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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIX“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIX"
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Hertwig Bittencourt, Henrique von, Paulo Emílio Lovato, Jucinei José Comin, Marcos Alberto Lana, Miguel Angel Altieri, Murilo Dalla Costa und José Carlos Gomes. „Effect of Winter Cover Crop Biomass on Summer Weed Emergence and Biomass Production“. Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, Nr. 3 (01.07.2013): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0037.
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Abstract A greenhouse assay was carried out to evaluate the effect of winter cover crop residues on spontaneous plants that commonly occur on summer annual fields in Southern Brazil. Dry shoot residues of rye (Secale cereale), vetch (Vicia villosa), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus), and a mix of the three species, were applied over pots that had been seeded with alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea), hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), and morning glory (Ipomoea grandifolia) at four different depths (0, 1, 2, or 4 cm). Plant emergence and biomass production were measured. Residues of rye reduced the emergence of B. plantaginea, while vetch diminished I. grandifolia and B. plantaginea emergence. Fodder radish reduced emergence of I. grandifolia. The mix of cover crops reduced emergence of I. grandifolia, B. plantaginea, and B. pilosa. None of the cover crops differed from the control on E. heterophylla emergence. The lowest yields in spontaneous plant shoot biomass were obtained from the cover with rye + vetch + fodder radish. The lowest values of root biomass occurred under cover with rye, fodder radish or the mix. Use of vetch residues decreased emergence of B. plantaginea and I. grandifolia, but enhanced biomass accumulation by the latter
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Matassa, Silvio, Giovanni Esposito, Francesco Pirozzi und Stefano Papirio. „Exploring the Biomethane Potential of Different Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Biomass Residues“. Energies 13, Nr. 13 (01.07.2020): 3361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133361.
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Industrial hemp stands out as a promising candidate for clean and sustainable biomass-to-bioenergy systems due to its multipurpose, high biomass yield and resource efficiency features. In this study, different hemp biomass residues (HBRs) were evaluated as a potential feedstock for renewable biomethane production through anaerobic digestion (AD). The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the raw and pretreated fibers, stalks, hurds, leaves and inflorescences was investigated by means of batch anaerobic tests. The highest BMP was obtained with the raw fibers (i.e., 422 ± 20 mL CH4·g VS−1), while hemp hurds (unretted), making up more than half of the whole hemp plant dry weight, showed a lower BMP value of 239 ± 10 mL CH4·g VS−1. The alkali pretreatment of unretted hurds and mechanical grinding of retted hurds effectively enhanced the BMP of both substrates by 15.9%. The mix of leaves and inflorescences and inflorescences alone showed low BMP values (i.e., 118 ± 8 and 26 ± 5 mL CH4·g VS−1, respectively) and a prolonged inhibition of methanogenesis. The latter could be overcome through NaOH pretreatment in the mix of leaves and inflorescences (+28.5% methane production).
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Zheng, Youbin, Mike Dixon und Praveen Saxena. „Greenhouse production of Echinacea purpurea (L.) and E. angustifolia using different growing media, NO3−/NH4+ ratios and watering regimes“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, Nr. 3 (07.07.2006): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-167.
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Current field cultivation and wild-harvest methods for the medicinal plant Echinacea are struggling to meet the requirements for a high-quality, uniformly produced crop for human consumption. To help meet this challenge, the potential of using a greenhouse production system for Echinacea production was explored. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia plants were grown in three types of greenhouse production systems: (1) deep flow solution culture (D), (2) pots with either Pro-Mix (P) or (3) sand (S). Plants were irrigated with one of three nutrient solutions containing NO3−/NH4+ ratios of 7:1, 5:1 or 3:1, respectively. The plants grown in the Pro-Mix and the sand systems were either well-watered or subjected to periodical water stress. The results obtained after 12 wk of growth showed that Echinacea root production in the greenhouse systems was comparable with or better than that in the field. Based on root and total biomass production, the Pro-Mix system was the best production system for both E. angustifolia and E. purpurea. In most cases, the NO3−/NH4+ ratio did not have significant effects on the growth of either species. When effects were seen, however, higher NO3−/NH4+ levels generally resulted in greater leaf area, root and total biomass, and a higher root/shoot ratio. Mild periodic water stress did not affect the root/shoot ratio or the root biomass in either species. The application of a periodic water stress reduced leaf area of both species, but a reduction in total biomass was only observed in E. purpurea. Key words: Echinacea, greenhouse production, hydroponic production, medicinal plant, NO3−/NH4+ ratio, water stress
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Janter Pangaduan Simanjuntak, Khaled Ali Al-attab, Eka Daryanto, Bisrul Hapis Tambunan und Eswanto. „Bioenergy as an Alternative Energy Source: Progress and Development to Meet the Energy Mix in Indonesia“. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 97, Nr. 1 (13.08.2022): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.97.1.85104.
