Bücher: „Diagnostic des causes“

1

Barbara, Krug Kathrin, Hrsg. Avoiding errors in radiology: Case-based analysis of causes and preventive strategies. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2011.

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2

Abass, Alavi, Fazekas F und Schmidt Reinhold 1958-, Hrsg. Neuroimaging of normal aging and uncommon causes of dementia. Dordrecht: ICG Publications, 1998.

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3

Krämer, Jürgen. Intervertebral disk diseases: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2008.

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4

Roland, Schleberger, und Hedtmann Achim, Hrsg. Intervertebral disk diseases: Causes, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart: G. Thieme, 1990.

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5

Luka, Prokovyev, Hrsg. Diagnosing death: Issues, ethics, and questions in death determinations. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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6

Hughes, Fred. Am I dead: Or do I just feel like it. [S.l.]: Hobbies for Health, LLC, 2007.

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7

Manuel, Arteaga Juan, Hrsg. Diabetes: Causas, manifestaciones, evolucion, diagnostico, tratamiento, prevencion. Bogota, Colombia: Circulo de Lectores, 2004.

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8

Belokonev, Vladimir, Sergey Pushkin, Zinaida Kovaleva, Elena Aksenova, Nikolay Abashkin und Dmitriy Scherbakov. Clinical variants of esophageal injuries, diagnostics and treatment methods. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014664.

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The textbook is devoted to the diagnosis of esophageal injuries and treatment of patients. The article describes the surgical anatomy of the organ, causes of esophageal injuries, classification, diagnostic methods, tactics, describes possible treatment options for patients depending on the clinical picture, technique and volume of operations depending on the developing complications. The paper presents original methods of treatment of the esophagus, methods of management of patients in the postoperative period, treatment of possible complications and their prevention. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For doctors-surgeons, clinical residents, postgraduates, undergraduates and teachers of medical universities.

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9

R, Caplan Louis, und Bogousslavsky Julien, Hrsg. Uncommon causes of stroke. 2. Aufl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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10

Jeremias, Koch, Hrsg. Mental illnesses: Descriptions, causes, and treatments. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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11

Carrasco, Julian A. Psoriasis: Causes, diagnosis and treatment. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2011.

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12

Vukovic, Dmitry. Myocardial ischemia: Causes, symptoms and treatment. New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2010.

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13

Dmitry, Vukovic, und Kiyan Vladimir, Hrsg. Myocardial ischemia: Causes, symptoms and treatment. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2009.

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14

Bonn, Laurier. Autism: Diagnosis, causes, and treatments. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2002.

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15

Smith, S. Gout: Causes, symptoms, signs, diagnosis and treatments. [Bethesda, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2012.

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16

Meder, Björn, und Ralf Mayrhofer. Diagnostic Reasoning. Herausgegeben von Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.23.

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This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empirical conditional probability of cause given effect in the data, the classic, purely statistical norm. The chapter first discusses elemental diagnostic inference from a single effect to a single cause, then examines more complex diagnostic inferences involving multiple causes and effects, and concludes with information acquisition in diagnostic reasoning, discussing different ways of quantifying the diagnostic value of information and how people decide which information is diagnostically relevant.

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17

Trouble d'anxiété Sociale: Causes, Symptômes, Diagnostic et Traitement. Independently Published, 2021.

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18

L' humidité des bâtiments anciens: Causes et effets, diagnostic, remèdes. Paris: Moniteur, 1985.

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19

Image Processing in Diabetic Related Causes. Springer, 2015.

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20

Kumar, Amit, und Fahimuddin Shaik. Image Processing in Diabetic Related Causes. Springer, 2015.

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21

Kumar, Amit, und Fahimuddin Shaik. Image Processing in Diabetic Related Causes. Springer London, Limited, 2015.

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22

Sprigings, David. Diagnostic reasoning. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0001.

