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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Dose-at-volume“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Dose-at-volume"
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Appenzoller, Lindsey M., Jeff M. Michalski, Wade L. Thorstad, Sasa Mutic und Kevin L. Moore. „Predicting dose-volume histograms for organs-at-risk in IMRT planning“. Medical Physics 39, Nr. 12 (27.11.2012): 7446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4761864.
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Wibowo, R. Arif, Bambang Haris und dan Inganatul Islamiyah. „Dose evaluation of organs at risk (OAR) cervical cancer using dose volume histogram (DVH) on brachytherapy“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 853 (Mai 2017): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/853/1/012013.
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Сухих, Е., E. Sukhikh, Л. Сухих, L. Sukhikh, О. Аникеева, O. Anikeeva, П. Ижевский, P. Izhevsky, И. Шейно und I. Sheino. „Dosimetric Evaluation for Various Methods of Combined Radiotherapy of Cervical Cancer“. Medical Radiology and radiation safety 64, Nr. 1 (20.01.2019): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c55fb4a074ee1.27347494.
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Purpose: Carrying out dosimetric investigation of possibility to replace a traditional combined radiation therapy of cervical cancer by combinations only external irradiation, without change of total course dose and number of fractions. Material and Methods: Eleven patients with a diagnosis of cervical cancer (stages T2bNxM0 and T3NxM0) who received a course of combined radiotherapy (CRT) have been considered in this study. The combination of dose delivery techniques 3D-CRT + high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR) was used as a basic one. The following fractionation regimes for CRT were simulated: external beam RT (EBRT) of the first stage – total dose 50 Gy and fraction dose 2 Gy (25 fractions), the second stage – total dose 28 Gy and fraction dose 7 Gy (4 fractions). Total CRT course dose was 89.7 Gy EQD2. Dosimetric planning of EBRT using conventional radiography and 3D-CRT has been carried out using XIO dosimetry planning system. Dosimetric planning of first-stage EBRT and second-stage EBRT using the VMAT technique has been performed in the Monaco dosimetry planning system. HDR of the second stage has been planned using the HDRplus dosimetric planning system for the Multisource HDR unit with a 60Co source. Results: Coverage of the clinical volume of the tumor using HDR, on average, was equal to 95 % of the prescribed dose at 91.8 % of the volume, 110 % of the dose – 75.7 % of the volume. 60Co + VMAT results in the coverage level 95 % of the dose at 97.1 % of the volume and 110 % of the dose at 2.1 % of the volume. 3D-CRT + VMAT provide the coverage level of 95 % of the dose at 98 % of the volume and 110 % of the dose at 2.6 % of the volume. Using the combination VMAT + VMAT allows achieving the average coverage of the target at the level of 98 % of the dose at 97 % of the volume, 110 % of the dose at 8.8 % of the volume. The maximum dose per volume of the organs at risk equal to 2 cm3 did not exceed their tolerant levels both for the bladder and for the rectum. Conclusion: At present, there is a technical possibility to replace the second stage of CRT cervical cancer by EBRT using the VMAT technique. Implementation of the VMAT technique allows to increase the uniformity of irradiated volume coverage comparing with traditional HDR. While using VMAT technique the tolerant levels of organs at risk are not exceeded.
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Kierkels, Roel G. J., Albin Fredriksson, Stefan Both, Johannes A. Langendijk, Daniel Scandurra und Erik W. Korevaar. „Automated Robust Proton Planning Using Dose-Volume Histogram-Based Mimicking of the Photon Reference Dose and Reducing Organ at Risk Dose Optimization“. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 103, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.08.023.
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Gotz, Malte, Leonhard Ka, Heikki Tölli und Jörg Pawelke. „Correction for volume recombination in liquid ionization chambers at high dose‐per‐pulse“. Medical Physics 46, Nr. 8 (14.06.2019): 3692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.13600.
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Hüttenrauch, P., M. Witt, D. Wolff, S. Bosold, R. Engenhart-Cabillic, J. Sparenberg, H. Vorwerk und K. Zink. „Target volume coverage and dose to organs at risk in prostate cancer patients“. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 190, Nr. 3 (16.01.2014): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-013-0483-2.
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Poddar, Jyoti, Ashutosh Das Sharma, U. Suryanarayan K, Sonal Patel Shah und Ankita Parikh. „Dosimetric analysis of the effect of bladder volume on brachytherapy dose to organs at risk (OARs) in volume based intracavitary brachytherapy of carcinoma cervix: An institutional study.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2017): e17006-e17006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e17006.
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e17006 Background: External beam radiotherapy combined with intracavitary brachytherapy is the standard of care in Carcinoma cervix. Due to its characteristics of rapid dose fall off, brachytherapy limits the toxicity to organs at risk while escalating radiation dose to target. Still, the organs near the radioactive source are at risk of considerable exposure, toxicity and post treatment morbidity. Alteration of bladder volume, alters the relative anatomy of uterus, rectum, sigmoid colon causing changes in the radiation dose to these organs. Methods: Aim:To correlate between the bladder volume and its effects on the dose received by bladder, rectum and sigmoid colon in volume based HDR brachytherapy in carcinoma cervix.30 patients (78 Intracavitary Brachytherapy applications) of Carcinoma Cervix (FIGO stage II-III) treated with EBRT followed by volume based HDR brachytherapy at our institute between July 2014 to Jan 2016 were studied. Bladder volume data was tabulated into five groups according to increasing volume of bladder. It was correlated with D2cc dose received by bladder, rectum and sigmoid colon. Results: Statistical Analysis Linear regression and correlation analysisof the HRCTV with dose to the bladder was 0.2 (.i.e HRCTV does not influence the bladder dose.) Pearson correlation of bladder volume and D2cc bladder and D2cc rectum was positive for all groups and for sigmoid D2cc was positive for group B and negative for all other groups. P value = 0.064 Conclusions: Keeping the bladder volume low (<130 cc) during brachytherapy would reduce the dose to bladder and rectum and the probability of late bladder and rectal toxicity reduces. [Table: see text]
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Embring, Anna, Eva Onjukka, Claes Mercke, Ingmar Lax, Anders Berglund, Sara Bornedal, Berit Wennberg, Emmy Dalqvist und Signe Friesland. „Re-Irradiation for Head and Neck Cancer: Cumulative Dose to Organs at Risk and Late Side Effects“. Cancers 13, Nr. 13 (25.06.2021): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133173.
