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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Ecological cost“

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Veröffentlicht am 1. April 2023

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1

Kimball, Sarah, Megan Lulow, Quinn Sorenson, Kathleen Balazs, Yi-Chin Fang, Steven J. Davis, Michael O'Connell und Travis E. Huxman. „Cost-effective ecological restoration“. Restoration Ecology 23, Nr. 6 (13.08.2015): 800–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12261.

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2

„Cost Effectiveness of Ecological Restoration Demonstrated“. Ecologia 1, Nr. 1 (15.12.2010): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ecologia.2011.73.73.

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3

Cornelia, Piciu Gabriela. „True Cost Economics: Ecological Footprint“. Procedia Economics and Finance 8 (2014): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00127-0.

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4

Doncaster, C. Patrick, Graeme E. Pound und Simon J. Cox. „The ecological cost of sex“. Nature 404, Nr. 6775 (16.03.2000): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35005078.

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5

Marra, Peter P. „The ecological cost of pets“. Current Biology 29, Nr. 19 (Oktober 2019): R955—R956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.067.

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6

Doncaster, C. Patrick, Graeme E. Pound und Simon J. Cox. „Erratum: The ecological cost of sex“. Nature 405, Nr. 6784 (Mai 2000): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35012667.

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7

Kosmela, Paulina, Lukasz Zedler, Krzysztof Formela, Jozef Haponiuk und Lukasz Piszczyk. „Recent Developments in Polyurethane Foams Containing Low-Cost and Pro-Ecological Modifiers“. Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, Nr. 4s (25.12.2016): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04si.571.

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Diversity of the polyurethane (PU) foams applications cause that investigation of the relationships between their structure and properties is currently very popular topic among the many research institutions and companies. At the turn of the last years many scientific papers about PU foams and their composites were published. The one of the main trends in research in this field is related to the reduction of production costs of PU foams. This aim can be successfully achieved through the incorporation of raw materials of natural origin or the utilization of waste materials. This work reviews the progress and recent developments in area of PU foams containing low-cost and pro-ecological modifiers, such as crude glycerol, liquefied biomass, ground tire rubber, etc.

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Caughlan, L. „Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring“. Ecological Indicators 1, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2001): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-160x(01)00015-2.

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9

Daschner, F. „Unnecessary and ecological cost of hospital infection“. Journal of Hospital Infection 18 (Juni 1991): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(91)90006-t.

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10

Wang, Yubo, und Xizhu Yang. „Fiscal Ecological Cost of Land in China: Estimation and Regional Differences“. Land 11, Nr. 8 (02.08.2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081221.

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This study explains the fiscal ecological costs of land in China by dividing them into three periods: early ecological cost refers to loss of ecosystem service value after the conversion of agricultural land, mid-term ecological cost refers to land development in urban built-up areas, and later ecological cost refers to the investment cost of increasing the fiscal ecological service function of the land. Using data for 31 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2017, we perform a “link between groups” cluster analysis with SPSS 22.0 statistical software. Squared Euclidean distance is used to analyze land in these provinces. Ecological cost in the early, middle, and late stages is clustered, and the provinces are divided into five areas according to the ecological cost of each stage in absolute terms and as a proportion of land fiscal revenue. The research shows that: (1) the fiscal ecological cost of land in China presents a spatial pattern of “higher in the east than in the west, higher in the south than in the north,” and (2) the cost is highest in the early stage, second highest in the late stage, and lowest in the middle stage. The findings yield differentiated policy recommendations for reducing the fiscal ecological cost of land in different areas.

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11

Adamowicz, Wiktor, Laura Calderon-Etter, Alicia Entem, Eli P. Fenichel, Jefferson S. Hall, Patrick Lloyd-Smith, Fred L. Ogden, Jason A. Regina, Mani Rouhi Rad und Robert F. Stallard. „Assessing ecological infrastructure investments“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, Nr. 12 (07.01.2019): 5254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802883116.

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Conventional markets can underprovide ecosystem services. Deliberate creation of a market for ecosystem services [e.g., a payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme] can close the gap. The new ecosystem service market alters behaviors and quantities of ecosystem service provided and reveals prices for the ecosystems service: a market-clearing equilibrium. Assessing the potential for PES programs, which often act as ecological infrastructure investment mechanisms, requires forecasting the market-clearing equilibrium. Forecasting the equilibrium is complicated, especially at relevant social and ecological scales. It requires greater disciplinary integration than valuing ecosystem services or computing the marginal cost of making a land-use change to produce a service. We conduct anex antebenefit–cost assessment and forecast market-clearing prices and quantities for ecological infrastructure investment contracts in the Panama Canal Watershed. The Panama Canal Authority could offer contracts to private farmers to change land use to increase dry-season water flow and reduce sedimentation. A feasible voluntary contracting system yields a small program of about 1,840 ha of land conversion in a 279,000-ha watershed and generates a 4.9 benefit–cost ratio. Physical and social constraints limit market supply and scalability. Service delays, caused by lags between the time payments must be made and the time services stemming from ecosystem change are realized, hinder program feasibility. Targeting opportunities raise the benefit–cost ratio but reduce the hectares likely to be converted. We compare and contrast our results with prior state-of-the-art assessments on this system.