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Diagnostic reasoning is the mental process by which physicians turn information about the patient into the name of a disease. To do this, physicians must gather and evaluate evidence relevant to the clinical problem, and then choose a diagnosis or make a decision about management. As in detective work, with which diagnostic reasoning has many similarities, physicians have to reason from observed effects to their possible causes. This chapter explores the thinking behind diagnostic reasoning, drawing on insights from cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the design of computer programs. If physicians have a deeper understanding of the reasoning that underpins making a diagnosis, they may be more astute diagnosticians, and better able to teach the skill to novices. And, however physicians arrive at a diagnosis, they need to be able to articulate their reasoning to the patient and their colleagues.

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23

Anderson, Michael, und Corinne Roughley. Causes of Death. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0017.

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The principal reported causes of death have changed dramatically since the 1860s, though changes in categorization of causes and improved diagnosis make it difficult to be precise about timings. Diseases particularly affecting children such as measles and whooping cough largely disappeared as killers by the 1950s. Deaths particularly linked to unclean environments and poor sanitary infrastructure also declined, though some can kill babies and the elderly even today. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis were eventually largely controlled. Reported cancer, stroke, and heart disease mortality showed upward trends well into the second half of the twentieth century, though some of this was linked to diagnostic improvement. Both fell in the last decades of our period, but Scotland still had among the highest rates in Western Europe. Deaths from accidents and drowning saw significant falls since World War Two but, especially in the past 25 years, suicide, and alcohol and drug-related deaths rose.

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24

Thuny, Franck, und Didier Raoult. Pathophysiology and causes of endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0160.

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Endocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the endocardial surface of the heart. This may include heart valves, mural endocardium or the endocardium that covers implanted material, such as prosthetic valves, pacemaker/defibrillator leads and catheters. Infective and non-infective-related causes must be distinguished. In most cases, the inflammation is related to a bacterial or fungal infection with oral streptococci, group D streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci accounting for 85% of episodes. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease with an incidence ranging from 30 to 100 episodes/million patient-years. From various portals of entry (e.g. oral, digestive, cutaneous) and a subsequent bacteraemia, pathogens can adhere and colonize intracardiac foreign material or onto previously damaged endocardium due to numerous complex processes based on a unique host–pathogen interaction. Rarely, endocarditis can be related to non-infective causes, such as immunological or neoplastic. Mortality is high, with more than one-third dying within a year of diagnosis from complications such as acute heart failure or emboli. This disease still remains a diagnostic challenge with many cases being identified and subsequently treated too late. Diagnosis of IE usually relies on the association between an infectious syndrome and recent endocardial involvement. Blood cultures and echocardiography are the main diagnostic procedures, but are negative in almost 30% of cases, requiring the use of more sophisticated techniques. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are promising imaging modalities. Improved understanding of its pathophysiology and the development of relevant diagnostic strategies enables accelerated identification and treatment, and thus an improved prognosis.

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25

Patterson, Caroline, und Derek Bell. Causes and diagnosis of chest pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0144.

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Differentiating life-threatening from benign causes of chest pain in the critical care setting is a challenge when the symptoms and signs overlap, and patients are unable to communicate fully. A high index of suspicion is required for occult disease. Once the clinician has ensured the patient is haemodynamically stable, it is imperative to rule out myocardial infarction in the first instance. Where possible, a thorough history and a full examination should be undertaken. Electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and routine observations are often diagnostic. Targeted investigation such as computed tomography, or transthoracic or transoesophageal ultrasonography may be required to confirm these diagnoses. Timely intervention optimizes survival benefit. Treatment may be necessary prior to confirmation of diagnosis, based on high clinical suspicion and risk scoring. Other causes of chest pain should be considered once the immediately life-threatening conditions are excluded.

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26

KALEX, Reno. Headache: A Quick Dive into the Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostic Processes, Treatment and Available Home Cures for Headache. Independently Published, 2022.

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27

Bruno, Michael A. Error and Uncertainty in Diagnostic Radiology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665395.001.0001.

