne, Jerry A., und Brian Charlesworth. „Genetics of a Pheromonal Difference Affecting Sexual Isolation Between Drosophila mauritiana and D. sechellia“. Genetics 145, Nr. 4 (01.04.1997): 1015–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.4.1015.

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Females of the sibling species Drosophila sechellia and D. mauritiana differ in their cuticular hydrocarbons: the predominant compound in D. sechellia is 7,11-heptacosadiene (7,11-HD), while that in D. mauritiana is 7-tricosene (7-T). We investigate the genetic basis of this difference and its involvement in reproductive isolation between the species. Behavioral studies involving hydrocarbon transfer suggest that these compounds play a large role in the sexual isolation between D. mauritiana males and D. sechellia females, while sexual isolation in the reciprocal hybridization results more from differences in female behavior than hydrocarbons. This interspecific difference in hydrocarbon profile is due to evolutionary change at a minimum of six loci, all on the third chromosome. The localization of evolutionary change to the third chromosome has been seen in every other genetic analysis of female hydrocarbon differences in the D. melanogaster group. We suggest that the high 7,11-HD phenotype seen in two species evolved twice independently from ancestors having the high 7-T phenotype, and that the recurrent third-chromosome effects are evolutionary convergences that may be due to a concentration of “hydrocarbon genes” on that chromosome.

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da Silva Cunha, Dayana Alves, Rodolpho Santos Telles Menezes, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso und William Fernando Antonialli Junior. „Is It Possible to Obtain the Chemical Profile From Ethanol-Preserved Specimens? The Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid Composition of the Social Wasp Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)“. Environmental Entomology 50, Nr. 3 (02.03.2021): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab010.

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Abstract Cuticular hydrocarbons perform multiple functions in insects such as protecting against desiccation and pathogenic infection, and signaling interactions. Evaluation of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of insects is commonly performed by extraction using a nonpolar solvent such as hexane. Specimens intended for CHC analysis are ideally handled by avoiding contact with solvents such as ethanol. However, insects are frequently stored in ethanol after collection, especially if intended for molecular analysis. To determine if it is possible that chemical compounds in the cuticles of specimens can withstand previous exposure to ethanol, we evaluated the efficiency of CHC extraction from specimens preserved in 95% ethanol. We extracted cuticular compounds from specimens of the social wasp Polybia paulista (Ihering) with no contact with ethanol solvents and compared them with those from specimens stored in 95% ethanol. We analyzed chemical composition from wasps and the 95% ethanol in which they had been stored by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. In total, 56 compounds were detected: 50 that were classified as hydrocarbons which were mostly branched alkanes, followed by linear alkanes and alkenes. Three compounds were identified as fatty acids, and three compounds were unidentifiable. The ethanol-preserved specimens showed similar chemical profiles to those of specimens that had no contact with ethanol. Thus, we suggest that it is possible to study the chemical profiles of ethanol-preserved specimens.

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COYNE, JERRY A., CLAUDE WICKER-THOMAS und JEAN-MARC JALLON. „A gene responsible for a cuticular hydrocarbon polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster“. Genetical Research 73, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672398003723.

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Drosophila melanogaster is polymorphic for the major cuticular hydrocarbon of females. In most populations this hydrocarbon is 7,11-heptacosadiene, but females from Africa and the Caribbean usually possess low levels of 7,11-heptacosadiene and high quantities of its position isomer 5,9-heptacosadiene. Genetic analysis shows that the difference between these two morphs is due to variation at a single segregating factor located on the right arm of chromosome 3 near map position 51·5 and cytological position 87C–D. This is precisely the position of a desaturase gene previously sequenced using primers derived from yeast and mouse, and localized by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster. Alleles of this desaturase gene may therefore be responsible for producing the two hydrocarbon morphs. Mating tests following the transfer of these isomers between females of the two morphs show that, in contrast to previous studies, the hydrocarbon profiles have no detectable effect on mating behaviour or sexual isolation.

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Raspotnig, Günther, Günther Krisper, Günter Fauler und Hans-Jörg Leis. „Distinctive Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles in Oribatid Mites (Acari: Oribatida)“. Annales Zoologici 58, Nr. 2 (Juni 2008): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000345408x326771.

