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1
KAKUSHADZE, ZURAB. „ON GAUGE DYNAMICS AND SUSY BREAKING IN ORIENTIWORLD“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 17, Nr. 27 (30.10.2002): 3875–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x02010741.
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In the orientiworld framework the Standard Model fields are localized on D3-branes sitting on top of an orientifold three-plane. The transverse six-dimensional space is a noncompact orbifold (or a more general conifold). The four-dimensional gravity on D3-branes is reproduced due to the four-dimensional Einstein–Hilbert term induced at the quantum level. The orientifold three-plane plays a crucial role, in particular, without it the D3-brane world-volume theories would be conformal due to the tadpole cancellation. We study nonperturbative gauge dynamics in various [Formula: see text] supersymmetric orientiworld models based on the Z3 as well as Z5 and Z7 orbifold groups. Our discussions illustrate that there is a rich variety of supersymmetry preserving dynamics in some of these models. On the other hand, we also find some models with dynamical supersymmetry breaking.
2
Godsave, S. F., B. H. Anderton und C. C. Wylie. „The appearance and distribution of intermediate filament proteins during differentiation of the central nervous system, skin and notochord of Xenopus laevis“. Development 97, Nr. 1 (01.09.1986): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.97.1.201.
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Antibodies against various intermediate filament proteins have been used to follow cell differentiation in the early Xenopus embryo. Three new monoclonal antibodies against Xenopus cytokeratins raised against Triton-insoluble material from tadpoles (RD35/2a, RD35/3a and D3/3a), two antibodies against mammalian cytokeratins (LE65 and LP3K), monoclonal anti-(rat 200K neurofilament protein), rabbit anti-(rat glial filament acidic protein), and rabbit antibodies to hamster and calf vimentin were used. We show that cytokeratins are present in the early central nervous system (CNS) and persist in the ependymal cells of the adult CNS. We also show that the notochord contains cytokeratin. The ontogeny of intermediate filament protein appearance in the CNS, skin and notochord between neural fold stage and swimming tadpole stage are described. These results are discussed in particular with regard to the use of the antibodies as differentiation markers.
3
Bena, Iosif, Callum Brodie und Mariana Graña. „D7 moduli stabilization: the tadpole menace“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 1 (Januar 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep01(2022)138.
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Abstract D7-brane moduli are stabilized by worldvolume fluxes, which contribute to the D3-brane tadpole. We calculate this contribution in the Type IIB limit of F-theory compactifications on Calabi-Yau four-folds with a weak Fano base, and are able to prove a no-go theorem for vast swathes of the landscape of compactifications. When the genus of the curve dual to the D7 worldvolume fluxes is fixed and the number of moduli grows, we find that the D3 charge sourced by the fluxes grows faster than 7/16 of the number of moduli, which supports the Tadpole Conjecture of ref. [1]. Our lower bound for the induced D3 charge decreases when the genus of the curves dual to the stabilizing fluxes increase, and does not allow to rule out a sliver of flux configurations dual to high-genus high-degree curves. However, we argue that most of these fluxes have very high curvature, which is likely to be above the string scale except on extremely large (and experimentally ruled out) compactification manifolds.
4
Crinò, Chiara, Fernando Quevedo, Andreas Schachner und Roberto Valandro. „A database of Calabi-Yau orientifolds and the size of D3-tadpoles“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 8 (03.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep08(2022)050.