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Diagnostic radiology is a medical specialty that is primarily devoted to the diagnostic process, centered on the interpretation of medical images. This book reviews the high level of uncertainty inherent to radiological interpretation and the overlap that exists between the uncertainty of the process and what might be considered “error.” There is also a great deal of variability inherent in the physical and technological aspects of the imaging process itself. The information in diagnostic images is subtly encoded, with a broad range of “normal” that usually overlaps the even broader range of “abnormal.” Image interpretation thus blends technology, medical science, and human intuition. To develop their skillset, radiologists train intensively for years, and most develop a remarkable level of expertise. But radiology itself remains a fallible human endeavor, one involving complex neurophysiological and cognitive processes employed under a range of conditions and generally performed under time pressure. This book highlights the human experience of error. A taxonomy of error is presented, along with a theoretical classification of error types based on the underlying causes and an extensive discussion of potential error-reduction strategies. The relevant perceptual science, cognitive science, and imaging science are reviewed. A chapter addresses the issue of accountability for error, including peer review, regulatory oversight/accreditation, and malpractice litigation. The potential impact of artificial intelligence, including the use of machine learning and deep-learning algorithms, to reduce human error and improve radiologists’ efficiency is also explored.

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28

Blasi, Francesco, und Paolo Tarsia. Pathophysiology and causes of haemoptysis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0126.

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The main goal of management of pleural effusion is to provide symptomatic relief removing fluid from pleural space and the options depend on type, stage and underlying disease. The first diagnostic instrument is the chest radiography while ultrasound can be very useful to guide thoracentesis. Pleural effusion can be a transudate or an exudate. Generally a transudate is uncomplicated effusion treated by medical therapy, while an exudative effusion is considered complicated effusion and should be managed by drainage. Refractory non-malignant effusions can be transudative (congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrosis) or exudative (pancreatitis, connective tissue disease, endocrine dysfunction), and the management options include repeated therapeutic thoracentesis, indwelling pleural catheter for intermittent external drainage, pleuroperitoneal shunts for internal drainage, or surgical pleurectomy. Parapneumonic pleural effusions can be divided in complicated when there is persistent bacterial invasion of the pleural space, uncomplicated and empyema with specific indications for pleural fluid drainage. Malignancy is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusions in patients aged >60 years and the decision to treat depends upon the presence of symptoms and the underlying tumour type. Options include indwelling pleural catheter drainage, pleurodesis, pleurectomy and pleuroperitoneal shunt. Hemothorax needs to be differentiated from a haemorrhagic pleural effusion and when is suspected the essential management is the intercostal drainage. It achieves two objectives to drain the pleural space allowing expansion of the lung and to allow assessment of rates of blood loss to evaluate the need for emergency or urgent thoracotomy.

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29

KALEX, Reno. Rosacea Cure Guide: A Quick Dive into the Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostic Processes, Treatment and Available Home Cures for Rosacea. Independently Published, 2022.

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30

Digestive System 2023 : Step by Step Guide: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Options for most common digestive conditions. Victor Wise, 2023.

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31

Ahn, Woo-kyoung, Nancy S. Kim und Matthew S. Lebowitz. The Role of Causal Knowledge in Reasoning About Mental Disorders. Herausgegeben von Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.31.

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Despite the lack of scientific consensus about the etiologies of mental disorders, practicing clinicians and laypeople alike hold beliefs about the causes of mental disorders, and about the causal relations among symptoms and associated characteristics of mental disorders. This chapter summarizes research on how such causal knowledge systematically affects judgments about the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mental disorders. During diagnosis, causal knowledge affects weighting of symptoms, perception of normality of behaviors, ascriptions of blame, and adherence to the DSM-based diagnostic categories. Regarding prognosis, attributing mental disorders to genetic or neurobiological abnormalities in particular engenders prognostic pessimism. Finally, both clinicians and laypeople endorse medication more strongly as an effective treatment if they believe mental disorders are biologically caused rather than psychologically caused. They also do so when considering disorders in the abstract versus equivalent concrete cases. The chapter discusses the rationality, potential mechanisms, and universality of these phenomena.

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32

KALEX, Reno. Ovulation Pain Book: A Quick Dive into the Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostic Processes, Treatment and Available Home Cures for Ovulation Pain. Independently Published, 2022.

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33

Padmakumar, Anand D., und Mark C. Bellamy. Pathophysiology and causes of jaundice in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0192.

