Zeitschriftenartikel: „Deoxynivalenol“

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Xu, Hua, Bidong Wu, Lei Guo, Jia Chen, Nini Lin, Lingling Qin und Jianwei Xie. „Preparation of deoxynivalenol and mask deoxynivalenol“. Toxicon 158 (Februar 2019): S65—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.224.

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Vidal, Arnau, Nabila Bouzaghnane, Sarah De Saeger und Marthe De Boevre. „Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol“. Toxins 12, Nr. 2 (24.02.2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020139.

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Deoxynivalenol is one of the most ubiquitous mycotoxins in the Western diet through its presence in cereals and cereal products. A vast amount of studies indicate the worrying level of exposure to this toxin, while even high percentages of the population exceed the tolerable daily intake. To evaluate and assess dietary exposure, analysis of urinary levels of deoxynivalenol and its glucuronides has been proposed as a reliable methodology. An indirect preliminary method was used based on the cleavage of deoxynivalenol glucuronides through the use of enzymes (β-glucuronidase) and subsequent determination of "total deoxynivalenol" (sum of free and released mycotoxins by hydrolysis). Next, a direct procedure for quantification of deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was developed. As deoxynivalenol glucuronides reference standards are not commercially available, the indirect method is widely applied. However, to not underestimate the total deoxynivalenol exposure in urine, the direct and indirect methodologies need to be compared. Urinary samples (n = 96) with a confirmed presence of deoxynivalenol and/or deoxynivalenol glucuronides were analysed using both approaches. The indirect method clarified that not all deoxynivalenol glucuronides were transformed to free deoxynivalenol during enzymatic treatment, causing an underestimation of total deoxynivalenol. This short communication concludes on the application of direct or indirect assessment of urinary deoxynivalenol.

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Curtui, V., C. Seidler, E. Schneider und E. Usleber. „Bestimmung von Deoxynivalenol und Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol in Milch“. Mycotoxin Research 21, Nr. 1 (März 2005): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02954814.

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HUFF, WILLIAM E., und WINSTON M. HAGLER. „Density Segregation of Corn and Wheat Naturally Contaminated with Aflatoxin, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone“. Journal of Food Protection 48, Nr. 5 (01.05.1985): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.5.416.

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Density segregation was used to reduce mycotoxin levels of corn samples naturally contaminated with aflatoxin or deoxynivalenol, and wheat samples naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol or zearalenone. Corn kernels which were buoyant in saturated sodium chloride represented 3% of the total sample, yet contained 74% of the aflatoxin. Corn buoyant in water contained 51 and 14% of the total deoxynivalenol present in two naturally contaminated corn samples. Subsequent segregation of corn non-buoyant in water with 30% sucrose removed additional deoxynivalenol-contaminated kernels, resulting in the combined removal of 59 and 79% of the deoxynivalenol. Removal of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn kernels with both water and 30% sucrose reduced the concentration of deoxynivalenol by 53 and 77%. Removing wheat buoyant in water and 30% sucrose decreased the deoxynivalenol present by 96 and 68%, and reduced the deoxynivalenol concentration by 96 and 67%. Removing wheat naturally contaminated with zearalenone buoyant in water and 30% sucrose combined resulted in no detectable zearalenone remaining in the non-buoyant fraction of the samples.

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Simsek, Senay, Kimberly Burgess, Kristin L. Whitney, Yan Gu und Steven Y. Qian. „Analysis of Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in wheat“. Food Control 26, Nr. 2 (August 2012): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.056.

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Faixová, Z., Š. Faix, R. Bořutová und Ľ. Leng. „Efficacy of Dietary Selenium to Counteract Toxicity of Deoxynivalenol in Growing Broiler Chickens“. Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, Nr. 3 (2007): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200776030349.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of deoxynivalenol on plasma indicators and efficacy of dietary selenium to counteract toxicity of deoxynivalenol in growing broiler chicks. Three groups of broilers were formed with 14 birds in each group. Three diets included control (0.2 ppm deoxynivalenol, 0.4 mg selenium/kg diet), deoxynivalenol-contaminated (3 ppm deoxynivalenol, 0.4 mg selenium/kg diet) and deoxynivalenol-contaminated (3 ppm deoxynivalenol) plus selenium-enriched yeast (1.4 mg selenium/kg diet). After 6 weeks of feeding all birds were sacrifi ced and blood samples for chemical analyses were collected. Plasma calcium, chloride and alanine aminotransferase activity were signifi cantly elevated and magnesium, total proteins, triglycerides and free glycerol were decreased in chicks fed deoxynivalenol-contaminated diet compared with those fed the control diet. Supplementation of selenium-enriched yeast to the diet reversed plasma levels of calcium, magnesium and alanine aminotransferase activity in chicks induced by dietary deoxynivalenol. Phosphorus, albumin and cholesterol levels and alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not affected by diets. The inclusion of selenium to DON-contaminated diet, however, did not completely alleviate toxic effect on protein and lipid metabolism by the liver. Supplementation of selenium-enriched yeast product counteracted most of the plasma indicator alterations caused by deoxynivalenol-contaminated diet in chicks.