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Government policies in Indonesia have been pushing in the past decade towards 100% electrification target by end of 2020. However, many of the new energy policies are reused from previous policies designed for different objectives causing overlap in policies between the central and local governments. Local distributed generation are not fully controlled by local stakeholders and community, and with the lack of long-term planning, continuous government incentives and support, they are bound to fail due to the lack of maintenance. The use of solid biomass for household has decreased significantly due to the government support for LPG stoves that overtaken other government projects supporting biomass. Small-scale biomass research is showing good progress towards the implementation of novel methods for biomass utilization. However, majority of the medium and large-scale projects are still relying on old technologies such as direct biomass combustion in boilers rather than the more environment friendly gasification technology. Another major biomass contribution to national energy mix is through liquid biofuels. This work summarizes the current and prospective energy mix in Indonesia and the main conventional and non-conventional energy sources and their environmental concerns. This work also gathers the latest local biomass research and biomass power plant projects.
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Demirbaş, Ayhan. „Biomass Co-Firing for Coal-Fired Boilers“. Energy Exploration & Exploitation 21, Nr. 3 (Juni 2003): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459803769520070.
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In this study ground biomass and pulverized coal were used for co-firing test. The tests of co-firing of coal and biomass were carried out in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Biomass is an attractive and sustainable renewable fuel to supplement coal combustion in utility boilers. Coal co-firing was successful with up to a 20% biomass mix boilers. Coal and biomass fuels are quite different in composition. Ash composition for the biomass is fundamentally different from ash composition for the coal. Chlorine in the biomass may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and may also result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Biomass and coal blend combustion is a promising combustion technology; however, significant development work is required before large-scale implementation can be realized. Issues related to successful implementation of coal biomass blend combustion are identified. Co-firing of coal and biomass is an effective method of control NOx. Formation of NOx decreases with the increase of biomass fraction.
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Kaķītis, Aivars, und Imants Nulle. „BIOMASS MIXTURES AND ITS HOMOGENEITY“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (03.08.2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1097.
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Components of mixtures have to be in required proportion and homogeneous mixed to provide good quality of briquettes or pellets. Analyzing the mixing processes several advantages for mixing biomass with an in-flow or continuous mixer was discovered. To provide better quality of in-flow mixing process an electrical charge can be applied to the particles using corona discharge. When a sharply pointed electrode is raised to a high potential, the intense electrical field at its tip ionizes the air in its immediate vicinity. To mix particles of different bulk materials, it is necessary to give a negative electrical charge to one material, and a positive electrical charge to other material particles. The electrical charge provides mixing on a small scale, and electrostatic forces drive the process towards a perfect mixture. In this article experiments of in-flow mixer equipped with electrodes of corona discharge is described. Three different rotation frequencies (20, 35 and 50 rpm) of conveyer shaft and five different voltages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 kV) of corona electrodes were used to evaluate impact on flow direction of balk material.
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Wang, Qi Min, Hao Wang, Jia Hao und Shuo Guo. „Coal and Wood Chips Co-Pyrolysis Study“. Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (Juni 2014): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.422.
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As a clean, renewable energy, rational use of biomss can effectively solve the problem of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Co-combustion and Co-gasification of biomass and coal are important ways of biomass utilization. Co-pyrolysis reaction is one of the most important processes in the co-combustion and co-gasification. In order to study the different mix ways of coal and wood chips affections on the co-pyrolysis process, TGA was used to study the co-pyrolysis characters of wood chips and coal mixed by different methods with mass ratio 1:1. it is founded out that there is certain interaction between wood chips and coal by the comparison of TGA curves and calculation curves. There is promoting affection at the high temperature if wood chips and coal had been mixed up. There is inhibiting affection if wood chips and coal are tiering distributed.
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Matalkah, Faris, A. G. N. D. Darsanasiri, Saqib Abideen, Anagi Balachadra und Parviz Soroushian. „Alkali-Activation of Non-Wood Biomass Ash: Effects of Ash Characteristics on Concrete Performance“. Civil Engineering Journal 3, Nr. 5 (30.05.2017): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000097.
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Combustion of biomass is increasingly practiced for power generation. Unlike coal ash, the combustion ashes of biomass do not offer significant value in Portland cement concrete production. An experimental study was conducted in order to assess the value of the combustion ashes of different non-wood biomass types towards production of alkali activated binders for concrete production. The results indicated that concrete materials with a desired balance of fresh mix workability, set time and compressive strength can be produced used alkali activated non-wood biomass ash binders. Correlations were drawn between the concrete engineering properties and different non-wood biomass ash characteristics. It was found that statistically significant relationships exist between the concrete properties and the non-wood biomass ash degree of crystallinity and solubility. These two ash characteristics were also found to be correlated. It was concluded that the suitability of non-wood biomass ash for use in production of alkali activated concrete can be assessed based on its degree of crystallinity.
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Suárez-Macías, Jorge, Juan María Terrones-Saeta, Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino und Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias. „Development of Cold In-Place Recycling with Bitumen Emulsion and Biomass Bottom Ash“. Crystals 11, Nr. 4 (07.04.2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040384.