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Re-irradiation in head and neck cancer is challenging, and cumulative dose constraints and dose/volume data are scarce. In this study, we present dose/volume data for patients re-irradiated for head and neck cancer and explore the correlations of cumulative dose to organs at risk and severe side effects. We analyzed 54 patients re-irradiated for head and neck cancer between 2011 and 2017. Organs at risk were delineated and dose/volume data were collected from cumulative treatment plans of all included patients. Receiver–operator characteristics (ROC) analysis assessed the association between dose/volume parameters and the risk of toxicity. The ROC-curve for a logistic model of carotid blowout vs. maximum doses to the carotid arteries showed AUC = 0.92 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.00) and a cut-off value of 119 Gy (sensitivity 1.00/specificity 0.89). The near-maximum dose to bones showed an association with the risk of osteoradionecrosis: AUC = 0.74 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.95) and a cut-off value of 119 Gy (sensitivity 1.00/specificity 0.52). Our analysis showed an association between cumulative dose to organs at risk and the risk of developing osteoradionecrosis and carotid blowout, and our results support the existing dose constraint for the carotid arteries of 120 Gy. The confirmation of these dose–response relationships will contribute to further improvements of re-irradiation strategies.
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Kukolowicz, Pawel F., und Bernard J. Mijnheer. „Comparison between dose values specified at the ICRU reference point and the mean dose to the planning target volume“. Radiotherapy and Oncology 42, Nr. 3 (März 1997): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(97)01905-1.
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Desai, Anand, Joshua B. Stoker, Cody A. Wages, X. Ron Zhu und Andrew Lee. „Rectal dose-volume differences for scanning proton beam therapy with or without an endorectal balloon for the treatment of prostate cancer.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, Nr. 6_suppl (20.02.2013): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.243.
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243 Background: Endorectal balloons (ERB) are routinely used in proton radiation for prostate cancer (PCa). The dosimetric implications, however, in conjunction with scanning proton beam therapy (SPT) have not been studied. We sought to describe dose-volume values with the use of an ERB vs no ERB for SPT for PCa. Methods: We analyzed 10 patients with localized PCa. Each patient underwent two CT simulations, one with a water-filled ERB (50-60 ml) and one with no ERB. For 8 patients, the prostate and proximal 1 cm of the seminal vesicles was the clinical target volume (CTV), with the prostate only as CTV for 2 patients. We defined 3 structures: rectum (R), anterior rectal wall (ARW) as a 3 mm rim of the anterior half of the rectum, and AR-CTV as the ARW only on slices with a contoured CTV. SPT plans were created in both cases for each patient, with the creation of a scanning target volume (STV), which expanded the CTV by 6 mm in all dimensions except 4 mm posteriorly and 12 mm laterally. Two opposed lateral beams were used to plan to the STV. Total dose was 78 Co-60 Gy equivalent in 39 fractions, to cover 95% of the STV. RBE was 1.1. We compared the dose-volume values for the R, ARW, and AR-CTV between the two arms. Results: The ERB significantly increased the R volume for all cases (61 ± 11 ml vs 105 ± 10 ml (p<0.01)). Rectal volumes radiated for all cases: V10, 55%; V50, 23%; and V70, 11%. The ERB significantly decreased the R volume radiated for all dose levels V5-V82 (p<0.05). The absolute difference was larger at low dose levels (8% at V10) and intermediate dose levels (5% at V50) compared to high dose levels (3% at V70). For the ARW, the ERB did not significantly change the volume radiated at any dose level. For the AR-CTV, the ERB significantly decreased the volume radiated for dose levels V20-V60 (p<0.05). Conclusions: The ERB provided a significant decrease in R volume radiated at all dose levels, and significantly decreased the AR-CTV volume, which represents a high risk volume, radiated at intermediate dose levels. Rectal doses with SPT, however, were low whether using an ERB or not. In the setting of the low rectal doses delivered, further study regarding the clinical benefit is warranted.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Dose-at-volume"
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Zhang, Tianfang. „Direct optimization of dose-volume histogram metrics in intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment planning“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231548.