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Dall'Asta, C., A. Dall'Erta, P. Mantovani, A. Massi und G. Galaverna. „Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat“. World Mycotoxin Journal 6, Nr. 1 (01.02.2013): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2012.1463.

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The occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat samples (n=150; 25 lines × 2 reps × 3 environments) collected in 2010 from 3 areas located in north-central Italy was evaluated. In addition, the co-occurrence of other trichothecenes was considered. An optimised extraction method based on the use of salts followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used for the quantification of the mycotoxins. All samples were found positive for deoxynivalenol at concentrations ranging between 47 and 3,715 μg/kg. A ubiquitous occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was found; 85% of the analysed samples contained this masked mycotoxin at concentrations varying between 46 and 842 μg/kg. In addition to glycosylated deoxynivalenol, acetylated forms of deoxynivalenol (3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) were also found in most of the durum wheat samples. The deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside/deoxynivalenol ratio, reaching up to 30% in many samples, was similar to that already found in other cereals such as soft wheat and barley. These data open the way for further investigations on the role of glycosylating activity as a possible Fusarium head blight-resistance mechanism in durum wheat, as already proved in the case of soft wheat.

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Scarpino, Valentina, und Massimo Blandino. „Effects of Durum Wheat Cultivars with Different Degrees of FHB Susceptibility Grown under Different Meteorological Conditions on the Contamination of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins“. Microorganisms 9, Nr. 2 (16.02.2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020408.

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The enhancement of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance is one of the best options to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat. This study has aimed to verify that the genotypes with high tolerance to deoxynivalenol could guarantee an overall minimization of the sanitary risk, by evaluating the contamination of regulated, modified and emerging mycotoxins on durum wheat cvs with different degrees of FHB susceptibility, grown under different meteorological conditions, in 8 growing seasons in North-West Italy. The years which were characterized by frequent and heavy rainfall in spring were also those with the highest contamination of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, moniliformin, and enniatins. The most FHB resistant genotypes resulted in the lowest contamination of all the mycotoxins but showed the highest deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside/deoxynivalenol ratio and moniliformin/deoxynivalenol ratio. An inverse relationship between the amount of deoxynivalenol and the deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside/deoxynivalenol ratio was recorded for all the cvs and all the years. Conversely, the enniatins/deoxynivalenol ratio had a less intense relationship with cv tolerance to FHB. In conclusion, even though the more tolerant cvs, showed higher relative relationships between modified/emerging mycotoxins and native/target mycotoxins than the susceptible ones, they showed lower absolute levels of contamination of both emerging and modified mycotoxins.

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Curtui, V., A. Brockmeyer, R. Dietrich, O. Kappenstein, H. Klaffke, J. Lepschy, E. Märtlbauer et al. „Deoxynivalenol in Lebensmitteln“. Mycotoxin Research 21, Nr. 2 (Juni 2005): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02954424.

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Gagiu, Valeria, Elena Mateescu, Alina Alexandra Dobre, Irina Smeu, Mirela Elena Cucu, Oana Alexandra Oprea, Daniel Alexandru, Enuța Iorga und Nastasia Belc. „Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012–2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events“. Toxins 13, Nr. 7 (29.06.2021): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070456.

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This article aims to evaluate deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale crops in Romania in years with extreme weather events (2012: Siberian anticyclone with cold waves and heavy snowfall; 2013 and 2014: “Vb” cyclones with heavy precipitation and floods in spring). The deoxynivalenol level in triticale samples (N = 236) was quantified by ELISA. In Romania, the extreme weather events favoured deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale in Transylvania and the southern hilly area (44–47° N, 22–25° E) with a humid/balanced-humid temperate continental climate, luvisols and high/very high risk of floods. Maximum deoxynivalenol contamination was lower in the other regions, although heavy precipitation in May–July 2014 was higher, with chernozems having higher aridity. Multivariate analysis of the factors influencing deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale showed at least a significant correlation for all components of variation source (agricultural year, agricultural region, average of deoxynivalenol, average air temperature, cumulative precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity indices) (p-value < 0.05). The spatial and geographic distribution of deoxynivalenol in cereals in the countries affected by the 2012–2014 extreme weather events revealed a higher contamination in Central Europe compared to southeastern and eastern Europe. Deoxynivalenol occurrence in cereals was favoured by local and regional agroclimatic factors and was amplified by extreme weather events.

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Maragos, Chris M., und Susan P. McCormick. „Monoclonal Antibodies for the Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol“. Food and Agricultural Immunology 12, Nr. 3 (September 2000): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540100050140722.

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Varga, Elisabeth, Alexandra Malachova, Heidi Schwartz, Rudolf Krska und Franz Berthiller. „Survey of deoxynivalenol and its conjugates deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in 374 beer samples“. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.726745.

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Gratz, Silvia W., Gary Duncan und Anthony J. Richardson. „The Human Fecal Microbiota Metabolizes Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and May Be Responsible for Urinary Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, Nr. 6 (11.01.2013): 1821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02987-12.