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12

Liu, Feng, und Jun Min Wang. „Research on Project Cost Management Model of Ecological Construction“. Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (Juni 2011): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1197.

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In recent years, in order to reduce building energy consumption in China, and vigorously promote the development of ecological construction, the paper studies disadvantages of the cost of traditional project management applications in the ecological construction projects, exploring specific cost management adapt to the ecological construction project.

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Glory Tony Effiong und Inyang Ochi Inyang. „Ecological activities costs and line of work cost-effectiveness: The current trend in Nigeria“. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, Nr. 1 (30.07.2022): 466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.1.0732.

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The study investigated the cost effects of ecological activities as they affect corporate cost-effectiveness of establishments. It highlighted on influence valuation of cost consequences on the managerial challenges and prospects towards enrichment of the cost-effectiveness of Nigerian oil trades. Facts for the study were collected by the use of a well-developed instrument and extraction from the commercial accounts, and these facts were analyzed using the ordinary least square method. The results discovered that there is positive relationship between organizational cost-effectiveness and major determining factor of ecological activities. Thus, these determining factors of ecological activities should be considered when making proceeds decision since it is desirable that establishments must sustain their proceeds amidst ecological challenges. Founded on findings of the study, it was suggested amongst others that Nigerian oil businesses should show statistics on ecological expenditure, ecological cost charged to income in the account as well as details in the notes to the accounts. To enhance the effectiveness of the policy as well as its compliance, separate financial records should be maintained for ecological expenditures.

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Greene, Austin, Zac Forsman, Robert J. Toonen und Megan J. Donahue. „CoralCam: A flexible, low-cost ecological monitoring platform“. HardwareX 7 (April 2020): e00089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2019.e00089.

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15

Kurshin, Dmitiy A., Asiyat M. Abdullaeva, Irina V. Medvedeva und Natalya D. Ryabukhina. „USAGE BIO-SOLUTION «REMEDION» FOR COMPLEX BIOREMEDIATION OF CASCADE BIO-PONDS POST-TREATMENT OF TREATMENT FACILITIES“. Problems of veterinary sanitation, hygiene and ecology 1, Nr. 45 (2023): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202301011.

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This article is devoted to study of methodology of usage bio-solution «Remedion» for complex treatment of cascade bio-ponds post-treatment of central drainage systems treatment facilities. The justification of necessity of ecological treatment changes by the implementation of new technology of bioremediation is given. Usage of “Remedion” is ecologically efficient, cost-effective and has a practical value for providing the ecological safety and environmental protection.

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Little, L. R., und R. Q. Grafton. „Environmental offsets, resilience and cost-effective conservation“. Royal Society Open Science 2, Nr. 7 (Juli 2015): 140521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140521.

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Conservation management agencies are faced with acute trade-offs when dealing with disturbance from human activities. We show how agencies can respond to permanent ecosystem disruption by managing for Pimm resilience within a conservation budget using a model calibrated to a metapopulation of a coral reef fish species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The application is of general interest because it provides a method to manage species susceptible to negative environmental disturbances by optimizing between the number and quality of migration connections in a spatially distributed metapopulation. Given ecological equivalency between the number and quality of migration connections in terms of time to recover from disturbance, our approach allows conservation managers to promote ecological function, under budgetary constraints, by offsetting permanent damage to one ecological function with investment in another.

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17

Huang, Yingli, Guoyi Lou und Jiabin Yao. „Research on the Profit Contribution of Forest Ecological Benefits Based on Policy and Market-Tools Compensation Projects in Nanping“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 6 (20.03.2023): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065465.