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Power generation from biomass is one of the most promising energy sources available today. However, this industry has a series of wastes derived from its activity, mainly biomass fly ash and biomass bottom ash. Biomass bottom ash is a waste that has no current use and, in most cases, is deposited in landfills. In turn, road construction is one of the activities that produces the most pollution, as it requires huge amounts of raw materials. Therefore, this research proposes the use of biomass bottom ashes, in an unaltered form, for the formation of cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion. This type of mixture, which is highly sustainable owing to the use of a high percentage of waste, was made with reclaimed asphalt pavement, biomass bottom ash, water, and bitumen emulsion. To this end, the grading curve of the materials was analyzed, different bituminous mixtures were made with varying percentages of emulsion and water, and the mechanical properties of the mixtures were analyzed. At the same time, the same type of mix was made with reclaimed asphalt pavement and commercial limestone aggregate, in order to compare the results. The tests showed a better mechanical behavior of the bituminous mixes made with biomass bottom ash, maintaining physical properties similar to those of conventional mixes. In short, it was confirmed that the production of this type of mix with biomass bottom ash was feasible, creating sustainable materials that reuse currently unused waste and avoid landfill disposal.
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Burgel, Lisa, Jens Hartung, Daniele Schibano und Simone Graeff-Hönninger. „Impact of Different Phytohormones on Morphology, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L.“ Plants 9, Nr. 6 (08.06.2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060725.
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The impact of exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGR), 1-naphthalenaecetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a mixture of both (NAA/BAP-mix), was investigated in regard to plant height, length of axillary branches, number of internodes, biomass yield and cannabinoid content of three different phytocannabinoid-rich (PCR) Cannabis genotypes. The results showed that total plant height was significantly reduced under the application of NAA (28%), BAP (18%), and NAA/BAP-mix treated plants (15%). Axillary branch length was also significantly reduced by 58% (NAA) and 30% (NAA/BAP-mix). BAP did not significantly reduce the length of axillary branches. The number of internodes was reduced by NAA (19%), BAP (10%), and the NAA/BAP-mix (14%) compared to the untreated control. NAA application influenced the plant architecture of the tested cv. KANADA beneficially, resulting in a more compact growth habitus, while inflorescence yield (23.51 g plant−1) remained similar compared to the control (24.31 g plant−1). Inflorescence yield of v. 0.2x and cv. FED was reduced due to PGR application while cannabinoid content remained stable. Overall, the application of PGR could be used on a genotype-specific level to beneficially influence plant architecture and optimize inflorescence yield per unit area and thus cannabinoid yield, especially in the presence of space limitations under indoor cultivation.
Dissertationen zum Thema "DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIX"
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RIGGIO, VINCENZO ANDREA. „VALUTAZIONI DI PRODUZIONE DI BIOGAS DA PROVE SPERIMENTALI DI DIGESTIONE ANAEROBICA DA DIFFERENTI MIX DI SCARTI DA BIOMASSA AGR“. Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2501240.
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Nella sperimentazione si sono valutati alcuni aspetti tecnici e tecnologici relativi alla produzione di energia, in forma di biogas, ottenuta dalla digestione anaerobica di scarti provenienti principalmente da produzioni agricole – zootecniche. Questa tecnica è ben nota e utilizzata da diversi anni, ma a fronte di un crescente interesse da parte delle autorità locali, contrappone una certa stazionarietà nella risoluzione dei principali problemi che la accompagnano. Agendo su un territorio locale che fa dell’agricoltura, e della zootecnia, uno dei comparti produttivi maggiormente soggetto a rischi economici, questo studio fornisce alcune risposte pratiche, e attuabili, agli operatori locali volto sia a migliorare la produzione di metano da reattori esistenti, sia nella realizzazione di nuovi. La possibilità di risolvere problemi pratici come l’abbattimento dei cattivi odori e la gestione dei reflui zootecnici, a fronte di tempi di ritorno degli investimenti inferiori ai dieci anni, rende agricoltori e allevatori molto ben disposti verso soluzioni di questo tipo. L’obiettivo è stato quello di realizzare un digestore anaerobico sperimentale di medie dimensioni, e utilizzarlo per effettuare una serie di prove volte a testare le rese di differenti tipologie di mix. Il presente lavoro si articola in cinque capitoli; il primo affronta le tematiche relative al recupero di energia dalla biomassa. In particolare sono illustrati i molteplici benefici ambientali ed economici, e le diverse tecnologie legate alla digestione anaerobica. Quest’ultimo argomento viene esplicitato nel dettaglio nel capitolo successivo, dove si riportano i processi tecnologici che permettono la produzione di metano da biomassa organica. Nel terzo capitolo viene descritta la filiera del biogas, valutando la scelta della biomassa, e le principali linee di trattamento aziendali. Inoltre si approfondiscono le modalità di pretrattamento e successivo impiego del biogas, oltre al corretto utilizzo agronomico del digestato, in linea con la normativa vigente. Nel quarto capitolo si descrivono gli strumenti operativi impiegati per la realizzazione del presente lavoro: nella prima parte è presente un’approfondita descrizione del digestore anaerobico sperimentale, mentre nella successiva viene affrontato lo sviluppo degli strumenti informatici impiegati per l’analisi dei dati post-prova. Infine viene illustrato lo svolgimento dei test sui vari mix utilizzati: ad una prima fase di calibrazione con l’impiego di letame suino, è stata testata una miscela di letame bovino e siero di latte. Successivamente dopo una serie di modifiche tecniche all’impianto, sono stati effettuati dei test conoscitivi sul potenziale metanigeno di un mix di letame bovino e insilato di mais. Grazie ai risultati ottenuti si è deciso di effettuare delle prove sulla stessa miscela, ma a carico organico variabile. Seguono le considerazioni finali, e le prospettive future.