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ABSTRACTDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin produced byFusariummolds and affects intestinal nutrient absorption and barrier function in experimental and farm animals. Free DON and the plant metabolite DON-3-β-d-glucoside (D3G) are frequently found in wheat and maize. D3G is stable in the upper human gut, but some human intestinal bacteria release DON from D3Gin vitro. Furthermore, some bacteria derived from animal digestive systems degrade DON to a less toxic metabolite, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). The metabolism of D3G and DON by the human microbiota has not been fully assessed. We therefore conductedin vitrobatch culture experiments assessing the activity of the human fecal microbiota to release DON from D3G. We also studied detoxification of DON to DOM-1 by the microbiota and its potential effect on urinary DON excretion in humans. Fecal slurry from five volunteers was spiked with DON or D3G and incubated anaerobically (from 1 h to 7 days), and mycotoxins were extracted into acetonitrile. Mycotoxins were detected in fecal extracts and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal microbiota released DON from D3G very efficiently, with hydrolysis peaking after 4 to 6 h. The fecal microbiota from one volunteer transformed DON to DOM-1. Urine from the same volunteer also contained DOM-1 (4.7% of DON), whereas DOM-1 was not detectable in urine from other volunteers. Our results confirm that the fecal microbiota releases DON from its glycosylated form, hence increasing the toxic burden in exposed individuals. Furthermore, this is first evidence that the human fecal microbiota of one volunteer detoxifies DON, resulting in the appearance of DOM-1 in urine.

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Perkowski, J., RD Plattner, P. Goliński, RF Vesonder und J. Chelkowski. „Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4,7-dideoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in polish wheat“. Mycotoxin Research 6, Nr. 1 (März 1990): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03192133.

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Kullik, K., B. Brosig, S. Kersten, H. Valenta, A. K. Diesing, P. Panther, N. Reinhardt et al. „Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on tissue protein synthesis in pigs“. World Mycotoxin Journal 6, Nr. 2 (01.05.2013): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2012.1507.

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Possible interactions between the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on in vivo protein synthesis were investigated in selected porcine tissues. A total of 36 male castrated pigs (initial weight of 26 kg) were used. 24 pigs were fed a control diet and 12 a Fusarium-contaminated diet (chronic oral deoxynivalenol, 3.1 mg/kg diet) for 37 days. Tissue protein synthesis was measured in pigs fed control diet after intravenous infusion of deoxynivalenol (100 µg/kg live weight/h), lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h) or a combination of both compounds on the day of the measurements, while six pigs from the chronic oral deoxynivalenol group were intravenously treated with lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h). Deoxynivalenol challenge alone failed to alter protein synthesis parameters. Fractional protein synthesis rates were exclusively reduced in liver, spleen and small intestine of lipopolysaccharides-treated pigs. Intravenous deoxynivalenol co-exposure enhanced the impacts of lipopolysaccharides on protein synthesis parameters in the spleen and the small intestine to some extent, while a chronic oral pre-exposure with deoxynivalenol relieved its effects in the spleen. Whether these interactions occur in other tissues and under other study conditions, especially toxin doses and route of entry into the body, needs to be examined further.

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Turner, Paul C., Kay L. M. White, Victoria J. Burley, Richard P. Hopton, Anita Rajendram, Julie Fisher, Janet E. Cade und Christopher P. Wild. „A comparison of deoxynivalenol intake and urinary deoxynivalenol in UK adults“. Biomarkers 15, Nr. 6 (24.06.2010): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1354750x.2010.495787.

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O'neill, K., A. P. Damoglou und M. F. Patterson. „The stability of deoxynivalenol and 3‐acetyI deoxynivalenol to gamma irradiation“. Food Additives and Contaminants 10, Nr. 2 (März 1993): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039309374143.

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Pascari, Xenia, Sonia Gil-Samarra, Sonia Marín, Antonio J. Ramos und Vicente Sanchis. „Fate of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside during malting process“. LWT 99 (Januar 2019): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.030.

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Wu, Xianai, Patricia Murphy, Joan Cunnick und Suzanne Hendrich. „Synthesis and characterization of deoxynivalenol glucuronide: Its comparative immunotoxicity with deoxynivalenol“. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2007): 1846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.03.018.

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Panisson, Josiane C., Michael O. Wellington, Michael A. Bosompem, Veronika Nagl, Heidi E. Schwartz-Zimmermann und Daniel A. Columbus. „Urinary and Serum Concentration of Deoxynivalenol (DON) and DON Metabolites as an Indicator of DON Contamination in Swine Diets“. Toxins 15, Nr. 2 (02.02.2023): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020120.

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Pig health is impaired and growth performance is reduced when exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON). The measurement of DON in individual feedstuffs and complete swine diets is variable because of the inconsistent distribution of mycotoxins in feed and the difficulties in obtaining representative samples. We investigated whether measuring DON and its metabolites in biological samples could be used as a predictor of DON ingestion by pigs. Blood samples were collected between 3 and 4 h after the morning meal and urine samples were quantitatively collected over a 24 h period on d 40 and 82 of the study to evaluate serum and urinary content of DON and DON metabolites (iso-deoxynivalenol, DON-3-glucuronide, DON-15-glcurunide, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, iso-deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide, and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide). The intake of DON was positively correlated with urinary DON output. Similarly, there was an increase in serum DON level with increasing DON intake. Overall, it was found that DON intake correlated with DON concentration in urine and blood serum when samples were collected under controlled conditions. Analyzing DON levels in urine and blood serum could be used to predict a pig’s DON intake.

