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1

Linsenmeyer, William S. "Foreign Nations, International Organizations, and Their Impact on Health Conditions in Nicaragua since 1979." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 3 (1989): 509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5fv4-w26a-adgt-kepb.

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In July 1979, a coalition of social forces in Nicaragua, under the leadership of the Sandinistas, toppled the discredited 43-year Somoza dictatorship. In addition to revolutionary Nicaragua's own substantial efforts, since 1979 international forces and developments have had profound impacts on the nation's ambitious social programs. This article investigates the impact of foreign nations and international organizations on Nicaragua's health conditions since 1979. Given or pledged assistance, for health and other social needs, has been forthcoming, for example, from Latin America, Western Europ
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2

Conroy, Michael E. "External Dependence, External Assistance, and Economic Aggression Against Nicaragua." Latin American Perspectives 12, no. 2 (1985): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x8501200203.

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3

Butler, William E. "Council of Mutual Economic Assistance-Nicaragua: Agreement on Cooperation." International Legal Materials 24, no. 5 (1985): 1408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900030114.

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4

Berrios, Rubén. "Relations between Nicaragua and the Socialist Countries." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165602.

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Since the Late 1960s, due to détente and rising nationalism in Latin America, the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries have succeeded in expanding diplomatic relations with most countries in the Western Hemisphere (Blasier, 1984; Fichet, 1981). For an increasing number of Third World nations, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries of Eastern Europe have become a source of trade, credits, technical assistance and political support. Hence, many Third World countries view CMEA agreements as a means of strengthening their negotiating position vis-á-vis the United Sta
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5

Ng, Rudolph. "Beating the Odds: A Survival Story of Chinese Immigrants in Nicaragua." Journal of World History 36, no. 2 (2025): 205–37. https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2025.a957973.

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Abstract: After the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was passed in the United States, anti-Chinese sentiment swept the Americas. The Chinese diasporas coped with this challenge in different ways with different results. Many suffered a loss of wealth and rights. Others witnessed expulsion and massacres. But some navigated the problematic times with much more success. One such group was the Chinese in Nicaragua. Taking advantage of domestic and foreign assistanc, they avoided the grim fate that the Chinese elsewhere experienced. Drawing on archival documents in Managua and Taipei and oral histories
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6

Howlett, Charles F. "Neighborly Concern: John Nevin Sayre and the Mission of Peace and Goodwill to Nicaragua, 1927-28." Americas 45, no. 1 (1988): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007325.

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For almost two decades prior to 1927 Nicaragua had been governed by Washington “more completely than the American Federal Government rules any state in the Union.” Such governance was justified by the State Department which raised the specter of the Monroe Doctrine not only to bolster America's economic ambitions in the region but also to protect the nation's national security — a fact which took on added importance due to the recent construction of the Panama Canal. From 1912 to 1925, a Legation Guard of United States Marines reminded the country of the overwhelming American dominance. For on
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7

International Monetary Fund. "Nicaragua: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 96, no. 124 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451829105.002.

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8

Orozco, Blanco, Napoleón Vicente, Zúniga González, and Carlos Alberto. "Environmental Bio Economic Impact in Nicaragua." Journal of Agricultural Studies 1, no. 2 (2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v1i2.4033.

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In this article the Bio economy of power plants connected to the national interconnected system of Nicaragua is analyzed, through the study of environmental effects of greenhouse gases emissions from the use of solid biomass from sugarcane bagasse and oil to generate electricity. In addition, an analysis of Cost - Benefit of investments to the electricity generation using fossil fuel and bagasse is done. The Methodology EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (EX-ACT) was used; this methodology was proposed by the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO) to determine the overall greenhou
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9

Herman, Edward S. "The U.S. Economic Destabilization of Nicaragua." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (1988): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000241.

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10

McLaughlin, Ivan. "Is there a Sheriff anymore? Vietnam’s legacy on US-Nicaraguan relations during the Carter Era, 1977-1981." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.32.

