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ACIOLE, Eliézer Henrique Pires. „Efeito Toxico-Genético dos Larvicidas Dilapiol e Espinosade em Células Somáticas de Drosophila Melanogaster“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10280.
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CAPES, FACEPE.
O uso constante de inseticidas em programas de saúde pública tem sido a principal medida para o controle de insetos vetores de doenças epidêmicas em países tropicais e subtropicais. Anualmente toneladas de inseticidas sintéticos, sobretudo os organofosforados, são lançadas ao meio ambiente na tentativa de controlar o crescimento populacional dos vetores. Os larvicidas são compostos capazes de matar larvas que se desenvolvem em reservatórios grandes ou pequenos, naturais ou artificiais de água, muitas vezes própria ao consumo humano. Os compostos dilapiol e espinosade são classificados como larvicidas, sendo o dilapiol um óleo essencial extraído da espécie vegetal Piper aduncum e o espinosad uma combinação de dois metabólitos produzidos pela bactéria Saccharopolyspora spinosa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos genotóxicos do dilapiol e do espinosade, por meio do teste de mutação e recombinação somática (SMART) de asa de Drosophila melanogaster. Na metodologia foi utilizado o cruzamento padrão, sendo as larvas com 72h de vida submetidas durante 48h à exposição crônica a três diferentes concentrações não letais do dilapiol (3,2, 16 e 80 um/mL) e do espinosade (0,32, 0,96 e 1,6 ug/mL). Para avaliação do efeito genotóxico, as frequências das manchas de pelos mutantes nas asas dos indivíduos tratados foram comparadas com os respectivos controles negativos. Os resultados indicam que ambos compostos tiveram atividade toxico-genética positiva, em todas as concentrações testadas, exceto o espinosade a 0,96ug/mL. A atividade genotóxica se deu, principalmente, à indução de recombinação e, em menor escala, à mutação somática, verificada apenas para o espinosade. Os resultados aqui apresentados contribuem para o conhecimento dos riscos genotóxicos do uso destes dois inseticidas, que merecem ainda mais estudos, feitos em outros modelos experimentais e outras condições e metodologias para que sejam considerados seguros para a saúde humana e o meio ambiente.
Barbosa, Pedro Melo. „Avaliação da eficácia e efeitos colaterais de duas apresentações de toxina botulínica tipo A no tratamento da distonia cervical idiopática“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17140/tde-26112014-162015/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntroduction: Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most frequent type of primary focal dystonia and treatment with botulinum toxin is currently the gold standard. Considering that each botulinum toxin brand is pharmacologically distinct, in this paper we compared two botulinum toxins available in Brazil: Abobotulinumtoxin A (Dysport®) and Lanzhou botulinum toxin type A (Prosigne®). Methodology: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double blind trial with one group being treated with Dysport® and the other Prosigne®. We recruited 34 patientes from Ribeirao Preto Medical Schools (HCFMRP) botulinum toxin clinic (ATXB) from may 2010 to june 2011, only patients with idiopathic CD were included in the trial. Each individual was followed during a 13 month period, during which 5 TBA injection sessions were conducted with 3 month intervals between them. To assess objective improvement we used the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), full scale and severity, disability and pain subscales, before and after the first and fifth treatment sessions. After each treatment session we assessed improvement with the Clinician Interview Based Impression of Change (CIBIC) scale and asked about side effects and duration of improvement. For statistical analysis we used the following tests: t test for paired samples, Mann-Whitneys non parametrical test, Friedmans non parametrical test and qui square test. Results: Fourteen patients were randomized to receive Dysport® and twenty to receive Prosigne®. Mean age in Dysport® group was 57.21 years and in Prosigne® group was 51.95 (p = 0.23). After first injection, mean TWSTRS values reduced 12.78 points in Dysport® group and 9.98 in Prosigne® group (p = 0.38). After last injection the reduction in TWSTRS values was 11.87 points for Dysport® and 11.35 points for Prosigne® (p = 0.86). CIBIC scores showed that the majority of patients reported some level of improvement after injections without statistical differences between groups. Dysphagia was the commonest adverse effect, occurring after 27.27 % of all injections, followed by local pain and muscle weakness. Once again there were no statistical difference between groups regarding adverse effects. Conclusion: Our data showed similar efficacy and safety profiles when comparing both toxins, Dysport® and Prosigne®.
Huatuco, Del Solar Elva Esther. „Efecto terapéutico de la Toxina Botulínica Tipo A en el tratamiento del Síndrome de Dolor Miofascial Masticatorio“. Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1132.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Masticatory Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MMPS) is a clinical entity characterized by the presence of trigger points in the masticatory muscles. It is due to local muscle injury caused by overloading an excessive discharge of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. The application of botulinum toxin type A (TBA) in myofascial trigger point works by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine triggering a flaccid paralysis and muscle relaxation. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of BTA in the treatment of MMPS using Visual Analog Scale of Pain. (Scale that measures pain from 0 to 10). The type of study was controlled clinical trial, prospective, longitudinal and random. Twenty-eight patients of the Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unánue met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen of them was applied to TBA and the other, placebo (saline 0.9%) and monitored for 4 weeks. TBA was found that pain decreased dramatically, from 6.36 to 0.57. In contrast to the control group dropped from 5.36 to 4.36. We conclude that the TBA applied intramuscularly in masticatory trigger points was more effective than placebo for the treatment of MMPS. KEYWORDS: Masticatory Myofascial Pain Syndrome - Botulinum Toxin type A - Trigger point – Acetylcholine - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Tesis
Souza, Maria Eliege de. „O efeito da toxina botulínica tipo A sobre a espasticidade e funcionalidade da criança com paralisia cerebral espástica“. Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecatede.uninove.br/handle/tede/1811.
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The cerebral palsy (CP) is characterized by a group of non progressive disorders of the brain’s development and posture caused by a malformation or brain injury. As treatment , there are therapeutic approaches aimed at normalizing muscle tone and prevent change in the relation between bone growth and muscle, that can lead to poor posture and structured deformities. The aim this study was to investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A (TB-A) for spasticity and functionality in spastic CP childrem. This was a prospective, controlled, randomized, consisting of 24 children (aged 5 to 12 years) with spastic CP, being divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) consisting of 12 patients (mean age 7.83 ± 2, 07 years) treated with TB-A toxin and physiotherapy and control group (CG) with 12 patients (mean age 8.50 ± 2.17 years) treated only with physical therapy. All participants were assessed through motor and functional scales (GMFCS, GMFM-88, Ashworth, Berg Balance Scale, Time up and go -TUG and Inventory Assessment Pediatric Disorders - ASK) at three different times: before treatment, 30 days and 3 months after the treatment proposed. By analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures it was observed significant differences (p < 0.001) between groups (groups vs treatment) to the data obtained in the GMFCS, GMFM-88, BERG, TUG, Ashworth and ASK, being observed functional improvement only for the GE group. In this study it was concluded that the use of TB-A provides a significant improvement on spasticity and child functionality with spastic CP, over a period of up to 3 months after application.
A Paralisia Cerebral (PC) é caracterizada por um grupo não progressivo de desordens do desenvolvimento e postura decorrentes de uma malformação ou lesão cerebral. Como tratamento, destacam-se abordagens terapêuticas que visam normalizar o tônus muscular e prevenir alteração na relação entre o crescimento ósseo e o muscular, que podem provocar posturas inadequadas e deformidades estruturadas. Dessa maneira, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos da toxina botulínica tipo A (TB-A) sobre a espasticidade e funcionalidade da criança com PC espástica. Esse foi um estudo prospectivo, controlado, randomizado, constituído por 24 crianças (idade entre 5 e 12 anos) com PC espástica, distribuídas em dois grupos sendo: Grupo experimental (GE) constituído com 12 pacientes (idade média 7,83 2,07 anos) tratadas com toxina TB-A e fisioterapia e Grupo controle (GC) sendo 12 pacientes (idade média 8,50 2,17 anos) tratados somente com fisioterapia. Todos os participantes foram avaliados por meio de escalas motoras e funcionais (GMFCS, GMFM-88, Ashworth, escala de equilíbrio de BERG, Time up and go –TUG e o Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Disfunções - PEDI) em três momentos distintos: antes do tratamento, 30 dias e 3 meses após o tratamento proposto. Por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas foi possível observar diferenças significativas (p < 0,001) entre os grupos (grupos vs tratamento) para os dados obtidos na escala de GMFCS, GMFM-88, BERG, TUG, Ashworth e PEDI, sendo observada melhora funcional somente para o grupo GE. Nesse estudo foi possível concluir que o uso da TB-A proporciona uma melhora significativa sobre a espasticidade e funcionalidade da criança com PC espástica, em um período de até 3 meses após sua aplicação.
Forteza, González Gabriel. „Efecto de la Toxina Botulínica A en el tratamiento del dolor miofascial masticatorio“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8725.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl Síndrome de Dolor Miofascial Masticatorio (SDMFM) - También denominado Dolor Facial Miogénico - es un cuadro que, según estudios, afecta hasta al 25% de la población. Afecta preferentemente a mujeres (entre el 75 y el 88,5 %), entre 20 y 40 años. Se caracteriza por la presencia de trismus, dolor facial, fatiga y limitación de la función en los músculos maseteros (79-84 %) y temporales (56-65 %), seguidos de los pterigoideos internos, externos y los digástricos. Puede afectar a los músculos esternocleidomastoideos, esplenios, trapecios, periorales y al frontal. La localización preferente en los maseteros se caracteriza por la presencia de una banda gatillo, localizada en la región media del músculo, especialmente dolorosa a la palpación. Depresión, ansiedad, fatiga y trastornos del sueño acompañan con frecuencia al dolor y caracterizan también el SDMFM.
Según la literatura actual sobre dolor crónico, se considera que en el SDMFM concurren mecanismos centrales y periféricos del Sistema Neuromuscular, comunes a los del dolor miofascial del tronco y las extremidades, aunque su naturaleza exacta sigue siendo una incógnita. Diversas teorías apuntan a un exceso de actividad muscular con liberación final de metabolitos tóxicos. Los factores predisponentes incluirían posturas inadecuadas, sedentarismo, desequilibrios nutricionales - especialmente déficit vitamínico -, hábitos bucales parafuncionales, trastornos del sueño y alteraciones articulares.
Tradicionalmente, el tratamiento del SDMFM ha incluido el uso prolongado de AINE, férulas oclusales, fármacos miorrelajantes, antidepresivos, terapia física y técnicas de relajación. Entre los tratamientos locales destacan la punción seca y la infiltración de diversos fármacos e incluso de suero fisiológico.
Hipótesis: La TBA resulta un método eficaz de tratamiento del SDMFM.
Objetivos: Evaluar la posible eficacia, efectos indeseables, de la TBA en un grupo de pacientes voluntarios, afectos de SDMFM, mediante la realización de un ensayo clínico paralelo, randomizado y en condiciones doble-ciego.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
Se diseñó un ensayo clínico piloto unicéntrico, prospectivo, aleatorizado, controlado y doble-ciego, para determinar la eficacia de la Toxina Botulínica A (TB) en el tratamiento del SDMFM. Los pacientes que aceptaron participar en el estudio fueron sometidos al Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon-II para evaluar su personalidad.
Durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2001 y septiembre de 2002, 72 pacientes afectos de SDMFM aceptaron participar en el estudio. El diagnóstico de SDMFM se realizó basándose en los criterios diagnósticos definidos por Dworkin y LeResche -Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders- correspondientes a trastornos musculares (grupo I) para el SDMFM. se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 30, repartidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos:
· Tratado con toxina botulínica
· Tratado con placebo.
En el cuestionario del paciente se midió el dolor actual espontáneo mediante una Escala Visual Analógica (EVA): 0= ausencia de dolor: 10= máximo dolor imaginable) y un índice funcional mediante múltiples EVA. Se midió también la apertura bucal máxima interincisal no forzada (sin asistencia).
En el grupo de estudio se inyectó TB A (Botox®) en los músculos maseteros y temporales, a ambos lados, en 5 puntos dispersos para cad vientre muscular. En el grupo de control se inyectó suero salino fsiológico, siguiendo la misma distribución que en grupo de toxina. Se realizaron entrevistas sucesivas a las 2, 4, 8 y 16 semanas del tratamiento.
RESULTADOS
Destacan una apertura bucal prácticamente normal en los dos grupos (39,6 en el de Toxina y 37,3 en el del placebo). El dolor se localizó preferentemente en ambos músculos maseteros, mientras que en los temporales, la localización se dio en la mitad de los casos, aproximadamente.
Dolor. La mejora global fue acentuada en ambos grupos, con una destacada significación estadística (p<0,001), pero igual para ambos.
Efectos secundarios. Los pacientes tratados con TBA muestran una marcada incidencia de pérdida de eficacia masticatoria. De los 13 pacientes tratados con TBA 12, es decir, el 87,5 %, presentaron dicho síntoma, en ocasiones como síntoma dominante, acompañado de sensación de fatiga al masticar (p<0,0001).
CONCLUSIONES
La Toxina botulínica muestra la misma eficacia analgésica que el placebo. La respuesta analgésica al dolor global y activo tiene significación estadística en ambos grupos y se mantiene a lo largo de 16 semanas.
En conclusión, la TBA es eficaz en el tratamiento del SDMFM, al igual que lo es el placebo. Estos resultados implican la existencia de un efecto físico local a nivel de los puntos o bandas gatillo tipo punción seca o, simplemente, placebo.
INTRODUCTION
In the current literature, Masticatory Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MMPS), affects even 25% of general population. It affects mostly women (75-88,5%) from 20 to 40 years old. Main symptoms are trismus, facial pain, weakness and limitation of function in masseter (79-84%) and temporal (56-65%) muscles, followed by internal and external pterygoid and digastric muscles. Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius, Trapezius, perioral and frontal muscles can be also painful. Masseter complaint characteristically presents a taut or trigger band, localized in the middle of the muscle, painfull on palpation. MMPS often associates to depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders.
Current literature on chronic pain considers that masticatory MMPS is due to central and peripheral mechanisms of Neuromuscular System, like MPS of trunk and limbs, though its exact origin is still uncertain. Different theories associate an excess of muscle activity, with final toxic metabolites release. Predisposing factors are bad body postures, sedentary life, nutritional imbalance- especially vitamin deficiency-, parafunctional habits, sleeps disorders and joint disorders.
Most often, MMPS therapy has included prolonged use of non esteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, oclusal splints, muscle relaxants, antidepressives, or physical and behavioral therapies. Demonstrated useful local treatments are dry needling and infiltration of diverse agents, including physiologic saline solution.
Hypothesis: Botulinum Toxin is an effective therapeutic method in MMPS.
Objectives: To evaluate efficacy, side effects, of Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) in a group of voluntary patients affected of MMPS, by means of a parallel, double-blind, randomized study.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A prospective, uni-centric, randomized, controlled, and double-blind study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of BT in the treatment of MMPS. Patients who accepted to be involved in the study were left to the Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (Millon II) to evaluate their personality.
From September 2001 to September 2002, 72 patients accepted to be involved in this study. Diagnosis of MMPS was based on Dworkin and LeResche Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDCTMD) corresponding to muscular disorders (group I), for MMPS. Thirty patients were randomly selected and distributed in two groups:
· BT
· Placebo
Patients in both groups filled a questionnaire about pain and side effects of treatment. Pain was measured using Visual Analogical Scale (VAS) before, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after treatment. Maximal not assisted interincisal aperture was also measured.
Study group was treated by injecting BT A (Botox®) in masseter and temporal muscles, both sides, in five different points. Control group was treated by injecting saline solution using the same distribution than study group.
RESULTS
Both groups showed a near normal mouth opening (39,6 for BT group and 37,3 placebo. Pain was found in all masseter, and in half of the temporal muscles, approximately.
Pain. Global improvement was significant in both groups (p<0,001), but there was no difference between them.
Side effects. Twelve of 13 patients, that is, 87,5%, treated with BTA showed a marked loss of efficiency and weakness sensation on chewing.
CONCLUSIONS
BTA has the same analgesic efficacy than placebo. Analgesic response to global and active pain has statistical significance and is maintained along 16 weeks.
In conclusion, BTA is effective in treatment of MMPS, as much as placebo. These results imply the presence of a local physical effect at the level of trigger points or bands like dry needling or simply, placebo.
Rodriguez, Miryam Guillermina Palomino. „Avaliação dos efeitos antitumorais da metaloproteinase ofídica jararagina no adenocarcinoma de mama“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-17122014-110755/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present study investigated the in vitro effects of metalloproteinase jararhagin in human breast tumor cells model MCF7 and T47D, murine tumor cells (Ehrlich\'s tumor), and normal cells, assessing cell viability, morphological alterations, changes in the cell cycle phases and death cell, as the effects on ascitic and solid orthotopic murin Ehrlich tumor. The results showed that jararhagin significantly decreases adhesion and cell viability in a dose dependent, with cells aggregates and spheroids with tubulo-acinar formation. The in vivo parameters showed no decrease in ascites tumor volume, however, the orthotopic model, jararhagin induces the inflammatory response and extracellular matrix remodeling with changes in the collagen distribution and organization. It is concluded that jararhagin induces cytotoxicity in breast tumor and normal cell lines, and was able to induce inflammatory infiltrate during the growth and dissemination of tumor cells.