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Bracarense, Ana Paula F. L., Alix Pierron, Philippe Pinton, Juliana R. Gerez, Gerd Schatzmayr, Wulf-Dieter Moll, Ting Zhou und Isabelle P. Oswald. „Reduced toxicity of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol through deoxynivalenol bacterial biotransformation: In vivo analysis in piglets“. Food and Chemical Toxicology 140 (Juni 2020): 111241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111241.

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Juan-García, Ana, Cristina Juan, Josefa Tolosa und María-José Ruiz. „Effects of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on parameters associated with oxidative stress in HepG2 cells“. Mycotoxin Research 35, Nr. 2 (26.02.2019): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00344-0.

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Shanakhat, Hina, Susan P. McCormick, Mark Busman, Joseph O. Rich und Matthew G. Bakker. „Modification of Deoxynivalenol by a Fungal Laccase Paired with Redox Mediator TEMPO“. Toxins 14, Nr. 8 (11.08.2022): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080548.

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Mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol introduce a health risk to the food supply and are costly to manage or avoid. Technologies for reducing or eliminating the toxicity of deoxynivalenol could be useful in a variety of processes, such as in preserving the value as animal feed of byproducts of ethanol production. We characterized transformation products of deoxynivalenol that were formed by the combination of a fungal laccase paired with the chemical mediator 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO), using chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alcohol groups at the C3 and C15 positions of deoxynivalenol were oxidized to ketones, and the chemical mediator became covalently linked to the C4 position. Conditions experienced during gas chromatography led to the dissociation of TEMPO, forming 3,15-diketodeoxynivalenol. Understanding the range of possible modifications to deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes is a necessary step toward effective remediation of contaminated grain.

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Sanders, M., S. Landschoot, K. Audenaert, G. Haesaert, M. Eeckhout und S. De Saeger. „Deoxynivalenol content in wheat dust versus wheat grain: a comparative study“. World Mycotoxin Journal 7, Nr. 3 (01.01.2014): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1700.

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The present study, set up in the growing season 2011-2012, was designed to obtain quantitative data on the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat grain and the corresponding wheat dust. The field experiment consisted of a complete randomised block design with five wheat varieties sown on a field on which maize was grown in the previous season. The impact of the tillage method and the influence of the wheat variety resistance on the deoxynivalenol content of wheat and wheat dust were investigated. The accumulation of deoxynivalenol in wheat dust was confirmed and a sigmoidal relationship between the deoxynivalenol content in wheat dust versus wheat grain was determined. Deoxynivalenol reduction was obtained by ploughing and by sowing moderately resistant wheat varieties. As wheat dust provides equal results and solves the problem of heterogeneity during sampling of conventional wheat matrix, the sampling of wheat dust can be considered as a promising alternative.

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Bakan, B., C. Giraud-Delville, L. Pinson, D. Richard-Molard, E. Fournier und Y. Brygoo. „Identification by PCR of Fusarium culmorum Strains Producing Large and Small Amounts of Deoxynivalenol“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, Nr. 11 (November 2002): 5472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.11.5472-5479.2002.

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ABSTRACT Thirty deoxynivalenol-producing F. culmorum strains, isolated from wheat grains, were incubated in vitro and analyzed for trichothecene production. Seventeen strains produced more than 1 ppm of deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol and were considered high-deoxynivalenol-producing strains, whereas 13 F. culmorum strains produced less than 0.07 ppm of trichothecenes and were considered low-deoxynivalenol-producing strains. For all strains, a 550-base portion of the trichodiene synthase gene (tri5) was amplified and sequenced. According to the tri5 data, the F. culmorum strains tested clustered into two groups that correlated with in vitro deoxynivalenol production. For three high-producing and three low-producing F. culmorum strains, the tri5-tri6 intergenic region was then sequenced, which confirmed the two separate clusters within the F. culmorum strains. According to the tri5-tri6 sequence data, specific PCR primers were designed to allow differentiation of high-producing from low-producing F. culmorum strains.

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HART, L. P., H. CASPER, O. SCHABENBERGER und P. NG. „Comparison of Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Deoxynivalenol in Milled Fractions of Naturally Contaminated Wheat“. Journal of Food Protection 61, Nr. 12 (01.12.1998): 1695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1695.

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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for deoxynivalenol was compared with a gas chromatography–electron capture assay to determine deoxynivalenol levels in milled fractions of wheat. The milling provided eight fractions: first, second, and third break flours; first, second, and third reduction flours; brans; and shorts. The difference between levels of deoxynivalenol quantitated by ELISA or gas chromatography did not depend significantly on the wheat samples or milled wheat fractions. For none of the fractions or samples did the differences differ significantly (P = 0.05) from zero. Based on these comparative tests, EUSAs for deoxynivalenol in milled wheat fractions should provide reliable results rapidly and economically in a commercial setting.

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Holanda, Debora Muratori, und Sung Woo Kim. „Efficacy of Mycotoxin Detoxifiers on Health and Growth of Newly-Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenge of Deoxynivalenol“. Toxins 12, Nr. 5 (09.05.2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050311.