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My project explores the extent to which the Vietnam legacy influenced US-Nicaraguan relations during the transition of power that took place in Nicaragua during James Earl Carter’s presidency. The Vietnam legacy is characterised by the increased influences of the US Congress, press, public and Latin America on US executive decisions. Understanding the role of the Vietnam legacy shows that the Carter administration had not regained the US’s ‘lost confidence.’ The US’s anxiety over Vietnam remained and left a void in the Western Hemisphere when Nicaragua needed guidance and assistance from the U
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11

International Monetary Fund. "Nicaragua: Recent Economic Developments and Statistical Annex." IMF Staff Country Reports 99, no. 124 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451829129.002.

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12

GESKE DIJKSTRA, A. "Technocracy Questioned: Assessing Economic Stabilisation in Nicaragua." Bulletin of Latin American Research 18, no. 3 (1999): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.1999.tb00136.x.

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13

Hwang, Byoung-Soh, and Seung-Hoon Yoo. "Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nicaragua." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 11, no. 8 (2016): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2013.781247.

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14

Weeks, John. "Economic Crisis in Nicaragua: Blaming the Victim." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (1988): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000240.

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15

Abud, Ronald. "Revolution as Self-Expression: the Folklore Ballet of Nicaragua." New Theatre Quarterly 3, no. 9 (1987): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0000854x.

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Early in 1986, the Ballet Folklorico Nacional de Nicaragua was invited by the London Borough of Camden to play a season at the Shaw Theatre. Its founder and director. Ronald Abud V, taked to Elaine Turner, with the assistance of the company's translator Margaret Clark, about the work and aims of a company which has become closely identified with its country's revolution, and about the means of expressing a rediscovered national identity through the performing arts.
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16

Maclure, Richard, and Melvin Sotelo. "Youth Social Capital Formation in Nicaragua." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 2 (2014): 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02202003.

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In many Latin American countries, stringent crime control measures have failed to stem high levels of youth crime and violence. As a consequence, there is burgeoning interest in the notion of youth social capital as a basis for policies and programmes designed to enhance the rights of young people living in circumstances of poverty and risk. Yet there is little knowledge of existing sources of youth social capital in poor urban communities in Latin America. To address this gap, the authors conducted an inquiry into the sources and aspects of youth social capital in one low-income urban neighbo
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17

Mària, Josep F., and Daniel Arenas. "Societal Ethos and Economic Development Organizations in Nicaragua." Journal of Business Ethics 88, S2 (2009): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0290-y.

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18

Griffin, Keith. "Observations on Economic Policy in Post-Revolution Nicaragua." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (1988): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000239.

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19

Vargas, Óscar, Lupe García, and María Ramos. "Growth diagnostic framework: case study of nicaragua." Investigación Administrativa 42-2 (July 1, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35426/iav42n112.03.

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Nicaragua has one of the lowest growth domestic products (GDP) growth rates in the Americas, since its economic crisis, which lasted from 1978 to 1994. This investigation conducts a growth diagnostics of the Nicaraguan economy in order to identify the causes to its low growth rates compared to other countries in the region, focusing on Central American countries. This tool explains and exposes the main economic, social and political factors that impede the economic growth of a particular country in a specific context in time; also, it lists elements that generate low income in economic activit
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20

Storkmann, Klaus. "East German Military Aid to the Sandinista Government of Nicaragua, 1979–1990." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 2 (2014): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00451.

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The East German regime provided extensive military assistance to developing countries and armed guerrilla movements in Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In the 1980s, the pro-Soviet Marxist government in Nicaragua was one of the major recipients of East German military assistance. This article focuses on contacts at the level of the ministries of defense, on Nicaraguan requests to the East German military command, and on political and military decision-making processes in East Germany. The article examines the provision of weaponry and training as well as other forms
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21

Kalashnikov, Nikolai, and Dmitrii Morozov. "Nicaragua: from “consensus” model towards authoritarianism." Latin-American Historical Almanac 34, no. 1 (2022): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2022-34-1-193-216.

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The article deals with the crisis of political situation in Nicaragua on the eve and after parliament and presidential elections on November 7, 2021. The authors shed light upon the social, economic, and political characteris-tics of existed model. In their opinion, behind the showcase of external well-being grave contradictions had accumulated in the country that came to being in April 2018. The aggravation of the situation was influenced by the negative consequences of COVID 19 pandemia. At the same time due to police control over internal political situation, favorable prices for export goo
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22

Rice, Robert A. "Gold mining in Nicaragua." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 5, no. 1 (1986): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048609409291.