Moysés, Felipe dos Santos. „Efeito da exposição ao efluente de curtume em diferentes modelos animais“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/122343.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleActually, chemicals have been widely released to the environment. Among the many pollutants emitted into the environment, the effluent from the leather industry is considered one of the greatest contamination of water resources. In this context, the oxidative stress has been suggested as a central biochemical mechanism of toxicity from several environmental toxicants, and changes in the enzymes activities responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics can be used in monitoring the harmful effects of these substances. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to tannery wastewater on oxidative parameters, and mainly studying the enzymatic activities in different animal models. In the first step of this study, it was evaluated the effects of in vitro exposure to tannery wastewater on oxidative status, and activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in brain structures (cortex, striatum and hippocampus) and liver of the rats and mice. It was observed that exposure to tannery wastewater induced an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in the rats liver, whereas no changes were detected in the hepatic enzymes in mice. Regarding the formation of reactive species, there was an increase in the mice liver, and it was not detected any effect in rat liver This result may be related to the increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase since these enzymes have been related to detoxification of xenobiotics. Exposure to effluent induced similar effects in brain structures from rats and mice, since there was an increased in the free radical levels in the cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex, as well as a similar profile in the activity of the enzymes evaluated in these brain structures from both species. These results suggest that mice are more susceptible since the exposure did not cause an increase in the activity of the enzymes glutathione system in the liver, indicating that the central bioavailability of the compounds in tannery wastewater may be higher in mice. In the second section, it was evaluated the effects of exposure of adult Drosophila melanogaster placed for 72 hours with tannery effluent. After exposure, mortality was quantified, and it was evaluated the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. In this work, exposure to tannery effluent induced lethality in flies. We also detected an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity. However, there was a decrease in the glutathione S-transferase activity in flies exposed to contaminant. Considering these results, it is possible to suggest that exposure to tannery effluent can modify the enzymatic antioxidant system in insects, and Drosophila melanogaster is a reliable model to evaluate the toxicity induced by tannery wastewater. The results of this study support the idea that alterations in enzymatic antioxidant system may be associated with toxic effects of exposure to tannery wastewater and, in part, these changes can clarify the mechanism by which the contaminant causes a divergent response in rodents and insects.
Toledo, Paula Nunes. „Efeito da terapia miofuncional em pacientes com paralisia facial de longa duração associada à aplicação de toxina botulínica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5158/tde-19042007-090802/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleINTRODUCTION: The facial paralysis is constraining so much of the functional point of view as aesthetic. This research had for goal verified the myofunctional therapy effect in patients with long-standing facial paralysis associate to the botulinum toxin application. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were treated, divided into two groups. The patients from the group A received four sessions of myofunctional therapy before the toxin botulinum application and the patients from the group B received it simultaneously to the application. The therapy was composed by isometric and passive isotonic maneuvers, inside and outside oral, and resistance exercises. RESULTS: After the myofuncional therapy the patients presented significant increase of the mobility of the paralyzed side, of the patient satisfaction index with the face, Functional Index of the Face (IFF) and of the Index of Social Welfare (IBES). The group of patient that accomplished the myofuncional therapy previously presented significantly larger frequency of talking difficulty, while the group that accomplished the miofuncional therapy from the toxin botulínica application date presented significantly larger frequency of chewing difficulty. The myofuncional therapy promotes facial symmetry; patients satisfaction with the face, myofuncional functionality, life quality, and should be accomplished before and after toxin botulínica application to reduce the possible adverse effects.
Cintra, Mariana de Jesus. „Impacto da imunidade prévia nos efeitos adjuvantes da toxina termo-lábil (LT) de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-24022016-114438/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLT toxins are expressed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains and display strong adjuvant effects. Nonetheless, the impact of preexisting immunity on the on LT adjuvant activities is still unknown. Thus, the present study evaluated the impact of pre-existing immunity in the inflammatory and adjuvant properties of LT after subcutaneous administration. the NS1 of dengue virus was employed as a model antigen and two experimental approaches were evaluated: (i) in vitro incubation of LT with LT-specific antibodies and the ganglyoside receptor (GM1) before administration to naïve mice in combination with NS1; (ii) immunization with NS1 co-administered with LT in mice previously exposed to LT. The local inflammatory effects induced by LT were evaluated as wel as the adjuvant effects by means of NS1-specific humoral response. Our results indicate that the LT pre-existing immunity does not affect the inflammatory and adjuvant activities of the toxin. In addition, exposure to GM1 reduced the local inflammatory reactions without affecting the toxin adjuvant effects.
Cartágenes, Maria do Socorro de Sousa. „Investigação dos efeitos toxicos e anti-hipertensivo de Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae)“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6828.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The species Arrabidaea chica (Bignoniaceae) is indicated to treatment of skin illnesses, renal stones, systemic arterial hypertension, as an antiinflammation and antianemia. In this paper it was avaliated the toxical effect of the extract of leaves of Arrabidaea chica Verlot (EAC), the chemical composition of EAC and the performance of EAC n the cardiovascular system of normotense and hypertense rats SHR. To the preparation of the EAC it was used dried pulverized leaves, macerated in ethanol 70%. After that the obstention of the EAC this was fractioned when it obtained several fractions among them the F63, this because of presenting in chromatrography compared and thinned. It was cleaner and in a major quantity. It was analysed in farmacological experiments, 1RMNH and CLAE. In the chemical composition of the EAC, it was detected the presence of flobafenical tanines, flavonos and steroidal componnds. In the the fraction F63 it was observed characteristic signals as to the alifatical componnds and aromatical. Among several possibilities they can beflavonoidal. To the avaliation of the acute toxicity (DL50) adult mice of both sexes received saline (0,1ml/10 g v. o) or EAC (0,5m 1,0 e 2,0 g/kg, ip), this didn t cause the death of animals as well it didn t get the behaviour alterations or macroscopic alterations of organs if compored to the control group. The treatment of rats with saline (0,1 mL/ 100g) and EAC (0,5,-5,0 g/kg, v.o), didn t cause deaths, nor behaviour or macroscopic alterations of the organs after antopsy. Finished the period of 14 days of treatment the blood was collected to its hematological and biochemical analysis, there wasn t difference between the control groups and treated in relation to the ration consume, corporal weight as well it wasn t detected alterations of behaviour or in the macroscopic analysis of the organs. The EAC (1,0 g/ kg) promoted meanful alteration in the VCM and in the doses of hemoglobine. The EAC of Arrabidaea chica Verlot (1 g/kg) promoted meanful alterations in the creatine, urea and cholesterol (HDL), in the dose of 0,5 g/Kg. It promoted, also, meanful alterations in the urea and in the HDL. The EAC (2,0 g/ kg) altered the glicosis, AST and total cholesterol, as to the dose of 3,5 g/Kg the EAC altered glicosis and total cholesterol. The EAC (5,0 g/kg) promoted alterations of glicosis, AST, urea and HDL the EAC (0,1; 0,2 e 0,5 g/kg, v.o.) administrated to hypertense rats SHR produced hypotension (38,2%; 49,9% and 34,4%) and bradicardia (13,4%; 15,35 % and 15,25%) as to the controls. In normotense animals there was reduction of the tension pressorical levls without alterations of the cardial frequence. In the menseterical superior arteries isolated of normotense rts or hypertense SHR submitted to chronical treatment with EAC for 60 days it was possible to detect reductions of the maximal effect and displacement of the curve of presence of noradrenalin when compared to the tissues of the respective control groups. In the analysis in vitro performed in rings of mesenterical superior artery isolated of rats with and without functional endothelial, in the presence and absence of the EAC (100-500 μg/mL) and F63 (10-30μg/mL) ocorred reduction of the maximal effect in the three used doses, in a way that the dependent dose and statistically meanful action in preparations of the mensenteric pre-contractd artery with moradrenalin, the EAC (10-500 μg/mL) and F63 (10-50μg/mL) promoted the dependent relaxing of dose both in the presence of the endotelial and in the absence of it. In the presence of L-NAME or indometacine, the EAC didn t promoted difference of the vasorelaxing. The EAC promoted a relaxing in precontracted preparations with KCI 80 mM bolh in the presence and in the absence vascular endotelial. The EAC (50-500 μg/mL) and F63 (10-30 μg/mL) reducted the maximal induced contractions per CaCl2. In precontracted preparations with S-(-)BayK 8644, the EAC (10-500 μg/mL) and F63 (10-300 μg/mL) promoted relaxing. The induced contractions per caffeine in a free ambience of calcium were inhibited by EAC, but the F63 didn t promoted alterations of the induced contractions by noradreline or caffeine. In a set these results suggest that the hypotension produced by the EAC of Arrabidaea chica Verlot can be realted to a diminution of the periferical total resistence in consequence of the participation of the bhlocade of the canaes CaV1.2 in cells of the vascular smooth muscle as well as the blocade of the rianodine channels.
A espécie vegetal Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae) é indicada para o tratamento de enfermidades da pele, cálculos renais, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, como antiinflamatório e antianêmico. Neste trabalho avaliou-se extrato das folhas de Arrabidaea chica Verlot (EAC), a composição química do EAC, sua toxicidade e atividade no sistema cardiovascular de ratos normotensos e hipertensos SHR. Para a preparação do EAC usou-se folhas secas pulverizadas e maceradas em etanol 70%. Após a obtenção do EAC este foi fracionado obtendo-se várias frações, dentre as quais a F63, que por apresentar em cromatrografia comparativa delgada, mais limpa e em maior quantidade, foi analisada em experimentos farmacológicos, 1RMNH e CLAE. Na composição química do EAC, detectou-se a presença de taninos flobafênicos, flavononois, flavonononas e compostos esteroidais. Na fração F63, observou-se sinais característicos para compostos alifáticos e aromáticos que dentre várias possibilidade, podem ser flavonóides. Para a avaliação da toxicidade aguda (DL50) camundongos adultos, de ambos os sexos, receberam salina (0,1 ml/ 10g) ou EAC (0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 g/kg, ip), o que não produziu morte dos animais, bem como, não causou alterações comportamentais, ponderal ou alterações macroscópicas dos órgãos comparando-se ao grupo controle. O tratamento dos ratos com salina (0,1 mL/ 100g) e EAC não causou mortes, alterações comportamentais ou macroscópicas dos órgãos após autópsia. Ao final do período de tratamento de 14 dias, o sangue foi coletado para análise hematológica e bioquímica. Não houve diferença entre os grupos controle e tratado em relação ao consumo de ração, de água, peso corpóreo, bem como, não foram detectadas alterações de comportamento ou na análise macroscópica dos órgãos. O EAC (1,0 g/ kg) promoveu alteração significativa no VCM e na dosagem de Hemoglobina. O EAC de Arrabidaea chica Verlot (1 g/kg) promoveu alterações significativas na creatinina, uréia e HDL, na dose de 0,5 g/Kg, promoveu alteração significativa na uréia e no HDL. O EAC (2,0 g/ kg) alterou a glicose, AST e colesterol total, já na dose de 3,5 g/Kg o EAC alterou glicose e colesterol total. O EAC (5,0 g/kg) promoveu alteração de glicose, AST, uréia e HDL. O EAC (0,1; 0,2 e 0,5 g/kg, v.o.) administrado a animais SHR produziu hipotensão (38,2%; 49,9% e 34,4%) e bradicardia (13,4%; 15,35 % e 15,25%), com relação aos controles. Em animais normotensos houve redução dos níveis tensionais pressóricos sem alteração da freqüência cardíaca. Nas artérias mesentérica superior isoladas de ratos normotensos ou hipertensos SHR submetidos ao tratamento crônico com EAC por 60 dias foi possível detectar redução do efeito máximo e deslocamento da curva na presença de noradrenalina quando comparado aos tecidos dos respectivos grupos controles. Na análise in vitro realizadas em anéis de artéria mesentérica superior isolada de rato com e sem endotélio funcional, na presença e ausência do EAC (100- 500 μg/mL) e F63 (10 - 30μg/mL) ocorreu redução do efeito máximo nas três doses utilizadas, de maneira dose dependente e estatisticamente significante em preparações com endotélio intacto. Já preparações de artéria mesentérica pré-contraídas com noradrenalina, o EAC (10-500 μg/mL) e F63 (10-50μg/mL) promoveram relaxamento dependente de dose tanto na presença do endotélio quanto na ausência do mesmo. Na presença de L-NAME ou indometacina, o EAC não promoveu diferença do vasorelaxamento. O EAC promoveu um relaxamento em preparações pré-contraídas com KCl 80 mM, tanto na presença quanto na ausência do endotélio vascular. O EAC (50-500 μg/mL) e F63 (10-30 μg/mL) reduziram as contrações máximas induzidas por CaCl2. Em preparações pré-contraídas com S-(-)BayK 8644, o EAC (10-500 μg/mL) e F63 (10-300 μg/mL) promoveram relaxamento. As contrações induzidas por cafeína em meio livre de cálcio foram inibidas pelo EAC, porém a F63 não promoveu alterações das contrações induzidas por noradrenalina ou cafeína. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que a hipotensão produzida pelo EAC de Arrabidaea chica Verlot pode estar relacionada a uma diminuição da resistência periférica total em conseqüência da participação do bloqueio dos canais CaV1.2 em células da musculatura lisa vascular, bem como, bloqueio dos canais de rianodina.
Kawamoto, Dione. „Efeito da toxina distensora citoletal de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans na atividade osteoclástica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-06122014-092749/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontitis, characterized by severe alveolar bone resorption. This species produces a distending toxin cytolethal (AaCDT) which has DNase activity, and promotes the blocking of target cells in G2 or G1 / G2 phase. On the other hand, CDT activates the apoptotic cascade by PIP3 activity, regulating lymphocyte proliferation and survival by blocking Akt. In monocytes, AaCDT enhances the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide production and phagocytosis. Osteoclast precursor cells are of hematopoietic origin and must undergo differentiation into osteoclasts mediated by RANKL although other co-stimulatory factors are involved. AaCDT induces the production of RANKL by fibroblasts. Thus, CDT is hypothesized to influence bone homeostasis by affecting the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts. This study aimed to determine the effect of AaCDT on survival, differentiation and activity of osteoclasts precursor cells. The data suggested that CDT interfere in bone homeostasis, favoring the differentiation of osteoclasts precursors cells and by altering their cytokines profile.
Piovesan, Elcio Juliato. „Efeito da Toxina Botulínica Tipo-A sobre um modelo de nocicepção trigeminal“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/23022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLamas, Mariana Beirão da Cunha. „Efeito da exposição e acumulação de elementos potencialmente tóxicos e salinidade em alface (Lactuca sativa)“. Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5338.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work the response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to oxidative stress induced by potentially toxic elements (PTE) and NaCl was evaluated. In the germination and growth assays Cd, As, Cu, Mn, Zn (0-500 μM) and NaCl (0-500 mM) was applied separately for assessing the germination rate and growth for 2 weeks. The germination rate was affected only by Cu, Zn and NaCl. Biomass and tolerance index were affected at the higher concentrations of all PTE and NaCl. In irrigation assays, solutions containing Cd, As, Cu and NaCl were applied separately. The number of leaves, biomass, dry matter content, chlorophyll content mineral composition were determined. The application of Cd and NaCl led to a decrease in the number of leaves and in all experiments there was a significant reduction in biomass and chlorophyll in contaminated plants. The application of NaCl led to an increase in dry matter content and the plants were visibly affected. There was accumulation of PTE and of Na in all the plants growing in the contaminated medium, exceeding legal limits for Cd and As, so their intake can be a hazard to human health.
Velásquez, Ramos Luz Dora. „Aislamiento y propiedades de una Insecto Toxina del Veneno del Escorpión Centruroides Margaritatus Gervais, 1841 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)“. Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work an insect toxin scorpion was isolated and partially characterized from the venom of Centruroides margaritatus. It was isolated using ion exchange CM Sephadex C-25 column chromatography with 0,05M ammonium acetate buffer at pH 7,0. The isolated insect toxin is a basic protein and by PAGE-SDS showed two protein bands of 6.6 and 5,2 kDa. In addition has no proteolytic and phospholipase activity. The toxicity activity showed that is highly toxic in insects. Schistoocerca piceifrons peruviana, Grillus sp. and Periplaneta americana was killed with 1, 2 and 4 mg of protein, respectively. This is the first isolation and biochemical characterization of an insect toxin from scorpion venom in Perú.
Tesis
Aranha, Denise Amaral Duarte. „Efeitos do alumínio sobre a fermentação alcoólica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-06092002-171339/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to study physiological and biochemical effects caused by aluminum (Al) in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: baker's yeast Fleischmann and strain PE-2. For such, was tried to simulate, so much as possible, the physiological conditions of the industrial process. Four experiments were performed: using semi-synthetic and cane juice containing 200g of total reducing sugar per liter at pH 4.0 and 5.0. Aluminum was added in the form of AlCl3.6H2O in the following proportions: 0 (control), 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L . The experiments were performed with cell reuse and the following parameters were analysed: ethanol production, glicerol production and residual sugars, growth of the yeast, yeast viability, bacterial contamination, trehalose and glycogen content and accumulation of aluminum in the yeast cells. It was concluded that toxic levels of aluminum could be present in industrial substrates, since toxic effects were verified for both strains. The strain PE-2 showed to be more tolerant to aluminum when compared to baker's yeast.