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RIGGIO, VINCENZO ANDREA. „Valutazione di produzione di biogas da prove sperimentali di digestione anaerobica da differenti mix di scarti da biomassa agricola“. Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2500106.
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Nella sperimentazione si sono valutati alcuni aspetti tecnici e tecnologici relativi alla produzione di energia, in forma di biogas, ottenuta dalla digestione anaerobica di scarti provenienti principalmente da produzioni agricole – zootecniche. Questa tecnica è ben nota e utilizzata da diversi anni, ma a fronte di un crescente interesse da parte delle autorità locali, contrappone una certa stazionarietà nella risoluzione dei principali problemi che la accompagnano. Agendo su un territorio locale che fa dell’agricoltura, e della zootecnia, uno dei comparti produttivi maggiormente soggetto a rischi economici, questo studio fornisce alcune risposte pratiche, e attuabili, agli operatori locali volto sia a migliorare la produzione di metano da reattori esistenti, sia nella realizzazione di nuovi. La possibilità di risolvere problemi pratici come l’abbattimento dei cattivi odori e la gestione dei reflui zootecnici, a fronte di tempi di ritorno degli investimenti inferiori ai dieci anni, rende agricoltori e allevatori molto ben disposti verso soluzioni di questo tipo. L’obiettivo è stato quello di realizzare un digestore anaerobico sperimentale di medie dimensioni, e utilizzarlo per effettuare una serie di prove volte a testare le rese di differenti tipologie di mix. Il presente lavoro si articola in cinque capitoli; il primo affronta le tematiche relative al recupero di energia dalla biomassa. In particolare sono illustrati i molteplici benefici ambientali ed economici, e le diverse tecnologie legate alla digestione anaerobica. Quest’ultimo argomento viene esplicitato nel dettaglio nel capitolo successivo, dove si riportano i processi tecnologici che permettono la produzione di metano da biomassa organica. Nel terzo capitolo viene descritta la filiera del biogas, valutando la scelta della biomassa, e le principali linee di trattamento aziendali. Inoltre si approfondiscono le modalità di pretrattamento e successivo impiego del biogas, oltre al corretto utilizzo agronomico del digestato, in linea con la normativa vigente. Nel quarto capitolo si descrivono gli strumenti operativi impiegati per la realizzazione del presente lavoro: nella prima parte è presente un’approfondita descrizione del digestore anaerobico sperimentale, mentre nella successiva viene affrontato lo sviluppo degli strumenti informatici impiegati per l’analisi dei dati post-prova. Infine viene illustrato lo svolgimento dei test sui vari mix utilizzati: ad una prima fase di calibrazione con l’impiego di letame suino, è stata testata una miscela di letame bovino e siero di latte. Successivamente dopo una serie di modifiche tecniche all’impianto, sono stati effettuati dei test conoscitivi sul potenziale metanigeno di un mix di letame bovino e insilato di mais. Grazie ai risultati ottenuti si è deciso di effettuare delle prove sulla stessa miscela, ma a carico organico variabile. Seguono le considerazioni finali, e le prospettive future.
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GUPTA, ANOOP. „OPTIMAZATION OF EQUIVALENCE RATIO FOR DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIXTURE IN THE OPEN TOP DOWN DRAFT GASIFIER“. Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14930.
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The aim of this study is to find out the Optimize Equivalence Ratio of biomass mixture
with an open top down draft gasifier in order to improve the gasification processes &
to make it commercially viable on different type of available biomass not just only
woody biomass but also agro residues like rice husk briquette. A single reactor design
handles all the bio-residues.
While most gasifier designs are intended to operate with wood chips, the current design
is aimed at handling agro-residues that are light, fine sized and with varying ash
content. The reactor design replaces the grate by a screw for extracting ash and residual
carbon. The problems of handling fine biomass and low melting ash created by the
presence of alkalis in the biomass are overcome by briquetting the fine Bioresidue to
solid pieces of high density and low moisture content.
An open downdraft gasifier of 35kg/hr was consider to find the effect of equivalent
ratio (Actual air fuel ratio to Stoichimetric air fuel ratio: ER) on the specific gas
production, the heating value of gas produced and the cold gas efficiency using four
combination of biomass viz 100% woody biomass, 100% rice husk briquettes, mixes
of 70% wood & 30% rice husk briquettes & 50% wood & 50% rice husk briquettes.