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Measuring the profit contribution of ecological benefits is an important prerequisite for the operation of the value-realization mechanism of ecological products. Based on the theory of ecological benefits and ecosystem services, combined with system dynamics and the project cost-benefit method, a forest-ecosystem-service capitalization of the resources and assets value and the realization of an ecological product-benefit system is constructed. The value-realization project of the national reserve-forest ecological products in Nan-ping City, Fujian Province, the National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone, was selected to calculate the cost and income during the 30-year operational period of the project, and to calculate the profitability of the forest-ecosystem ecological benefits in the project, using different scenarios. Scenario 1: The project income will only be enough to cover the costs of the project operation, and the cost will be recovered at the end of the project operation. Scenario 2: With policy-based ecological compensation, compared with scenario 1, the total project-input line-of-revenue breakthrough and total project-cost line were advanced by 3 years and 2.5 years, respectively. Scenario 3: With the additive effect of the ecological benefit of the ecosystem, compared with scenario 2, the total project-input line-of-revenue breakthrough and total project-cost line were advanced by 3.5 years and 6 years, respectively. It is suggested that the guiding role should be that of policy-based ecological compensation, expanding the scope of ecological-market access, and attracting social investors to participate in the development of ecological products by means of diversified ecological compensation such as market-oriented tools, so as to fully realize the profit contribution of ecological benefits to the project through the realization of the value of ecological products.

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Zhang, Jie, Ji Gan Wang und Yan Ping Chen. „The Real Option Model of Opportunity Cost in River Basin Ecological Compensation“. Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (Mai 2012): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.261.

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One of the key issues of river basin ecological compensation is the compensation standard. The opportunity cost has the character of uncertainty. The character of opportunity cost in river basin ecological compensation standard was studied on base of economics theory. The current opportunity cost accounting method didn’t consider the uncertainty of opportunity cost. The real option model of opportunity cost in river basin ecological compensation was set up based on the binomial expression real-option model. The Xin 'an river basin was applied for the model and tested the feasibility of the real option model.

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Kugelevičius, Jonas Algirdas, Algirdas Kuprys und Jonas Kugelevičius. „EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGETIC INDICATORS IN POWER PRODUCTION“. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 13, Nr. 4 (31.12.2005): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2005.9636871.

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The technical, economic and ecological perspective parameters of power plants in Lithuania are presented. The chemical structure and ecological characteristics of future types of fuel ‐ orimulsion and asfalten ‐ are analysed. The technical, economic and ecological characteristics of traditional (natural gas, heavy fuel oil) and new kinds of fuel are summarized. The influence of ecological taxes and external costs on power production cost is analysed. The predictions of power cost are presented considering ecological taxes.

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Trombley, Carolyn A., und Karl Cottenie. „Quantifying the Scientific Cost of Ambiguous Terminology in Community Ecology“. Philosophical Topics 47, Nr. 1 (2019): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947111.

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Fundamental terms in the field of ecology are ambiguous, with multiple meanings associated with them. While this could lead to confusion, discord, or even tests that violate core assumptions of a given theory or model, this ambiguity could also be a feature that allows for new knowledge creation through the interconnected nature of concepts. We approached this debate from a quantitative perspective, and investigated the cost of ambiguity related to definitions of ecological units in ecology related to the general term “community.” We did a meta-analysis of tests associated with two bodies of literature, Hubbell’s unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography and Diamond’s assembly rules, that rely on a specific ecological unit that assumes that species are existing within a local area and that they have overlapping resource needs. We predicted that if ambiguous terminology is widespread, then researchers will have tested them with many different ecological units, that in addition some of these ecological units will violate the core assumptions of the theory, and finally that the overall level of support for a theory will be stronger if appropriate ecological units were used. We found that indeed multiple different ecological units were used in the literature to test both theories, with 65 percent appropriate ecological units for neutral theory tests, and only 6 percent for assembly rule tests. Finally, there was some evidence that the support for a theory depended on whether appropriate ecological units were used for neutral tests, but there was not enough data for the assembly rule tests. These results thus show that ambiguous terminology in ecology is having measurable effects on research and is not of solely philosophical concern. We advocate that authors be explicit in their writing and outline core assumptions of theories, that researchers apply these consistently in their tests, and that readers be attentive to what is written and cognizant of their potential biases.

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Baldin, A. A. „Ecological aspect of launch vehicles development by criterion of minimal cost“. Ecology and Noospherology 25, Nr. 3-4 (29.05.2014): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031427.