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In optimization of intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plans, dose-volumehistogram (DVH) functions are often used as objective functions to minimize the violationof dose-volume criteria. Neither DVH functions nor dose-volume criteria, however,are ideal for gradient-based optimization as the former are not continuously differentiableand the latter are discontinuous functions of dose, apart from both beingnonconvex. In particular, DVH functions often work poorly when used in constraintsdue to their being identically zero when feasible and having vanishing gradients on theboundary of feasibility.In this work, we present a general mathematical framework allowing for direct optimizationon all DVH-based metrics. By regarding voxel doses as sample realizations ofan auxiliary random variable and using kernel density estimation to obtain explicit formulas,one arrives at formulations of volume-at-dose and dose-at-volume which are infinitelydifferentiable functions of dose. This is extended to DVH functions and so calledvolume-based DVH functions, as well as to min/max-dose functions and mean-tail-dosefunctions. Explicit expressions for evaluation of function values and corresponding gradientsare presented. The proposed framework has the advantages of depending on onlyone smoothness parameter, of approximation errors to conventional counterparts beingnegligible for practical purposes, and of a general consistency between derived functions.Numerical tests, which were performed for illustrative purposes, show that smoothdose-at-volume works better than quadratic penalties when used in constraints and thatsmooth DVH functions in certain cases have significant advantage over conventionalsuch. The results of this work have been successfully applied to lexicographic optimizationin a fluence map optimization setting.Vid optimering av behandlingsplaner i intensitetsmodulerad strålterapi används dosvolym- histogram-funktioner (DVH-funktioner) ofta som målfunktioner för att minimera avståndet till dos-volymkriterier. Varken DVH-funktioner eller dos-volymkriterier är emellertid idealiska för gradientbaserad optimering då de förstnämnda inte är kontinuerligt deriverbara och de sistnämnda är diskontinuerliga funktioner av dos, samtidigt som båda också är ickekonvexa. Speciellt fungerar DVH-funktioner ofta dåligt i bivillkor då de är identiskt noll i tillåtna områden och har försvinnande gradienter på randen till tillåtenhet. I detta arbete presenteras ett generellt matematiskt ramverk som möjliggör direkt optimering på samtliga DVH-baserade mått. Genom att betrakta voxeldoser som stickprovsutfall från en stokastisk hjälpvariabel och använda ickeparametrisk densitetsskattning för att få explicita formler, kan måtten volume-at-dose och dose-at-volume formuleras som oändligt deriverbara funktioner av dos. Detta utökas till DVH-funktioner och så kallade volymbaserade DVH-funktioner, såväl som till mindos- och maxdosfunktioner och medelsvansdos-funktioner. Explicita uttryck för evaluering av funktionsvärden och tillhörande gradienter presenteras. Det föreslagna ramverket har fördelarna av att bero på endast en mjukhetsparameter, av att approximationsfelen till konventionella motsvarigheter är försumbara i praktiska sammanhang, och av en allmän konsistens mellan härledda funktioner. Numeriska tester genomförda i illustrativt syfte visar att slät dose-at-volume fungerar bättre än kvadratiska straff i bivillkor och att släta DVH-funktioner i vissa fall har betydlig fördel över konventionella sådana. Resultaten av detta arbete har med framgång applicerats på lexikografisk optimering inom fluensoptimering.
Bücher zum Thema "Dose-at-volume"
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Bieber, Scott D., und Jonathan Himmelfarb. Haemodialysis. Herausgegeben von Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0258.
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The development of haemodialysis for the treatment of chronic kidney disease was a remarkable step in medicine that moved what was once a universally fatal organ failure to a condition that is regarded as treatable. Over the decades since that remarkable advancement, mechanical methods of blood purification to correct the uraemic condition have gained a prominent and often expected role in the care of the patient with end-stage kidney failure. Even so, patients with end-stage kidney disease still experience high rates of morbidity and mortality, at times surpassing other chronic conditions such as cancer. The goal of haemodialysis should be not only to maintain life but also to restore the afflicted individual to a state of health, thus rehabilitating them so that they can lead a meaningful, fulfilling life. Currently utilized methods of haemodialysis, while effective at acutely reversing the uraemic condition, often fall short of the goal of rehabilitation. This observation, among others, has led many scientists and physicians to suspect that contemporary dialytic therapy is inadequate and has led to vigorous pursuit of the question: what is the adequate dose of dialysis? While extensive effort has been devoted to the pursuit of this question, it has yet to be definitively answered to the satisfaction of the scientific community. This chapter will predominantly focus on currently popularized and frequently utilized methods for measurement of dialysis dose with the stipulation that the reader understands that the determination of the adequate dose of dialysis is an evolving field and in clinical practice should require more diligence than simple surveillance of urea clearance. The adequacy of volume management, which is arguably of equal importance to the adequacy of uraemic retention solute clearance is covered in other chapters within this book.
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Kilkelly, Shannon. Coagulation System. Herausgegeben von Matthew D. McEvoy und Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0090.
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Despite the development of entirely new classes of anticoagulant medication, vitamin K antagonists like warfarin continue to be commonly prescribed for a wide range of cardiovascular diagnoses. Conversely, the advent of low molecular weight heparin has greatly simplified the use of the drug to the point that patients can dose themselves at home with no need for any type of monitoring. Given the widespread use of these medications, it is not surprising that an increasing number of patients requiring urgent or emergent surgery will present with a medically induced coagulopathy. Managing this coagulopathy requires assessment of the urgency of the operation, the patient’s volume status, and the need for reanticoagulation following surgical intervention.
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Myburgh, John, und Naomi E. Hammond. Choice of resuscitation fluid. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0069.