Salles, Alessandra Grassi. „Avaliação do efeito da toxina botulínica no lado são em pacientes com paralisia facial de longa duração“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5158/tde-27082009-152705/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleINTRODUCTION: Long-standing facial paralysis presents with functional and aesthetic deficits, which are responsible for psychological disturbances and life quality impairment. Even after modern facial reanimation surgical techniques, the emotional movement and the symmetry of the hemifaces is only partially restablished. Botulinum toxin type A causes reversible flacid muscle paralysis, thus correcting imbalances among hypoactive agonists and relatively hyperactive antagonists. There are no standardized series in the literature with more than 10 facial paralysis patients treated with botulinum toxin injection in the non-paralysed side in the mouth area, with the objective of obtaining better dynamic facial symmetry. METHODS: This prospective study had the objective of evaluate, with 6 months follow-up, the effects of the adjuvant treatment using botulinum toxin in the healthy hemiface of 25 patients with long-standing facial paralysis, previously treated surgically. The methods of evaluation were a standardized clinical scale, the patients degree of satisfaction, the Physical Function and Social/well-being Function subscales of the Facial Disability Index and surface electromyography. Total botulinum toxin dose varied from 15 to 69 U, mean 37,9 ± 5,4 U. Sixteen patients presented adverse effects with mean duration time 14,1 ± 7,3 days, including difficulty in speaking, drinking, eating and adapting to the reduced smile. RESULTS: 1) There was significant reduction of facial asymmetry, of 48,4% at 1 month and of 16,8% at 6 months post-treatment. The better symmetry 1 month post-treatment was consequent to reduced movement on the non-paralysed side combined to better evaluation on the paralysed side. At 6 months, the non-paralysed side had similar grading than that of pre-treatment, showing absence of clinical effect of the toxin. At this time, the asymmetry reduction was due to significant increase in the evaluation of the paralysed side in relation to the pre-treatment. 2) Patients satisfaction with facial symmetry showed significant increase, 1 month and 6 months post-treatment. 3) The Physical Function Index increased, but not significantly. The Social/well-being Function Index showed significant increase at 6 months compared to pre-treatment. 4) There was significant decrease in the action potential of the non-paralysed side one month post-injection of the botulinum toxin. After 6 months, the value returned to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed treatment allowed, with minimally invasive technique, better facial symmetry at rest, evidenced by better mouth, nose and brow position, and on facial movement as a whole, especially when smiling, speaking or exposing teeth. Even after the loss of the clinical effect of the drug at 6 months, there was an 18% increase in the clinical evaluation of the paralysed side in relation to pre-treatment, and increase in the satisfaction and quality of life indexes.
Paula, Eloísa Silva de. „Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos resultantes da exposição crônica a baixas doses de chumbo e metilmercúrio, associados ou não, e do possível efeito protetor da niacina diante desta exposição“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-02052016-103947/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Brazil, riverside populations of the Amazon are exposed to methylmercury (MeHg) and lead (Pb) coming respectively from contaminated fish and cassava flour. Although the toxicity of these elements has been explored for some time, little is known about the effects of chronic exposure at low doses and even less about the simultaneous exposure. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of biochemical, genotoxic and oxidative stress related effects, resulting from chronic exposure of rats at low doses of MeHg and Pb, associated or not, as well as the tissue distribution of these elements. Additionally, the effects of co-administration of the antioxidant vitamin niacin (NA) on the toxic effects were investigated. For this, male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 6): Control group; MeHg group, received MeHg chloride (140 ?g/Kg/day) by gavage; Pb group, received Pb acetate (648 ?g/Kg/day) by gavage; MeHg + Pb group, received MeHg (140 ?g/Kg/day) and Pb (648 ?g/Kg/day) by gavage. Parallel groups (NA; NA + MeHg; NA + Pb and NA + MeHg + Pb) received the same treatment associated with niacin supplementation (50 mg/kg/day) added to the water. The treatment lasted 92 days. Biochemical parameters such as total and fractions cholesterol, glucose, hepatic enzyme activity such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), and hemoglobin were determined. Oxidative stress markers such as total thiols (GSH); lipid peroxidation, measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations; besides the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in treated and non-treated animals. Also, the concentration of plasmatic nitric oxide (NO) and genotoxicity by the Comet Assay was assessed. Levels of mercury (Hg) and Pb were determined in whole blood and tissues of animals by ICP-MS. Low doses of exposure to MeHg caused reduction of CAT activity in the brain and reduction of GSH concentrations in the blood and liver of animals, besides genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by the increase levels of MDA and TBARS in plasma and brain of rats. Animals exposed to MeHg still had increased ALT activity and decreased plasmatic NO levels. Levels of Hg were found higher in kidney, followed by blood and brain. Pb exposure alone promoted reduction of GSH concentration and CAT activity, and induced lipid peroxidation in the brain of rats. Moreover, genotoxicity, and reduction of hemoglobin and plasmatic NO levels were also observed in the group of animals treated only with Pb. The highest Pb levels were observed in bone (femur) > kidney > brain > blood. Simultaneous exposure to MeHg and Pb did not result in synergistic toxic effects. Considering parameters such as plasmatic NO and GSH levels in blood, liver and brain, the joint exposure to metals antagonized the effects produced by each metal individually. However, the MeHg/Pb co-exposure also promoted genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, administration of niacin exhibited protective effects under the changes triggered by exposure to metals without altering the concentration and distribution of these metals in the organs/tissues of animals. Taken together, our results demonstrated that exposure to MeHg and Pb, even at low doses, are toxic to iv rodents. Moreover, since niacin presented relevant antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects, supplementation with this vitamin can be an alternative to mitigate the toxic effects resulting from exposure to MeHg and/or Pb.
Matos, Ana Laura de Souza Almeida. „Avalia??o de efeitos toxicol?gicos e comportamentais de Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer em ratos“. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13495.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePanax ginseng CA Meyer (Araliaceae) is a herbaceous plant widely used in China, South Korea, Japan and other Asian countries for the treatment of various diseases micro circulatory, cerebrovascular, among others, representing one of the drugs used by older man. It has over 30 biologically active ginsenosides with different pharmacological and behavioral effects and inhibitory effect on the NMDA receptor. The amino acid glycine is a co-agonist of the NMDA receptor, activating this receptor. At the cellular level, ketamine is widely known to be NMDA receptor antagonist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the general activity in the open field, and anxiety in elevated plus maze, mice treated with P. ginseng compared with the action of ketamine and glycine, to better understand the action of this herbal medicine at the NMDA receptor. We used 66 adult male rats were divided into six groups: a positive control, treated for 30 days with water by gavage, who received glycine (500mg/kg; po) on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of treatment, one hour before of behavioral assessment, a negative control was treated for 30 days with water by gavage received ketamine (5mg/kg, ip) on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of treatment, one hour prior to behavioral evaluation, three experimental groups, receiving 100, 200 or 300 mg / kg P. ginseng by gavage for 30 days and one group treated solely with white water, and is also administered 1 ml of water by gavage one hour prior to behavioral evaluation. Animal behavior in these three groups was also examined on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of treatment. On day 30 of treatment, the animals were anesthetized with thiopental (70mg/kg) for blood collection and after euthanasia, withdrawal of various organs. There were no changes in weight and body weight gain and weight reasons in organ / body weight. However the consumption of water and food values showed a significant increase. Serum levels of AST was increased in a dose-dependently in the animals treated with doses of P. ginseng, glycine and ketamine as compared to the blank group. Unlike creatinine levels proved to be decreased in all treated groups when compared with white. However, the level of urea in these groups was reduced and no changes were observed in the ALT parameter. Histopathological examination revealed no changes in cell morphology in different tissues. There were no behavioral changes in the elevated plus maze and few changes were observed in the open field, animals treated with P. ginseng, glycine and ketamine when compared to white. These data suggest that the doses of P. ginseng employed were unable to induce general toxicity in rats treated for 30 days and also shows that the general behavior of mice treated with P. ginseng was slightly different from that observed in animals treated with ketamine and glycine. Finally, the study on the elevated plus maze showed that the extract of P. ginseng showed no anxiolytic or anxiogenic action
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) ? uma planta herb?cea muito usada na China, Cor?ia do Sul, Jap?o e outros pa?ses da ?sia no tratamento de v?rias doen?as micro circulat?rias, vasculares cerebrais, entre outras. Possui mais de 30 ginsenos?deos, que inibem o receptor NMDA, provocando diferentes efeitos farmacol?gicos e comportamentais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade geral, no campo aberto, e a ansiedade, no labirinto em cruz elevado, de ratos tratados com P. ginseng. Ratos tratados com ketamina (antagonista do receptor NMDA) e com glicina (coagonista do receptor NMDA), foram tamb?m empregados para melhor entendimento do mecanismo de a??o desse fitoter?pico. Foram utilizados 66 ratos machos adultos, divididos em seis grupos: um controle positivo (n=12), tratado durante 30 dias com ?gua por gavagem, que recebeu glicina (500mg/kg; v.o.) nos dias 7, 14, 21 e 28 de tratamento, uma hora antes da avalia??o comportamental; um controle negativo (n=12), tratado durante 30 dias com ?gua por gavagem, que recebeu ketamina (5mg/kg; i.p.) nos dias 7, 14, 21 e 28 de tratamento, uma hora antes da avalia??o comportamental; tr?s grupos experimentais (n=12), que receberam 100, 200 ou 300 mg/kg de P. ginseng, por gavagem, durante 30 dias e um grupo branco (n=6) tratado exclusivamente com ?gua, sendo tamb?m administrado 1mL de ?gua por gavagem uma hora antes da avalia??o comportamental. O comportamento animal nesses grupos tamb?m foi analisado nos dias 7, 14, 21 e 28 de tratamento. No dia 30 de tratamento os animais foram anestesiados para coleta de sangue e retirada de ?rg?os diversos, que tiveram seus pesos anotados e por??es foram coletadas para estudo histopatol?gico. N?o foram observadas altera??es no peso e ganho de peso corporal entre os diversos grupos nem nas raz?es peso ?rg?o/peso corporal calculadas. Nos animais tratados com P. ginseng, ketamina e glicina o consumo de ?gua e de ra??o e as concentra??es s?ricas de AST revelaram estar aumentadas em compara??o com grupo branco. Entretanto, os animais tratados com as tr?s doses de P. ginseng, ketamina e glicina apresentaram n?veis reduzidos de creatinina e ureia quando comparados com o grupo branco. N?o foram observadas altera??es no par?metro ALT. O estudo histopatol?gico revelou aus?ncia de altera??es na morfologia celular nos diversos tecidos analisados. N?o foram encontradas altera??es comportamentais no labirinto em cruz elevado e poucas altera??es foram observadas nos animais tratados com P. ginseng, glicina e ketamina quando comparados com o grupo branco, no campo aberto. Esses dados sugerem que as doses de P. ginseng empregadas n?o foram capazes de provocar toxicidade geral em ratos tratados por 30 dias e revela tamb?m que o comportamento geral dos ratos tratados com P. ginseng foi pouco diferente daquele observado nos animais tratados com glicina e ketamina. Por fim, o estudo no labirinto em cruz elevado mostrou que o extrato de P. ginseng n?o apresentou a??o ansiog?nica nem ansiol?tica nas condi??es experimentais adotadas
Schildknecht, Pedro Henrique Pacheco de Almeida. „O efeito toxico do Al3+ em raizes de milho e em celulas V79 e a participação da parede celular na tolerancia ao cation“. [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O íon AI3+ é um agente tóxico relacionado-s com a baixa produtividade agrícola de cereais em solos ácidos e com doenças degenerativas em animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar os- efeitos tóxicos do A13+ em plantas de milho sensíveis e tolerantes ao AI3+ e - também em células animais em cultura. Foi verificada a ligação do AI3+ com o DNA,causando neste uma perda de viscoelasticidade e a formação de precipitados cuja morfologia variou em consequência à quantidade de DNA e AI3+ disponíveis. Um modelo de interação AI-DNA foi proposto com base nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho. A análise das paredes celulares vegetais demonstrou a existência de uma maior disponibilidade de radicais aniônicos em plantas sensíveis ao Af+ do que em plantas tolerantes ao íon. Um aumento da birrefringência das paredes em plantas sensíveis ao Al3+foi observado após tratamento com AICh. Isto foi confirmado por microscopia de força atômica em membranas de celulose de Acetobacter xy/inum desenvolvidas em meio contendo AI3+. A composição do revestimento extracelular da raiz foi determinada como sendo principalmente de celulose. Nossos resultados indicam que a parede celular é capaz de influenciar a tolerância da plaritaaoAI3+. Em plantas sensíveisaoAI3+, o cátion-desencadeou um processo de morte celular nas raízes, levando à inibição permanente de seu crescimento. A morte destas células apresentou características típicas de apoptose, mas não a fragmentação ordenada da cromatina. Isto sugere a existência de mecanismos alternativos de morte celular em vegetais. Em células animais, a morte celular foi observada em consequência da presença de AICh em concentrações variando de 10-8 M a1ey-3 M.Contudo, a ocorrência deapoptosesedeuc:ipenas em [AICbl <10-5M e necrosefoí observada nas demaisIAICI3]. Comprovou-seque o AI3+ pode induzir diferentes mecanismos de morte celular em decorrência de sua disponibilidade no meio. Este não é um evento comum, visto que outras drogas, como a violaceína, induzem apenas morte apoptótica independentemente de sua concentração
Abstract: AI3+ íons are toxic to cells, causing low productivity in crops and degenerative diseases in animais. The aim of this work was to examine the toxicity of AI3+ in maize plants sensitive and tolerant to AI3+, and also in animal cells ín culture. The binding of A13+ to DNA reduced DNA viscoelasticity and precipitated the macromolecule as structures in which morphology varied according to the DNA and AI3+ concentrations. A model for AI-DNA complex formation is presented, based on our results. The analysis of plant cell walls showed a higher availability of free anionic groups in AI3+sensitive plants than in AI3+-tolerant plants. An increase in cell wall birefringence was observed after A13+ treatment in AI3+-sensitive but not in AI3+-tolerant plants. This was confirmed by atomic force microscopy analysis of cellulose sheets produced by Acetobacter xy/inum in the presence of A13+, which is important because cellulos_ is the main compound of the root extracellular layer. Our results indicate that the wflll structure and composition may modulate the A13+ resistance in plants. In sensitive plants, A13+ triggered cell death in roots and reduced root growth. Although dying cells showed several apoptotic features, no ordered fragmentation of chromatin w_s observed. This suggested that an altemative death pathway may occur in plants. In animal cells, AI3+ caused the death at ali concentrations tested (10.3M - 10r7M). However, the cell death pathway was notthe same.in ali cases: apoptosis occurred in cells treated with [AIChJ < 10.5 M and necrosis in cells treated with higher concentrations of AICh
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Piucco, Elaine Carmelita. „Efeitos da toxina botulínica na marcha de crianças com paralisia cerebral espástica“. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2010. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/492.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The posture and movement disorders typical of spastic cerebral palsy are often associated with several factors related to injury in the central nervous system, including muscle spasticity. The use of botulinum toxin type A in the lower limbs to reduce the muscle tone in children with spastic cerebral palsy, associated with different therapeutic approaches, including physiotherapy, is intended to assist in the normalization of gait through the improvement in proprioception, selective motor control and strength. Few studies discuss the effects of the botulinum toxin in the functional and biomechanical aspects of the gait cycle. This study aimed to investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A on gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Participated 22 subjects with spastic cerebral palsy, divided into experimental group with 10 children (11±2 years) that received botulinum toxin type A in the lower limbs and the control group with 12 children (10±2 years) who have not received the toxin. The variables analyzed were resistance degree to passive movements of lower limbs (Ashworth Spasticity Modified Scale), gross motor function on dimensions D and E (GMFM), functional abilities in self-care, mobility and social function areas (PEDI), coactivation index of the rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles, angular and spatiotemporal kinematic variables of the hip and knee in the sagittal plane. All procedures for data collection were performed twice in both groups with a range of 30 to 45 days between the 1st and 2nd assessment (for the experimental group before and between 30-45 days after botulinum toxin type A). The Analysis of Variance and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analysis and in case of significant effects they were carried out multiple comparisons. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the variables and time of physical therapy during the study period. The level of significance was p<0,05. Regarding the effect of botulinum toxin type A in the variables analyzed, there were not observed statistically significant differences in any of the variables between the 1st and 2nd evaluation. It was found as longer the duration of physical therapy performed by the child, greater the stride length normalized by the height and lower the level of muscle coactivation and the level of gross motor function in the dimensions D and E of the GMFM. It can be concluded that the application of botulinum toxin type A does not show effect on gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy classified in stages I and II of the GMFCS.