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Wang, Qike, Jason Q. D. Goodger, Ian E. Woodrow und Mark A. Elgar. „Location-specific cuticular hydrocarbon signals in a social insect“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, Nr. 1827 (30.03.2016): 20160310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0310.

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Social insects use cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) to convey different social signals, including colony or nest identity. Despite extensive investigations, the exact source and identity of CHCs that act as nest-specific identification signals remain largely unknown. Perhaps this is because studies that identify CHC signals typically use organic solvents to extract a single sample from the entire animal, thereby analysing a cocktail of chemicals that may serve several signal functions. We took a novel approach by first identifying CHC profiles from different body parts of ants ( Iridomyrmex purpureus ), then used behavioural bioassays to reveal the location of specific social signals. The CHC profiles of both workers and alates varied between different body parts, and workers paid more attention to the antennae of non-nest-mate and the legs of nest-mate workers. Workers responded less aggressively to non-nest-mate workers if the CHCs on the antennae of their opponents were removed with a solvent. These data indicate that CHCs located on the antennae reveal nest-mate identity and, remarkably, that antennae both convey and receive social signals. Our approach and findings could be valuably applied to chemical signalling in other behavioural contexts, and provide insights that were otherwise obscured by including chemicals that either have no signal function or may be used in other contexts.

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DODD, RICHARD S., ZARA A. RAFII und ARIEL B. POWER. „Ecotypic adaptation in Austrocedrus chilensis in cuticular hydrocarbon composition“. New Phytologist 138, Nr. 4 (April 1998): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00142.x.

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Golden, Krista L., Lance J. Meinke und David W. Stanley-Samuelson. „Cuticular Hydrocarbon Discrimination of Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Sibling Species“. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, Nr. 5 (01.09.1992): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/85.5.561.

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Kaib, M., R. Brandl und R. K. N. Bagine. „Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles: A valuable tool in termite taxonomy“. Naturwissenschaften 78, Nr. 4 (April 1991): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01136208.

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vander Meer, Robert K., David Saliwanchik und Barry Lavine. „Temporal changes in colony cuticular hydrocarbon patterns ofSolenopsis invicta“. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, Nr. 7 (Juli 1989): 2115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207442.

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Krasnec, Michelle O., und Michael D. Breed. „Colony-Specific Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile in Formica argentea Ants“. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0227-2.

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Guillem, Rhian M., Falko P. Drijfhout und Stephen J. Martin. „Species-Specific Cuticular Hydrocarbon Stability within European Myrmica Ants“. Journal of Chemical Ecology 42, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2016): 1052–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0784-x.

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Bosorang, Rizoh, Zaini Assim, Sulaiman Hanapi und Fatimah Abang. „Potential Use of Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Estimating the Age of Blowfly Pupae Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)“. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 6, Nr. 2 (17.01.2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.339.2016.

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Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to determine the weathering time in cuticular hydrocarbon of pupae Chrysomya megacephala in sheltered condition. The results have shown that cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) of the pupae were a mixture of n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes, and dimethyl-branched alkanes, with carbon chain length ranging from C19 to C39.The study presents the significant correlation between the changes pattern in relative abundance of several CHC and development phase in pupae. Further analysis with multiple linear regression indicated that several CHC compounds showed strong correlation to blowfly pupae age, which were then utilized to create a prediction equation for the age estimation. Finally, the application of the age-dependent model had revealed that estimated age correlated significantly with chronological age of samples C. megacephala., y = 0.97x + 0.092, R2 = 0.9698. The study concluded that, CHC have a potential to estimate age of immature C. megacephala, and possibly in other flies species, and might further be used to determine the PMI.

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Balabanidou, Vasileia, Anastasia Kampouraki, Marina MacLean, Gary J. Blomquist, Claus Tittiger, M. Patricia Juárez, Sergio J. Mijailovsky et al. „Cytochrome P450 associated with insecticide resistance catalyzes cuticular hydrocarbon production in Anopheles gambiae“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 33 (20.07.2016): 9268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608295113.