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One of the topical problems in modern aerospace engineering is accordance between ecological requirements and performance of the vehicle. On the other hand, problem of economical efficiency leads to change of the main criterion of designing to the minimization of costs (instead of maximal performance). According to modern trends of “low-cost” vehicles, different concepts of the future cost-effective launch vehicles are considered. It is necessary to validate these concepts according to requirements of ecological safety for the purpose of detection of the dominant launch vehicle configuration. Typical configurations of the future 'low-cost' launch vehicle are presented by 6 conceptual groups (Koelle, 2001). Conceptual group 1 (CG1) is presented by the Ballistic “Single stage to orbit” (SSTO) reusable vehicle. All vehicles which use classical rocketry scheme of the propulsion trajectory are called “Ballistic” i.e. the ballistic vehicle is lifted to orbit under the impact of rocket engines thrust. CG1-vehicle is able to reach the low earth orbit (LEO) without stage separation reducing the number of required rocket engines. Technological feasibility of SSTO concepts is proven by numerous studies (Koelle, 2001). CG2 representatives are ballistic “Two stages to orbit” (TSTO) reusable vehicles. The difference between CG1 and CG2 consists in application of vacuum rocket engines in the second stage and, consequently, stage separation. CG2 are the most mass-effective vehicles. CG3 is presented by the winged SSTO vehicles with rocket propulsion by “Lifting body” aerodynamic scheme. Ascensional force is provided by the aerodynamic shape of the vehicle’s structure at high speeds. Winged TSTO vehicles with rocket propulsion and parallel or tandem staging form the CG4. The winged configuration provides wide landing capability for both stages. CG5 is presented by winged TSTO vehicles with airbreathing propulsion in the first stage and rocket-propelled second stage. Airbreathing jet engines provide high reusability ratio comparing with other concepts as well as the widest landing capability. Aerospace Plane with scramjet-rocket propulsion forms CG6. The vehicle is able to reach near-cosmic speed in rarefied layers of the atmosphere and then accelerate with rocket engines. The most ecologically important resemblance of represented concepts is reusability. This reduces space debris formation (due to lack of waste hardware). Reusable launch vehicles can also be used to return the spent satellites. Structural differences between the concepts form 3 criterions of comparison by ecological impact: 1) propellant toxicity; 2) safety of surface facilities (vehicle damage inside the atmosphere); 3) probability of space debris formation (vehicle damage outside the atmosphere). Comparison of the concepts by these criterions allows substantiating the most ecologically acceptable direction of research. Results of the comparison demonstrate that the most ecologically acceptable low-cost launch vehicle configuration is: Ballistic SSTO or TSTO reusable launch vehicle with “LOX+LH2” propellant. The results can be explained by following way: combustion products of the propellant “liquid oxygen + liquid hydrogen” are absolutely safe for environment. It also provides maximal performance of rocket engine (due to the highest specific impulse). Ballistic ascent scheme allows using relatively simple technologies and provides high reliability level. In combination with minimal time of atmospheric flight this provides high level of safety for surface facilities. These results may be used for substantiation of dominant research direction.

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Wang, Yi-Ru, und Hui Zhang. „An Ecosystem Service Value Model to Quantify Eco-environment Cost“. Applied Economics and Finance 7, Nr. 4 (08.05.2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i4.4808.

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With the development of society, ecological environmental protection has become more and more important. In this paper, an Ecosystem Service Value Model (ESVM) was developed to quantify the value of all types of ecosystem services. Through the ecosystem service value evaluation index system we established, we determined ecosystem service value equivalent factors of different ecosystem services. Then we combine the baseline value of the ecosystem service value equivalent factor to determine the ecosystem service value per unit area of different ecosystems. The amount of ecological service value reduction can be calculated with the amount of change in ecosystem area caused by land use projects. Ecological costs are equal to the reduction in the value of ecosystem services. The true economic cost of land use project consists of two parts: project construction cost and ecological cost. The model established in this paper considers the effects of time changes. And the introduction of dynamic adjustment of biomass changes and dynamic adjustment of currency changes make the model more adaptable to time changes. The research can evaluate the value of ecosystem services, which promotes the harmonious development of human and ecological environment.

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Novaes, Roberto Leonan M. „The ecological cost of reproduction in the proboscis bat“. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 20, Nr. 2 (März 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2479.

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24

Сироїд, Надія Павлівна. „Internal cost control on the ecological quality of products“. Problems of Theory and Methodology of Accounting, Control and Analysis, Nr. 1(39) (27.04.2018): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26642/pbo-2018-1(39)-94-99.

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25

Stanek, Wojciech, Lucyna Czarnowska, Wiesław Gazda und Tomasz Simla. „Thermo-ecological cost of electricity from renewable energy sources“. Renewable Energy 115 (Januar 2018): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.074.

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26

Guillaume Blanchet, F., Pierre Legendre und Fangliang He. „A new cost-effective approach to survey ecological communities“. Oikos 125, Nr. 7 (17.11.2015): 975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.02838.

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27

Polin, Sarah, Jean‐Christophe Simon und Yannick Outreman. „An ecological cost associated with protective symbionts of aphids“. Ecology and Evolution 4, Nr. 6 (20.02.2014): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.991.