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Critically-ill patients develop jaundice for a variety of reasons. A good understanding of bilirubin metabolism can help the clinician to diagnose and treat jaundice. Intensive care unit (ICU) physicians commonly encounter elevated serum bilirubin in severely-ill patients, which can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A complex interaction of enzymatic pathways leads to safe excretion of bilirubin. This fine homeostasis is often disturbed and leads jaundice, which can be broadly classified into three main categories—prehepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic. Common examples include sepsis, cardiac failure, drug toxicity, hepatic ischaemia, gall stone disease, etc. Management strategies directed towards the underlying causes aim to improve outcome. The aetiology can be often multifactorial and difficult to treat. This chapter provides a brief overview of bilirubin metabolism and aetiopathogenesis of jaundice. We also provide key recommendations to develop a systematic diagnostic approach, provide guidance on ordering appropriate investigations and on interpreting their results.

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34

KALEX, Reno. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Book: A Quick Dive into the Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostic Processes, Treatment and Available Home Cures for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Independently Published, 2022.

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35

Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera und Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Nephrotic syndrome. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0161.

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Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria (greater than 3.5 g per 24 hours), oedema, and hypoalbuminaemia, which is associated with hyperlipidaemia and a procoagulant state. Causes of nephrotic syndrome are traditionally classified by their histopathological descriptions. In most cases, the histological picture can have a primary (idiopathic) or secondary cause. Minimal change, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis account for over 60% of cases. Diabetic nephropathy and renal amyloidosis are common secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic-range proteinuria will show up as at least 3+ protein on urinalysis. The diagnosis is confirmed by a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio over 300 mg/mmol, and hypalbuminaemia. In adults, renal biopsy is the diagnostic test. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome in adults.

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36

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne und Gareth Morris-Stiff. Overview of acute oncology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0031.

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Describes the common causes of spinal cord compression, the symptoms and speed of onset. Outlines immediate diagnostic and therapy options. Emphasis on the need for early diagnosis and therapy to ensure optimal outcomes in longer term.Describes the most common and dreaded of cytotoxic chemotherapy side-effects which is pancytopaenia caused by killing of bone marrow cells. Life threatening when accompanied by infection – neutropaenic sepsis. Outlines symptoms, investigations and immediate therapy guidelines.

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37

Sharples, Edward. Acute kidney injury. Herausgegeben von Rutger Ploeg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0127.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, and contributes significantly to length of stay and hence costs. Large epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate an incidence of AKI of 5–18% depending on the definition of AKI utilized. Even relatively small changes in renal function are associated with increased mortality, and this has led to strict definition and staging of AKI. Early recognition with good clinical assessment, diagnosis, and management are critical to prevent progression of AKI and reduce the potential complications, including long-term risk of end-stage renal failure. In this chapter, the pathophysiology, causes, and early management of AKI are discussed. Hypovolaemia and sepsis are the most common causes in hospitalized patients, across medical and surgical specialities. Other common causes are discussed, as well as diagnostic criteria.

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38

Vasilevskis, Eduard E., und E. Wesley Ely. Causes and epidemiology of agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0226.

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Confusion is a non-specific, non-diagnostic term to describe a patient with disorientation, impaired memory, or abnormal thought process. Agitation describes an increased level of psychomotor activity, and anxious or aggressive behaviour. Many agitated patients may also be delirious, yet they only represent a minority of all delirious patients. ICU delirium is an acute cognitive disorder of both consciousness and content of thought. The hallmark of ICU delirium is a fluctuating mental status, inattention, and an altered level of consciousness. Delirium is the end product of a sequence of insults and injury that lead to a common measurable manifestation of end-organ brain injury. It does not have a single aetiology, but often has multiple different and potentially interacting aetiologies. Both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors play important roles in the development of delirium. Importantly, the new onset of delirium should prompt the physician to investigate the underlying cause. Cognitive impairment and age are among the most important non-modifiable risk factors, whereas administration of benzodiazepines is the greatest. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine shows promise as a sedative reducing the risk for delirium when compared with benzodiazepines.

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39

Todd, Stacy, und Nick Beeching. Fungal infection. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0315.