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The efficacy of yeast-based mycotoxin detoxifiers on health and growth performance of newly-weaned pigs (27-d-old) fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol was investigated. Sixty pigs were individually assigned to five treatments for 34 d: NC (negative control, 1.2 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol); PC (positive control, 3.2 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol); CYC (PC + clay/yeast culture-based product, 0.2%); CYE (PC + clay/yeast cell wall/plant extracts/antioxidants-based product, 0.2%); and CYB (PC + clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants-based product, 0.2%). Blood and jejunal mucosa were sampled, and data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pre-planned contrasts. Deoxynivalenol reduced the average daily gain (ADG) in phase 3. Pigs fed CYC had greater overall ADG, average daily feed intake during phase 3, and gain to feed ratio during phase 2 than PC. At d 14, deoxynivalenol reduced blood urea nitrogen/creatinine and tended to reduce blood urea nitrogen. Pigs fed CYB tended to have greater aspartate aminotransferase than PC. At d 34, pigs fed CYC and CYB tended to have lower serum creatine phosphokinase than PC. Pigs fed CYE had lower blood urea nitrogen/creatinine than PC. In jejunal mucosa, deoxynivalenol tended to increase malondialdehydes and decrease glutathione. Pigs fed CYE and CYB had lower malondialdehydes, pigs fed CYB had greater glutathione and tended to have lower immunoglobulin A than PC. Pigs fed CYC and CYE tended to have lower interleukin 8 than PC. In summary, deoxynivalenol challenge (1.2 vs. 3.2 mg/kg) mildly compromised growth performance and increased the oxidative stress of pigs. Mycotoxin detoxifiers could partially overcome deoxynivalenol toxicity enhancing liver health, whereas CYE and CYB reduced oxidative stress, and CYC and CYB reduced immune activation. In conclusion, yeast-based detoxifiers with functional components as clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants had increased detoxifying properties in newly-weaned pigs challenged with deoxynivalenol, potentially by enhancing adsorbability, immune function, gut health, and reducing oxidative stress.

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Revajová, Viera, Zuzana Slaminková, Ľubomíra Grešáková und Mikuláš Levkut. „Duodenal morphology and immune responses of broiler chickens fed low doses of deoxynivalenol“. Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, Nr. 3 (2013): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382030337.

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Morphometry and flow cytometry for intraepithelial lymphocyte phenotyping were used to determine the changes in duodenal mucosae after administration of low doses of deoxynivalenol in chickens. Moreover, functions of phagocytes and immunocompetent cells in peripheral blood were evaluated by flow cytometry. In total, sixty chickens of Ross hybrid broilers 308 were used in this experiment. Two experimental groups of 20 birds were continually fed for 14 days a diet containing deoxynivalenol at a dose of 1 and 3 mg·kg-1; 20 birds of the control group were fed uncontaminated diet. Morphometry showed only tendency to decrease the height of villi and surface area of duodenal mucosae in chickens fed the diet supplemented with 3 mg·kg-1 deoxynivalenol. Phenotyping of intraepithelial lymphocytes showed a decrease of CD45+ (P < 0.034) in duodenum of birds fed diets supplemented with deoxynivalenol. Examination of white blood cells showed a decrease of monocytes (P < 0.020) in chickens fed 3 mg·kg-1 of deoxynivalenol. Both experimental groups revealed higher metabolic burst of peripheral blood heterophils (P < 0.001). Phenotyping of immunocompetent cells showed an increase (P < 0.003) of CD3+ and a decrease (P < 0.001) of MHC II+ cells in peripheral blood of chickens fed with 3 mg·kg-1 dose of deoxynivalenol. The experimental feeding of chickens with deoxynivalenol resulted in immunomodulation of immunocompetent cells in duodenum and blood with mild atrophy of intestinal villi, mainly after the feeding of the dose of 3 mg·kg-1. We proved that even low doses of deoxynivalenol can cause changes in haemathological, immunological and morphological profiles already during two weeks, and lead to the activation of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms with unfavourable impact on health and performance of birds.

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Holanda, D. M., und S. W. Kim. „366 Efficacy of mycotoxin deactivators on health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of deoxynivalenol“. Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (Dezember 2019): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.268.

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Abstract The efficacy of mycotoxin deactivators on health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs (27 d-old) fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol was investigated. Sixty pigs were housed individually and assigned to 5 treatments for 34 d subdivided into 3 phases: NC (no added deoxynivalenol); PC (deoxynivalenol at 2 mg/kg); CYC (PC + clay/yeast culture based product, 0.2%); CYE (PC + clay/yeast cell wall/plant extracts/antioxidants based product, 0.2%); and CYB (PC + clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants based product, 0.2%). Blood was taken at d 14 and 34. Intestinal mucosa was taken at d 34. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pre-planned contrasts. Deoxynivalenol reduced (P < 0.05) ADG in P3. Pigs fed CYC had greater (P < 0.05) ADG during overall period, ADFI during P3, and gain/feed during P2 than PC. At d 14, deoxynivalenol reduced (P < 0.05) BUN/creatinine and tended to reduce (P = 0.088) BUN. Pigs fed CYB tended to have greater (P = 0.059) AST than PC. At d 34, pigs fed CYC (P = 0.083) and CYB (P = 0.068) tended to have lower serum CPK than PC. Pigs fed CYE had lower (P < 0.05) BUN/creatinine than PC. Deoxynivalenol tended to increase (P = 0.068) malondialdehydes and decrease (P = 0.072) glutathione in jejunal mucosa. Pigs fed CYE and CYB had lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehydes, whereas pigs fed CYB had greater (P < 0.05) glutathione and tended to have lower (P = 0.079) jejunal IgA than PC. Pigs fed CYC (P = 0.066) and CYE (P = 0.099) tended to have lower jejunal IL8 than PC. In conclusion, deoxynivalenol compromised growth performance and intestinal health. The mycotoxin deactivators could enhance intestinal health of pigs fed diets with deoxynivalenol without affecting liver function.