As desordens da postura e do movimento características à paralisia cerebral espástica são freqüentemente associadas a diversos fatores ligados à lesão no sistema nervoso central, entre eles a espasticidade muscular. A utilização da toxina botulínica tipo A nos membros inferiores para redução do tônus muscular em crianças com paralisia cerebral espástica, associada a diferentes abordagens terapêuticas, inclusive a fisioterapia, tem a finalidade de auxiliar na regularização da marcha por meio da melhora na propriocepção, controle motor seletivo e a força. Poucos estudos discutem sobre os efeitos da toxina botulínica nos aspectos funcionais e biomecânicos durante o ciclo de marcha. Este estudo objetivou investigar os efeitos da toxina botulínica tipo A na marcha de crianças com paralisia cerebral espástica. Participaram 22 sujeitos de ambos os sexos com paralisia cerebral espástica divididos em grupo experimental com 10 crianças (11±2 anos) que receberam toxina botulínica tipo A nos membros inferiores e grupo controle com 12 crianças (10±2 anos) que não receberam a toxina. As variáveis analisadas foram grau de resistência para movimentos passivos dos membros inferiores (Escala de Espasticidade Ashworth Modificada), função motora ampla nas dimensões D e E (GMFM), habilidades funcionais nas áreas de auto-cuidado, mobilidade e função social (PEDI), índice de coativação dos músculos reto femoral e semitendíneo e variáveis cinemáticas angulares e espaço-temporais do quadril e joelho no plano sagital. Todos os procedimentos de coleta de dados foram realizados duas vezes em ambos os grupos, com intervalo de 30 a 45 dias entre a 1ª e 2ª avaliação (para o grupo experimental, antes e entre 30-45 dias após a aplicação da toxina botulínica tipo A). Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Variância Univariada e o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e em caso de efeitos significativos procederam-se comparações múltiplas. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearmann foi usado para examinar a relação entre as variáveis e o tempo de atendimento fisioterapêutico no período do estudo. O nível de significância foi p<0,05. Com relação ao efeito da toxina botulínica tipo A nas variáveis analisadas, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em nenhuma das variáveis entre a 1ª e a 2ª avaliação. Constatou-se que quanto maior o tempo de atendimento fisioterapêutico realizado pela criança, maior comprimento da passada normalizado pela estatura e menor o índice de coativação muscular e o nível de função motora ampla nas dimensões D e E do GMFM. Pode ser concluído que a aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A não demonstra efeito na marcha de crianças com paralisia cerebral espástica classificadas nos níveis I e II do GMFCS.
Camargo, Cristina Pires. „Efeito da toxina botulínica tipo A na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo dorsal em ratos saudáveis, expostos à fumaça de cigarro e diabéticos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5132/tde-25022015-084825/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBackground: Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) might be effective in reducing skin flap necrosis. This study investigated BoNTA influence on skin flap viability in healthy, tobacco-exposed and diabetic rats. Methods: Ninety male Wistar rats (170 a 469 g) were randomly divided into six groups: control+saline solution (C1), control+BoNTA (C2), tobacco-exposed+saline solution (T1), tobacco-exposed+BoNTA (T2) diabetes+saline solution (D1) and diabetes+BoNTA (D2). A dorsal random skin flap (3 × 10 cm) was performed on each rat. Total flap and necrosis areas were measured through macroscopic evaluation using ImageJ® software. Survival area /total area ratio was calculated. After euthanasia skin flap samples were collected for stereological assessment. Lumen, diameter, wall thickness, and lumen/wall thickness ratio of all arterioles along the panniculus carnosus were measured. Results: Survival flap area/total flap area ratio increased in control group with BoNTA injection compared with control animals injected with saline solution (C2 x C1 groups; 0.9 ± 0.1 vs 0.67 ± 0.15, p= 0.001). A similar result was found in the diabetic group injected with BontA when compared with the diabetic group injected with saline solution (D2 x D1 groups; 0.97±0.2 vs 0.61±0.24, p=0.018). We did not observe any difference in skin flap viability in the tobacco-exposed groups (T1 x T2 groups; 0.64± 0.21 vs 0.74±0.24, p=0.871)). Lumen(p=0.004), diameter(p=0.05) and lumen/wall thickness ratio (p=0.003) were increased in diabetic BoNTA-treated animals compared with diabetic animals injected with saline solution. This effect was not observed in control groups or in the tobacco-exposed groups. Conclusion: BoNTA increased skin flap viability in control and diabetic rats on the seventh postoperative day and resulted in increased lumen, diameter, and lumen/wall thickness ratio in the diabetic animals
Macedo, Denise Vaz de 1959. „Efeitos toxicos de Ca2+ e oxidantes de nucleotideos de peridina sobre mitocondrias de figado e cerebro“. [s.n.], 1988. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313902.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho indicam que as alterações no fluxo de Ca2+,causadas por oxidantes de nucleotídeos de piridina na presença deste íon, secundárias ao aumento de permeabilidade da membrana mitocondrial interna, são influenciadas por vários fatores, tais como: tração de acetato, pH do meio de reação, mudanças no potencial de membrana e regentes tiólicos. Observamos que este efluxo transiente de Ca2+ que acompanha a oxidação transitória dos nucleotídeos de piridina por t-butil hidroperóxido ou diamida é potencializado pelo aumento da concentração de acetato na faixa de O a 20 mM ou pelo decréscimo do pH de do meio, de 7,4 para 6,8. Os diferentes potenciais de membrana foram obtidos pela energização das mitocôndrias com succinato na presença de ATP ou pela hidrólise de ATP apenas. Além disso, a suspensão mitocondrial foi pré-incubada na presença de Ca2+ antes da energização, isto é, na ausência de alto potencial de membrana ou o potencial de membrana foi colapsado pela adição de antimicina A após o acúmulo do cátion. Todos estes procedimentos mostraram que as mitocôndrias são mais sensíveis aos efeitos deletérios do Ca2+ na presença destes agentes oxidantes em potenciais de membrana mais baixos. Observou-se também que mitocôndrias de cérebro, cuja atividade da enzima fosfolipase A2 dependente de Ca2'+ é menor do que em mitocôndrias hepáticas, são mais sensíveis aos efeitos do Ca2+ na presença destes agentes, sugerindo que esta enzima não deve exercer um papel central neste mecanismo. Por outro lado, os efeitos inibitórios de NEM e DTT, ambos reagentes tiólicos, observados em nossos experimentos, corroboram resultados anteriores de nosso laborat6rio indicando que a liberação transiente de Ca2+(aumento transiente na permeabilidade da membrana) induzido pela oxidação transiente dos nucleotídeos de piridina ocorre em paralelo à transições sulfe to-dissulfeto na membrana mitocondrial
Abstract: Ca2+are influenced by several factors such as: acetate concentration, medium pH,changes in membrane potential and thiol reagents. It was observed that the extension of the reversible Ca2+ efflux-influx cycle that accompanies the transient oxidation of pyridine nucleotides by diamide or t-butyl hidroperoxide is augmented by increasing the acetate concentration from O to 20mM or by decreasing the medium pH from 7.4 to 6.8. The different membrane potentials were obtained by energizing mitochondria with succinate in the presence of ATP or by ATP alone. Moreover, the mitochondria were preincubated in the presence of prior to energization, that is, in the absence of an appreciable membrane potential or the membrane potential collapsed by the addition of Antimycin A after the cation had been accumulated. AlI these procedures have shown that mitochondria are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of Ca2+ plus an oxidant of pyridine nucleotides at lower membrane potentials. In addition it was shown that rat brain mitochondria, whose activity of the Ca2+ estimulated phospholipase A2 is much lower than in liver mitochondria, are more sensi tive to the effects of Ca2+ plus these oxidants indicating that this enzyme may not play a major role in this mechanism. On the other hand, the inhibitory effects of NEM.and D'l'T, both thiol reagents, observed in our experiments strongly supports previous data from this laboratory indicating that the transient Ca2+ release (transient increase in membrane permeability) induced by transent oxidation of pyrid1ne nucleotides is paralleled by membrane sulfhydril ¿ disulfide transitions
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
Junqueira, Ana FlÃvia Torquato de AraÃjo. „Estudo do efeito do inibidor da enzima adenosina desaminase, EHNA, sobre a enterite induzida pela toxina a do Clostridium difficile em alÃa ileal isolada de camundongos“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1305.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO Clostridium difficile tem como principal fator de virulÃncia a toxina A (TxA), a qual provoca inflamaÃÃo e destruiÃÃo tecidual aguda em intestinos de animais experimentais e de pacientes com a doenÃa induzida por esta bactÃria. Em locais de injÃria tecidual, adenosina à produzida em altas concentraÃÃes, onde exerce uma sÃrie de efeitos antiinflamatÃrios, limitados por sua rÃpida degradaÃÃo pela enzima adenosina desaminase. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da inibiÃÃo da enzima adenosina desaminase pelo EHNA (eritro-9-(2-hidrÃxi-3-nonil)-adenina) sobre a enterite induzida pela TxA do C. difficile em alÃa ileal de camundongos. Para isto, injetamos EHNA (90 μmol/kg) ou PBS i.p. 30 minutos antes da administraÃÃo de TxA (10 a 100 μg) ou PBS na alÃa ileal isolada. Os animais foram sacrificados 3 horas depois da induÃÃo da enterite e as alÃas foram retiradas para estudo. As razÃes peso/comprimento da alÃa e volume de secreÃÃo/comprimento da alÃa foram calculadas e amostras de tecido foram coletadas para histopatologia, dosagem de atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO), dosagem de TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-10 por ELISA, imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β, NOS induzÃvel e PTX3, e PCR para TNF-α, IL-1β e PTX3. A injeÃÃo de TxA (10 a 100 μg) nas alÃas ileais aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) as razÃes peso/comprimento da alÃa e volume de secreÃÃo/comprimento da alÃa com resultados consistentes a partir de 50 μg. A TxA promoveu significativa (p<0,05) destruiÃÃo tecidual, edema, infiltraÃÃo de cÃlulas inflamatÃrias, aumento das citocinas TNF-α e IL-1β, e elevaÃÃo de iNOS e PTX3. Todos esses parÃmetros foram significativamente revertidos com o uso do EHNA (p<0,05). Em adiÃÃo, a TxA nÃo alterou os nÃveis de IL-10 em relaÃÃo ao controle, mas o prÃ-tratamento com EHNA promoveu uma elevaÃÃo nos nÃveis desta citocina. Assim, concluÃmos que na enterite induzida pela TxA em camundongos o EHNA demonstrou um potente efeito antiinflamatÃrio, reduzindo consideravelmente a lesÃo tecidual, a migraÃÃo neutrofÃlica, a expressÃo e os nÃveis de citocinas prÃinflamatÃrias (TNF-α, IL-1β) e produzindo um aumento nos nÃveis de IL-10. AlÃm disso, a administraÃÃo de TxA induziu um aumento na expressÃo da proteÃna PTX3 e no nÃmero de cÃlulas imunomarcadas para iNOS no tecido ileal, ambos revertidos pelo EHNA
The main factor of virulence in Clostridium difficile is toxin A (TxA), which can induce inflammation and acute tissue injury in the bowels of animals and humans affected by this organism. The high concentration of adenosine generated upon injury produces a number of antiinflammatory effects limited by rapid degradation by adenosine deaminase. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of EHNA (erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine) inhibition of adenosine deaminase upon TxA-induced ileal loop enteritis in mice. EHNA (90 μmol/kg) or PBS was injected i.p. 30 minutes prior to TxA (10-100 μg) or PBS instillation into the ligated ileal loop. The animals were euthanized 3 hours after enteritis induction and the ileal loops were retrieved for analysis. The weight/length ratio and the secretion volume/length ratio were calculated and tissue samples were submitted to histopathological study, myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), measurement of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels with ELISA, immunohistochemical tests for TNF-α, IL-1β, inducible NOS and PTX3, and PCR assay for TNF-α, IL-1β and PTX3. The instillation of TxA (10-100 μg) into the ileal loop significantly increased (p<0.05) the weight/length ratio and the secretion volume/length ratio with consistent results above 50 μg. TxA induced a significant amount (p<0.05) of histological damage, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration and increased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and PTX3. All changes were significantly reverted by treatment with EHNA (p<0.05). Moreover, IL-10 levels remained unchanged in animals treated with TxA, but increased in animals receiving EHNA. In conclusion, in mice with TxA-induced enteritis EHNA produced considerable antiinflammatory effects, reducing tissue injury, neutrophil migration, the expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and producing an increase in IL-10 levels. In addition, TxA instillation increased PTX3 expression and the number of cells immunolabeled for iNOS in the ileal tissue, both of which were reverted by EHNA
Paiva, Maria João Dias. „Previsão do perigo ambiental de pesticidas e avaliação na água superficial de áreas de batata e cenoura“. Master's thesis, ISA, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/579.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn ecotoxicological characterisation of the potential hazard of the registered pesticides for potato and carrot was made throught modelling. It was evaluated surface water exposure to pesticides and toxic effects to aquatic biota in an agricultural area of the sub-basin South Estuary, where those crops have particular importance. Pesticide analysis in water was performed by solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acute toxic effects were determined by microbiotests on the basis of Daphnia magna crustacean and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata algal. In 15 surface water samples, detection frequency was higher for the herbicides metribuzine, terbuthylazine and the insecticide chlorpyrifos. The maximum value of growth inhibition for algal was 62,42% in a sample from a lake, where the higher pesticide concentration level (metribuzine, 17,02 µg/L) was also registered. Immobility values to the crustacean were below 30%. The results showed that environmental conditions and agricultural management, namely pesticide use, associated to their potential contamination, and irrigation, influence surface water contamination by those products, pointed out the need for their adequate selection.
Borges, Michelle Jayme. „Efeito da toxina botulinica tipo a no tratamento de espasticidade de pacientes com sequelas de AVC e sua influência na funcionalidade: meta-análise“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8851.
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Stroke continues to be a major concern today. It is a disease closely related to the decline of functional capacity and quality of life, and the clinical picture is varied, presenting as one of the sequelae, hemiparesis or spastic hemiplegia. Botulinum toxin type A acts by blocking neuromuscular transmission via inhibition of acetylcholine release and is a well-established treatment for post-stroke spasticity. In the literature there are no unified results for the use of Botulinum Toxin Type A with formulations such as BOTOX / DYSPORT / XEOMIN, which justifies the gathering of results of studies already produced, with a view to the construction of updated knowledge, due to the heterogeneity of the studies to the applicability of the toxin. Through a systematic review of the literature followed by meta-analysis, we aimed to present evidence from clinical trials on the effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A (BOTOX / DYSPORT / XEOMIN) on upper and lower limb spasticity and its influence on the functionality in patients sequelae of stroke. This is a documentary research, in three stages: titles, abstracts and full text, for which electronic databases were searched in the English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, using the Ashworth Modified Scale and Disability Assessment Scale ( DAS), restricting data from the last 10 years. Eligible articles fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thus, 18 studies were included, with a total of 2573 patients (Subjected to toxin: n = 2112; Not submitted to toxin, n = 460). The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The existence of publication bias by the funnel plot was analyzed. The data of interest were extracted and directed to a table for the calculation of the frequency ratio and odds ratio of the results. For the execution of the meta-analysis, the software STATA IC / 64 version 16.1 was used. The overall estimate of the frequency of the effect of botulinum toxin type A on spasticity was 93% (95% CI 0.90 to 0.95, p = 0.00) and functionality resulted in 64% (95% CI, : 0.40 to 0.89, p = 0.00) for the dressing domain; with 69% (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.96, p = 0.00) for hygiene; 69% (95% CI 0.46 to 0.92, p = 0.00) for upper limb position and 79% higher (95% CI 0.68 to 0.90, p = 0, The results showed a high heterogenicity between the studies, probable publication bias for the funnel plot (t = 2, 95% CI = 0.4-8, p = 0.05) and the results suggest a positive association between the effect of botulinum toxin type A on spasticity in MMSS and MMII post-stroke, highlighting the Dysport formulation, followed by Botox and finally Xeomin, besides the improvement in functionality with emphasis on the pain domain, after hygiene and positioning of the upper limb.
O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) continua sendo uma das grandes preocupações da atualidade. É uma doença intimamente relacionada ao declínio da capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida, e o quadro clínico é variado, apresentando como uma das sequelas, hemiparesia ou hemiplegia espástica. A toxina botulínica tipo A, age através do bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular via inibição da liberação de acetilcolina e é um tratamento bem estabelecido para espasticidade pós-AVC. Na literatura não há resultados unificados, para o uso da Toxina Botulínica Tipo A com formulações, como BOTOX/DYSPORT/XEOMIN, o que justifica a reunião de resultados de estudos já produzidos, com vista à construção de conhecimento atualizado, pela heterogenicidade dos estudos quanto à aplicabilidade da toxina. Através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura seguida de metanálise, objetivou-se apresentar evidências a partir de ensaios clínicos sobre os efeitos da Toxina Botulínica Tipo A (BOTOX/DYSPORT/XEOMIN) na espasticidade de membros superiores e inferiores e sua influência na funcionalidade em pacientes sequelados de AVC. Trata-se de pesquisa documental, em três etapas: títulos, resumos e texto completo, para a qual foi realizada busca em bases de dados eletrônicos, nos idiomas em inglês, espanhol e português, utlizando a Escala Modificada de Ashworth e Disability Assessment Scale (DAS), restringindo dados dos últimos 10 anos. Os artigos elegíveis preeencheram critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Sendo assim, inclui-se 18 estudos, com um total de 2573 pacientes (Submetidos à toxina: n= 2112; Não submetido à toxina, n= 460). A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. Analisou-se a existência de viés de publiação pelo funnel plot. Os dados de interesse foram extraídos e direcionados a uma tabela para o cálculo da razão de frequência e odds ratio dos resultados. Para a execução da meta-análise foi utlizado o software STATA IC/64 versão 16.1. A estimativa global da freqüência do efeito da toxina botulínica tipo A na espasticidade foi de 93% (IC a 95%: 0,90 a 0,95; p= 0,00) e da funcionalidade resultou em 64% (IC a 95%: 0,40 a 0,89; p=0,00) para o domínio vestir; com 69% (IC a 95%: 0,42 a 0,96; p=0,00) para higiene; 69% (IC a 95%: 0,46 a 0,92; p=0,00) para posição do membro superior e a maior 79% (IC a 95%: 0,68 a 0,90; p=0,06) relacionado a dor.As conclusões mostraram alta heterogenicidade entre os estudos, provável viiés de publicação pelo funnel plot (t=2; IC 95%=0,4-8; p=0,05) e os resultados sugerem associação positiva entre o efeito a toxina botulínica tipo A na espasticidade em MMSS e MMII pós- AVC, destacando a formulação Dysport, seguida de Botox e por fim Xeomin, além da melhora na funcionalidade com ênfase no domínio dor, depois higiene e posicionamento do membro superior.