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Fungi, comprising yeasts, moulds, and higher fungi, have a worldwide distribution and are uncommon causes of disease in healthy individuals. However, over the last 20 years, invasive fungal disease (IFD) has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. This is probably due to the increasing numbers of patients with underlying host conditions, which predispose to opportunistic IFD (e.g. transplant and anti-tumour necrosis factor immunosuppression, HIV, or chronic lung disease), and to increased recognition of endemic IFD (e.g. histoplasmosis), which cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts in selected geographic locations. Diagnosis of IFD remains a challenge. Symptoms are often non-specific, and a definite diagnosis requires invasive sampling with appropriate laboratory testing of these samples. Non-invasive tests are being developed, but their positive and negative predictive values still need validation. Diagnostic criteria (‘proven, probable, and possible’) established primarily for use in research and clinical trials can also prove useful in clinical environments. However, the most important step in identifying patients with IFD is to consider the diagnosis in those at risk. This chapter will focus on the commonest causes of IFD (Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., and histoplasmosis).

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40

Stogicza, Agnes, Virtaj Singh und Andrea Trescot. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0008.

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Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is caused by compression of the brachial plexus as it travels from the exiting nerve roots to the axilla. Its presentation, with varying degrees and distributions of arm and hand pain, paresthesias, and numbness, is often either not recognized or is confused with other conditions. Delay in diagnosis causes ongoing suffering for patients, with a concomitant increased use of healthcare services. Imaging and electrodiagnostic studies are often unremarkable, and therefore the diagnosis is based on a detailed medical history, a thorough physical exam, and diagnostic injections. Treatment options are available and can lead to significantly improved quality of life for the patient. Increased awareness of nTOS will likely contribute to its proper diagnosis and treatment.

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41

Wilson, John W., und Lynn L. Estes. Respiratory Tract Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0067.

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Diagnostic criteria include productive cough, symptoms of upper respiratory infection, and negative findings on chest radiographs. Viral agents are the most common cause; antibiotics are therefore not beneficial.•Viral causes: Influenza, parainfluenza, and other respiratory viruses affect >70% of patients•Less common but potentially antibiotic-responsive infectious agents...

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42

Keshav, Satish, und Alexandra Kent. Haematemesis. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0022.

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Haematemesis is the vomiting of fresh or altered blood. Haematemesis is almost exclusively dealt with in the hospital setting, as it is correctly viewed as a medical emergency. Mallory–Weiss tear, which typically occurs after prolonged vomiting and retching, usually is of small volume, without haemodynamic compromise, and is usually self-limiting, may be recognized as such and not always referred to secondary care. Rare causes of haematemesis are unlikely to be encountered by most general practitioners. No cause for the haematemesis is found in 17% of cases, despite investigation. Haemoptysis and vomiting of red-stained food can be mistaken for haematemesis, possibly accounting for some cases where a diagnosis is not established. This chapter deals with differential diagnosis, key diagnostic tests, therapies, prognosis, and dealing with uncertainty.

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43

Keshav, Satish, und Alexandra Kent. Difficulty swallowing. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0021.

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Dysphagia is a difficulty in the process of swallowing. Dysphagia is an alarm symptom, and therefore requires referral to secondary care for investigations. There are multiple causes, divided into oesophageal, neurological, surgical, and extrinsic obstruction. This chapter covers the approach to diagnosis, key diagnostic tests, therapies, prognosis, and dealing with uncertainty.

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Wall, Emma, und Graham Cooke. Fever. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0076.

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Fever is a rise in core body temperature, which is measured at the tympanic membrane, of greater than 37.8°C and which is one standard deviation beyond the upper limit of the normal range. This chapter covers the common causes of fever, the approach to diagnosis, diagnostic tests, therapies, prognosis, and dealing with uncertainty.

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45

Chest Pain: Education for Patients and the Public. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/chest-pain.