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The role of cuticle changes in insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae was assessed. The rate of internalization of 14C deltamethrin was significantly slower in a resistant strain than in a susceptible strain. Topical application of an acetone insecticide formulation to circumvent lipid-based uptake barriers decreased the resistance ratio by ∼50%. Cuticle analysis by electron microscopy and characterization of lipid extracts indicated that resistant mosquitoes had a thicker epicuticular layer and a significant increase in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) content (∼29%). However, the CHC profile and relative distribution were similar in resistant and susceptible insects. The cellular localization and in vitro activity of two P450 enzymes, CYP4G16 and CYP4G17, whose genes are frequently overexpressed in resistant Anopheles mosquitoes, were analyzed. These enzymes are potential orthologs of the CYP4G1/2 enzymes that catalyze the final step of CHC biosynthesis in Drosophila and Musca domestica, respectively. Immunostaining indicated that both CYP4G16 and CYP4G17 are highly abundant in oenocytes, the insect cell type thought to secrete hydrocarbons. However, an intriguing difference was indicated; CYP4G17 occurs throughout the cell, as expected for a microsomal P450, but CYP4G16 localizes to the periphery of the cell and lies on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, a unique position for a P450 enzyme. CYP4G16 and CYP4G17 were functionally expressed in insect cells. CYP4G16 produced hydrocarbons from a C18 aldehyde substrate and thus has bona fide decarbonylase activity similar to that of dmCYP4G1/2. The data support the hypothesis that the coevolution of multiple mechanisms, including cuticular barriers, has occurred in highly pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae.

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Poiani, Silvana B., und Carminda da Cruz-Landim. „Comparison and correlation between chemical profiles of cephalic salivary glands and cuticle surface of workers of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, Nr. 7 (Juli 2017): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0102.

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The cuticle surface of insects displays functions in communication, such as recognition. It is known that oenocytes are responsible for the origin of the compounds found in the epicuticle. Secretion of exocrine glands might be added to the original composition during the insect’s life. The aims of the present study were (i) to quantify and to qualify the chemical compounds in cephalic salivary glands (CSG) and cuticle surface of workers of Apis mellifera L., 1758; (ii) to compare chemical profiles of both gland and cuticle; (iii) to verify if the epicuticular and CSG profile compositions allow separation of the workers into phase-related groups. Glands and wings of newly emerged workers, nurses, and foragers were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The results have shown that the main compounds in both were hydrocarbons. The Mantel correspondence analysis showed that there was relatively strong correspondence between CSG and cuticular surface in all groups, mainly nurses and foragers. From a total of 37 detected compounds, 29 were the same in both compartments. The results indicated that the gland secretion might be used to replenish the cuticular compounds. In conclusion, glands and cuticle profiles were phase-related and the CSG may be a potential auxiliary source of cuticular hydrocarbon replenishment in the studied species.

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Li, Li, Yicong Du, Cheng He, Charles R. Dietrich, Jiankun Li, Xiaoli Ma, Rui Wang et al. „Maize glossy6 is involved in cuticular wax deposition and drought tolerance“. Journal of Experimental Botany 70, Nr. 12 (28.03.2019): 3089–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz131.

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Abstract Cuticular waxes, long-chain hydrocarbon compounds, form the outermost layer of plant surfaces in most terrestrial plants. The presence of cuticular waxes protects plants from water loss and other environmental stresses. Cloning and characterization of genes involved in the regulation, biosynthesis, and extracellular transport of cuticular waxes onto the surface of epidermal cells have revealed the molecular basis of cuticular wax accumulation. However, intracellular trafficking of synthesized waxes to the plasma membrane for cellular secretion is poorly understood. Here, we characterized a maize glossy (gl6) mutant that exhibited decreased epicuticular wax load, increased cuticle permeability, and reduced seedling drought tolerance relative to wild-type. We combined an RNA-sequencing-based mapping approach (BSR-Seq) and chromosome walking to identify the gl6 candidate gene, which was confirmed via the analysis of multiple independent mutant alleles. The gl6 gene represents a novel maize glossy gene containing a conserved, but uncharacterized, DUF538 domain. This study suggests that the GL6 protein may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of cuticular waxes, opening the door to elucidating the poorly understood process by which cuticular wax is transported from its site of biosynthesis to the plasma membrane.

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Coyne, Jerry A. „Genetics of Differences in Pheromonal Hydrocarbons Between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans“. Genetics 143, Nr. 1 (01.05.1996): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.1.353.