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Fluid resuscitation is a ubiquitous intervention in critically-ill patients. There is wide variation in practice and emerging evidence that the choice of resuscitation fluid may affect outcome in selected patient populations. It is likely that beneficial or adverse effects relate not only to the physicochemical properties of the fluid but also to the volume (dose) and rate of administration. Interstitial oedema is a common side-effect associated with all fluids and its development is associated with organ dysfunction. Crystalloids should be first-choice resuscitation fluids for almost all patients, with evidence that balanced salt solutions confer any benefit over saline being limited to observational data. Consideration of serum sodium (or osmolality), pH, renal function and coagulation status may affect selection of a specific crystalloid solution. On the balance of evidence, colloids do not confer any clinical advantage over crystalloids and they should be used with caution, if at all. Albumin is contraindicated for the resuscitation of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Hydroxyethyl starch is associated with increased risk of death and acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients, particularly those with severe sepsis and septic shock. Current evidence does not support the use of other semi-synthetic colloids for resuscitation.
Buchteile zum Thema "Dose-at-volume"
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Sanduleanu, Sebastian, Simon Keek, Lars Hoezen und Philippe Lambin. „Biomarkers for Hypoxia, HPVness, and Proliferation from Imaging Perspective“. In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 13–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_2.
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AbstractRecent advances in quantitative imaging with handcrafted radiomics and unsupervised deep learning have resulted in a plethora of validated imaging biomarkers in the field of head and neck oncology. Generally speaking, these algorithms are trained for one specific task, e.g. to classify between two or multiple types of underlying tumor biology (e.g. hypoxia, HPV status), predict overall survival (OS) or progression free survival (PFS), automatically segment a region of interest e.g. an organ at risk for radiotherapy dose or the gross tumor volume (GTV). Despite relatively good performances in external validation cohorts these algorithms still have not found their way into routine clinical practice. The reason this has not happened yet is complex, multifactorial, and can be usually divided into three categories: technical (a part of the algorithm or pre-processing step is not technically sound), statistical (mainly related to selection of subset of relevant biomarkers), and translational (not enough understanding by clinicians, not easily implementable within clinical workflow). We currently foresee that the next artificial intelligence (AI)-driven technique to find its way into clinical practice beside existing techniques (e.g. automatic organ at risk segmentation) will be the automatic segmentation of head and neck gross tumor volumes.
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N. Koliasnikova, Ksenia, Polina Yu. Povarnina, Anna V. Tallerova, Yulia N. Firsova, Sergei V. Nikolaev, Tatiana A. Antipova, Anna V. Nadorova, Larisa G. Kolik, Tatiana A. Gudasheva und Sergei B. Seredenin. „Glyproline Pro-Ampakine with Neuroprotective Activity“. In Neuroprotection - New Approaches and Prospects. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91192.
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Previously it was shown that neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine (CPG) is a positive modulator of AMPA receptors, which increases BDNF level in neuronal cell cultures. The spectrum of CPG’s pharmacological effects corresponds to that of BDNF. Dipeptide N-phenylacetyl-glycyl-L-proline ethyl ester (GZK-111) was designed and synthesized as a linear analog of CPG. The aim of the present work was to reveal the pharmacological profile of GZK-111. Dipeptide GZK-111 was shown to metabolize into CPG in vitro and increased cell survival by 28% at concentrations of 10-7–10-6 M in a Parkinson’s disease cell model. In a model of cerebral ischemia, GZK-111, at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, i.p., was found to have neuroprotective effects, reducing the cerebral infarct volume by 1.6 times. Similar to CPG, GZK-111, at the range 0.1–1.0 mg/kg, i.p., possessed a stereospecific antiamnesic activity. A significant anxiolytic effect was observed at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. GZK-111, at the range 0.5–4.0 mg/kg, i.p., demonstrated analgesic activity. GZK-111, at a dose of 10 mg/kg/7 days, i.p., possessed antidepressant-like activity. So, the neuroprotective, nootropic, antihypoxic, anxiolytic, antidepressant-like, and analgesic effects of GZK-111 were revealed. Thus, GZK-111 can be considered as a pharmacologically active pro-ampakine with a BDNF-ergic mechanism of action.
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Maceira, Alicia M., und Alistair A. Young. „Global and regional cardiac function“. In The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, herausgegeben von Massimo Lombardi, Sven Plein, Steffen Petersen, Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci, Emanuela R. Valsangiacomo Buechel, Cristina Basso und Victor Ferrari, 92–102. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0014.
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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is currently the most accurate and reproducible method for the measurement of biventricular global and regional systolic function, as well as diastolic and atrial function. Regional wall motion can be visually evaluated and quantified with tissue tagging or feature tracking analysis techniques. Wall motion analysis is usually performed at rest but can also be done with low-dose and high-dose dobutamine. Segmental strain is best measured with tissue tagging or displacement-encoded phase contrast imaging. Current analysis software enables the measurement of ventricular volumes throughout the cardiac cycle, and assessment of left and right ventricular diastolic function can be done by evaluating the time–flow curve, derived from the volume–time curve obtained in the volumetric analysis. Although contrast between flowing blood and the myocardium in cardiac cine images is typically excellent, the precise placement of the contours is reader-dependent and training is highly recommended due to the subjective nature of contour placement.