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Abstract The classification of 4D reflexive polytopes by Kreuzer and Skarke allows for a systematic construction of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces as fine, regular, star triangulations (FRSTs). Until now, the vastness of this geometric landscape remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we construct Calabi-Yau orientifolds from holomorphic reflection involutions of such hypersurfaces with Hodge numbers h1,1≤ 12. In particular, we compute orientifold configurations for all favourable FRSTs for h1,1≤ 7, while randomly sampling triangulations for each pair of Hodge numbers up to h1,1 = 12. We find explicit string compactifications on these orientifolded Calabi-Yaus for which the D3-charge contribution coming from Op-planes grows linearly with the number of complex structure and Kähler moduli. We further consider non-local D7-tadpole cancellation through Whitney branes. We argue that this leads to a significant enhancement of the total D3-tadpole as compared to conventional SO(8) stacks with (4 + 4) D7-branes on top of O7-planes. In particular, before turning-on worldvolume fluxes, we find that the largest D3-tadpole in this class occurs for Calabi-Yau threefolds with $$ \left({h}_{+}^{1,1},{h}_{-}^{1,2}\right) $$ h + 1 , 1 h − 1 , 2 = (11, 491) with D3-brane charges |QD3| = 504 for the local D7 case and |QD3| = 6, 664 for the non-local Whitney branes case, which appears to be large enough to cancel tadpoles and allow fluxes to stabilise all complex structure moduli. Our data is publicly available under the following link https://github.com/AndreasSchachner/CY_Orientifold_database.
5
Ishiguro, Keiya, und Hajime Otsuka. „Sharpening the boundaries between flux landscape and swampland by tadpole charge“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2021)017.
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Abstract We investigate the vacuum structure of four-dimensional effective theory arising from Type IIB flux compactifications on a mirror of the rigid Calabi-Yau threefold, corresponding to a T-dual of the DeWolfe-Giryavets-Kachru-Taylor model in Type IIA flux compactifications. By analyzing the vacuum structure of this interesting corner of string landscape, it turns out that there exist perturbatively unstable de Sitter (dS) vacua in addition to supersymmetric and non-supersymmetric anti-de Sitter vacua. On the other hand, the stable dS vacua appearing in the low-energy effective action violate the tadpole cancellation condition, indicating a strong correlation between the existence of dS vacua and the flux-induced D3-brane charge (tadpole charge). We also find analytically that the tadpole charge constrained by the tadpole cancellation condition emerges in the scalar potential in a nontrivial way. Thus, the tadpole charge would restrict the existence of stable dS vacua, and this fact underlies the statement of the dS conjecture. Furthermore, our analytical and numerical results exhibit that distributions of $$ \mathcal{O}(1) $$ O 1 parameters in expressions of several swampland conjectures peak at specific values.
6
Gao, Xin, Arthur Hebecker, Simon Schreyer und Gerben Venken. „The LVS parametric tadpole constraint“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 7 (Juli 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep07(2022)056.
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Abstract The large volume scenario (LVS) for de Sitter compactifications of the type IIB string is, at least in principle, well protected from various unknown corrections. The reason is that, by construction, the Calabi-Yau volume is exponentially large. However, as has recently been emphasised, in practice the most explicit models are rather on the border of parametric control. We identify and quantify parametrically what we believe to be the main issue behind this difficulty. Namely, a large volume implies a shallow AdS minimum and hence a small uplift. The latter, if it relies on an anti-D3 in a throat, requires a large negative tadpole. As our main result, we provide a simple and explicit formula for what this tadpole has to be in order to control the most dangerous corrections. The fundamental ingredients are parameters specifying the desired quality of control. We comment on the interplay between our constraint and the tadpole conjecture. We also discuss directions for future work which could lead to LVS constructions satisfying the tadpole constraint with better control, as well as further challenges that may exist for the LVS. Our formula then represents a very concrete challenge for future searches for and the understanding of relevant geometries.
7
Junghans, Daniel. „Topological constraints in the LARGE-volume scenario“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 8 (23.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep08(2022)226.
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Abstract We elaborate on recent results regarding the self-consistency of de Sitter vacua in the LARGE-volume scenario of type IIB string theory. In particular, we analyze to what extent the control over warping, curvature and gs corrections depends on the topology and the orientifold/brane data of a compactification. We compute a general bound on the magnitude of these corrections which strongly constrains the D3 tadpole. The minimally required tadpole ranges from $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (500) to $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (106) or more and depends strongly on other data, in particular on the Euler number of the Calabi-Yau 3-fold, the triple-self-intersection and Euler numbers of the small divisor and the coefficient as appearing in the non-perturbative superpotential. We give arguments suggesting that satisfying these constraints is very challenging and perhaps impossible.