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Dai, Li Xin, und Xiu Yue Wang. „Choice of River Basin Ecological Compensation Standard Method for Determining Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 2080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.2080.

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Research of river basin ecological compensation standard started in the late 90s, there are seven methods to determine river basin ecological compensation standard at present,such as market value method, willingness to pay (WTP) method, land use type area calculation method, opportunity cost method, cost analysis method, income loss method, the total cost of the amendment method . This paper uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)on the basis of full consideration to watershed ecosystem services value, the ecological protection and construction costs and the downstream willingness and ability to pay, combined with the characteristics of simulant river basin,obtained a conclusion:For a specific analog watershed, the optimal ecological standard method for determining is the total cost of correction method.Meanwhile this will be generalized to other basins.

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Lin, Zhen-Shan, und Bai-Lian Li. „A twin-scale law about the minimum cost“. Ecological Modelling 165, Nr. 2-3 (Juli 2003): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(03)00076-0.

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30

Yu, Zhike. „The Scheme of Ecological Environment Governance under International Discourse Power from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization“. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (20.09.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3367200.

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Ecological civilization construction is an important field of global ecological environment governance, and biodiversity is an important foundation of ecological civilization construction. In the process of building international discourse power of ecological civilization, governments, enterprises, and individuals should attach great importance to ecological environmental protection. Especially in the context of the new era, the promotion of international discourse power of ecological civilization and the governance of ecological and environmental problems must be in the process of further consolidating the foundation of ecological economy, paying particular attention to the management of enterprise ecological and environmental costs. Therefore, from the perspective of practical research, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to comprehensively evaluate enterprise environmental cost management. Through research, the importance of enterprise environmental cost management and the help to ecological environment management are proved, and on this basis, ecological environment management countermeasures are put forward.

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Li, Zhichao, und Tianqu Shao. „An Improved Ecological Services Valuation Model in Land Use Project“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 8 (25.04.2019): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081474.

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Natural ecosystems benefit human lives via providing fundamental life-support services and goods upon which human civilization depends. However, as nature provides those for free, many people believe that they are of little or no value and they exploit the land greedily and unreasonably, which makes serious ecological degradation. Concerning this issue, we present the ecological services valuation model (ESVM) to measure the cost of environmental degradation of land use cost, which is an evaluation model of environmental degradation cost. Environmental degradation cost refer to the cost of deterioration or compromise of natural environment through natural processes or human activities, which consists of opportunity cost and environmental damage cost. Land area is an important variable in the ESVM. Based on Osmotic system, we put forward the effective land area, which combines the scale factor and the impact of external environment. What is more, the Cobb–Douglas production function is modified to establish the model. Finally, we propose the calculation formula of the economic cost of land use projects. Analysis of effectiveness and sensitivity prove that ESVM was a relatively stable model.

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Cherenkevych, O. S. „Statistical Modeling of the Ecological Risks as a Factor of the Ecological Safety“. Statistics of Ukraine 89, Nr. 2-3 (24.11.2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2-3(89-90)2020.02-03.07.

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In modern conditions, the priority of Ukraine’s national interests is to ensure environmentally safe living conditions of society, as well as the preservation and restoration of the natural environment, increasing requirements for environmental safety. The purpose of this article is the statistical modelling of environmental risks to determine the direction of justification of management decisions on environmental safety. This necessitates the implementation of the effective methods of environmental safety regulation, assessment and monitoring of environmental risk. The author clarifies the definition of environmental safety as a set of conditions and processes that provide all vital human needs and do not provide for the deterioration of the future generations living conditions in terms of economic and environmental balance to achieve sustainable economic development. As an object of statistical research, environmental safety is a component of national security, which reflects the quantitative parameters of the environmental pollution risks. The environmental risks’ modelling is performed by using trend models in the article. The difference between the real levels of air and water resources pollution, as well as the generation of hazardous waste of I-III classes and their theoretical values calculated by the model, assesses the pollution risk of the corresponding environmental resource. The specific cost of air pollution, water bodies, and hazardous waste is defined as the ratio of the amount of environmental payments of the last year to the amount of actual pollution of the same year, that is environmental payments per 1 unit of pollution. Further assessment of the risk cost is proposed to be defined as the product of the calculated deviations excess proportion and the specific cost of pollution by types. For Ukraine today the most acute problems are pollution of water resources, as well as the formation of hazardous waste, much lower than air pollution. The obtained results allow drawing a conclusion about the inefficiency of the current payment system for environmental pollution and compensation for damage, which requires an increase in capital investment in environmental equipment, increasing fines for non-compliance with pollution standards.