Six trials were carried out for each mixture by varying the supply air flow to change
the ER. The gas samples were tested for their compositions under steady state
operating conditions. Using mass balances for C and N, the cold gas efficiencies,
calorific values and the specific gas production rates were determined.
The results showed that with all types of biomass mixes the calorific value of gas
reduced with the increase of ER. The cold gas efficiency reduced with ER in a similar
trend for all the mixes. The specific gas production increased with ER. Only with
100% rice husk because of its high ash content Low heat value observed & the
Equivalence ratio observed is more than 0.5 which showed the process approached
towards Combustion instead gasification & the formation of clinker takes place result
in poor gas quality because of the high ash fusion temperature of ash. Though if the
rice husk blend with other biomass in such a way that the effective bulk density & the
corresponding ash content should not exceed more than 750kg/cu.m & 10-12%, then
the equivalence ratio close to 0.36 is observed but with the very frequent removal of
ash based on the percentage of mixture from the char extraction system.
Bücher zum Thema "DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIX"
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Meier, Paul F. The Changing Energy Mix. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098391.001.0001.
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The energy mix is changing, and renewable energy is growing in importance. If you were born before 1989, you lived in a United States where no electricity was generated from either wind or solar power and very little from geothermal and biomass. By 2018, the combined generation from wind and solar had surpassed hydroelectricity. Fourteen states generated more than 10% of their electricity from wind and three generated more than 30%. And bioethanol, produced from corn grain, made up 10% of the US gasoline market. Changes have also occurred in the nonrenewable energy mix. Coal, which was responsible for 53% of the US electricity generation in 1998 is now only 28%, as natural gas has taken the leadership role, surpassing coal in 2015 as the primary energy for producing electricity. Similarly, the world did not see any electricity generation from wind until 1985 and none from solar until 1989. Now solar plus wind generate 7% of the worldwide electricity. The worldwide demand for all energy types is also increasing rapidly, as energy usage has increased 84% over the last twenty years. This book makes a systematic comparison of twelve different energy types to help understand the driving forces for this changing energy mix. Twelve common criteria are used to provide tools to make these comparisons, such as proven reserves, the levelized cost for each energy type, energy balances, environmental issues, and the energy footprint. Proven reserves are also projected for each renewable energy type.
Buchteile zum Thema "DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIX"
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El-Azazy, Marwa, Ahmed S. El-Shafie und Khalid Al-Saad. „Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomasses Utilized in Wastewater Treatment“. In Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108878.
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Global economies are confronting major energy challenges. Mitigating the energy depletion crisis and finding alternative and unconventional energy sources have been subjects for many investigations. Plant-sourced biomasses have started to attract global attention as a renewable energy source. Maximizing the performance of the biomass feedstock in different applications requires the availability of reliable and cost-effective techniques for characterization of the biomass. Comprehending the structure of lignocellulosic biomass is a very important way to assess the feasibility of bond formation and functionalization, structural architecture, and hence sculpting of the corresponding structure−property liaison. Over the past decades, non-invasive techniques have brought many pros that make them a valuable tool in depicting the structure of lignocellulosic materials. The current chapter will be focused on the applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy especially in the mid-infrared region in the compositional and structural analysis of lignocellulosic biomasses. The chapter will provide a display of examples from the literature for the application of FTIR spectroscopy in finding the composition of various biomasses obtained from different parts of plants and applied for wastewater treatment. A comparison between biomasses and physically/chemically treated products will be discussed.
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„Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models“. In Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models, herausgegeben von Ana M. Parma. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569315.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>The uncertainty associated with estimates of stock size is increasingly acknowledged in the provision of management advice. Estimated variances, however, are usually small compared with the variability of abundance estimates for any given year produced by successive assessments, especially when changes in the assessment methods are introduced. Of all the different kinds of uncertainty, uncertainty in the specification of the model structure is often the most significant source of assessment errors in some closely monitored fisheries. Recent changes in Pacific halibut assessments illustrate this problem. A separable catch-at-age model used since the mid-1980s performed very poorly in retrospective analyses, initially overestimating biomass and then underestimating it in the 1990s. The latter has been attributed to trends in catchability at age associated with a remarkable decrease in halibut growth rate over the last 15 years. A new model was developed which replaced the assumptions of constant catchability and selectivity made in the old model by a more flexible and realistic treatment of observation and process variability. The change in model structure resulted in estimates of present biomass more than double the previous estimates. While retrospective performance of the new model is much improved, major uncertainties still remain. In particular, the relative importance of size and age effects in determining catchability of the setline surveys is difficult to discern from the data. Two extreme models, one based on the assumption that survey selectivity is a function of size and the other based on the assumption that survey selectivity <em>at age </em>is constant, have been formulated to incorporate this uncertainty. In this paper, Bayesian methods are used to evaluate the uncertainty around abundance estimates and short-term forward projections, including the uncertainty due to alternative possible model structures. The posterior distributions of parameters of interest under each of the two models are approximated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, and the support given to the models by the data is evaluated by computing their integrated likelihoods. While far from a complete representation of all sources of model uncertainty, the analysis illustrates how uncertainty in model choice, in addition to the standard parameter uncertainty, can be incorporated in risk computations.