8
Bento, Bruno Valeixo, Dibya Chakraborty, Susha Parameswaran und Ivonne Zavala. „A new de Sitter solution with a weakly warped deformed conifold“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2021)124.
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Abstract We revisit moduli stabilisation for type IIB flux compactifications that include a warped throat region corresponding to a warped deformed conifold, with an anti-D3-brane sitting at its tip. The warping induces a coupling between the conifold’s deformation modulus and the bulk volume modulus in the Kähler potential. Previous works have studied the scalar potential assuming a strong warping such that this coupling term dominates, and found that the anti-D3-brane uplift may destabilise the conifold modulus and/or volume modulus, unless flux numbers within the throat are large, which makes tadpole cancellation a challenge. We explore the regime of parameter space corresponding to a weakly-but-still warped throat, such that the coupling between the conifold and volume moduli is subdominant. We thus discover a new metastable de Sitter solution within the four-dimensional effective field theory. We discuss the position of this de Sitter vacuum in the string theory landscape and swampland.
9
AbdusSalam, Shehu, Chiara Crinò und Pramod Shukla. „On K3-fibred LARGE Volume Scenario with de Sitter vacua from anti-D3-branes“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2023, Nr. 3 (17.03.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep03(2023)132.
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Abstract In the context of type IIB superstring compactifications on K3-fibred (weak) Swiss-cheese Calabi Yau (CY) orientifolds, we consider the realisation of de Sitter vacua obtained through the introduction of an $$ \overline{D3} $$ D 3 ¯ -brane at the tip of a highly warped throat of Klebanov-Strassler type. Aiming to have a concrete global realisation, we perform a systematic search for the CY threefolds with 2 < h1,1< 5 arising from the Kreuzer-Skarke database, which satisfy the minimal requirements of being K3-fibred and suitable for moduli stabilisation within the LARGE Volume Scenario (LVS). In this context, after scanning the set of K3-fibred CY threefolds with a so-called diagonal del-Pezzo divisor needed for LVS, we realise that one of the main challenging requirements for having $$ \overline{D3} $$ D 3 ¯ -brane uplifting is to find a suitable orientifold involution which can simultaneously result in a sufficient large D3 tadpole charge along with the presence of suitable O3-planes. In our detailed analysis (limited to) using the CY threefolds with small h1,1, we observe that these topological requirements rule out most of the CY geometries leading to only few possibly suitable candidates for the purpose of $$ \overline{D3} $$ D 3 ¯ -brane uplifting. Subsequently, we present a global model using one such explicit K3-fibred CY threefold with h1,1 = 4 in which all the moduli can be consistently stabilised in a de Sitter minimum of the scalar potential.
10
Hebecker, Arthur, Simon Schreyer und Gerben Venken. „Curvature corrections to KPV: do we need deep throats?“ Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 10 (26.10.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep10(2022)166.
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Abstract We consider α′2 curvature corrections to the action of an NS5-brane which plays the key role in the metastability analysis of warped anti-D3-brane uplifts by Kachru, Pearson and Verlinde (KPV). Such corrections can dramatically alter the KPV analysis. We find that for the α′2-corrections to be sufficiently small to recover essentially the leading-order KPV potential one needs a surprisingly large S3 radius, corresponding to gsM > 20. In the context of the Large Volume Scenario (LVS) this implies a D3-tadpole of at least (103–104). However, large α′2-corrections do not necessarily spoil the uplift in KPV. Rather, as the curvature corrections lower the tension of the brane, a novel uplifting mechanism suggests itself where the smallness of the uplift is achieved by a tuning of curvature corrections. A key underlying assumption is the existence of a dense discretuum of gs. This new mechanism does not require a deep warped throat, thereby sidestepping the main difficulty in uplifting KKLT and LVS. However, all of the above has to be treated as a preliminary exploration of possibilities since, at the moment, not all relevant corrections at the order α′2 are known.