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Cherenkevych, O. S. „Statistical Modeling of the Ecological Risks as a Factor of the Ecological Safety“. Statistics of Ukraine 89, Nr. 2-3 (24.11.2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2-3(89-90)2020.02-03.07.

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In modern conditions, the priority of Ukraine’s national interests is to ensure environmentally safe living conditions of society, as well as the preservation and restoration of the natural environment, increasing requirements for environmental safety. The purpose of this article is the statistical modelling of environmental risks to determine the direction of justification of management decisions on environmental safety. This necessitates the implementation of the effective methods of environmental safety regulation, assessment and monitoring of environmental risk. The author clarifies the definition of environmental safety as a set of conditions and processes that provide all vital human needs and do not provide for the deterioration of the future generations living conditions in terms of economic and environmental balance to achieve sustainable economic development. As an object of statistical research, environmental safety is a component of national security, which reflects the quantitative parameters of the environmental pollution risks. The environmental risks’ modelling is performed by using trend models in the article. The difference between the real levels of air and water resources pollution, as well as the generation of hazardous waste of I-III classes and their theoretical values calculated by the model, assesses the pollution risk of the corresponding environmental resource. The specific cost of air pollution, water bodies, and hazardous waste is defined as the ratio of the amount of environmental payments of the last year to the amount of actual pollution of the same year, that is environmental payments per 1 unit of pollution. Further assessment of the risk cost is proposed to be defined as the product of the calculated deviations excess proportion and the specific cost of pollution by types. For Ukraine today the most acute problems are pollution of water resources, as well as the formation of hazardous waste, much lower than air pollution. The obtained results allow drawing a conclusion about the inefficiency of the current payment system for environmental pollution and compensation for damage, which requires an increase in capital investment in environmental equipment, increasing fines for non-compliance with pollution standards.

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Wang, Gang. „Evaluation System’s Research on Textile Fiber Material Ecological Recycling“. Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.92.

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This article evaluate the recycling of renewable fiber feasibility from the economic cost, the key factor is the treatment methods, reuse direction, and its economic costs. Textile fiber material recycling economic cost, mainly through analysis the cost of new textile fiber materials prices and the price of recycled fiber, of which the price of recycled fiber is the recovery of the prices of textile fibers combined with the recycling processing costs.

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Wang, Feng, Ke Qiang Zhang, Xi Yun Ni, Huai Qin Yang und Jun Yi Zhao. „The Accounting Method of Agro-Ecological Compensation Standard of Environmental-Friendly Fertilizer in Erhai Watershed“. Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.47.

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In this paper, it reviewed the research the progress of the ecological compensation standard (ECS), and analyzed four main ECS accounting methods, including ecosystem services value, ecological construction cost, opportunity cost and willingness payment. Combined with paddy field plots experiment in Erhai watershed in China, it compared crop yield, fertilizer cost and net profit in the traditional fertilization method and slow-release fertilizer (SRF) technology. Compensation standard of the environment-friendly fertilizer was recommended as 750～1,500 yuan/hm2 in the area. After comparing different accounting processes, a integrated method which use the opportunity cost as a basis, together with farmer’s willingness and payment ability from government, is reliable to account agro-ecological compensation standard in China.

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Gu, Xiao Wei, Xiao Chuan Xu, Qing Wang und Jian Ping Liu. „Ecological Costs Internalization in Ultimate Pit Optimization“. Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (Dezember 2014): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.433.

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The tradition way of open pit mine design just takes the operating and capital costs into account while the ecological costs of mining to ecological environment is not a concern at all. For this concept, based on the mine ecological footprint and eco-cost models which have been built by author, the ecological cost allocation models which take mining, stripping and ore dressing as incentive are built. It contains allocation models of unit mining ecological costs, stripping ecological costs and ore processing ecological costs. Moving cone elimination algorithm and iteration method is used for a open pit metal mine to optimize ultimate pit. The studies show that the pit optimization which contains ecological costs has a great impact on the ultimate pit. Compared to the pit optimization with an end treatment, ecological costs are contained in the pit design is better for either economy or environment.

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Mu, Jun, und Jing Chen. „Thermal Studies of Feasible Ecological Architecture for Rural Northwestern China“. Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (Mai 2012): 2931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2931.