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„Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems“. In Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems, herausgegeben von Jack W. Erickson, Scott J. Kenner und Bruce A. Barton. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569735.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Urban streams typically have increased flows, high suspended sediment concentrations, and reduced water quality during rainstorms as a result of changes within the watershed related to human activity. In the 6-month periods from May through October of 2001 and 2002, water quality was monitored continuously at five sites along Rapid Creek within Rapid City, South Dakota. Water quality samples were collected for eight base flows (nonevents) and eight storm events. Blood samples were collected from wild adult brown trout <em>Salmo trutta </em>during base flow conditions and six of eight storm events to determine if storm events could elicit physiological stress responses. Blood samples were also collected 24, 48, and 96 h after each storm event had started. Water monitoring results showed significant increases in runoff volume and peak flows during storm events. Water quality parameters exceeding South Dakota’s water quality criteria for a coldwater fishery were total suspended solids and temperature. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and lactate, during and after storm events, were not significantly different than those measured during base flow conditions. Plasma glucose values were lower during storm events than during nonevent periods. These observations were compared to those predicted by a suspended sediment dose–response model developed for adult salmonids. The dose–response model overpredicted the severity of the effects of increased total suspended sediment on the brown trout during stormwater runoff events.
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Massimino, Maura, Eric Bouffet und Vijay Ramaswamy. „Embryonal Tumours“. In Oxford Textbook of Cancer in Children, 188–97. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797210.003.0023.
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Paediatric embryonal tumours are highly heterogeneous entities which account for 15–20% of all childhood tumours of the central nervous system (CNS). Although historically considered one entity, integrated genomic analysis has unveiled this is no longer the case, and in fact CNS-PNET (primitive neuroectodermal tumour) has been removed from the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of CNS tumours. Patients are risk-stratified based on residual disease after surgery, metastatic dissemination, and, with the medulloblastoma subgroup, specific molecular features. In patients with medulloblastoma, 60–70% of patients over three years old are classified as standard-risk cases, while high-risk patients include those with disseminated and/or residual disease, large-cell and/or anaplastic histotypes, and MYC gene amplification in some protocols. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours (ATRTs) are risk-stratified in a similar manner; however, recently integrated genomics has revealed the presence of three distinct molecular variants which seem to have distinct clinical features and outcomes. Clinical trials already underway or currently being planned will (1) examine the feasibility of reducing the dose of craniospinal irradiation and the volume of posterior fossa radiotherapy (RT) for patients generally considered at low biological risk (i.e. those with the WNT subgroup of medulloblastomas; (2) ascertain whether intensifying chemotherapy or RT can improve outcomes in high-risk patients; and (3) seek therapeutic targets that will enable tailored therapies, especially for relapsing patients and those at higher biological risk.
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Emsley, John. „Mercury poisons us all“. In The Elements of Murder. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192805997.003.0006.
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Mercury is everywhere and we cannot avoid it. The average adult contains around 6 mg of mercury – assuming they have no mercury amalgam fillings in their teeth – and this is something we have to live with because we can do almost nothing to reduce it. Our average intake of mercury is about 3 mg/day for adults, and about 1 μg for babies and young children. At these levels the amount we consume in a lifetime is less than a tenth of a gram, although in previous centuries people would consume more than this in a day in the form of medication, generally for embarrassing diseases, such as the unspeakable syphilis or, even worse, the unmentionable constipation. We shed mercury from our body through our urine, faeces, and even our hair. We could excrete mercury via our saliva glands, which are greatly stimulated by mercury, but the mercury in saliva tends to return to the stomach. So where does it all come from? The answer is mainly from the food we eat, although a little comes from the air we breathe and the water we drink, and some may even come from our own body if we have mercury amalgam fillings in our teeth. Agricultural soils may hold as much as 0.2 ppm of mercury and this finds its way into plants and food crops. Grass contains relatively little mercury, around 0.004 ppm, which explains why grazing animals are not really contaminated, and meat and dairy products have low levels. Seawater contains even less mercury than the cleanest soil and has only 0.00004 ppm, yet some fish absorb mercury to the extent of concentrating it in excess of 1 ppm. Are we harmed by this amount of mercury? Probably not. In December 1997, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a seven-volume report on mercury and announced a safe daily dose of 0.1 μg/kg body weight, which for an ordinary adult would be 7 μg. Were this limit to be acted upon then it would outlaw the sale of all swordfish, shark, and most tuna, whereas the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), which has a more pragmatic view of mercury, bans their sale only if their mercury content exceeds 1 ppm.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Dose-at-volume"
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Tomasevic, Aleksandar, Vesna Plešinac Karapandžić, Sandra Vučković, Dragoslava Marjanović, Mirjana Miković, Marko Radović und Milena Tomašević. „149 Influence of initial volume of cervical cancer on achieving the recommended brachytherapy dose at target volumes“. In ESGO SoA 2020 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-esgo.10.
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Chen, Junjun, Jingyuan Qu und Junjun Gong. „Estimation of External Dose Volume Correction Factors Based on Neural Network“. In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81616.
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Before the design of the nuclear facility, it is necessary to estimate the dose caused by radioactive material released into the environment during the course of the serious accidents. Semi-infinite hemisphere geometric model is established to estimate the personal external exposure dose outdoors in which the distribution of the nuclides is assumed to be uniform. The exposed staffs are in a limited cubic space when using this model to evaluate the controllability of the main control room. Thus, the volume correction factor is needed to correct the dose, whose traditional expression is f = 352/pow(V, 0.338). The formula cannot satisfy the requirement of higher accuracy due to the neglect of the influence of the shape of geometric model and γ-rays energy. Usually the actual control room is a cube and the γ-rays energies emitted from various nuclides are different. In order to calculate the accurate volume correction factor of main control room under different geometric conditions, a finite cubic geometric model is established in this paper. The length and width of the model are between 6m and 50 m, the height is between 4m and 6m, and γ-ray energy respectively are 0.05, 0.2, 0.733, 1.2 and 3 MeV, respectively. The effective volume values for different conditions are calculated by the Monte-Carlo program, and 318 groups of results are obtained. The calculated volume dose rate of 360m × 360m × 255m (assuming semi-infinite) cube at 733keV γ-rays energy is taken as a criterion, whose ratio of the other calculation results is the new volume correction factor value. By comparing two volume correction factors, the relative discrepancies are within 3 folds, proving that the calculation result is reasonable and feasible. The new volume correction factor varies with γ-rays energy and the shape of the geometric model. A neural network model corresponding to the volume correction factor is developed to apply to more cases. 80% of the results are randomly selected as the training set of neural network. The remaining 20% of the result as the test set of the cross-test is to predict the results of the trained neural network, whose relative errors are less than 5%. The neural network model can obtain the volume correction factor under different geometry and γ-ray energy conditions. Finally, a volume correction factor library is established, which can provide a powerful reference to obtain the volume correction factor of the limited space model such as the main control room.