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Chest pain is a common symptom that can range from mild discomfort to a sign of a serious medical emergency. This article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding chest pain, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. It explains how chest pain can originate from the heart, lungs, digestive system, muscles, or nerves, making it essential to recognize when the pain is harmless and when it requires urgent medical attention. The article highlights common causes such as heart disease, acid reflux, lung conditions, and muscle strain, detailing their symptoms and risk factors. The article describes different types of chest pain, including cardiac and non-cardiac causes, to help individuals understand how to identify serious conditions like heart attacks and angina. It outlines diagnostic methods such as electrocardiograms (ECG), blood tests, imaging scans, and stress tests that doctors use to determine the underlying cause. Treatment options, including medications like nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) for heart-related chest pain and omeprazole (Prilosec) for acid reflux, are discussed along with lifestyle modifications that can help prevent future episodes. The information is presented in clear and simple language to ensure that all readers can easily understand it.

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46

Shaibani, Aziz. Distal Arm Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0015.

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Distal arm weakness may be caused by involvement of the intrinsic hand muscles (interossi, thenar and hypothenar muscles, lumbricals) or extrinsic hand muscles (long finger flexors and extensors). ALS is typical for the former type, and IBM is typical for the latter type. Incoordination of skilled finger movement due to cerebellar disease is associated with normal strength. Poor mobility due to joints pain and swelling should not be confused with muscle weakness. Mononeuropathies such as ulnar, radial, median, and AIN,lesions usually cause differential loss of function. Myasthenia sometimes causes weakness of the wrist and finger extensors. A small but distinct group of distal hereditary myopathies should always be borne in mind. Progressive sensorimotor neuropathies are usually associated with sensory symptoms. Multifocal motor neuropathy can be a diagnostic challenge.

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47

Thomas, Alan, und Tom Dening. The concept of dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0029.

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Recent developments have led to earlier assessment of people with cognitive impairment and earlier diagnosis of dementia. This has renewed discussion about the boundaries of dementia and its major causes and their relationship to ageing and also resulted in the publication of new sets of diagnostic criteria for dementia in general and the subtypes of dementia, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease. This chapter therefore consists of four contributions bringing different perspectives on the concept of dementia and its recognition and diagnosis.

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48

Shingles. Exon Publications, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36255/shingles.

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Shingles is a comprehensive article that explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for this viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. The article begins with an overview of shingles, detailing how the virus that causes chickenpox can later reactivate in the body, leading to painful rashes and complications. It explores the risk factors, such as age and weakened immune systems, that make individuals more susceptible to shingles. The guide thoroughly covers the symptoms, including the typical rash and potential complications like postherpetic neuralgia, and explains the diagnostic process. It also provides an in-depth look at treatment options, including antiviral medications and pain management strategies, while highlighting the importance of vaccination for prevention. The article discusses genetic factors involved in susceptibility and offers advice on how to live with shingles and manage its effects. Organized logically from understanding the basics to exploring treatment and prevention, this book ensures the information is presented in clear, simple language that is easy for all readers to understand.

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49

Jood, Katarina, und Turgut Tatlisumak. Special aetiologies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0006.

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The chapter ‘Special aetiologies of ischaemic stroke in young adults’ provides an overview of the broad spectrum of non-conventional causes of ischaemic stroke. It reviews the more common of these unusual conditions categorized as non-atherosclerotic non-inflammatory arteriopathies, non-atherosclerotic inflammatory arteriopathies, vasospastic syndromes, haematological disorders, genetic disorders, and miscellaneous disorders. It discusses strategies for aetiological diagnosis in young ischaemic stroke, provides a detailed overview of useful clinical clues obtained from patient history and physical examinations, and describes a patient-tailored step-wise diagnostic strategy based on clinical clues and findings from a group of basic diagnostic tests.

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50

Strep Throat. Exon Publications, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36255/strep-throat.

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Strep Throat is a comprehensive guide that explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this common bacterial infection. The article starts with an overview of what strep throat is, caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, and how it spreads through respiratory droplets. It explores the key symptoms, such as a sudden sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis to prevent complications. The article details the diagnostic process, including throat swabs and rapid tests, and explains the role of antibiotics like penicillin and amoxicillin in treating the infection. It also covers preventive measures, complications such as rheumatic fever, and the role genetics may play in susceptibility. Organized logically, the article moves from understanding the basics of strep throat to more advanced topics such as genetic factors and living with the condition. Written in simple, clear language, this article ensures that all readers, including patients and caregivers, can easily understand and follow the information provided.

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Bücher zum Thema „Diagnostic des causes“

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