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Aiming to minimize fossil fuel use and environmental impacts caused by buildings, thermal design is one of the most effective approaches forwards ecological architecture. For any given region, ecologically thermal design has to follow the principles of ecological design, which need to be conditioned to the local situation. In this context, under the poor conditions of rural Northwestern China, the feasibility limited by budget and conventional resources for construction is the main challenge faced by ecologically thermal design for local buildings. Under the background, the methodology based on condition analyses and computer simulating experiments with TAS is involved in the study. Based on locally available building elements and technology the paper carries out a series of alternative techniques and feasible thermal design strategies for this region, aiming to reach the most effectively ecological approach. As a result, the relationship between the cost increase and improvement of building thermal performance resulting from each technique is reduced, so as to assist locals to design and construct the feasible ecological buildings according to their individual situations in economy, resources, functions and site condition. This illustrates an inspiring way towards the ecological architecture suitable for rural Northwestern China.

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Żylicz, Tomasz. „The ecological economics of the Baltic Sea“. European Review 1, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1993): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000739.

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The paper discusses policies aimed at reducing the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Discharges of two nutrients—phosphorus and nitrogen—can be mitigated by measures ranging from sewage treatment to creating or enhancing natural ‘nutrient sinks’ such as coastal wetlands. The latter have been identified as low-cost alternatives to removing nitrogen through traditional, end-of-pipe technologies. Implementation of such projects yields additional benefits through enhancing biological diversity by recovering valuable habitats typical of wetland ecosystems. The paper offers several recommendations regarding policy instruments likely to enhance the cost-effectiveness of the Baltic-wide environmental recovery programme now under way.

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Sun, Ling, und Ze Sheng Zhu. „An Optimal Model for Maximizing Return on Investment of Ecological Restoration“. Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (Februar 2014): 1630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.1630.

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We develop a model to investigate the use of linear programming to maximize return on investment of ecological restoration of coastal mud flat, in particular maximizing ecosystem service values, minimizing ecological restoration cost by optimizing development and ecological restoration of coastal mud flat. We show that such an optimal model was constructed to represent all ecosystem and ecological restoration services and given the return on optimal investment of ecological restoration for the coastal mud flat in Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, China. Finally, the return on investment of ecological restoration, up to 256.4% in 1997, exhibits that there is a possibility of obtaining a decision support system from the optimal model and suggests that it is possible to improve decisions of restoration programs of the coastal mud flat by the return on investment of ecological restoration in which multiple service benefits can be maximized and ecological restoration cost can be minimized simultaneously.

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Sun, Ling, und Ze Sheng Zhu. „A Method for Computing Return on Investment of Ecological Restoration of Coastal Mud Flat“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (Februar 2014): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.709.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the use of condition linear programming model to optimize development and ecological restoration of coastal mud flat, in particular maximizing ecosystem service values, minimizing ecological restoration cost and computing return on investment of ecological restoration of coastal mud flat. Such a linear programming model for Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, China was constructed to represent all ecosystem and ecological restoration services and given the return on optimal investment of ecological restoration for the coastal mud flat. This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining a decision support system from the linear programming model and suggests that it is possible to improve decisions of restoration programs of the coastal mud flat by the return on investment of ecological restoration in which multiple service benefits can be maximized and ecological restoration cost can be minimized simultaneously.

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Kuparinen, Anna, David C. Hardie und Jeffrey A. Hutchings. „Evolutionary and ecological feedbacks of the survival cost of reproduction“. Evolutionary Applications 5, Nr. 3 (07.11.2011): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00215.x.

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42

Berry, Geoff. „Afterword: the utopian dreaming of modernity and its ecological cost“. Green Letters 17, Nr. 3 (November 2013): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14688417.2013.866318.

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Snyder, Brian, und Mark J. Kaiser. „Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy“. Renewable Energy 34, Nr. 6 (Juni 2009): 1567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.11.015.

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Jaacks, Lindsay M., und Soumya Prasad. „The ecological cost of continued use of endocrine-disrupting chemicals“. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30399-0.

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Stanek, Wojciech, und Lucyna Czarnowska. „Thermo-ecological cost – Szargut's proposal on exergy and ecology connection“. Energy 165 (Dezember 2018): 1050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.040.

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Gandra, Miguel, Rui Seabra und Fernando P. Lima. „A low-cost, versatile data logging system for ecological applications“. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 13, Nr. 3 (März 2015): e10012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10012.

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SHAANKER, R. UMA, K. N. GANESHAIAH, SMITHA KRISHNAN, R. RAMYA, C. MEERA, N. A. ARAVIND, ARVIND KUMAR et al. „Livelihood gains and ecological costs of non-timber forest product dependence: assessing the roles of dependence, ecological knowledge and market structure in three contrasting human and ecological settings in south India“. Environmental Conservation 31, Nr. 3 (September 2004): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001596.