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Hadi, Rahat, Mohammad Azam, Pooja Gupta, Satyajeet Rath, Mohammad Ali, Chandra Prakash, Anoop Kumar Srivastava und S. Farzana. „Comparative dosimetric study between point and volume based brachytherapy in definitive treatment of de novo carcinoma cervix“. In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685278.
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Introduction: Cervical cancer has a high incidence in developing countries including India. Brachytherapy (BT) is an important component in the curative management of carcinoma of the cervix, and significantly improves survival. In gynaecologic BT, correlation between the radiation dose and the normal tissue effects have been assessed using point doses. Since 1985, these points have been defined in the international commission of radiation units and measurements (ICRU-38) report. However GEC-ESTRO recommended volume based treatment planning in their respective series (I-IV). For cervical cancer BT, the correlation of ICRU point doses and volume based treatment planning is investigational till date. Analysis becomes feasible when cross sectional image-based treatment planning for BT using computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is utilised as per GEC-ESTRO recommendation. Methods: It is a retrospective pilot study includes patients (pts.) of carcinoma cervix treated with high dose rate (HDR) BT 9 Gy in 2 fractions 1 week apart. All volume based dosimeteric parameters regarding high risk clinical target volume (HRCTV), intermediate risk clinical target volume (IRCTV) like D90, D100 and for organ at risk (OAR) D 0.1 cc, D 1.0 cc and D 2.0 cc were delineated and dose coverage was analysed in point dose based planning. Results: We have analysed twenty pts. of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cervix. The median age was 52 yrs. (41-65 yrs), stage II B 10 pts. & III B 10 pts. The mean value of D90 & D100 in HRCTV during I and II session were 8.64, 6.75 and 5.76, 4.36 Gy respectively. Same values for IRCTV were 6.31, 4.91 and 3.68, 3.15 Gy respectively. Analysis of OARs demonstrated that mean dose received by 0.1, volume of bladder during I and II session received 10.68, 9.47, by 1 cc volume 8.39, 7.57 and by 2 cc volume 6.84, 6.21 Gy respectively. The mean dose received by 0.1 cc of rectum were 11.59, 10.12, by 1 cc volume 9.53, 8.19 and by 2 cc volume 7.76, 6.81 Gy respectively. In point based analysis mean dose delivered to bladder point during I and II session were 5.63, 6.02 and to rectum point were 5.98, 5.46 Gy respectively. Doses to 0.1 cc volume of bladder and rectum were higher in volume based BT as compared to point based BT in respective fractions. Conclusion: Both HRCTV and IRCTV had better dose coverage in 1st fraction as compared to 2nd fraction. Point doses to bladder and rectum is underestimated in point based (ICRU-38) BT. We need more number of pts in prospective randomized trial for more consistent result.
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Fong, K. L. L., C. S. Crysler, B. A. Mico, K. E. Boyle, G. A. Kopia und R. K. Lynn. „DOSE-DEPENDENT PHARMACOKINETICS OF RECOMBINANT TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (tPA) IN ANESTHETIZED DOGS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INFUSION“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644399.
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The pharmacokinetics of SK&F recombinant two-cha1n tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) following Intravenous (i.v.) infusion were characterized in anesthetized, open chested mongrel dogs in which artificial Intracoronary thrombi were formed. SK&F tPA was Infused at rates of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μg/kg/min (n=3 to 5 per dose) for 90 min and arterial blood samples were withdrawn during and after Infusion for determination of functionally active tPA concentrations using a modified and validated S-2251 chromogenlc assay. At all doses studied, steady state active tPA plasma concentrations were achieved 10-20 min after the onset of Infusion. Upon cessation of Infusion, active tPA plasma concentrations declined rapidly with a t1/2 of 2-3 min. The active tPA plasma concentration at steady state (Css) and the area under the tPA plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) Increased linearly with dose in the range of 0.5-4 μg/kg/min. However, as the dose was Increased 2-fold from 4 to 8 μg/kg/min, the AUC and the Css Increased 2.5 fold. The systemic clearance ranged from 15-16 ml/min/kg at doses of 0.5-4 μg/kg/min but decreased to 11.7 ml/min/kg at the 8 μg/kg/min dose. With exceptions in 3 dogs, the volume of distribution at steady state approached or slightly exceeded the blood volume. Plasma tPA antigen concentrations were also determined in the dogs receiving the 2 μg/kg/min dose. At steady state, active tPA accounted for 40-60% of the total tPA antigen. The post-infusion t1/2 of the tPA antigen was considerably longer (13.46 ± 5.94 min) than that of active tPA. These results suggested that non-plasminogen activating metabolites (e.g., tPA-inhlbltor complex(es)) are present in the plasma of dogs receiving tPA. It 1s also concluded from the present study that (1) distribution of the i.v. administered tPA molecule was limited primarily to the Intravascular space, and (2) tPA may display dose-dependent pharmacokinetics within the optimum thrombolytic dose range.