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„Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models“. In Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models, herausgegeben von Ana M. Parma. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569315.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>The uncertainty associated with estimates of stock size is increasingly acknowledged in the provision of management advice. Estimated variances, however, are usually small compared with the variability of abundance estimates for any given year produced by successive assessments, especially when changes in the assessment methods are introduced. Of all the different kinds of uncertainty, uncertainty in the specification of the model structure is often the most significant source of assessment errors in some closely monitored fisheries. Recent changes in Pacific halibut assessments illustrate this problem. A separable catch-at-age model used since the mid-1980s performed very poorly in retrospective analyses, initially overestimating biomass and then underestimating it in the 1990s. The latter has been attributed to trends in catchability at age associated with a remarkable decrease in halibut growth rate over the last 15 years. A new model was developed which replaced the assumptions of constant catchability and selectivity made in the old model by a more flexible and realistic treatment of observation and process variability. The change in model structure resulted in estimates of present biomass more than double the previous estimates. While retrospective performance of the new model is much improved, major uncertainties still remain. In particular, the relative importance of size and age effects in determining catchability of the setline surveys is difficult to discern from the data. Two extreme models, one based on the assumption that survey selectivity is a function of size and the other based on the assumption that survey selectivity <em>at age </em>is constant, have been formulated to incorporate this uncertainty. In this paper, Bayesian methods are used to evaluate the uncertainty around abundance estimates and short-term forward projections, including the uncertainty due to alternative possible model structures. The posterior distributions of parameters of interest under each of the two models are approximated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, and the support given to the models by the data is evaluated by computing their integrated likelihoods. While far from a complete representation of all sources of model uncertainty, the analysis illustrates how uncertainty in model choice, in addition to the standard parameter uncertainty, can be incorporated in risk computations.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "DIFFERENT BIOMASS MIX"
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Vendina, Viktorija, Austra Zusevica und Dagnija Lazdina. „Review of different types of fertilizers for willow plantations“. In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf165.
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Willow (Salix) family is one of the fastest-growing woody energy crops. It·has been widely used for biomass energy production in short-rotation plantations, carbon storage in longer rotation, and as a phytoremediation plant in Northern Europe. Willows could be cultivated on a wide range of soils, including marginal land, and they are readily propagated by planting un-rooted cuttings. Soil fertilization is necessary for obtaining a higher biomass yield. Different side products of energy production and municipal waste could be used for soil improvement. The aim of this research is to review fertilization practices in short-rotation willow plantations and their impact on the biomass yield. The data from the literature were collected, and different doses of various fertilizers were compared. The response to fertilization is positive if fertilizer contains complex NPK macro elements. The most appropriate dose per hectare varies depending on the soil properties, soil types, willow varieties, weather conditions, water availability, and other factors. Wood ash and peat could be used for soil improvement to solve the main characteristic marginal soils problems in Latvia – low organic content and pH value. Wood ash has high concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and already is widely used as a liming agent in organic farming. Less demanded peat fractions, dewatered wastewater sludge, and biogas fermentation leftover -digestate contain a high amount of organic matter and nitrogen, therefore, could be used as a replacement for previously used fertilizers such as cattle slurry. In addition, wastewater sludge, digestate, and wood ash are also sources of microelements. A mix of all listed products has a high potential to be used as a complex soil amendment.
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Mo¨ller, Bjo¨rn Fredriksson, Mohsen Assadi und Ulf Linder. „CO2-Free Power Generation: A Study of Three Conceptually Different Plant Layouts“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38413.
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Ever since the release of the Kyoto protocol the demand for CO2-free processes have been increasing. In this paper three different concepts with no or a very small release of CO2 to the atmosphere are evaluated and compared concerning plant efficiency and investment cost. A novel approach to biomass gasification is proposed to provide fuel for a combined gas turbine cycle, where the biomass is considered to be a renewable fuel with zero impact regarding CO2 in the exhaust gases. The gasification concept used is a Dual Pressurised Fluidised Bed Gasifier (DPFBG) system, using steam and recycled product gas as fluidising agent in the gasification reactor. In the separate combustion reactor air is used as fluidising agent. The second cycle is a hybrid fuelled Humid Air Turbine (HAT) cycle with post-combustion CO2-separation. Steam used for regenerating the amines in the separation plant is produced using a biomass boiler, and natural gas is used as fuel for the humid air turbine. With this fuel mix the net release of CO2 can even be less than zero if the exhaust gas from the steam generator is mixed and cleaned together with the main exhaust gas flow. The third cycle proposed is a combined cycle with postcombustion CO2-separation and the steam generation for the CO2-separation integrated in the bottoming steam cycle. All power cycles have been modelled in IPSEpro™, a heat and mass balance software, using advanced component models developed by the authors. An equilibrium model is employed both for the gasification and the separation of CO2 from exhaust gases. All three power cycles show efficiencies around 45%, which is high for a biomass gasification cycle. The HAT and the combined cycle show efficiency drops of about 8 percentage points, due to the post-combustion treatment of exhaust gases.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, Afaf Al-Nasser und Tahani Al-Surrayai. „SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF TABLE EGGS AS AFFECTED BY FORTIFICATION OF LAYING FEED RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT FAT SOURCES“. In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/23.