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23

GLOMSRØD, SOLVEIG, MARIA DOLORES MONGE, and HAAKON VENNEMO. "Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (1999): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000030.

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This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic g
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24

Juan Vázquez, José, Sonia Panadero, and Paulina Paz Rincón. "Stressful Life Events in Countries of Differing Economic Development: Nicaragua, Chile, and Spain." Psychological Reports 101, no. 1 (2007): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.193-201.

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the aim was to describe a study involving 481 psychology students in the last courses of their degrees ( M age = 21.9 yr., SD = 4.2; 94 men and 386 women) from Nicaragua, Chile, and Spain. The study examined the potential risk of experiencing certain stressful life events, the number of stressors, and their characteristics. Also were analyzed the strength of their relation to social class and stressful life events experienced. Greater presence of stressful life events were reported among people from less developed countries, Chile and Nicaragua, and among people belonging to lower social class
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25

Pisani, Michael J. "Contemporary Female Entrepreneurship in Nicaragua." AD-minister, no. 33 (December 12, 2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230//ad-minister.33.1.

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Women are important entrepreneurial actors within the Nicaraguan economic ecosystem. Majority fe-male-owned firms comprise 32.7% of all urban Nicaraguan formal enterprises; these ownership rates far exceed the regional (21.8%) or global averages (14.5%). Within Nicaragua, self-employment rates for women (43.3%) surpass that of men (28.3%). This article describes the contemporary Nicaraguan entrepreneurial landscape for female-owned enterprises using the 2016 Nicaraguan Enterprise Survey of 333 formal sector urban-based firms conducted by the World Bank. Principal multivariate results include t
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26

Grossman, Nienke. "Territorial and Maritime Dispute." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 2 (2013): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.2.0396.

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On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice rendered its judgment in a dispute involving territorial and maritime claims raised by Nicaragua against Colombia in the Caribbean Sea. The Court considered Nicaragua’s requests for a declaration of Nicaraguan sovereignty over seven disputed maritime features and delimitation of a single maritime boundary between the continental shelves and exclusive economic zones appertaining to Nicaragua and Colombia. The Court awarded all disputed territory to Colombia and delimited the maritime boundary between the states’ continental shelves and ex
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27

Winters, Paul, Guy Stecklov, and Jessica Todd. "Household Structure and Short-Run Economic Change in Nicaragua." Journal of Marriage and Family 71, no. 3 (2009): 708–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00628.x.

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28

Millán, Teresa Molina. "Regional Migration, Insurance and Economic Shocks: Evidence from Nicaragua." Journal of Development Studies 56, no. 11 (2019): 2000–2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1703956.

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29

Rugina, Anghel N. "An “Economic Miracle” in Nicaragua … Is It Still Possible?" International Journal of Social Economics 20, no. 8 (1993): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000000536.

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30

Borowy, Iris. "East German medical aid to Nicaragua: the politics of solidarity between biomedicine and primary health care." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 24, no. 2 (2017): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702017000200006.

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Abstract Between 1979 and 1989 the government of the German Democratic Republic provided health assistance to Sandinista Nicaragua. After initial relief aid, the Sandinista embrace of a primary health care-based health system made East German health support difficult. The non-convertible currency, the repressive quality of the East German leadership, and the lack of experience with primary health care processes all limited its potential to provide support. After 1985, when implementation of this system stalled, East German health assistance was revitalized with the donation of the Hospital Car
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31

Brooks, William L., and Robert M. Orr,. "Japan's Foreign Economic Assistance." Asian Survey 25, no. 3 (1985): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644122.

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32

Ruttan, Vernon W. "Why Foreign Economic Assistance?" Economic Development and Cultural Change 37, no. 2 (1989): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451730.

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33

Brooks, William L., and Robert M. Orr, Jr. "Japan's Foreign Economic Assistance." Asian Survey 25, no. 3 (1985): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1985.25.3.01p0257y.