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YOSHINARI, TOMOYA, TAKAHIRO OHNISHI, TOMOYUKI KADOTA und YOSHIKO SUGITA-KONISHI. „Development of a Purification Method for Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol and Its Acetylated and Glycosylated Derivatives in Corn Grits and Corn Flour by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry“. Journal of Food Protection 75, Nr. 7 (01.07.2012): 1355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-555.

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We developed a purification method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the identification of deoxynivalenol (DON), its acetylated derivatives (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol), and a glycosylated derivative (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside [D3G]) in corn-based products. The analytes were extracted from samples with acetonitrile-water (85:15, vol/vol) and then purified with multifunctional columns. Evaluation of five kinds of multifunctional columns revealed that DON and its acetylated derivatives were recovered well (96 to 120%) by all columns, but D3G was recovered adequately (93.5%) by only one column, InertSep VRA-3. Samples of corn grits and corn flour were analyzed using the purification method with InertSep VRA-3. DON, D3G, and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol were the major contaminants in the samples harvested in 2009, but only DON was detected in the samples harvested in 2010. These results suggest that the purification method using InertSep VRA-3 is effective for identification of DON and its derivatives in corn-based products.

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YOUNG, J. CHRISTOPHER, und J. DAVID MILLER. „APPEARANCE OF FUNGUS, ERGOSTEROL AND Fusarium MYCOTOXINS IN THE HUSK, AXIAL STEM AND STALK AFTER EAR INOCULATION OF FIELD CORN“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, Nr. 1 (01.01.1985): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-007.

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The appearance of fungus, ergosterol and the myotoxins deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and zearalenone in the husk, axial stem and stalk of field corn (Zea mays L.) after ear inoculation with Fusarium graminearum was studied over a growing season. In certain tissues, ergosterol and deoxynivalenol concentrations varied in concert and reached maxima at 370 ppm each after 6 wk and 12 ppm each after 7 wk in the husks and axial stems, respectively. Ergosterol and deoxynivalenol were differentially translocated into the stalk with ergosterol (26 ppm maximum after 6 wk) appearing primarily in the sections above the cob attachment point and deoxynivalenol (2.8 ppm maximum after 7 wk) primarily in the sections below. 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected only in the husks (up to 59 ppm) and after 3 wk, concentrations rapidly dropped to ca. 20% of maximum. Zearalenone (5.2 ppm) was only observed in the husks and then mainly near harvest time.Key words: Corn, Fusarium graminearum, mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, ergosterol, translocation

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Zhang, Dawei, Liansheng Zhao, Yakun Chen, Heyang Gao, Yu Hua, Xianjun Yuan und Hailin Yang. „Mycotoxins in Maize Silage from China in 2019“. Toxins 14, Nr. 4 (27.03.2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040241.

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Animal feed (including forage and silage) can be contaminated with mycotoxins. Here, 200 maize silage samples from around China were collected in 2019 and analyzed for regulated mycotoxins, masked mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), and emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatins, moniliformin, and alternariol). Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were detected in 99.5% and 79.5% of the samples, respectively. Other regulated mycotoxins were detected in fewer samples. The highest deoxynivalenol and zearalenone concentrations were 3600 and 830 μg/kg, respectively. The most commonly detected masked mycotoxin was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, which was detected in 68.5% of the samples and had median and maximum concentrations of 61.3 and 410 μg/kg, respectively. The emerging mycotoxins beauvericin, alternariol, enniatin A, enniatin B1, and moniliformin were detected in 99.5%, 85%, 80.5%, 72.5%, and 44.5%, respectively, of the samples but at low concentrations (medians <25 μg/kg). The samples tended to contain multiple mycotoxins, e.g., the correlation coefficients for the relationships between the concentrations of beauvericin and deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, and zearalenone and beauvericin were 1.0, 0.995, and 0.995, respectively. The results indicated that there needs to be more awareness of the presence of one or more masked and emerging mycotoxins in maize silage in China.

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Kachlek, Mariam, Judit Szabó-Fodor, András Szabó, István Bors, Chiara Celia, Zsolt Gerencsér, Zsolt Matics et al. „Subchronic exposure to deoxynivalenol exerts slight effect on the immune system and liver morphology of growing rabbits“. Acta Veterinaria Brno 86, Nr. 1 (2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201786010037.