COSTA, TANIA A. da. „Efeitos da radiacao ionizante na crotamina do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1988. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9884.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Santos, Camila Mathias dos. „Toxinas termo-lábeis (LTs) do tipo II de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC): efeito adjuvante e atividade inflamatória“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-15122014-125225/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work has made significant advances in the understanding of the potential of type II heat-labile toxins (LT-IIs) as vaccine adjuvants by intradermal and transcutaneous route. The generated data indicate that native forms of LT-IIb and LT-IIc act as potent vaccine adjuvants when intradermally injected inducing antigen-specific immune responses, as measured by the generation of systemic serum antibody (IgG) and activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. Besides the adjuvant effects, LT-IIs show reduced side effects, measured by the lesser edema formation and reduced leukocytes migration to the site of injection, in comparison to LT-I. The results also indicate that the adjuvant activity of LTs applied transcutaneously may be related to the the ganglioside GM1 binding property since the LT-IIb toxin, unable to interact with this receptor, has no adjuvant effect by this route. The presented data set opens prospects for the employment of native LT-IIs as parenteral adjuvants in vaccines for animals and humans.
Oliveira, Raquel Leal Monteiro Mano. „Efeitos centrais e periféricos da toxina botulínica do tipo A : aplicações na urologia“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14514.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO serotipo A da toxina botulínica (BoNT/A), nomeadamente a formulação onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA), tem vindo a ser amplamente utilizado na prática clínica. Este facto deve-se ao seu efeito proteolítico sobre a proteína associada ao sinaptossoma com 25 kDa (SNAP-25) e ao consequente bloqueio da exocitose e da neurotransmissão. É com base na sua ação que a toxina é indicada para o tratamento da incontinência urinária relacionada com a hiperatividade do músculo detrusor (DO) e com a dissinergia vesico-esfincteriana. Contudo, a sua aplicação tem vindo a ser alargada a outras patologias do trato urinário inferior caracterizadas por contrações musculares excessivas ou por dor. O mecanismo pelo qual a toxina exerce um efeito antinociceptivo carece de fundamentação científica, pelo que vários estudos têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos com o objetivo de clarificar a sua ação em nociceptores periféricos e centrais. Surgiram então como objetivos da presente tese avaliar a possibilidade da toxina sofrer transporte axonal para a região da medula espinhal que recebe aferentes primários provenientes da bexiga e estudar o seu efeito direto no sistema nervoso central. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se determinar uma taxa de conversão de doses correspondente às formulações onabotulinumtoxinA e a abobotulinumtoxinA (abobotA) para utilização clinica na área da urologia. Após administração de onabotA na parede da bexiga e no espaço intratecal detetou-se a presença de SNAP-25 clivada (cSNAP-25) maioritariamente nas lâminas superficiais do corno dorsal do segmento medular L6, que recebe aferentes primários provenientes da bexiga. A expressão de cSNAP-25 foi bastante marcada na medula espinhal de animais tratados com a toxina e apenas num pequeno número de fibras foi detetada colocalização com marcadores de terminais colinérgicos. Não foi detetada colocalização com marcadores de fibras sensitivas peptidérgicas, e com marcadores estruturais de neurónios e de células da glia. Através da análise ultraestrutural detetou-se a presença de um elevado número de vesículas sinápticas adjacentes à membrana pré-sináptica e de uma quantidade excessiva de mitocôndrias nos terminais neuronais, nos animais que receberam onabotA. A análise global dos resultados permitiu concluir que a toxina atua maioritariamente na região dos aferentes primários do segmento L6 da medula espinhal e que o seu efeito é observado num grande número de fibras cujo conteúdo neuroquímico não foi possível definir por imunofluorescência. O estudo da ultraestrutura permitiu detetar alterações nos neurónios do segmento L6 de animais tratados com a toxina que podem estar associadas à ausência de colocalização da cSNAP-25 com os diversos marcadores testados. Adicionalmente, procedeu-se à injeção única da mesma dose unitária de onabotA ou abobotA na zona superior da cúpula e as fibras imunorreativas contra a cSNAP-25 detetadas na bexiga foram contabilizadas. A comparação entre o número médio de fibras correspondente a cada um dos grupos experimentais sugere que a onabotA é 1,7 vezes mais potente do que a abobotA. Assim, no caso específico da aplicação no detrusor deve ser considerada a razão de 1:1,7 para conversão das doses de onabotA e abobotA, respetivamente.
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A), mainly the onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) formulation, has been extensively used in clinical practice. This fact is due to its proteolytic effect on the synaptossomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and to the consequent blockade of exocytosis and neurotransmission. Based on its mechanism of action, the toxin has been indicated for the treatment of urinary incontinence related to detrusor overactivity (DO) or to vesico sphincter dyssynergia. However, the toxin utility has been expanded to other lower urinary tract disorders characterized by excessive muscular contractions or pain. The mechanism by which the toxin exerts an antinociceptive effect needs scientific background. So, many studies have been developed in order to clarify its activity in peripheral and central nociceptors. Therefore, the main goals of this thesis were to evaluate the possibility of the toxin undergo through axonal transport for the spinal cord region that receives primary afferents from the urinary baldder and to study its direct effect in the central nervous system. Additionally, we intend to determine a dose conversion ratio of onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA (abobotA) for use in clinical urology. After onabotA administration in the bladder wall and in the intrathecal space it was detected the presence of cleaved SNAP-25 (cSNAP-25) mainly at the superficial lamina of the dorsal horn of the L6 spinal segment, which receives bladder primary afferents. The expression of cSNAP-25 was markedly observed in the spinal cord and only a small number of immunoreactive fibers presented colocalization with markers of cholinergic terminals. It was not observed colocalization with markers of peptidergic sensitive fibers and with neuron or glial specific markers. By the ultrastructural analysis it was detected the presence of a high number of synaptic vesicles adjacent to the pre-synaptic membrane and an excessive number of mitochondria inside the neurons of animals that received onabotA. The global analysis of the results allowed us to conclude that the toxin acts mainly at the primary afferents region of the L6 spinal segment and that its effect is detected in a high number of fibers which neurochemical content was not possible to determine by immunofluorescence. The ultrastructural study lead us to detect neuronal alterations at the L6 medullary segment of animals treated with the toxin that may be related to the absence of cSNAP-25 colocalization with different tested markers. Additionally, a unique injection of the same unitary dose of onabotA and abobotA was administered at the top of the bladder dome and immunoreactive cSNAP-25 fibers were counted in the bladder. The comparison of the average number of immunoreactive fibers of each experimental group suggests that onabotA is 1,7 times more potent than abobotA. Therefore, in the specific case of detrusor administration it should be considered a 1:1,7 ratio for onabotA and abobotA dose conversion.
Ando, Ellen Sayuri. „Toxina distensora citoletal (CDT): Análise da resposta imune humoral em soros de pacientes com diferentes condições periodontais e seu efeito sobre a atividade macrofágica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-02122009-121304/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontitis and produces CDT. Aiming to contribute in the understanding the CDT activity in the immune response regulation, its action on macrophages was determined and the response against the toxin analyzed. CDT inhibited the proliferation of OBA-9 epithelial cells and Raw 264.7 macrophages and also inhibited the NO production by Raw 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages of C3H/HePas and C3H/HeJ mice, however, stimulated the IL-12 production. In the humoral immunity, 75% of sera from LAgP subjects and 81.8% were reactive to A. actinomycetemcomitans. There was not difference in the response against CDTA and CDTB among sera of patients with different periodontal conditions. All GAgP subjects were sera-reactivity to CDTC, however only 8.3% LAgP subjects, none in CP and 25% of healthy subjects were positive. CDT has immunomodulatory activity and the humoral response differ among bacteria infected subjects.
Cañete, Ortiz Elisabet. „Optimización de ensayos celulares para la detección de toxinas marinas responsables de intoxicaciones alimentarias. Aplicación en extractos lipofílicos de muestras naturales de "Mytilus galloprovincialis"“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83569.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleABSTRACT This thesis aims to study the applicability of mammalian cell cultures as a toxicological alternative to the mouse bioassay in the detection and quantification of marine toxins which can produce food-borne intoxications. The study includes four published articles, and a manuscript submitted, in indexed journals. On previous studies, the use of Cell Based Assays (CBAs) as a toxicological method for marine toxins screening on seafood products were focused on toxins with similar mechanism of action. This thesis was oriented to simplify the strategy and propose a CBA, with a single cell model, able to detect and quantify the toxic effect of a higher number of groups of toxins. The following priorities were considered for the assay: Sensitivity and repeatability of the assay for the detection of the toxic effects taking into considerations the mechanisms of action involved. Reduce time, complexity and costs of the method. Interpretation of results. Prioritize improvements of assay conditions for those toxins which have a greater impact on the sampling areas of this study. The experiments performed in the optimization can be divided into two main groups: The first group of experiments were performed with standard purified toxins to establish assays conditions for the detection and quantification of toxicity and to contribute to the toxicological characterization of the different groups of toxins. For this propose some toxins were chosen as a representation of the principal groups. For the first set of tests, the following toxins were used: STX, PbTx-3, PlTX, PTX-2, OA, DTX-1 and DA. For the second group of tests, studies were extended to toxins acting on voltage gated sodium channels (STX, PbTx-3 and P-CTX) and lipophilic toxins (OA, DTX-1, PTX-2, YTX and AZA-1). A second group of experiments were performed with bivalve natural samples containing toxins to establish the conditions in real situations. For this propose samples were obtained from the Ebre Delta. This part of the study was focused to optimize the assay for lipophilic toxins which are of particular relevance in this geographical area. In this thesis we finally propose some guidelines for the use of CBAs as a toxicological tool for marine toxins screening and the points which needs improvements in order to obtain a method alternative to the mouse bioassay.
Gallo, Paulo. „EFEITO DO EVENTO MON88017 (Cry3Bb1), DE INSETICIDA E DA ÉPOCA DE SEMEADURA NA REDUÇÃO DO DANO DE Diabrotica speciosa (GERMAR, 1824) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) NA RAIZ DO MILHO“. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2012. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2232.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe presence of Diabrotica speciosa larvae causes damage to corn root system and reduction in grain yield, mainly in second season crops. Applying insecticide in the seed furrow can be effective, but this assumes a form of preventive control and implies higher production costs and environmental impact. We evaluated the efficacy of genotypes AG7000RW and DKB330RW (Cry3Bb1) and their isolines to reduce the damage caused by D. speciosa larvae to corn root system, the efficacy of the insecticide fipronil applied in the furrow, and the effect of the interaction of both treatments on the yield of maize hybrids, as well as the planting date when the most severe damage occurs. The efficacy experiment was carried out in Itaberá, SP, in no-till planting system after oat crop. The damage to the roots was evaluated 52 days after emergence, using a visual score according to its intensity. Stalk lodging was determined by counting the plants leaning more than 25º in relation to its own axis at harvest. Genotypes AG7000 and DKB330 with no insecticide application presented damage and the resulting scores were 1.62 and 1.85, whereas the scores of their Bt isolines were 0.25 and 0.24, respectively. Genotypes AG7000 and AG700RW had the highest percentage of matter and amount of dry root in relation to DKB330 and DKB330RW, regardless of insecticide application. Stalk lodging of 46.7% found in non-Bt genotype DKB330 with no insecticide application reflected negatively on the yield of this treatment. In contrast, with insecticide application, stalk lodging ranged from 0.2% to 2.2% between genotypes, not influencing their yield. Cry3Bb1 protein was effective in reducing the damage to the root regardless of the genotype tested. Genotypes with high yield potential and lower root mass may present higher yield response when protected by the toxin or insecticide in the presence of a large larval population. In the 2010/2011 season, we assessed the damage in non-Bt corn root at four planting dates in Itaberá (10/14, 11/3, 11/25, and 12/20) and three in Castro, PR (9/29, 10/21, and 11/11). In the following season, 2011/2012, we evaluated six planting dates in Itaberá (9/21, 10/18, 11/21, 12/28, 1/30, and 2/20) and four in Castro (9/20, 10/10, 10/30, and 11/20). We observed that, from the second planting date on, the root damage reached scores over 3.0 and remained above 4.0 in all other planting dates in Itaberá in both seasons. In Castro, only the seeding performed in 11/20/2011 reached a score above 3.0. The use of protection in corn root, by applying insecticide or toxin, presented a greater response in sowing carried out from October on in the region of Itaberá.
A presença de larva de Diabrotica speciosa danifica o sistema radicular do milho e causa redução na produtividade de grãos, principalmente nas lavouras de segunda safra. A aplicação de inseticida no sulco de semeadura pode ser eficaz, porém, esta forma de controle assume caráter preventivo e implica maior custo de produção e impacto ambiental. Avaliaram-se a eficácia dos genótipos AG7000RW e DKB330RW (Cry3Bb1) e de suas isolíneas na redução do dano da larva de D. speciosa na raiz do milho, a eficácia do inseticida fipronil aplicado no sulco de semeadura e o efeito da interação de ambos os tratamentos sobre a produtividade dos genóti os de milho, bem como a época de semeadura em que ocorre maior dano da larva. O experimento de eficácia foi instalado em Itaberá, SP, na safra 2011/2012, sob sistema de plantio direto na palha após cultura de aveia. Os danos nas raízes foram avaliados aos 52 dias após a emergência, atribuindo-se nota visual de acordo com sua intensidade. O acamamento foi determinado contando-se as plantas com inclinação maior que 25º em relação ao próprio eixo no momento da colheita. Os genótipos AG7000 e DKB330 sem inseticida apresentaram dano, e as notas resultantes foram 1,62 e 1,85, enquanto as notas de suas isolíneas Bt foram 0,25 e 0,24, respectivamente. Os genótipos AG7000 e AG700RW obtiveram os maiores percentuais de matéria e quantidade de massa seca na raiz em relação a DKB330 e DKB330RW, independentemente da aplicação do inseticida. O acamamento de 46,7% encontrado para o genótipo DKB330 sem aplicação de inseticida refletiu negativamente na produtividade deste tratamento. Por outro lado, com a aplicação de inseticida, o acamamento variou de 0,2% a 2,2% entre os genótipos, não influenciando sua produtividade. A proteína Cry3Bb1 foi eficaz na redução dos danos na raiz independentemente do genótipo testado. Genótipos com alto potencial produtivo e com menor massa de raiz podem apresentar maior resposta de produtividade quando protegidos com a toxina ou o inseticida na presença de alta população de larvas. Na safra 2010/2011, avaliaram-se os danos na raiz do milho não Bt em quatro épocas de semeadura em Itaberá (14/10, 3/11, 25/11 e 20/12) e três em Castro, PR (29/9, 21/10 e 11/11). Na safra seguinte, de 2011/2012, avaliaram-se seis épocas em Itaberá (21/9, 18/10, 21/11, 28/12, 30/1 e 20/2) e quatro em Castro (20/9, 10/10, 30/10 e 20/11). Constatou-se que, a partir da segunda época, os danos na raiz atingiram nota superior a 3,0 e permaneceram acima de 4,0 em todas as demais épocas de semeadura em Itaberá, nas duas safras avaliadas. Em Castro, apenas a semeadura de 20/11/2011 atingiu nota superior a 3,0. A utilização da proteção na raiz do milho, pela utilização de inseticida ou toxina, apresentou maior resposta nas semeaduras realizadas a partir do mês de outubro na região de Itaberá.