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Abstract Females of Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species D. simulans have very different cuticular hydrocarbons, with the former bearing predominantly 7,11-heptacosadiene and the latter 7-tricosene. This difference contributes to reproductive isolation between the species. Genetic analysis shows that this difference maps to only the third chromosome, with the other three chromosomes having no apparent effect. The D. simulans alleles on the left arm of chromosome 3 are largely recessive, allowing us to search for the relevant regions using D. melanogaster deficiencies. At least four nonoverlapping regions of this arm have large effects on the hydrocarbon profile, implying that several genes on this arm are responsible for the species difference. Because the right arm of chromosome 3 also affects the hydrocarbon profile, a minimum of five genes appear to be involved. The large effect of the third chromosome on hydrocarbons has also been reported in the hybridization between D. simulans and its closer relative D. sechellia, implying either an evolutionaly convergence or the retention in D. sechllia of an ancestral sexual dimorphism.

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Slone, Jesse D., Gregory M. Pask, Stephen T. Ferguson, Jocelyn G. Millar, Shelley L. Berger, Danny Reinberg, Jürgen Liebig, Anandasankar Ray und Laurence J. Zwiebel. „Functional characterization of odorant receptors in the ponerine ant, Harpegnathos saltator“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, Nr. 32 (10.07.2017): 8586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704647114.

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Animals use a variety of sensory modalities—including visual, acoustic, and chemical—to sense their environment and interact with both conspecifics and other species. Such communication is especially critical in eusocial insects such as honey bees and ants, where cooperation is critical for survival and reproductive success. Various classes of chemoreceptors have been hypothesized to play essential roles in the origin and evolution of eusociality in ants, through their functional roles in pheromone detection that characterizes reproductive status and colony membership. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which chemoreceptors regulate social behaviors, we investigated the roles of a critical class of chemoreceptors, the odorant receptors (ORs), from the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator in detecting cuticular hydrocarbon pheromones. In light of the massive OR expansion in ants (∼400 genes per species), a representative survey based on phylogenetic and transcriptomic criteria was carried out across discrete odorant receptor subfamilies. Responses to several classes of semiochemicals are described, including cuticular hydrocarbons and mandibular gland components that act as H. saltator pheromones, and a range of more traditional general odorants. When viewed through the prism of caste-specific OR enrichment and distinctive OR subfamily odorant response profiles, our findings suggest that whereas individual HsOrs appear to be narrowly tuned, there is no apparent segregation of tuning responses within any discrete HsOr subfamily. Instead, the HsOR gene family as a whole responds to a broad array of compounds, including both cuticular hydrocarbons and general odorants that are likely to mediate distinct behaviors.

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Akino, Toshiharu. „Cuticular hydrocarbons of Formica truncorum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Description of new very long chained hydrocarbon components“. Applied Entomology and Zoology 41, Nr. 4 (2006): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.667.

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Doi, Motomichi, Masatoshi Tomaru, Hiroshi Matsubayashi, Kiyo Yamanoi und Yuzuru Oguma. „Genetic analysis of Drosophila virilis sex pheromone: genetic mapping of the locus producing Z-(ll)-pentacosene“. Genetical Research 68, Nr. 1 (August 1996): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230003384x.

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SummaryZ-(ll)-pentacosene, Drosophila virilis sex pheromone, is predominant among the female cuticular hydrocarbons and can elicit male courtship behaviours. To evaluate the genetic basis of its production, interspecific crosses between D. novamexicana and genetically marked D. virilis were made and hydrocarbon profiles of their backcross progeny were analysed. The production of Z-(ll)-pentacosene was autosomally controlled and was recessive. Of the six D. virilis chromosomes only the second and the third chromosomes showed significant contributions to sex pheromone production, and acted additively. Analysis of recombinant females indicated that the locus on the second chromosome mapped to the proximity of position 2–218.

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MARTIN, STEPHEN J., HEIKKI HELANTERÄ und FALKO P. DRIJFHOUT. „Evolution of species-specific cuticular hydrocarbon patterns in Formica ants“. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95, Nr. 1 (24.09.2008): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01038.x.