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The major objective of this research paper was to investigate the effect of enrichment with different oil sources on the egg quality traits in laying hens. A total of 300 one-day-old pullets were used. There were seven dietary treatments of 10 % diet of the following: soybean oil (SO), sunflower oil (SFO), canola oil (CO), flaxseed oil (FLO), fish oil (FO), a mix of fish oil and soya oil (SO+FO), and DHA algal biomass oil. Each treatment contained six replicates with seven birds each. Random samples of 10 eggs per treatment were used; making 70. The organoleptic parameters included tests on smell, taste, color, and texture. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the eggs from hens fed the different dietary treatments in terms of the organoleptic parameters used. Flaxseed oil, Fish oil and a mixture of Soy oil +Fish oil can be efficiently used to enrich poultry eggs with n-3 PUFA. However, FLO and flaxseeds can be safely used to avoid the fishy smell of poultry products, if present upon reheating
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Yanity, Brian B., und Jay S. Hermanson. „Integrated Energy Resource Plan for Alaska’s Northwest Arctic Borough“. In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90335.
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Straddling the Arctic Circle on the Chukchi Sea, the Northwest Alaska Native Association (NANA) region constitutes the boundaries of the Northwest Arctic Borough (NWAB), and has a population of about 7,600 people. The high cost of energy in the NANA region is one of the leading threats to the long term sustainability and well-being of the region. As a result of complex and lengthy logistics, the region has some of the highest energy prices in the nation. In addition to the cost of fossil fuels, NANA region residents are increasingly aware of the effects of greenhouse gases on climate change and the resulting coastal erosion along the Chukchi Sea. NANA Regional Corporation, along with other regional stakeholders, has developed a regional integrated energy plan. This approach includes community specific energy options analyses, benefit-cost analyses of competing alternatives, analysis of available literature and past experiences, surveying of professional opinion, and a regional energy summit that involved multiple stakeholders. Since the mid-1990s, the NANA region has been an Alaska leader in promoting and developing renewable energy resources with wind turbine installations in Kotzebue and Selawik. Promising wind energy potential is under investigation in several more communities, and other known energy resources being studied include geothermal, small-scale hydropower, and a substantial biomass potential in the upper Kobuk River area. Also under investigation are stranded natural gas sources and even solar PV installations for some communities. Energy security in the region will be achieved by a combination of infrastructure improvement and development of appropriate energy technologies, both traditional and renewable. It is the vision of NANA region stakeholders to be 75% reliant on regionally available energy resources for heating and electric generation purposes by the year 2030, and to decrease the need for transportation fuel imported into the region by 50% by the year 2030. As part of this vision, imported fossil fuels would remain as emergency/back-up fuel only. With proper planning, a synergy can be developed between different energy sources and uses, with the composition of the optimal ‘energy-mix’ custom-tailored for each community in the NANA region. The energy planning process will be conducted with the understanding that the optimum mix may change over time.
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Wise, Daniel M., Daniel B. Olsen und Myoungjin Kim. „Characterization of Methane Number for Producer Gas Blends“. In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19221.
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Producer gas, any of a variety of gases generated from biomass gasification, is a renewable gaseous fuel that can be burned in gas engines for power production. Producer gas consists primarily of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. These gas blends can be problematic as a fuel for natural gas engines due to widely varying composition and significantly different fuel properties than natural gas. Characterization of combustion properties of different producer gas compositions is critical if the gas engine is to be operated reliably and at the greatest efficiency possible. A sample space of 35 producer gas blends consisting of distinct percentages of combustible gases (methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide) and diluent (carbon dioxide and nitrogen) is created to provide a basis for methane number testing. A test cell is established to mix producer gas blends of desired constituent makeup for consumption in a Waukesha F2 Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine to directly measure methane number for each blend. Additional measurements include combustion pressure statistics, fuel consumption, and power output. Methane number is correlated to combustion pressure statistics and producer gas properties. Methane number measurements are compared with predictions using the software AVL Methane, often employed by engine manufacturers to characterize gaseous fuels. Measured methane number shows a strong correlation to 0–10% and 10–90% burn durations. The predicted methane number values from AVL Methane are significantly different than measured methane number in many cases. The error in the prediction is strongly dependent on the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the producer gas.
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Dodder, Rebecca, Tyler Felgenhauer, William Yelverton und Carey King. „Water and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs Associated With a Transition to a Low Carbon Transportation System“. In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63991.