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As the most common grain contaminant worldwide, deoxynivalenol is of high importance despite its low toxicity compared to other trichothecene mycotoxins. Data on the effects of deoxynivalenol in rabbits are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary deoxynivalenol fed at a high level (10 mg/kg of feed) on the productive performance, blood indices, immunological variables, histopathological changes, and genotoxicity in rabbits. Forty-eight Pannon White rabbits were exposed to contaminated diets for three weeks. Despite its high concentration, deoxynivalenol did not affect the feed intake, body weight, and body weight gain. Liver and kidney function was not affected, as shown by the clinical chemistry indices. Conversely, in two rabbits the toxin caused mild fibrosis of the liver, without degenerative changes of the hepatocytes. No genotoxicity could be observed either. Gut cytokines and the phagocytic activity of the macrophages did not differ significantly. The percentage of neutrophils was significantly lower, whereas that of eosinophils was significantly higher in the toxin-fed group. Deoxynivalenol did not cause significant changes in gut and villus morphology. In 4 out of the 6 deoxynivalenol-treated animals, the ratio of lymphoblast proliferation and simultaneous apoptosis shifted towards apoptosis in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. In the central part of the lymphoid follicles of the spleen, lymphocyte depletion and follicular atrophy could be detected. It can be concluded that rabbits are less sensitive to deoxynivalenol, but the findings confirm that this Fusarium toxin is capable of modulating the immune response.

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Brockmeyer, A., und G. Thielert. „Deoxynivalenol (DON) in hartweizen“. Mycotoxin Research 20, Nr. 1 (März 2004): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02946708.

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Robbana-Barnat, S., C. Lafarge-Frayssinet, H. Cohen, G. A. Neish und C. Frayssinet. „Immunosuppressive properties of deoxynivalenol“. Toxicology 48, Nr. 2 (Februar 1988): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(88)90097-2.

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Zhang, Huijie, Li Wu, Juan Sun, Yan Zhang, Xiaoli Dong, Weixi Li, Xuexu Hu, Lijuan Sun und Bujun Wang. „Relationship between Wheat Head Blight Levels and Deoxynivalenol, Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside Contents“. SM Analytical and Bioanalytical Techniques 2, Nr. 2 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36876/smabt.1012.

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He, Jian Wei, Raymond Yang, Ting Zhou, Greg J. Boland, Peter M. Scott und Genevieve S. Bondy. „An epimer of deoxynivalenol: purification and structure identification of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol“. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 32, Nr. 9 (06.08.2015): 1523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1072771.

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Palacios, Sofía A., Jessica G. Erazo, Biancamaria Ciasca, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, María M. Reynoso, María C. Farnochi und Adriana M. Torres. „Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat from Argentina“. Food Chemistry 230 (September 2017): 728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.085.

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Zhang, Huijie, Li Wu, Weixi Li, Yan Zhang, Jingmei Li, Xuexu Hu, Lijuan Sun, Wenming Du und Bujun Wang. „Conversion of Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside to Deoxynivalenol during Chinese Steamed Bread Processing“. Toxins 12, Nr. 4 (03.04.2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040225.

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We reported the conversion of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) to deoxynivalenol (DON) during Chinese steamed bread (CSB) processing by artificial D3G contamination. Meanwhile, the effects of enzymes in wheat flour and those produced from yeast, along with the two main components in wheat flour—wheat starch and wheat gluten—on the conversion profiles of D3G were evaluated. The results showed D3G could convert to DON during CSB processing, and the conversion began with dough making and decreased slightly after fermentation and steaming. However, there was no significant difference in three stages. When yeast was not added, or enzyme-deactivated wheat flour was used to simulate CSB process, and whether yeast was added or not, D3G conversion could be observed, and the conversion was significantly higher after dough making. Likewise, D3G converted to DON when wheat starch and wheat gluten were processed to CSB, and the conversion in wheat starch was higher.

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Zhang, Huijie, und Bujun Wang. „Fates of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside during bread and noodle processing“. Food Control 50 (April 2015): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.009.

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Bryła, Marcin, Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Krystyna Szymczyk und Renata Jędrzejczak. „Co-occurrence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in beer samples“. Food Control 92 (Oktober 2018): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.011.

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Leivo, Janne, Markus Vehniäinen und Urpo Lamminmäki. „Phage Display Selection of an Anti-Idiotype-Antibody with Broad-Specificity to Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxins“. Toxins 13, Nr. 1 (28.12.2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010018.

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The use of synthetic antibody libraries and phage displays provides an efficient and robust method for the generation of antibodies against a wide range of targets with highly specific binding properties. As the in vitro selection conditions can be easily controlled, these methods enable the rapid generation of binders against difficult targets such as toxins and haptens. In this study, we used deoxynivalenol mycotoxin as a target to generate anti-idiotype-antibodies with unique binding properties from synthetic antibody libraries. The binding of the selected anti-idiotype antibodies can be efficiently inhibited with the addition of free isoforms of deoxynivalenol. The antibody was consecutively used to develop deoxynivalenol-specific ELISA and TRF-immunoassays, which can detect deoxynivalenol and two of the most common metabolic isoforms in the range of 78–115 ng/mL.

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Tancic, Sonja, Slavica Stankovic, Jelena Levic und Vesna Krnjaja. „Correlation of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone production by Fusarium species originating from wheat and maize grain“. Pesticidi i fitomedicina 30, Nr. 2 (2015): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1502099t.