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34

Savage, Joanne, Richard R. Bennett, and Mona Danner. "Economic Assistance and Crime." European Journal of Criminology 5, no. 2 (2008): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370807087645.

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35

Salinas-Miranda, Abraham A., Eric A. Storch, Robert Nelson, and Claudia Evans-Baltodano. "Challenges for Evidence-Based Care for Children With Developmental Delays in Nicaragua." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 3 (2014): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.28.3.226.

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Evidence of successful models for promoting early childhood development and for effectively addressing developmental delays is available, yet the adoption of evidence-based strategies is limited in low-income countries. Nicaragua, a low-income country on the Central American isthmus, faces policy-, organizational-, and community-level obstacles which prevent families from receiving the benefits of early child development programs as well as other necessary services for children at risk of or with developmental delays. Failing to address developmental delays in a timely manner leads to detrimen
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36

Trojansky, M. G., and M. K. Polskova. "Features of bilateral relations between the Republic of Nicaragua and the United States." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 1 (January 27, 2025): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2501-05.

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This article analyses the bilateral relations between the Republic of Nicaragua and the United States of America. The history of establishing diplomatic relations, US interventions and interference in the internal affairs of the Central American country is described. The article focuses on the bilateral relations of Nicaragua and the USA at the current stage, considering the areas of trade, economic and investment cooperation of the countries, and also analyses the diplomatic and sanctions pressure from Washington on the D. Ortega government.
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AHEARN JR, FREDERICK L., and JOHN H. NOBLE JR. "POST-CIVIL WAR ADAPTATION AND NEED IN MANAGUA, NICARAGUA." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 4 (2004): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006625.

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Within seven years after the end of the Nicaraguan civil war in 1990, forced migrants, whose lives had been most disrupted by the conflict, were self-settled in a squatter community in the capital city of Managua and lived in extreme poverty with minimal health, education, security and social service supports. Compared with voluntary migrant neighbours, whose lives had been less affected by the conflict, forced migrants exhibited equal clinically significant symptoms of physical and mental health and psychosocial maladaptation. These findings run counter to generally held theory and assumption
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38

Hingson, Luke L. "Private International Assistance in Major Disasters: The Brother's Brother Foundation." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044915.

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Over the past two decades, the general public in affluent western societies has become vividly aware of major disasters from around the world through the improving technology of the news media. Each one of us can readily recall the instantaneous reports on earthquake ravaged Guatemala in 1976; war-torn Nicaragua and Cambodia in 1979; and devastating earthquakes in Italy and Algeria in 1980.Once alerted to the magnitude of these disasters, private organizations (churches, foundations, civic clubs, etc.), some 300–400 in number, in dozens of countries mobilized public support through news report
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Simon, Xavier, Maria Montero, and Óscar Bermudez. "Advancing Food Security through Agroecological Technologies: The Implementation of the Biointensive Method in the Dry Corridor of Nicaragua." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030844.

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In contrast with international food assistance programs, or with the new green revolution based on the sustainable intensification of agriculture, this work proposes an agroecological technology to overcome food insecurity problems in countries like Nicaragua, most especially in rural areas. In particular, it analyzes the effects of implementing the biointensive method—an agroecological food production initiative that is highly labor-intensive, but requires little land—in various communities of the Dry Corridor in Nicaragua. This project is the result of establishing an international consortiu
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Dabagyan, E. S. "Nicaragua: the secrets of the President’s political longevity." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 9, no. 1 (2021): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2021-9-1-76-88.

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This article is a political portrait of an extraordinary personality, the President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega, who has travelled a long and very thorny path of transformation from a frantic fighter against a dictatorial regime to a man who actually became the country’s president for life. The author presents the methods by which Ortega achieved power and thereby ensured his political longevity. The author pays special attention to the role of Rosario Murillo, the politician’s wife, whose importance is growing in the internal political life of the state. The article provides an overview of the
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41

Harris, Alison, and Tammy Shefer. "Mental health services in Nicaragua: Ten years of revolution." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 6 (1990): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.6.346.