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Transportation fuels are heavily dominated by the use of petroleum, but concerns over oil depletion (e.g., peak oil), energy security, and greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum combustion are driving the search for alternatives. As we look to shift away from petroleum-based transportation fuels, most options consume and withdraw more water during their life cycle. Thus, shifting to alternative fuel and energy supplies for transportation will likely increase water use for the transportation sector. Previous work suggests that water consumption for transportation could reach 10% of total U.S. water consumption when meeting the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard mandate at modest irrigation levels for feedstock crops (corn, cellulosic grasses) in combination with other alternative fuels and vehicle technologies (electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, etc.), but more refined analysis is needed. It is important to understand when and where these new water demands for transportation are anticipated to occur. This paper presents results from simulations of the U.S. 9-region (EPAUS9r) MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) integrated energy systems model for mapping the changes in water withdrawal and consumption during a transition to a low carbon-emitting U.S. transportation fleet. The advantage of using a bottom-up, multi-sector model like MARKAL is the ability to look at consistent scenarios for the full energy system, and endogenously capture interactions between different sectors (e.g. electric power production, biorefineries, and the LDV fleet). MARKAL can simulate a baseline scenario driven by assumptions for biomass feedstock and fossil resource costs and availability, as well as the costs of converting those resources to liquid fuels and electricity. We investigate alternative scenarios both with and without carbon constraints, while varying the pace of vehicle electrification. We compare these scenarios to assess regional differences in water needs as well as aggregate water demand for transportation energy, and how those trade off against greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Our results indicate that the regional water demands and interregional transfers of embodied water could be significant as the light-duty vehicle fleet moves away from petroleum-based fuels, with exports of embodied water on the order of hundreds of billion gallons of water per year for ethanol coming from the Midwest. Interregional transfers of water embodied in electricity may also reach tens of billion gallons of water per year. However, these water requirements will vary substantially based on the light-duty vehicle mix, carbon policy, electric power generation mix, biofuel production levels, and feedstock characteristics.
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Petrukhina, D. I. „Сyanoprokaryota cultivation with the lighting unit under different light regimes“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.196.
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The continuous phototrophic growth and light / dark cycled regime showed comparable OTR, max. µ 0.06 h-1, biomass concentration ca. 0.8 g‧L-1. During growth with 1.5 g‧L-1 glucose compared to the phototrophic showed the higher OTR.
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Sun, Li, Min Xu und Rongfeng Sun. „Indirectly Heated Pyrolysis for Selected Biomass Materials“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54208.
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Pyrolysis is an important basic process for biomass thermo-chemical conversion. By different condition of the process, a series of technologies can be designed to produce different products, such as mid-Btu gas, syngas, liquid fuel and hydrogen. This paper presents the experimental data for selected biomass materials on indirectly heated pyrolysis process. The influences of temperature on parameters such as pyrolysis products, mass balance relationship, composition of gas, are described. This research paves the way to two technical directions. One combines with a gasifier to produce gas with very low tar content, which can be used to generate electricity. Another, in association with secondary decomposition process, generates hydrogen-rich gas.
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Ates, Funda, Ayse Eren Putun und Ersan Putun. „Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass: Yields and Characterization of the Products“. In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54099.
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Terpene hydrocarbons are high energy capacity hydrocarbons. The most known terpenoid biomass is Euphorbiaceae family. Euphorbia rigida, a member of Euphorbiaceae, was used as the biomass feedstock and natural zeolite was used as the catalyst in this study. In the experimental studies, firstly the raw material was analysed for its moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon. Then experiments were carried out in steam atmosphere in a fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate of 7 K/min, pyrolysis temperature of 823 K and mean particular size of 0.55 mm by mixing the catalyst to feedstock in different percentages. Experiments were performed with the catalyst ratios of 5, 10, 20 and 25 (weight-%) under steam atmosphere with the velocities of 12, 25 and 52 cm3/min to determine the effect of catalyst and steam on the product yields and bio-oil composition. Steam velocities were considered as the average steam velocities in the inlet tube of the reactor. The maximum bio-oil was reached to a value of 39.7% when using catalyst ratio of 20% and steam flow rate of 25 cm3/min. Pyrolysis oils were examined by using elemental analysis, IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The liquid products were also fractionated by column chromatography and the gas chromatographic analysis of n-pentane eluate was performed.
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Ates¸, Funda. „Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass With Activated Alumina“. In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54689.
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In this study, corncob was chosen as a biomass sample and the pyrolysis of this sample was carried out with or without catalyst at different conditions in a well-swept fixed-bed reactor. In the experimental studies, firstly the raw material was analysed for its moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon. Then, experiments were conducted with a heating rate of 700 °C/min, mean particle size and between 300–800 °C pyrolysis temperatures with or without catalyst. The catalytic experiments involved a dry mixing of the catalyst with the biomass using an in bed-mode in the nitrogen atmosphere. In the experimental studies, influence of catalyst and temperature on the corncob products was investigated. According to the experimental results; maximum bio-oil yield was obtained as 36.1% and 34.8% with or without catalyst at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, respectively. The use of catalyst showed its cracking effect at higher temperatures and the gas yield increased above pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C. Pyrolysis oils were examined by using elemental analysis and GC/MS. According to all results; the use of catalyst can be suggested in the pyrolysis to obtain both good quality fuels and valuable chemicals.