Barbosa, Wagner Miranda. „Efeito da ingestão de café sobre a liberação de glutamato sinaptossomal, estimulda por toxina escorpiônica, em ratos“. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/URMR-78SMTC.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da ingestao de cafe sobre do sistema glutamatergico estimulado por tityustoxina gama (TiTX-g) proveniente do escorpiao Tityus serrulatus, em ratos. Seis grupos de ratos Wistar foram utilizados: NORM (grupo normonutrido controle) recebeu racao de bioterio para ratos, enriquecida com racao paracaes; NCAF (grupo normonutrido cafe) foi alimentado com dieta do grupo normonutrido controle, acrescida de extrato aquoso de cafe; DESN (grupo desnutrido) foi alimentado com a quantidade de dieta correspondente a 60% de NORM; DCAF (grupo desnutridocafe) recebeu a mesma dieta fornecida ao grupo desnutrido, acrescida de extrato aquoso de cafe; DREC (grupo desnutrido com recuperacao alimentar) foi alimentado como DESN e a partir dos 60 dias foi alimentado ad libitum; DRECAF (grupo desnutrido cafe comrecuperacao alimentar) recebeu a mesma dieta de DREC contendo extrato aquoso de cafe. Os animais foram decapitados com 120 dias de vida e a fracao sinaptosomal do cortex foi preparada. A liberacao de glutamato foi medida por metodo fluorimetrico e os sinaptossomos foram incubados em meio de Krebs-Ringer-Hepes contendo 0,05 ÊM da fracao gama (TiTX-g). O modelo de restricao alimentar promoveu diminuicao no peso corporal (em g ± EPM): NORM = 463,5 ± 12,7; NCAF = 429,0 ± 11,5; DESN = 294,8 ± 4,9; DCAF = 293,3 ± 5,1; DREC = 397,7 ± 9,1 e DRECAF = 398,5 ± 9,2 (P<0,05). O glutamato liberado apos estimulo por toxina foi significativamente menor no grupo dosanimais desnutridos e desnutridos com recuperacao alimentar quando comparado com o grupo normonutrido controle (nmol/mg proteina ± EPM): NORM = 3,11 ± 0,55; NCAF = 1,99 ± 0,27; DESN = 1,69 ± 0,24; DCAF = 2,07 ± 0,64; DREC = 1,96 ± 0,36 e DRECAF = 1,44 ± 0,10 (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que a desnutricao neonatal diminui irreversivelmente a liberacao de glutamato em sinaptossomos apos estimulo com toxina escorpionica e que o cafe apresentou efeitos semelhantes, indicando provavel modulacao no sistema nervosocentral.
Lima, Maira de Castro. „Investigação do efeito neuroprotetor da toxina tx3-4 da aranha phoneutria nigriventer na isquemia cerebral em ratos“. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8E5HCE.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOs acidentes vasculares encefálicos são a principal causa de morte e incapacidade funcional no Brasil e na América do Sul. A busca por uma droga neuroprotetora que evite a morte neuronal e conseqüente dano neurológico é intensa na comunidade científica. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o potencial neuroprotetor da toxina Tx3-4, antagonista de canais para cálcio voltagem dependente, em casos de isquemia cerebral em ratos. Foi investigado o efeito da injeção central da toxina através de registros eletroencefalográficos, eletrocardiográficos e de pressão arterial nas doses de 0,16g; 0,32g; 0,75g e 1,5g por animal. O modelo de isquemia cerebral focal e transitória utilizado foi o de oclusão da artéria cerebral média. Para investigação do efeito neuroprotetor da toxina foram utilizadas as doses 0,16g; 0,32g; 0,75g por animal. Registros de EEG foram realizados para confirmar a interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo para o hemisfério submetido à isquemia. Testes sensoriais e motores foram utilizados para avaliar desempenho funcional dos animais. Imagens de ressonância magnética foram feitas para o acompanhamento do volume de infarto ao longo de 5 semanas. Foram testadas doses e tempos de tratamento diferentes. A injeção central da toxina não alterou os valores de freqüência cardíaca. No entanto, todas as doses causaram alterações significativas na pressão arterial e em parâmetros do EEG. Essas alterações não induziram sérias alterações fisiológicas ou morte dos animais. Todas as doses de toxina utilizadas no estudo de isquemia promoveram neuroproteção funcional e estrutural. Imagens de ressonância magnética confirmaram que a toxina é capaz de proteger o tecido neural quando injetada 30 minutos e 2 horas após o início da lesão isquêmica. A xii toxina Tx3-4 apresenta baixa toxicidade, promove neuroproteção funcional e estrutural. Essa proteção é mantida a longo prazo e obtida com a toxina sendo injetada 2 horas após o início de lesão isquêmica.
Landeira, Bruna Soares. „Efeitos da elimina??o de neur?nios infragranulares sobre a especifica??o de neur?nios supragranulares do c?rtex cerebral“. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The cerebral cortex of mammals is histologically organized into different layers of excitatory neurons that have distinct patterns of connections with cortical or subcortical targets. During development, these cortical layers are established through an intricate combination of neuronal specification and migration in a radial pattern known as "insideout": deep-layer neurons are generated prior to upper-layer neurons. In the last few decades, several genes encoding transcription factors involved in the sequential specification of neurons destined to different cortical layers have been identified. However, the influence of early-generated neurons in the specification of subsequent neuronal cohorts remains unclear. To investigate this possible influence, we induced the selective death of cortical neurons from layer V and VI before the generation of layer II, III and IV neurons. Thus, we can evaluate the effects of ablation of early born neurons on the phenotype of late born neurons. Our data shows that one-day after ablation, layer VI neurons expressing the transcription factor TBR1 are newly generated while virtually no neuron expressing TBR1 was generated in the same age in control animals. This suggests that progenitors involved in the generation of neurons destined for superficial layers suffer interference from the selective death of neurons in deep layers, changing their specification. We also observed that while TBR1-positive neurons are located exclusively in deep cortical layers of control animals, many TBR1-positive neurons are misplaced in superficial layers of ablated animals, suggesting that the migration of cortical neurons could be controlled independently of neuronal phenotypes. Furthermore, we observed an increase in layer V neurons expressing CTIP2 and neurons expressing SATB2 and that these cells have changed their distributions. As a conclusion, our data indicate the existence of a mechanism of control exercised by the early-generated neurons in the cerebral cortex on the fate of the progenitors involved in the generation of the following cortical neurons. This mechanism could help to control the number of neurons in different layers and contribute to the establishment of different cortical areas
O c?rtex cerebral de mam?feros encontra-se histologicamente organizado em camadas de neur?nios excitat?rios que, por sua vez, apresentam distintos padr?es de conectividade com alvos corticais ou sub-corticais. Durante o desenvolvimento, estas camadas corticais s?o estabelecidas atrav?s de uma intrincada combina??o entre especifica??o neuronal e migra??o radial num padr?o conhecido como "inside-out" (de dentro para fora). Desta forma, por exemplo, neur?nios infragranulares nas camadas V e VI s?o gerados anteriormente aos neur?nios granulares da camada IV, que por sua vez s?o gerados antes dos supra-granulares das camadas II e III. Na ?ltima d?cada, foram identificados diversos genes codificando fatores de transcri??o envolvidos na especifica??o sequencial de neur?nios destinados ?s diferentes camadas corticais. No entanto, ainda pouco ? sabido sobre a influ?ncia dos neur?nios gerados previamente sobre a especifica??o das coortes neuronais subsequentes. Para investigar esta poss?vel influ?ncia, n?s utilizamos um m?todo de recombina??o g?nica (sistema Cre- Lox) para induzir a morte seletiva de neur?nios das camadas corticais V e VI antes da gera??o dos neur?nios das camadas II, III e IV. Dessa forma, pudemos avaliar os efeitos da abla??o de neur?nios infragranulares sobre o fen?tipo dos neur?nios gerados em seguida. Nossos dados mostraram que, um dia ap?s a abla??o, neur?nios da camada VI expressando o fator de transcri??o TBR1 voltaram a ser gerados enquanto praticamente nenhum neur?nio expressando TBR1 foi gerado na mesma idade em animais controle. Esse dado sugere que os progenitores envolvidos na gera??o de neur?nios destinados ?s camadas superficiais sofrem interfer?ncia da morte seletiva de neur?nios de camadas profundas, mudando sua especifica??o. Uma parte dos neur?nios TBR1 se estabeleceu na camada VI e outra migrou at? as camadas II e III, indicando que o controle dos padr?es migrat?rios pode ser independente dos fen?tipos neuronais. Al?m disso, observamos que na popula??o neuronal total tamb?m ocorreu um aumento na quantidade de neur?nios de camada V expressando CTIP2 e uma altera??o na distribui??o dessas c?lulas. O mesmo foi observado para neur?nios supragranulares expressando SATB2. Em conjunto, nossos dados indicam a exist?ncia de um mecanismo de controle exercido pelos neur?nios gerados inicialmente no c?rtex cerebral sobre o destino dos progenitores envolvidos na gera??o dos demais neur?nios corticais. Tal mecanismo poderia contribuir para o controle do n?mero de neur?nios em diferentes camadas e contribuir para o estabelecimento de diferentes ?reas corticais
Angeloni, Luis Henrique Poleto. „Bioacúmulo de alumínio e seus efeitos tóxicos na fermentação alcoólica em linhagens industriais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-14122009-152802/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study aimed to assess the effect of aluminium on the alcoholic fermentation using different strains of industrial yeasts (CAT-1, BG-1, PE-2, Fleischmann and wild yeast colonies isolated from production of alcohol fuel called C1, C5 , C6, C8, C10 and C11) in different concentrations of aluminium and also examine the accumulation of metal in yeast during fermentation with reused of cells, similar to industrial process, for such parameters have been assessed as: production of ethanol, fermentation rate, formation of biomass, glycerol production, use of trehalose, fermentative efficiency and accumulation of Al by yeasts. The experiments were divided into three parts: 1st available the toxic action of the aluminum front of industrial yeasts BG-1, CAT-1, Fleischmann and PE-2 in the fermentation of grape juice from cane (19% TS) with 130 ppm Al. 2nd available the toxic action of the aluminium front of the yeast industrial CAT-1 and the colonies of yeast C1, C5 and C6 isolated from a distillery producing alcohol fuel molasses fermenting of sugar cane juice (19% TS) with 54 ppm Al with 5 recyclation of cells and the 3rd was to evaluate the toxic action of the aluminium front of the industrial CAT-1 yeast and yeast colonies of C8, C10 and C11 isolated from a distillery producing alcohol fuel molasses fermenting of sugar cane juice (19% TS) with 54 ppm Al with 5 recyclation of cell. The results showed that in the first experiment, the toxic action of aluminium in the broth must involve stressful effects depending on different strain of yeast evaluated. The strain CAT-1 and BG-1 are the most tolerant to aluminium, compared with PE-2 and Fleischmann, the latter being the most vulnerable regarding all parameters studied. In the second the results allow us to conclude that toxic levels of aluminum in the broth must exercise a differentiated action in relation to industrial yeast. Deducing that the CAT-1 was the most tolerant even the metal accumulated more aluminum, the yield was the highest levels and levels of trehalose were also lower. However, in general it can be inferred that the yeast C6 and CAT-1 are more tolerant to aluminum than the yeast C1 and C5. In the third test, it was concluded that the CAT-1 was the most tolerant to the metal Al compared with the wild strains C8, C10 and C11, with the main effect in reducing the viability and growth of fermentation time. Overall the strain of yeast CAT-1 showed better performance fermentation front of toxic action of aluminium.
Lunardi, Juliana Sartori. „Efeito de doses letais e subletais de herbicidas sobre a mortalidade e alterações comportamentais de Apis mellifera L“. Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153786.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResumo: As abelhas têm grande importância na polinização; no entanto, o desaparecimento e morte de colônias de Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) têm aumentado em várias regiões do mundo, prejudicando a sobrevivência da espécie e a estrutura dos ecossistemas. O uso de agrotóxicos em cultivos agrícolas vem sendo apontado como um dos fatores responsáveis pela intensificação do desaparecimento das abelhas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a toxicidade, as alterações comportamentais e motoras de abelhas campeiras de A. mellifera expostas aos herbicidas 2,4-D e glifosato, isolados ou associados, por testes de ingestão e contato. Para determinação da dose letal (DL50) foi analisada a mortalidade de abelhas expostas a diferentes doses dos herbicidas por contato e ingestão por 24 horas. A atividade motora das abelhas expostas aos herbicidas glifosato, 2,4-D e associação de ambos foi avaliada 4 e 24 horas após sua exposição utilizando caixa de observação comportamental. As DL50 encontradas dos herbicidas glifosato e 2,4-D foram respectivamente: 273,93 e 127,70 µg/abelha para ingestão e 255,73 e 97,09 µg/abelha para contato. As doses subletais dos herbicidas glifosato e 2,4-D foram, respectivamente: 5,47 e 2,55 µg/abelha para ingestão e 5,11 e 1,94 µg/abelha para contato. A dose letal de 4 horas e subletal de 24 horas foram altamente tóxicas para as abelhas causando alterações locomotoras, as quais em campo podem influenciar o forrageamento das campeiras. Dos testes de doses sub... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Bees are very important for pollination, however, disappearance and death of Apis mellifera hives in many regions of the world has increased, damaging the species survival and ecosystems maintenance. The use of herbicides in agricultural crops has been accused as one of the factors responsible for this disappearance. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity, behavioral and motor abnormalities on foraging honey bees Apis mellifera exposed to 2,4-D and glyphosate alone and combined. To determine the lethal dose (LD50), bees were exposed to different herbicides doses by contact or ingestion and mortality was analyzed. After 24 hours, the mortality results were analyzed. The glyphosate and 2,4-D LD50 found were, respectively: 273,93 and 127,70 μg/bee for ingestion and 255,73 and 97,09 μg/bee for contact. The sublethal doses for glyphosate and 2,4-D were, respectively: 5,47 and 2,55 μg/bee for ingestion and 5,11 and 1,94 μg/bee for contact. The bee’s motor activity was assessed 4 and 24 hours after herbicides and combination exposure, using a behavioral observation box. The 24 hours lethal and sublethal doses were highly toxic to bees causing locomotors changes, which in the field can influence the bees foraging activity. Only the 4h sublethal herbicide association test showed additive effect, however this fact deserves attention because when carried to the colony, the herbicides can influence other bees behavior and cause weakening or even death of the hive.
Mestre
Lunardi, Juliana Sartori [UNESP]. „Efeito de doses letais e subletais de herbicidas sobre a mortalidade e alterações comportamentais de Apis mellifera L“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153786.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
As abelhas têm grande importância na polinização; no entanto, o desaparecimento e morte de colônias de Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) têm aumentado em várias regiões do mundo, prejudicando a sobrevivência da espécie e a estrutura dos ecossistemas. O uso de agrotóxicos em cultivos agrícolas vem sendo apontado como um dos fatores responsáveis pela intensificação do desaparecimento das abelhas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a toxicidade, as alterações comportamentais e motoras de abelhas campeiras de A. mellifera expostas aos herbicidas 2,4-D e glifosato, isolados ou associados, por testes de ingestão e contato. Para determinação da dose letal (DL50) foi analisada a mortalidade de abelhas expostas a diferentes doses dos herbicidas por contato e ingestão por 24 horas. A atividade motora das abelhas expostas aos herbicidas glifosato, 2,4-D e associação de ambos foi avaliada 4 e 24 horas após sua exposição utilizando caixa de observação comportamental. As DL50 encontradas dos herbicidas glifosato e 2,4-D foram respectivamente: 273,93 e 127,70 µg/abelha para ingestão e 255,73 e 97,09 µg/abelha para contato. As doses subletais dos herbicidas glifosato e 2,4-D foram, respectivamente: 5,47 e 2,55 µg/abelha para ingestão e 5,11 e 1,94 µg/abelha para contato. A dose letal de 4 horas e subletal de 24 horas foram altamente tóxicas para as abelhas causando alterações locomotoras, as quais em campo podem influenciar o forrageamento das campeiras. Dos testes de doses subletais em 4h, foram significativos os de ingestão do 2,4-D e a associação dos herbicidas a qual demonstrou efeito aditivo. A associação dos herbicidas merece atenção, pois em campo essa combinação será tóxica as abelhas. Com este estudo, espera-se contribuir para a compreensão do efeito de herbicidas, assim como auxiliar no estabelecimento de medidas que reduzam a exposição de polinizadores a agrotóxicos prejudiciais.
Bees are very important for pollination, however, disappearance and death of Apis mellifera hives in many regions of the world has increased, damaging the species survival and ecosystems maintenance. The use of herbicides in agricultural crops has been accused as one of the factors responsible for this disappearance. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity, behavioral and motor abnormalities on foraging honey bees Apis mellifera exposed to 2,4-D and glyphosate alone and combined. To determine the lethal dose (LD50), bees were exposed to different herbicides doses by contact or ingestion and mortality was analyzed. After 24 hours, the mortality results were analyzed. The glyphosate and 2,4-D LD50 found were, respectively: 273,93 and 127,70 μg/bee for ingestion and 255,73 and 97,09 μg/bee for contact. The sublethal doses for glyphosate and 2,4-D were, respectively: 5,47 and 2,55 μg/bee for ingestion and 5,11 and 1,94 μg/bee for contact. The bee’s motor activity was assessed 4 and 24 hours after herbicides and combination exposure, using a behavioral observation box. The 24 hours lethal and sublethal doses were highly toxic to bees causing locomotors changes, which in the field can influence the bees foraging activity. Only the 4h sublethal herbicide association test showed additive effect, however this fact deserves attention because when carried to the colony, the herbicides can influence other bees behavior and cause weakening or even death of the hive.