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Bisht, Jyoti, Ravi Kant, Meenu Gupta, Vipul Nautiyal, Saurabh Bansal, Sunil Saini und Mushtaq Ahmad. „Dosimetric evaluation of sigmoidal and bowel doses in the treatment of carcinoma of cervix using CT based volumetric imaging technique“. In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685397.
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Purpose: Radiation therapy is the main stray for the treatment of the cervical cancer. Normal organs such as bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon and bowel loops also get significant dose during treatment of carcinoma of cervix which often results late toxicity. The purpose of this study is evaluate CT image based volumetric doses of organ at risk and correlate the doses with the toxicity profile observed in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy applications were performed in thirty patients of carcinoma of cervix. External beam therapy was planned for 46 Gy in 23 fractions followed by two brachytherapy sessions of 9 Gy/session. External beam radiotherapy was given by four field box technique to each patient. CT based treatment planning was done for each intracavitary brachytherapy application. Dose volume histogram was used for analysis of volumetric dose parameters and correlated with the RTOG defined normal organ toxicity profile of the patients. Results: In the follow up of two years 2 (6.66%) patient had died, 12 (40%) patients had reported no significant problem, 3 (10%) patient got bladder toxicity of grade 2, 10 (33.33%) patients had reported small intestine toxicity of grade 1 and grade 2 while no information could be available for 3 (10%) patients. The average volume of rectum, sigmoid colon and bowel loops were 60.34 cc, 22.19 cc and 270.82 cc. The average, median and 2 cc volume doses for rectum 289 ± 121 cGy, 263 ± 113 cGy and 884 ± 444 cGy for sigmoid colon 409 ± 211 cGy, 366 ± 185 cGy and 693 ± 371 cGy resp. and for bowel loops 240 ± 169 cGy, 153 ± 59 cGy and 870 ± 222 cGy. The average and median sigmoid colon point doses were higher than rectum average (p= 0.000) and median doses (p =0.001) but 2cc volumetric doses of sigmoid colon are less than rectum 2cc volumetric doses (p = 0.013). For bowel loops the 2cc volumetric doses were much higher than average doses (p = 0.000) due to its large volume. The recto-sigmoidal toxicity profile were evaluated for sigmoidal max doses and rectum 2 cc volumetric dose profile. There was a poor correlation between rectum 2 cc volumetric dose and sigmoid 2 cc volumetric doses. Conclusion: According to dose toxicity profile, sigmoidal doses represent an important role for dose constrains but till now no protocol has been formed for reporting the sigmoidal doses. This study attracts the attention for reporting the sigmoidal and bowl loop doses. This study demonstrates the possibility and role of volumetric imaging and dosimetry for improvement in dose constraints.
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Eom, Jaesung, Chengyu Shi, George Xu und Suvranu De. „Development of a Patient-Specific Nonlinear Finite Element Model for the Simulation of Lung Motion During Cancer Radiation Therapy“. In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206169.
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Respiratory motion causes either over-dose to the tumor or under-dose to the organ at risk in radiation therapy treatment for cancer. In order to characterize the motion, a nonlinear finite element model of the lungs has been developed based on 4D computed tomography (CT) data of a cancer patient with a tumor in the right lung. Pressure-volume (PV) curve data was applied to deform the model in real time. Realistic results are obtained when contact conditions are imposed between the pleura and the thoracic cavity.
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John, Subhashini. „High precision radiotherapy for vulvar cancer in post renal transplantation: Dosimetric challenges“. In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685369.
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Background: Patients with renal transplant have a higher incidence of various malignancies. Delivery of adequate radiation dose to the pelvic target in such patients sparing the transplanted kidney is a dosimetric ordeal. Due to lack of sufficient data in the literature regarding the dose constraint of the transplanted pelvic kidney, plan evaluation becomes extremely challenging in this situation. Here we present comparative dosimetric plan evaluation data of treating a patient with carcinoma of the vulva with transplanted kidney. Methods: We compared 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) plans for a patient diagnosed to have carcinoma of the vulva with a transplanted kidney. Total dose of radiotherapy (63 Gy) was delivered in two phases (45 Gy in 25 fractions and 18 Gy in 10 fractions respectively). We compared dose to planning target volume (PTV), and dose to organs at risk including the transplanted kidney in these two techniques. The volumes encompassed by different isodoses (50%, 20%, 10%, 5%) were also compared. Weekly renal function test was monitored. Results: The dose received by 95% of the planning target volume in 3DCRT was 43.3 Gy (phase 1), 17.7 Gy (phase 2) and in IMRT was 43.74 Gy (phase 1), 17.3 Gy (phase 2). The mean doses received by kidney in Phase 1 3DCRT, Phase 1 IMRT, phase 2 3DCRT and phase 2 IMRT were 0.98 Gy, 3.05 Gy, 0.74 Gy, 0.13 Gy respectively. The volumes covered by 50%, 20%, 10%, 5% were higher with IMRT plan when compared with 3DCRT plans. The creatinine values remained stable through the treatment. Conclusion: Radiotherapy in renal transplanted patients can be done with high precision radiotherapy techniques with strict dosimetric and image guided set up verification.