11
Cicoli, M., I. García Etxebarria, F. Quevedo, A. Schachner, P. Shukla und R. Valandro. „The Standard Model quiver in de Sitter string compactifications“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, Nr. 8 (August 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep08(2021)109.
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Abstract We argue that the Standard Model quiver can be embedded into compact Calabi-Yau geometries through orientifolded D3-branes at del Pezzo singularities dPn with n ≥ 5 in a framework including moduli stabilisation. To illustrate our approach, we explicitly construct a local dP5 model via a combination of Higgsing and orientifolding. This procedure reduces the original dP5 quiver gauge theory to the Left-Right symmetric model with three families of quarks and leptons as well as a Higgs sector to further break the symmetries to the Standard Model gauge group. We embed this local model in a globally consistent Calabi-Yau flux compactification with tadpole and Freed-Witten anomaly cancellations. The model features closed string moduli stabilisation with a de Sitter minimum from T-branes, supersymmetry broken by the Kähler moduli, and the MSSM as the low energy spectrum. We further discuss phenomenological and cosmological implications of this construction.
12
Crinò, Chiara, Fernando Quevedo und Roberto Valandro. „On de Sitter string vacua from anti-d3-branes in the large volume scenario“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, Nr. 3 (März 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep03(2021)258.
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Abstract We consider de Sitter vacua realised in concrete type IIB Calabi-Yau compactifications with an anti D3-brane at the tip of a warped throat of Klebanov-Strassler type. The Kähler moduli are stabilised together with the complex structure modulus of the warped throat. The volume is exponentially large as in the large volume scenario (LVS). We analyse the conditions on the parameters of the EFT such that they are in the region of validity of our approximations, there are no runaway problems and the vacua satisfy all consistency constraints, such as tadpole cancellation. We illustrate our results with an explicit Calabi-Yau orientifold with two Kähler moduli and one antibrane on top of an O3-plane in a warped throat, that has the goldstino as its only massless state. The moduli are stabilised with gs∼ 0.2 and volume $$ \mathcal{V} $$ V ∼ 104 in string units, justifying the approximation used to derive the corresponding EFT. Although the model lacks chiral matter, it is presented as a proof of concept, chosen to be the simplest realisation of antibrane uplift.
13
Shukla, Pramod. „Classifying divisor topologies for string phenomenology“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 12 (09.12.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2022)055.
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Abstract In this article we present a pheno-inspired classification for the divisor topologies of the favorable Calabi Yau (CY) threefolds with 1 ≤ h1,1(CY) ≤ 5 arising from the four-dimensional reflexive polytopes of the Kreuzer-Skarke database. Based on some empirical observations we conjecture that the topologies of the so-called coordinate divisors can be classified into two categories: (i). χh (D) ≥ 1 with Hodge numbers given by {h0,0 = 1, h1,0 = 0, h2,0 = χh (D) − 1, h1,1 = χ(D) − 2χh (D)} and (ii). χh (D) ≤ 1 with Hodge numbers given by {h0,0 = 1, h1,0 = 1 −χh (D), h2,0 = 0, h1,1 = χ(D) + 2 − 4χh (D)}, where χh (D) denotes the Arithmetic genus while χ(D) denotes the Euler characteristic of the divisor D. We present the Hodge numbers of around 140000 coordinate divisors corresponding to all the CY threefolds with 1 ≤ h1,1(CY) ≤ 5 which corresponds to a total of nearly 16000 distinct CY geometries. Subsequently we argue that our conjecture can help in “bypassing” the need of cohomCalg for computing Hodge numbers of coordinate divisors, and hence can be significantly useful for studying the divisor topologies of CY threefolds with higher h1,1 for which cohomCalg gets too slow and sometimes even breaks as well. We also demonstrate how these scanning results can be directly used for phenomenological model building, e.g. in estimating the D3-brane tadpole charge (under reflection involutions) which is a central ingredient for constructing explicit global models due to several different reasons/interests such as the de-Sitter uplifting through anti-D3 brane and (flat) flux vacua searches.