CNPq: 132451/2016-6. 7
Silva, Ítalo Macedo. „Efeitos alelopáticos de microcistinas em rúcula (Eruca sativa Mill.) /“. Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87843.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBanca: Massanori Takaki
Banca: Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre
Resumo: As cianotoxinas são produzidas por diversos gêneros de cianobactérias, possuem ação hepatotóxica e foram as responsáveis por vários casos de intoxicação em mamíferos. Estudos com hortaliças têm demonstrado os efeitos das microcistinas (MCs) sobre a germinação de sementes, o desenvolvimento das plântulas e o metabolismo, além do acúmulo nos tecidos foliares. O que caracteriza uma importante via de contaminação para o homem através da irrigação com água contendo cianotoxinas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da aplicação de extrato bruto de Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, com linhagem produtora e não produtora de MCs, para a germinação de sementes, e o desenvolvimento de plântulas e plantas de rúcula, variedade Folha larga. Sementes germinadas em papel mata-borrão foram expostas a concentrações entre 0,5 a 100 μg.L-1 de MC-LR equivalente durante sete dias. Plantas cultivadas em vasos contendo substrato comercial para hortaliça foram irrigadas com solução aquosa contendo 0,5 a 10 μg.L-1 de MC-totais, ou seja, considerando todas as variantes presentes no extrato com MC. Valores de massa seca correspondentes foram empregados para o tratamento com extrato bruto sem microcistina, além de controle com água. Os resultados mostraram que MC-LR equivalente causou inibição de 30% no comprimento da parte aérea das plântulas e aumento na atividade da enzima peroxidase (POD). As concentrações aplicadas de MC-totais causaram o aumento na atividade da POD apenas para a planta jovem (folhas e raízes). Com isso, os resultados indicaram que não houve efeitos alelopáticos na germinação de sementes e na formação das plântulas, cujas sementes não foram susceptíveis aos tratamentos. O mesmo ocorreu com as plantas jovens e adultas expostas aos extratos brutos, nas concentrações testadas de MC-totais. Houve diferença no estresse ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Cyanotoxins are produced by several cyanobacteria genera. They have hepatotoxic action and have been responsible for several cases of intoxication. Studies on vegetables have shown the effects of microcystins (MCs) in seed germination, seedling development and metabolism. Another concern is the crop irrigation with water containing cyanotoxins due to the possibility of toxin accumulation in leaf tissues. This characterizes an important route of contamination to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of non-purified extracts of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing in the germination of seeds, development of seedlings and plants of rocket (large-leaf variety). Effects of both, toxic and non-toxic strains, were evaluated. Seeds were germinated on filter paper and than exposed to MC solution (concentrations ranging from 0,5 to 100,0 μg.L-1 of MC-LR equivalent) during seven days. Plants growing in commercial substrate for vegetable were irrigated with MC solution (concentrations ranging from 0,5 to 10,0 μg.L-1 de MC-total). Treatments containing the non-toxic strain extract (dry mass equivalent of the toxic treatment) and water (negative control) were carried out together with the toxic ones. MC-LR equivalent treatment caused inhibition of 30% in shoot length and increased activity of peroxidase (POD) in seedlings. The applied concentrations of MC-total caused increase in POD activity in young plant (leaves and roots). On the other hand, allelopathic effects were not found either on seeds germination or seedling development. Also, no allelopathic effects were found in the juvenile and adult plants exposed to extracts with any of the MC-total concentrations. Young and adult plants had different oxidative stress responses when exposed to extracts of the MCs-producing strain. Therefore, future studies should be conducted with individuals at the young stages of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Neto, Waldir Carreirão. „Efeito da toxina botulínica tipo A sobre a expressão de neuropeptídeos e o transporte mucociliar nasal em coelhos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-06112015-143800/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleINTRODUCTION: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been assessed in the treatment of rhinitis, especially in cases of idiopathic rhinitis. Trigeminal hyper-responsiveness appears to be involved in the pathological process of idiopathic rhinitis. Trigeminal nociceptive type C unmyelinated sensory fibers contain the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are also involved in this nasal neurorregulation process. The mucociliary clearance, primary defense system of the respiratory system, is composed by the ciliary beat and nasal mucus. These components can be influenced by different nasal neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BoNT-A on the expression of SP, CGRP and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its influence on nasal mucociliary clearance in rabbits. METHODS: Healthy New Zealand male rabbits were divided into two groups: the treatment group was challenged with BoNT-A (25UI) in the right nasomaxillary turbinate (NMT) and saline (SF0.9%) in the left NMT. The control group received SF0.9% in the right NMT and no-intervention in the left NMT. We investigated the effects of BoNT-A on SP, CGRP and nNOS expression in the NMT tissue by immunohistochemistry. Each area of interest was subdivided into an internal layer (IL: below the basement membrane) and outer layer (OL: above the basement membrane) for analysis. It was also assessed signs of cellular apoptosis, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), mucus histochemical profile (acidic and neutral glycoproteins) and epithelial thickness (EP-TH). RESULTS: It was observed a significant increase in the amount of apoptotic cells in the BoNT-A-challanged NMT compared with controls (p <= 0.001). The NMT of treatment group which received only SF0.9% showed an increase in the amount of apoptotic cells in the IL compared with controls (NMT SF0.9%, p = 0.035) (NMT no-intervention, p = 0.022), and also an increase in the SP expression in the OL compared with controls (NMT SF0.9%, p = 0.021) (NMT no-intervention, p = 0.040). CGRP expression showed higher expression in the BoNT-A-challanged NMT compared with no-intervention NMT (p=0.008). The CBF, nNOS expression, mucus histochemical profile and EP-TH did not show significant differences. DISCUSSION: The increased CGRP and SP expression could be due to inhibition of vesicular exocytosis by BoNT-A, leading to CGRP and SP intracellular accumulation. No significant differences in CBF or mucus histochemical profile were observed, indicating that the increased CGRP and SP expression was not associated with inflammation. The increase in the amount of apoptotic cells and SP expression in the SF0.9% NMT of treatment group may be due to a central effect of BoNT-A. CONCLUSION: Nasal administration of BoNT-A increased SP and CGRP expression, possibly via inhibition of their release, but did not change the CBF or mucus profile
Dalmolin, Gerusa Duarte. „Efeito antinociceptivo da toxina TX3-3 isolada do veneno da aranha Phoneutria nigriventer em modelos animais de dor“. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8GJKK2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO veneno de animais peçonhentos representa uma fonte valiosa para a busca de novos tratamentos para a dor. O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar os efeitos antinociceptivo e motores adversos causados pela Tx3-3, uma toxina peptídica isolada do veneno da aranha Phoneutria nigriventer, que inibe canais de cálcio dependentes de voltagem (CCDV), com maior afinidade para os CCDV do tipo P/Q e R. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o efeito da Tx3-3 em teste de nocicepção aguda, evocada por estímulo térmico (o teste da retirada de cauda) e em modelos animais de dor crônica inflamatória (induzida pelo adjuvante completo de Freund CFA) e neuropática (pela ligação parcial do nervo ciático ou através da indução de neuropatia diabética por STZ). A seguir, foi avaliado o efeito da injeção intratecal de Tx3-3 na eficácia antinocieptiva da morfina em animais neuropáticos ou tolerantes a opióides. A injeção intratecal (i.t.) ou intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) de Tx3-3 em camundongos causou efeito antinociceptivo fugaz (15 min de duração), sem promover alterações detectáveis em funções motoras. Em comparação, a -conotoxina MVIIC, uma toxina peptídica isolada do veneno do molusco marinho Conus magus, que inibe CCDV do tipo P/Q e N, causou prejuízo na atividade motora em doses muito próximas àquelas capazes de causar antinocicepção no teste da retirada da cauda. Quando testada nos modelos de dor neuropática, a Tx3-3 apresentou efeito antinociceptivo mais duradouro (até 2 h de duração). A administração i.t. de Tx3-3 (30 pmol/sítio) reduziu a alodínia mecânica produzida por ligação parcial do nervo ciático de camundongos assim como a alodínia mecânica causada pela neuropatia diabética em camundongos e ratos. Por outro lado, a toxina Tx3-3 não apresentou efeito antinociceptivo no modelo de dor inflamatória. A Tx3-3 não foi apenas eficaz no alívio da dor neuropática como também restabeleceu a eficácia antinociceptiva da morfina em camundongos neuropáticos e tolerantes a opióides. Os resultados aqui descritos apontam a Tx3-3 como uma toxina promissora para o tratamento da dor crônica refratária a opióides
Silva, Ítalo Macedo [UNESP]. „Efeitos alelopáticos de microcistinas em rúcula (Eruca sativa Mill.)“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87843.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
As cianotoxinas são produzidas por diversos gêneros de cianobactérias, possuem ação hepatotóxica e foram as responsáveis por vários casos de intoxicação em mamíferos. Estudos com hortaliças têm demonstrado os efeitos das microcistinas (MCs) sobre a germinação de sementes, o desenvolvimento das plântulas e o metabolismo, além do acúmulo nos tecidos foliares. O que caracteriza uma importante via de contaminação para o homem através da irrigação com água contendo cianotoxinas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da aplicação de extrato bruto de Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, com linhagem produtora e não produtora de MCs, para a germinação de sementes, e o desenvolvimento de plântulas e plantas de rúcula, variedade Folha larga. Sementes germinadas em papel mata-borrão foram expostas a concentrações entre 0,5 a 100 μg.L-1 de MC-LR equivalente durante sete dias. Plantas cultivadas em vasos contendo substrato comercial para hortaliça foram irrigadas com solução aquosa contendo 0,5 a 10 μg.L-1 de MC-totais, ou seja, considerando todas as variantes presentes no extrato com MC. Valores de massa seca correspondentes foram empregados para o tratamento com extrato bruto sem microcistina, além de controle com água. Os resultados mostraram que MC-LR equivalente causou inibição de 30% no comprimento da parte aérea das plântulas e aumento na atividade da enzima peroxidase (POD). As concentrações aplicadas de MC-totais causaram o aumento na atividade da POD apenas para a planta jovem (folhas e raízes). Com isso, os resultados indicaram que não houve efeitos alelopáticos na germinação de sementes e na formação das plântulas, cujas sementes não foram susceptíveis aos tratamentos. O mesmo ocorreu com as plantas jovens e adultas expostas aos extratos brutos, nas concentrações testadas de MC-totais. Houve diferença no estresse...
Cyanotoxins are produced by several cyanobacteria genera. They have hepatotoxic action and have been responsible for several cases of intoxication. Studies on vegetables have shown the effects of microcystins (MCs) in seed germination, seedling development and metabolism. Another concern is the crop irrigation with water containing cyanotoxins due to the possibility of toxin accumulation in leaf tissues. This characterizes an important route of contamination to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of non-purified extracts of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing in the germination of seeds, development of seedlings and plants of rocket (large-leaf variety). Effects of both, toxic and non-toxic strains, were evaluated. Seeds were germinated on filter paper and than exposed to MC solution (concentrations ranging from 0,5 to 100,0 μg.L-1 of MC-LR equivalent) during seven days. Plants growing in commercial substrate for vegetable were irrigated with MC solution (concentrations ranging from 0,5 to 10,0 μg.L-1 de MC-total). Treatments containing the non-toxic strain extract (dry mass equivalent of the toxic treatment) and water (negative control) were carried out together with the toxic ones. MC-LR equivalent treatment caused inhibition of 30% in shoot length and increased activity of peroxidase (POD) in seedlings. The applied concentrations of MC-total caused increase in POD activity in young plant (leaves and roots). On the other hand, allelopathic effects were not found either on seeds germination or seedling development. Also, no allelopathic effects were found in the juvenile and adult plants exposed to extracts with any of the MC-total concentrations. Young and adult plants had different oxidative stress responses when exposed to extracts of the MCs-producing strain. Therefore, future studies should be conducted with individuals at the young stages of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Teixeira, Myrian Kátia Iser 1969. „Avaliação de efeito e segurança da toxina botulínica tipo A na indução de ptose palpebral temporária em gatos domésticos“. [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312763.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito e a segurança da toxina botulínica tipo A quando aplicada na região do músculo elevador da pálpebra superior, para a indução de ptose palpebral protetora em gatos domésticos. Métodos: Neste estudo do tipo longitudinal, série de casos com intervenção, um total de 10 gatos foram submetidos à quimiodenervação do músculo elevador da pálpebra superior esquerdo, através da aplicação transpalpebral de 10 unidades de toxina botulínica do tipo A. Alterações sistêmicas, mobilidade ocular, função visual, pressão intraocular, o aparecimento, grau e duração da ptose foram avaliados antes da aplicação, diariamente, durante os sete primeiros dias e, posteriormente, nos dias 14, 21 e 28 após a aplicação. A mensuração da fenda palpebral foi realizada também no olho contralateral que funcionou como controle. Resultados: O início do efeito clínico foi observado entre os dias 1 e 4 após a aplicação; a ptose máxima foi observada entre o quinto e o sétimo dia e a duração média de ação da toxina foi de 21 dias. O tempo máximo para recuperação da ptose foi de 28 dias. A porcentagem média de redução da fenda palpebral foi de 39,66% (16,55% ¿ 59,64%). A análise qualitativa demonstrou que duas gatas (20%) apresentaram cobertura corneal maior que 50%, sete gatas (70%) obtiveram cobertura corneal entre 25 e 49% e uma gata (10%) mostrou cobertura corneal menor que 25%. Os valores da pressão intraocular permaneceram dentro dos limites de normalidade. A toxina botulínica não causou efeitos adversos nos gatos desse estudo. Conclusão: O uso de toxina botulínica tipo A no músculo elevador da pálpebra superior foi seguro e promoveu ptose palpebral temporária parcial nos gatos desse experimento
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect and safety and of botulinum toxin A for the induction of palpebral ptosis in felines. Methods: In this prospective interventional study, a total of 10 cats underwent transpalpebral chemodenervation of levator palpebral superioris with 10 units of botulinum toxin type A in the left eye. The systemic changes, ocular mobility, visual function, intraocular pressure, and the onset, degree and duration of ptosis were evaluated before application, on a daily basis during the first seven days and on days 14, 21 and 28 after application.The palpebral edge of the contralateral eye was also measured. Results: A clinical effect was observed beginning between the first and fourth days after botulinum toxin A administration. The extent of ptosis was maximal between the fifth and seventh days after administration, and ptosis was observed for a mean duration of 21 days. The maximum time for recovery of ptosis was 28 days. The palpebral edge was reduced by an average of 39.6% (16.55% - 59.64%). Qualitative analysis showed that two cats (20%) had greater than 50% coverage corneal, seven cats (70%) achieved corneal coverage between 25 and 49% and one cat (10%) showed corneal coverage less than 25%. Intraocular pressure values were within normal limits. Botulinum toxin did not cause undesirable effects. Conclusions: The use of botulinum toxin A in the levator palpebrae superioris muscle was safe and provided transient, partial palpebral ptosis in all of the studied cats
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Rodrigues, Gabriela Gomes Cardoso. „Efeito da toxina urêmica indoxil sulfato em cultura de mioblastos c2c12 tratados ou não com laser de baixa potência“. Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1298.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of renal function and often progresses with a muscular weakness, whose set of signs and symptoms is generally referred to as uremic myopathy. Possible risk factors for the uremic myopathy are the uremic toxins. Among uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a derivative of tryptophan metabolism by intestinal bacteria. Because skeletal muscle tissue undergo constant remodeling due differentiation of myoblasts in myotubes, it is possible that uremic toxins have a deleterious effect to influence this process, exacerbating the uremic myopathy. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is regarded as a growth promoter feature widely used in the treatment of chronic diseases and has shown positive effects on the modulation of skeletal muscle repair process and also in the process of inflammation. However, in the context of CKD, the LLLT has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the IS on cell viability and on oxidative stress on cellular differentiation in cultured C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, to verify the action of the LLLT as a protective alternative to the cells. The C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in DMEM culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and were induced to differentiation process by adding 2% horse serum. Three different IS concentrations were used to mimic the plasma concentrations of normal individual, CKD patients with moderate uremia and CKD patients with advanced uremia (0.6 mg/l and 53 mg/l and 236 mg/l, respectively), at different times of incubation (24 h, 48 h and 72 h). Subsequently, the cells were subjected to treatment with LLLT GaAlAs 780 nm (output power 10 mW, 20 seconds application time and energy density of 0.5 J / cm2). In terms of analysis, we used MTT method to assess the viability of the cells, flow cytometry to assess the viability/cell death and oxidative stress, nitrite dosing to evaluate nitric oxide production and real-time PCR to analyze IL-6, myogenin and MyoD expression (inflammation and cell differentiation markers). The results demonstrate that the IS at the maximum concentration was toxic to C2C12 cells, because it significantly decreased cell viability by MTT and by flow cytometry and by increasing the percentage of necrosis. This effect was present throughout the three incubation periods. With respect to oxidative stress, was not any conclusion, probably by the time the samples, but do not rule out the possibility of IS induce this type of stress. Although the IS has induced death to C2C12 cells, the remaining had no change in cell differentiation markers. Treatment with BPL the IS sensitized cells, reducing cell viability. We conclude that the IS acts directly on C2C12 myoblasts with toxic effect and may be the one factor responsible for uremic myopathy. Treatment with LLLT was not effective in protecting the cells.