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A total of 39 Fusarium graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. semitectum and F. equiseti isolates, originating from wheat and maize samples collected at 10 locations in Serbia, were analyzed by ELISA method for their potential of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) production under optimal laboratory conditions. Fusarium graminearum isolates with the highest intraspecies variability were the best producers of both deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. In contrast, F. equiseti isolates were the weakest producers of these two toxins. Considering the plant origin of the isolates, wheat-originating F. sporotrichioides isolates were better deoxynivalenol producers, while the maize-originating isolates produced more zearalenone. There was no clear difference in ZEA production between wheat- and maizeoriginating isolates of F. graminearum, while higher average DON concentrations were produced by F. graminearum wheat-originating isolates. Negative correlation was detected between the production of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by various Fusarium spp.

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Schwartz-Zimmermann, Heidi, Philipp Fruhmann, Sven Dänicke, Gerlinde Wiesenberger, Sylvia Caha, Julia Weber und Franz Berthiller. „Metabolism of Deoxynivalenol and Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol in Broiler Chickens, Pullets, Roosters and Turkeys“. Toxins 7, Nr. 11 (12.11.2015): 4706–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114706.

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Qin, Xiaojuan, Jing Zhang, Yanrong Liu, Yongpeng Guo, Yu Tang, Qiongqiong Zhang, Qiugang Ma, Cheng Ji und Lihong Zhao. „A quinoprotein dehydrogenase from Pelagibacterium halotolerans ANSP101 oxidizes deoxynivalenol to 3-keto-deoxynivalenol“. Food Control 136 (Juni 2022): 108834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108834.

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Schwartz, Heidi Elisabeth, Christian Hametner, Veronika Slavik, Oliver Greitbauer, Gerlinde Bichl, Elisavet Kunz-Vekiru, Dian Schatzmayr und Franz Berthiller. „Characterization of Three Deoxynivalenol Sulfonates Formed by Reaction of Deoxynivalenol with Sulfur Reagents“. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, Nr. 37 (05.09.2013): 8941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf403438b.

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Whitaker, Thomas B., John L. Richard, Francis G. Giesbrecht, Andrew B. Slate und Nelson Ruiz. „Estimating Deoxynivalenol in Shelled Corn Barge Lots by Measuring Deoxynivalenol in Corn Screenings“. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 86, Nr. 6 (01.11.2003): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1187.

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Abstract To determine if deoxynivalenol (DON) is concentrated in small corn screenings, fourteen to twenty-three 1.1 kg test samples were taken from each of 10 barges of shelled corn. Each of the 181 test samples was divided into 2 components (fines and clean) using a 5 mm screen. The clean component sample rode the 5 mm screen and the fines component sample passed through the 5 mm screen. The DON concentration in fines component sample was about 3 times the DON concentration in the clean component sample. The DON in the 181 fines and clean component samples averaged 689.0 and 206.1 ng/g, respectively. Regression equations were developed to predict the DON in the barge based upon measurements of DON in the fines component sample. The ratio of DON in the lot to DON in the fines component sample was 0.359. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with predicting the DON concentration in a lot with 359 ng/g using a 1.1 kg test sample was 47.0%. Increasing sample size to 4.4 kg reduced the CV to 23%.

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Pestka, James J., Abdalla El-Bahrawy und L. Patrick Hart. „Deoxynivalenol and 15-monoacetyl deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum R6576 in liquid media“. Mycopathologia 91, Nr. 1 (Juli 1985): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00437282.

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Bryła, Marcin, Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Krystyna Szymczyk und Renata Jędrzejczak. „Natural Occurrence of Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Polish Winter Wheat“. Toxins 10, Nr. 2 (13.02.2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020081.

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Mengelers, Marcel, Marco Zeilmaker, Arnau Vidal, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger und Rudolf Hoogenveen. „Biomonitoring of Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in Human Volunteers: Renal Excretion Profiles“. Toxins 11, Nr. 8 (08.08.2019): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080466.

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Biomarkers for the determination of the dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON) have been proposed in the past but so far no quantification of their use in humans has been carried out. Following a human intervention study with two mycotoxins, namely DON and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the renal excretion of these compounds, including their phase II metabolites, was analysed. The purpose was to develop biokinetic models that can be used to determine: (1) the preferred (set of) urinary biomarker(s), (2) the preferred urinary collection period, and (3) a method to estimate the dietary exposure to these mycotoxins. Twenty adult volunteers were restricted in consuming cereals and cereal-based foods for 4 days. At day 3, a single dose of 1 µg/kg body weight of DON or DON3G was orally administered to 16 volunteers; 4 volunteers served as control. All individual urine discharges were collected during 24 h after administration. The metabolism and renal excretion could be described by a biokinetic model using three physiological compartments (gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys). Kinetic analysis revealed a complete recovery of the renal excretion of total DON (mainly DON and its glucuronides) within 24 h after administration of DON or DON3G. The so-called ‘reverse dosimetry’ factor was used to determine the preferred (set of) biomarker(s) and to estimate the dietary intake of the parent compounds in the future. The fact that DON3G was absorbed and mainly excreted as DON and its glucuronides confirms that DON3G (as well as other modified forms) should be taken into account in the exposure and risk assessment of this group of mycotoxins.

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