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Pa´nik, Michal, Matej Zachar und Vladimi´r Necˇas. „Dose Assessment of Personnel Handling Conditioned Radioactive Waste“. In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16149.
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Radioactive waste may arise throughout the lifetime of any type of nuclear facility. This waste has to be isolated from the environment using the engineered and natural barriers of near surface or deep geological radioactive waste repository. Before final disposal, the waste volume is reduced in the treatment process and then it is immobilized into the stable matrix. In Slovakia, the treated radioactive waste is conditioned into fibre-reinforced concrete containers using a cementation technology. These containers are the only overpacks approved for near surface disposal in the National Radioactive Waste Repository located at Mochovce nuclearsite (Slovakia). Every filled container has to fulfill the defined limits and conditions for safe transport and disposal. The dose parameters, determining the safety of personnel handling a container, are one of them. Basically, the doses are measured on the container walls’ outer surfaces and on the lid of the container. The dose monitoring in 1 meter distance from the container walls and from the lid of the container is performed before transportation as well. The calculation code VISIPLAN 3D ALARA is a planning tool and it calculates dose parameters also for the above mentioned positions concerning the fibre-reinforced concrete container which contains waste with different physical or radiological characteristics. In the paper, calculated data are compared with in-situ measurements. Using VISIPLAN 3D ALARA planning tool, various scenarios are evaluated. Finally, the optimization leading to the lowest radiation exposure of personnel handling the filled fibre-reinforced containers is discussed.
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van Velzen, L. P. M., und J. Welbergen. „Radiological Characterisation of Waste in Interim Storage Building of COVRA“. In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7234.
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At COVRA spatial dose rate distribution measurements were performed in December 2004 and December 2006 in the interim L/ILW storage building (LOG). This storage facility consists out of four large storage halls (height * width * depth; 7m * 40m * 70m) each with a volume of about 20000 m3 (see photo 1). The scope of this study is to investigate the benefits of the waste storage strategy (see figure 1) and procedures for minimization of the dose to the workers and the public. The main aim of the measurements in 2004 was: - to validate the applied L/ILW storage strategy; - to examine, if spatial collected data can be used to detect unforeseen differences in radiation level. The results of these measurements of spatial dose showed a number of unforeseen hotspots at different locations, so that it could be concluded that the applied storage strategy and procedures has to be improved. Further the dose rate at the height of 6 m, mainly responsible for the sky-shine dose rate, being an important part of the dose rate to the public at the site boundary, has to be reduced by more shielding (1). In December 2006 a second serial of spatial radiological and non-radiological data have been collected. The applied nondestructive INDSS-R (INDoor Survey System-Radiation) method has been improved, so that the following 3-dimensional data could be collected between 0.5 m and 5.5 m: - dose rate (by pressurized ionisation chamber). - nuclide depended gamma photon flux (3 * 3 NaI). - temperature and relative humidity. These last two non-radiological parameters were measured to verify the storage conditions of the waste. The main aim of these 3 dimensional collection was to verify the second stated aim of 2004.
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Liang, Fan, Bryan Traughber, Raymond Musiz, Rodney Ellis und Tarun K. Podder. „Reconstruction of Brachytherapy Catheters and Needles Using EM Sensor-Based Navigation System“. In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3536.
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Brachytherapy is one the most effective treatment modalities for both gynecological (GYN) cancer and prostate cancer. The clinical outcome of brachytherapy, both high-dose-rate (HDR) and low-dose-rate (LDR), depends on the precision of the desired or planned dose distribution and delivery. In HDR procedure, the accuracy of reconstruction of catheters or needles (e.g. Syed catheter or Simon-Heyman capsule for GYN or needles for prostate) from CT images can significantly affect the accuracy of dose distribution in the treatment (dosimetric) plan, which can result in unwanted clinical outcome. In current practice, an authorized medical physicist manually reconstructs the catheters or needles for dosimetric plan, which determines the position and dwell time for the radiation source for delivering the prescription dose to the target volume sparing organs at risk (OARs) as much as possible. It is not only challenging but also time consuming for reconstructing all the catheters or needles (ranging 15–20) manually, slice-by-slice in CT images. As shown in Fig. 1, the needles on the right (HDR catheters) have created so much artifacts in CT images that it is almost impossible to reconstruct those applicators (catheters/ needles) manually. Additionally, the reconstruction can be operator dependent and can be inaccurate and inconsistent. In this study, we have investigated the applicability of electromagnetic (EM) sensor-based navigation for fast and accurate reconstruction of HDR catheters and needles.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Dose-at-volume"
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Sullivan, S. G., T. A. Khan und J. W. Xie. Occupational dose reduction at nuclear power plants: Annotated bibliography of selected readings in radiation protection and ALARA. Volume 8. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95419.
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2
Kaurin, D. G., T. A. Khan, S. G. Sullivan und J. W. Baum. Occupational dose reduction at nuclear power plants: Annotated bibliography of selected readings in radiation protection and ALARA. Volume 7. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176238.
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Dionne, B. J., S. G. Sullivan und J. W. Baum. Occupational dose reduction at Department of Energy contractor facilities: Bibliography of selected readings in radiation protection and ALARA; Volume 5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10127787.
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Bruce, G. M., L. B. Walker und T. E. Widner. Oak Ridge Health Studies Phase 1 report, Volume 2: Part D, Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Study. Tasks 6, Hazard summaries for important materials at the Oak Ridge Reservation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10125645.
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