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Qiu, Y., C. Tittiger, C. Wicker-Thomas, G. Le Goff, S. Young, E. Wajnberg, T. Fricaux, N. Taquet, G. J. Blomquist und R. Feyereisen. „An insect-specific P450 oxidative decarbonylase for cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, Nr. 37 (27.08.2012): 14858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208650109.

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Khidr, Sahand K., Robert S. T. Linforth und Ian C. W. Hardy. „Genetic and environmental influences on the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles ofGoniozuswasps“. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 147, Nr. 2 (03.04.2013): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12058.

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Estrada-Pe�a, Agustin. „Climate and cuticular hydrocarbon variation inRhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)“. Parasitology Research 79, Nr. 6 (1993): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00931594.

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Kota, Mounica V., Justa L. Heinen‐Kay und Marlene Zuk. „Geographic variation in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in Pacific field crickets“. Ecological Entomology 46, Nr. 5 (29.06.2021): 1118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.13056.

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Papach, Anna, Federico Cappa, Rita Cervo, Leonardo Dapporto, Rammohan Balusu, Geoffrey R. Williams und Peter Neumann. „Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile of Parasitic Beetles, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)“. Insects 12, Nr. 8 (19.08.2021): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080751.

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Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) cover insects’ bodies and play important roles in chemical communication, including nestmate recognition, for social insects. To enter colonies of a social host species, parasites may acquire host-specific CHCs or covertly maintain their own CHC profile by lowering its quantity. However, the chemical profile of small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida, which are parasites of honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies, and other bee nests, is currently unknown. Here, adults of SHB and honey bee host workers were collected from the same field colonies and their CHC profiles were analysed using GC-MS. The chemical profiles of field-sampled SHBs were also compared with those of host-naive beetles reared in the laboratory. Laboratory-reared SHBs differed in their CHC profiles from field-sampled ones, which showed a more similar, but ten-fold lower, generic host CHC profile compared to host workers. While the data confirm colony-specific CHCs of honey bee workers, the profile of field-collected SHBs was not colony-specific. Adult SHBs often commute between different host colonies, thereby possibly preventing the acquisition of a colony-specific CHC profiles. An ester was exclusive to both groups of SHBs and might constitute an intraspecific recognition cue. Our data suggest that SHBs do not use any finely tuned chemical strategy to conceal their presence inside host colonies and instead probably rely on their hard exoskeleton and defence behaviours.

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Milligan, P. J. M., A. Phillips, D. H. Molyneux, S. K. Subbarao und G. B. White. „Differentiation of anopheles culicifacies Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) sibling species by analysis of cuticular components“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, Nr. 3 (September 1986): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015017.

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AbstractCuticular wax was extracted from adult females of Anopheles culicifacies Giles and analysed by gas liquid chromatography. The flies were taken from pure cage stocks of three sibling species: 56 individuals of species A, 43 of species B and 51 of species C. The three cytospecies were found to be significantly different in their cuticular hydrocarbon composition by a multivariate analysis of variance. Using discriminant analysis, each cytospecies was characterized by the amounts of C25-C33 hydrocarbons extracted from the cuticle, allowing criteria to be established for the identification of flies. By these criteria, specimens from stocks of known identity were allocated to the correct group with a high success rate. These results may reflect ecological differences among the sibling species.

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Blomquist, Gary J., und Matthew D. Ginzel. „Chemical Ecology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Insect Hydrocarbons“. Annual Review of Entomology 66, Nr. 1 (07.01.2021): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-031620-071754.

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Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) consist of complex mixtures of straight-chain alkanes and alkenes, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons. In addition to restricting water loss through the cuticle and preventing desiccation, they have secondarily evolved to serve a variety of functions in chemical communication and play critical roles as signals mediating the life histories of insects. In this review, we describe the physical properties of CHCs that allow for both waterproofing and signaling functions, summarize their roles as inter- and intraspecific chemical signals, and discuss the influences of diet and environment on CHC profiles. We also present advances in our understanding of hydrocarbon biosynthesis. Hydrocarbons are biosynthesized in oenocytes and transported to the cuticle by lipophorin proteins. Recent work on the synthesis of fatty acids and their ultimate reductive decarbonylation to hydrocarbons has taken advantage of powerful new tools of molecular biology, including genomics and RNA interference knockdown of specific genes, to provide new insights into the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons.

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