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Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) constitute the single largest determinant of livelihoods for scores of forest fringe communities and poor people in the tropics. In India over 50 million people are believed to be directly dependent upon NTFPs for their subsistence. However, such human dependence on NTFPs for livelihood gains (win) has most frequently been at a certain ecological cost (lose). If livelihoods are to be maintained, the existing ‘win-lose’ settings have to be steered to a ‘win-win’ mode, otherwise, there could be severe erosion of the biological resources and loss of livelihoods (‘lose-lose’). Examining the dependence of forest fringe communities on NTFPs at three sites in south India with contrasting human and ecological settings, three key factors (extent of dependence on NTFPs, indigenous ecological knowledge and market organization) are likely to constrain reaching the win-win situation. How these factors shape the ecological cost of harvesting NTFPs at the three sites is examined. Within the parameter space of these factors, it is possible to predict outcomes and associations that will conform to win-win or win-lose situations. Empirical data derived from the three study sites demonstrate the causality of the observed associations. The key for long-term livelihood gains lies in reducing the ecological cost. Certain interventions and recommendations that could optimize the balance between livelihood gains and ecological cost are proposed.

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Chen, Yuanqing. „Judicial Application of Punitive Damages for Ecological Environment Infringement in Civil Public Interest Litigation“. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (23.09.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6127388.

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This study aimed to explore the judicial application of punitive damages for ecological environment infringement in civil public interest litigation. Methods. Combined with a case, the judicial application of punitive damages for ecological environment infringement in civil public interest litigation was analyzed. Results. After thinking and judgment, the total cost of repairing the enterprise plot in the case was 2168000 yuan, the cost of environmental functional loss was 57135.45 yuan, the cost of taking relevant emergency measures such as new drinking water and laundry Wharf Engineering was 532860.11 yuan, and the cost of testing and identification was 95670 yuan. Conclusion. The judicial application should be fully considered in the process of civil public interest litigation to ensure that the punitive compensation for ecological environment infringement is more reasonable.

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Yan, Haiming, Wei Li, Huicai Yang, Xiaonan Guo, Xingran Liu und Wenru Jia. „Estimation of the Rational Range of Ecological Compensation to Address Land Degradation in the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin, China“. Land 10, Nr. 12 (14.12.2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121383.

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Ecological compensation provides innovative ecological solutions for addressing land degradation and guaranteeing the sustainable provision of essential ecosystem services. This study estimated the ecosystem service value and the opportunity cost of land use in the Poverty Belt of China—around Beijing and Tianjin—from 1980 to 2015 on the small watershed scale, and thereafter estimated the rational range of ecological compensation in this ecologically fragile zone. Results showed that the total ecosystem service value in the study area gradually decreased from CNY 54.198 billion in 1980 to CNY 53.912 billion in 2015. Moreover, the annual total ecological compensation of the whole study area ranged between CNY 2.67 billion and 2.83 billion. More specifically, areas with higher ecological compensation standards are mainly concentrated in the northwestern and northern parts of the study area, with a lower economic development level, while areas with lower ecological compensation standards are mainly located in areas with a relatively high level of economic development, e.g., the southern and southeastern parts of the study area. These results can provide valuable decision-support information for the design and optimization of ecological compensation to address land degradation along with rapid urbanization in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.

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Tu, Zhenshun, Zilong Chen, Haodong Ye, Shengyue Chen und Jinliang Huang. „Integrating Water Quality Restoration Cost with Ecosystem Service Flow to Quantify an Ecological Compensation Standard: A Case Study of the Taoxi Creek Watershed“. Water 14, Nr. 9 (03.05.2022): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091459.

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Watershed ecological compensation is an important economic tool for solving the protection–development conflict. However, establishing a sound ecological compensation plan for rational water resource use at the watershed scale remains challenging. Monthly water samples were collected between April 2019 and July 2020 at 28 points to analyze the spatiotemporal variation in water quality in the Taoxi Creek watershed, which is important for local water security. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to simulate water supply, demand, and spatial flow at the watershed scale. Water quality restoration cost was integrated with ecosystem service flow to quantify the watershed ecological compensation. The ecological compensation using water quality restoration cost based on pollutant treatment cost and water quality target level was CNY 11.9 million (USD 188 million). Taoxi Creek was identified as the major supplier of water ecosystem services for downstream residents, and the ecological compensation based on ecosystem service flow was CNY 18.9–47.2 million (USD 3.0–7.5 million). Combining both calculations, the watershed should annually receive CNY 30.8–59.1 million (USD 4.9–9.3 million) of economic compensation from downstream ecosystem beneficiaries. This study provides a scientific basis for improving the ecological compensation scheme in the Taoxi Creek watershed and a reference for ecological compensation formulation in other watersheds.

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