14
Bastian, Brice, Thomas W. Grimm und Damian van de Heisteeg. „Engineering small flux superpotentials and mass hierarchies“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2023, Nr. 2 (14.02.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep02(2023)149.
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Abstract We study the stabilization of complex structure moduli in Type IIB flux compactifications by using recent general results about the form of the superpotential and Kähler potential near the boundaries of the moduli space. In this process we show how vacua with an exponentially small vacuum superpotential can be realized systematically and understood conceptually within asymptotic Hodge theory. We distinguish two types of vacua realizing such superpotentials that differ by the mass scales of the stabilized moduli. Masses polynomially depending on the moduli arise if the superpotential contains exponential corrections whose existence is required to ensure the non-degeneracy of the moduli space metric. We use the fact that such essential corrections are controlled by asymptotic Hodge theory and have recently been constructed for all one- and two-moduli asymptotic regimes. These insights allow us to obtain new vacua near boundaries in complex structure moduli space that include Seiberg-Witten points. In these examples we find that the scale of the vacuum superpotential can be bounded from below through the exponential of the negative D3-brane tadpole.
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Maccaferri, Carlo, und Jakub Vošmera. „Closed string deformations in open string field theory. Part III. $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 worldsheet localization“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, Nr. 9 (September 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep09(2021)049.
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Abstract In this paper, which is the last of a series including [1, 2] we first verify that the two open-closed effective potentials derived in the previous paper from the WZW theory in the large Hilbert space and the A∞ theory in the small Hilbert space have the same vacuum structure. In particular, we show that mass-term deformations given by the effective (open)2-closed couplings are the same, provided the effective tadpole is vanishing to first order in the closed string deformation. We show that this condition is always realized when the worldsheet BCFT enjoys a global $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 superconformal symmetry and the deforming closed string belongs to the chiral ring in both the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic sector. In this case it is possible to explicitly evaluate the mass deformation by localizing the SFT Feynman diagrams to the boundary of world-sheet moduli space, reducing the amplitude to a simple open string two-point function. As a non-trivial check of our construction we couple a constant Kalb-Ramond closed string state to the OSFT on the D3–D(−1) system and we show that half of the bosonic blowing-up moduli become tachyonic, making the system condense to a bound state whose binding energy we compute exactly to second order in the closed string deformation, finding agreement with the literature.
16
Carta, Federico, Alessandro Mininno und Pramod Shukla. „Systematics of perturbatively flat flux vacua“. Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, Nr. 2 (Februar 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep02(2022)205.
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Abstract In this article, we present a systematic analysis of the so-called perturbatively flat flux vacua (PFFV) for the mirror Calabi-Yau (CY) 3-folds ($$ {\overset{\sim }{X}}_3 $$ X ~ 3 ) with h1,1($$ {\overset{\sim }{X}}_3 $$ X ~ 3 ) = 2 arising from the Kreuzer-Skarke database of the four-dimensional reflexive polytopes. We consider the divisor topologies of the CY 3-folds for classifying the subsequent models into three categories; (i) models with the so-called Swiss-cheese structure, (ii) models with the K3-fibered structure, and (iii) the remaining ones which we call as models of “Hybrid type”. In our detailed analysis of PFFV we find that for a given fixed value of the D3 tadpole charge Nflux, the K3-fibered mirror CY 3-folds have significantly larger number of such PFFV as compared to those which have Swiss-cheese structure, while the Hybrid type models have a mixed behavior. We also compute the Gopakumar-Vafa invariants necessary for fixing the flat valley in the weak string-coupling and large complex-structure regime by using the non-perturbative effects, which subsequently reduce the number of physically trustworthy vacua quite significantly. Moreover, we find that there are some examples in which the PFFV are protected even at the leading orders of the non-perturbative effects due to the some underlying symmetry in the CY geometry, which we call as “Exponentially flat flux vacua”. We also present a new class of PFFV using the S-duality arguments.