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Nicaragua is celebrating ten years of revolution since the overthrow of the 45 year long Somoza dictatorship∗. In this time, the Sandinista government has attempted to construct a more democratic society with considerable achievements in the area of health, welfare and education. Indeed, health care has been a priority in spite of severe economic difficulties caused by the United States economic blockade and by the need for defence against the war waged by the counter-revolutionaries (the Contra).
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Archondo-Callao, Rodrigo, Douglas Méndez Talavera, and Lubina Cantarero Zeas. "Network-Level Application of Roads Economic Decision Model in Nicaragua." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (2003): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-11.

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A network-level application of the Roads Economic Decision (RED) model in Nicaragua is presented. The RED model was developed by the World Bank to improve the decision-making process for development and maintenance of low-volume roads. The model adopts the consumer surplus approach to estimate transport benefits and is customized to the characteristics of low-volume roads, such as the high uncertainty in the assessment of the model inputs, the difficulties in characterizing the road condition of unpaved roads, and the need for a comprehensive analysis of generated traffic to clearly define all
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Villarreyna, R., M. Barrios, S. Vílchez, R. Cerda, R. Vignola, and J. Avelino. "Economic constraints as drivers of coffee rust epidemics in Nicaragua." Crop Protection 127 (January 2020): 104980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104980.

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44

Leogrande, William M. "Making the economy scream: Us economic sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua." Third World Quarterly 17, no. 2 (1996): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436599650035716.

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45

Fagerberg, Bengt, Robert Lilljequist, Noel Castellón, and Bengt Fagerberg. "Small scale gold mining in Nicaragua." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 4, no. 1 (1986): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048609408961.

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46

KOSAI, YUTAKA, and KENJI MATSUYAMA. "Japanese Economic Cooperation." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 513, no. 1 (1991): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716291513001006.

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Japanese official development assistance (ODA) totaled $9.13 billion in 1988, which put Japan neck and neck with the United States for the title of largest aid-donor country. In the few decades since joining the Development Assistance Committee in 1961, Japan has steadily increased its aid effort until the country is now one of the major sources of economic cooperation. This article first outlines the characteristics of Japanese ODA—such as its emphasis on loans to Asia—and then discusses the various factors that have shaped these characteristics. In recognition of the fact that yen credits ar
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Polskova, M. K. "The external image of Russia in Latin America on the example of the Republic of Nicaragua." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 4 (July 12, 2023): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2304-06.

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This article analyses Russia's image in the countries of the Latin American region. Using the example of the Republic of Nicaragua, the main factors for forming a positive image of the Russian Federation abroad are identifi ed, and examples of successful implementation of our country's "soft power" policy are given. The article pays special attention to bilateral relations between Russia and Nicaragua at the present stage, examines many areas of cooperation between the countries, such as trade, economic and investment, military-technical, cultural, scientific and technical, humanitarian and ot
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48

Schmeer, Kammi K., Barbara A. Piperata, Andrés Herrera Rodríguez, Virgilio Mariano Salazar Torres, and Francisco José Centeno Cárdenas. "Maternal resources and household food security: evidence from Nicaragua." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 16 (2015): 2915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014003000.

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AbstractObjectiveWomen (especially mothers) are theorized as critical to reducing household food insecurity through their work and caregiver roles. The present study tests these assumptions, assessing how maternal economic and social resources are associated with food insecurity in households with young children.DesignData from a population-based sample of households was collected in León, Nicaragua (n 443). Data include a newly validated measure of household food insecurity (ELCSA), maternal resource measures, and household economic status and demographics. Regression analysis tests the stati
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49

Zholdosheva, Madina. "JAPAN'S ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE TO KYRGYZSTAN." Вестник Международного Университета Кыргызстана, no. 4 (2022): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53473/16946324_2022_4_230.

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50

Montenegro, Luis, and Jochen Hack. "A Socio-Ecological System Analysis of Multilevel Water Governance in Nicaragua." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061676.

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Nicaragua enacted its Water Law in 2007, with the Dublin Principles for sustainable water management and integrated water resources management as its guiding framework. Implementation of the law remains a challenge, but significant efforts have been made to roll out this new water resources framework, to improve water management by enhancing a multilevel water governance system. To analyze multilevel water governance in Nicaragua and diagnose stakeholders’ roles and compliance with the law, we applied a socio-ecological system framework and several methods of analysis to process data collected
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