A doença renal crônica (DRC) é caracterizada pela perda progressiva e irreversível da função renal e que frequentemente cursa com um quadro de fraqueza muscular, cujo conjunto de sinais e sintomas é globalmente designado como miopatia urêmica. Possíveis fatores predisponentes para a miopatia urêmica são as toxinas urêmicas. Dentre as toxinas urêmicas, o indoxil sulfato (IS) é uma derivada do metabolismo do triptofano presente em bactérias intestinais. Devido ao fato do tecido muscular esquelético sofrer constante remodelação graças à diferenciação de mioblastos em miotubos, é possível que toxinas urêmicas tenham um efeito deletério por influenciar este processo, agravando a miopatia urêmica. A terapia a laser de baixa potência (LBP) é considerada como um recurso bioestimulante amplamente utilizado no tratamento de doenças crônicas e tem demonstrado efeitos positivos sobre a modulação do processo de reparo muscular esquelético e também no processo da inflamação. Entretanto, no contexto de DRC, o LBP não foi ainda explorado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar dos efeitos do IS sobre a viabilidade celular, sobre o estresse oxidativo e sobre a diferenciação celular em cultura de mioblastos C2C12. Além disso, verificar a ação do LBP como forma de proteção às células. Os mioblastos C2C12 foram cultivados em meio de cultura de DMEM, contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino e foram induzidos ao processo de diferenciação por meio da adição de 2% soro de cavalo. Três diferentes concentrações de IS foram usadas para mimetizar as concentrações plasmáticas de indivíduo normal, paciente DRC com uremia moderada e paciente DRC com uremia avançada (0,6 mg/l; 53 mg/l e 236 mg/l, respectivamente), em diferentes períodos de incubação (24 h, 48 h e 72 h). Posteriormente, as células foram submetidas ao tratamento com laser de baixa potência AsGaAl 780 nm (potência de saída de 10 mW, tempo de aplicação de 20 segundos e densidade de energia de 0,5 J/cm2). Como análise, foi utilizado o método MTT para acessar a viabilidade das células, citometria de fluxo para avaliar a viabilidade/mortalidade das células, bem como o estresse oxidativo, dosagem de nitrito para avaliar a produção de óxido nítrico e PCR em tempo real para analisar a expressão de IL-6, miogenina e MyoD (marcadores de inflamação e diferenciação celular). Os resultados demonstram que o IS na concentração máxima foi tóxico para as células C2C12, pois diminuiu significativamente a viabilidade das células, tanto por MTT como por citometria de fluxo, aumentando a porcentagem de necrose. Este efeito foi presente nos três períodos de incubação. Com relação ao estresse oxidativo, não foi possível nenhuma conclusão, provavelmente pelo tempo das amostras , porém não descartamos a possibilidade do IS induzir este tipo de estresse. Embora o IS tenha induzido morte às células C2C12, as remanescentes não tiveram alteração dos marcadores de diferenciação celular. O tratamento com LBP sensibilizou as células ao IS, diminuindo a viabilidade das células. Concluímos que o IS age diretamente sobre mioblastos C2C12 com efeito tóxico, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela miopatia urêmica. O tratamento com LBP não foi eficiente na indução de proteção às células.
Santos, Ana AngÃlica Queiroz AssunÃÃo. „Papel do receptor P2x7 no efeito da toxina a do Clostridium difficile em modelo de alÃa ileal em camundongos“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2017. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18552.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the major cause of colitis associated with the use of antibiotics, with significant morbidity and mortality. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is located in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and has an important function of regulating the digestive system. The P2X7 receptor participates in the regulation of cellular permeability, cytokine release and apoptosis, processes that are involved in the pathogenesis of C. difficile induced disease.The aim of this study was to analyze the role of the P2X7 receptor in enteritis induced by C. difficile toxin A (TcdA). The mouse ileal loop was injected with saline (Sodium Chloride 0.9% - Control) or TcdA (50 μg / loop) in mice previously treated with the inhibitors: BBG (50 mg/kg) or A438079 (10 μM) i.p.injection 1 h prior to TcdA (TcdA + BBG; TcdA + A438079) or saline injection. The animals were euthanized after 4h latter and the ileal loop collected for the following analyzes: immunofluorescence for ChAT, NOS, P2X7 and calretinin in membrane preparations, immunohistochemistry for GFAP, HuC / D, S-100β, TUNEL and PCR for P2X7. The results demonstrated that TcdA significantly reduced myenteric plexus neurons in 66.42% when compared to the control, while in the membrane preparations a significant reduction of the immunoreactive neurons to ChAT was observed in 23.21% and Calretinin 28.17%. However, there was a 21.23% increase in labeling for the P2X7 receptor over the control. In the ileal tissue there was an increase of 411.95% and 22.40% respectively in the P2X7 positive area and in the gene expression. In relation to the glial markers, an increase of 125.71% and 144.30% was observed for GFAP and S-100β, respectively. In animals treated with inhibitors P2X7; BBG and A438079, as observed an improvement in histological parameters . In addition , a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells decrease in GFAP and S-100β-labeled cells, and cytokines ( TNF-α, IL-1β, IL -6 and IL-8) levels, compared to the control. This was associated with a significant increase in the HuC/D positive area . From these results, it is concluded that TcdA promotes changes in the enteric nervous system, increasing neuronal death and activating glial cells, and that the P2X7 receptor plays an important role in the changes induced by C. difficile TcdA.
O Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) à a maior causa de colite associada ao uso de antibiÃticos, com significante morbidade e mortalidade. O sistema nervoso entÃrico (SNE) està localizado no trato gastrointestinal (TGI) e possui importante funÃÃo de regulaÃÃo do sistema digestÃrio. O receptor P2X7 presente nas cÃlulas gliais entÃricas (CGE) e no SNE participa na regulaÃÃo da permeabilidade celular, liberaÃÃo de citocinas e apoptose, processos que estam envolvidos na patogÃnese do C. difficile. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o papel do receptor P2X7 na enterite induzida pela toxina A (TcdA) do C. difficile. A alÃa ileal dos camundongos foi injetada com salina (Cloreto de SÃdio 0,9%- Controle) ou TcdA (50 μg/alÃa) em camundongos previamente tratados com os inibidores: BBG (50 mg/kg) ou A438079 (10 μM) via intraperitoneal 1h antes da injeÃÃo da TcdA ou salina. Os animais foram eutanaziados apÃs 4h da injeÃÃo e a alÃa ileal coletada para as seguintes analises: imunofluorescÃncia para ChAT, NOS, P2X7 e calretinina nos preparados de membrana, imunohistoquÃmica para GFAP, HuC/D, S-100β, TUNEL e PCR para P2X7. Os resultados demonstraram que a TcdA reduziu significativamente em 66,42% os neurÃnios do plexo mioentÃrico quando comparado ao controle, enquanto nos preparados de membrana observou-se uma reduÃÃo significativa dos neurÃnios imunorreativos a ChAT em 23,21% e Calretinina 28,17%, contudo, houve um aumento de 21,23% da marcaÃÃo para o receptor P2X7 em relaÃÃo ao controle. No tecido ileal verificou-se um aumento de 411,95% e 22,40% respectivamente na Ãrea positiva para P2X7 e na expressÃo gÃnica. Em relaÃÃo aos marcadores gliais, observou-se um aumento de 125,71% e 144,30% para GFAP e S-100β, respectivamente. Nos animais tratados com os inibidores de P2X7: BBG e o A438079 observou-se uma melhora dos parÃmetros histolÃgicos, uma reduÃÃo significativa do nÃmero de cÃlulas apoptÃticas, das cÃlulas marcadas para GFAP e S-100β, das citocinas: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-8 com relaÃÃo ao controle e um aumento significativo na Ãrea positiva para HuC/D em relaÃÃo a TcdA. A partir desses resultados, concluiu-se que a TcdA promoveu alteraÃÃes no sistema nervoso entÃrico, aumentando a morte neuronal e ativando as cÃlulas da glia, e que o receptor P2X7 tem participaÃÃo importante nas alteraÃÃes induzidas pela TcdA do C. difficile.
Ferrarezi, Soares Marina de Castro [UNESP]. „Avaliação do efeito da toxina épsilon do clostridium perfringens em monocamadas de células MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney cell)“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88163.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelletoxina Épsilon (ETX) produzida pelo Clostridium perfringens tipos B e D é uma das mais potentes toxinas clostridiais superada apenas pelas neurotoxinas botulínica e tetânica. É responsável por quadros fatais de enterotoxemia em ovinos, caprinos e ocasionalmente em outros animais, caracterizados por edema em vários órgãos e aumento da permeabilidade vascular. Nos estudos “in vitro”, a linhagem de células “Madin-Darby canine kidney” (MDCK) é susceptível à ação da ETX, que se heptameriza nas membranas celulares formando um poro complexo que evolui para a lise celular. No presente estudo, foram avaliadas a morfologia e a viabilidade celular, a despolarização da membrana mitocondrial e a expressão de mediadores de morte celular programada (Bax e Bcl-2), após a exposição das células MDCK, com a ETX, a cada 24 horas, durante intervalo de 1 a 5 horas. Verificou-se o aparecimento de vacúolos no interior do citoplasma celular associados à perda de viabilidade celular, que evoluíram de forma progressiva, nos períodos de 1 a 5 horas pós-exposição. Foram realizadas análises por citometria de fluxo acústica para obtenção de uma visão mais aprofundada da patogenia causada pela ETX. Utilizando a citometria de fluxo acústica, considerada altamente sensível, as células MDCK expostas à ação da ETX, nos períodos de 1 a 5 horas, revelaram uma diminuição do potencial de membrana mitocondrial, seguido da expressão das proteínas Bax (25,48 %) e Bcl-2 (45,45 %) na fase de formação do pré-poro (1 hora pós exposição). Estes resultados, juntamente com alta citotoxicidade e visualização de vacúolos celulares, demonstra que a análise por citometria de fluxo acústico representa potencialmente uma ferramenta eficaz para estudar a patogênese da ETX
Epsilon toxin (ETX) produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D is one of the most powerful clostridial toxins surpassed only by neurotoxins botulinum and tetanus. Studies blame the ETX by developing a fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and occasionally in other animals, characterized by edema in multiple organs and increased vascular permeability. In in vitro toxicoinfection studies the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line is susceptible to the action of ETX, which forms a heptamer in the cell membranes forming a pore complex that progresses to cell lysis. In the present study, we assessed cell viability and morphology, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and expression of programmed cell death mediators (Bax and Bcl-2) after exposure of MDCK cells with the ETX every 24 hours for range of 1 to 5 hours. Our results shows the appearance of vacuoles within the cytoplasm associated with loss of cell viability, which evolved gradually, in periods 1-5 hours after exposure. Analyzes were performed by acoustic flow cytometry to obtain further insight into the pathogenesis caused by ETX. Using acoustic flow cytometry, considered highly sensitive, MDCK cells exposed to the action of ETX, during 1 to 5 hours showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential followed by the expression of Bax (25.48%) and Bcl-2 (45.45%) proteins at the pre-pore stage (1 hour post exposure). These results along with high cytotoxicity and visualization of cellular vacuoles, demonstrates that the flow cytometry analysis acoustic represents a potentially powerful tool for studying the pathogenesis of ETX
Ferrarezi, Soares Marina de Castro. „Avaliação do efeito da toxina épsilon do clostridium perfringens em monocamadas de células MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney cell) /“. Araçatuba, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88163.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract:Epsilon toxin (ETX) produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D is one of the most powerful clostridial toxins surpassed only by neurotoxins botulinum and tetanus. Studies blame the ETX by developing a fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and occasionally in other animals, characterized by edema in multiple organs and increased vascular permeability. In "in vitro" toxicoinfection studies the "Madin-Darby canine kidney" (MDCK) cell line is susceptible to the action of ETX, which forms a heptamer in the cell membranes forming a pore complex that progresses to cell lysis. In the present study, we assessed cell viability and morphology, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and expression of programmed cell death mediators (Bax and Bcl-2) after exposure of MDCK cells with the ETX every 24 hours for range of 1 to 5 hours. Our results shows the appearance of vacuoles within the cytoplasm associated with loss of cell viability, which evolved gradually, in periods 1-5 hours after exposure. Analyzes were performed by acoustic flow cytometry to obtain further insight into the pathogenesis caused by ETX. Using acoustic flow cytometry, considered highly sensitive, MDCK cells exposed to the action of ETX, during 1 to 5 hours showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential followed by the expression of Bax (25.48%) and Bcl-2 (45.45%) proteins at the pre-pore stage (1 hour post exposure). These results along with high cytotoxicity and visualization of cellular vacuoles, demonstrates that the flow cytometry analysis acoustic represents a potentially powerful tool for studying the pathogenesis of ETX
Orientador:Tereza Cristina Cardoso da Silva
Banca:Rafael Silva Cipriano
Banca:Roberto Gameiro de Carvalho
Banca:Marcia Marinho
Banca:Vera Cláudia Lorenzetti Magalhães Curci
Mestre
Santos, Ana Angélica Queiroz Assunção. „Papel do receptor P2x7 no efeito da toxina a do Clostridium difficile em modelo de alça ileal em camundongos“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/21851.
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Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the major cause of colitis associated with the use of antibiotics, with significant morbidity and mortality. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is located in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and has an important function of regulating the digestive system. The P2X7 receptor participates in the regulation of cellular permeability, cytokine release and apoptosis, processes that are involved in the pathogenesis of C. difficile induced disease.The aim of this study was to analyze the role of the P2X7 receptor in enteritis induced by C. difficile toxin A (TcdA). The mouse ileal loop was injected with saline (Sodium Chloride 0.9% - Control) or TcdA (50 μg / loop) in mice previously treated with the inhibitors: BBG (50 mg/kg) or A438079 (10 μM) i.p.injection 1 h prior to TcdA (TcdA + BBG; TcdA + A438079) or saline injection. The animals were euthanized after 4h latter and the ileal loop collected for the following analyzes: immunofluorescence for ChAT, NOS, P2X7 and calretinin in membrane preparations, immunohistochemistry for GFAP, HuC / D, S-100β, TUNEL and PCR for P2X7. The results demonstrated that TcdA significantly reduced myenteric plexus neurons in 66.42% when compared to the control, while in the membrane preparations a significant reduction of the immunoreactive neurons to ChAT was observed in 23.21% and Calretinin 28.17%. However, there was a 21.23% increase in labeling for the P2X7 receptor over the control. In the ileal tissue there was an increase of 411.95% and 22.40% respectively in the P2X7 positive area and in the gene expression. In relation to the glial markers, an increase of 125.71% and 144.30% was observed for GFAP and S-100β, respectively. In animals treated with inhibitors P2X7; BBG and A438079, as observed an improvement in histological parameters . In addition , a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells decrease in GFAP and S-100β-labeled cells, and cytokines ( TNF-α, IL-1β, IL -6 and IL-8) levels, compared to the control. This was associated with a significant increase in the HuC/D positive area . From these results, it is concluded that TcdA promotes changes in the enteric nervous system, increasing neuronal death and activating glial cells, and that the P2X7 receptor plays an important role in the changes induced by C. difficile TcdA.
O Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) é a maior causa de colite associada ao uso de antibióticos, com significante morbidade e mortalidade. O sistema nervoso entérico (SNE) está localizado no trato gastrointestinal (TGI) e possui importante função de regulação do sistema digestório. O receptor P2X7 presente nas células gliais entéricas (CGE) e no SNE participa na regulação da permeabilidade celular, liberação de citocinas e apoptose, processos que estam envolvidos na patogênese do C. difficile. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o papel do receptor P2X7 na enterite induzida pela toxina A (TcdA) do C. difficile. A alça ileal dos camundongos foi injetada com salina (Cloreto de Sódio 0,9%- Controle) ou TcdA (50 μg/alça) em camundongos previamente tratados com os inibidores: BBG (50 mg/kg) ou A438079 (10 μM) via intraperitoneal 1h antes da injeção da TcdA ou salina. Os animais foram eutanaziados após 4h da injeção e a alça ileal coletada para as seguintes analises: imunofluorescência para ChAT, NOS, P2X7 e calretinina nos preparados de membrana, imunohistoquímica para GFAP, HuC/D, S-100β, TUNEL e PCR para P2X7. Os resultados demonstraram que a TcdA reduziu significativamente em 66,42% os neurônios do plexo mioentérico quando comparado ao controle, enquanto nos preparados de membrana observou-se uma redução significativa dos neurônios imunorreativos a ChAT em 23,21% e Calretinina 28,17%, contudo, houve um aumento de 21,23% da marcação para o receptor P2X7 em relação ao controle. No tecido ileal verificou-se um aumento de 411,95% e 22,40% respectivamente na área positiva para P2X7 e na expressão gênica. Em relação aos marcadores gliais, observou-se um aumento de 125,71% e 144,30% para GFAP e S-100β, respectivamente. Nos animais tratados com os inibidores de P2X7: BBG e o A438079 observou-se uma melhora dos parâmetros histológicos, uma redução significativa do número de células apoptóticas, das células marcadas para GFAP e S-100β, das citocinas: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-8 com relação ao controle e um aumento significativo na área positiva para HuC/D em relação a TcdA. A partir desses resultados, concluiu-se que a TcdA promoveu alterações no sistema nervoso entérico, aumentando a morte neuronal e ativando as células da glia, e que o receptor P2X7 tem participação importante nas alterações induzidas pela TcdA do C. difficile.
Junior, Celio Jose de Castro. „Efeito da toxina PhTx3-4 do veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer nos níveis de Ca2+ intracelular na exocirose em sinaptosomas“. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/SMOC-7DQNEM.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO influxo de cálcio e a exocitose de vesículas sinápticas no terminal nervoso são eventos chave na neurotransmissão. A entrada de cálcio, em resposta a um estímulo despolarizante, através de canais de cálcio regulados por voltagem é o principal sinal que dispara a ativação da maquinaria exocitótica e consequente liberação de neurotransmissores. A existência de diferentes subtipos de canais de cálcio regulados por voltagem com funções fisiológicas distintas motiva a busca de novos agentes farmacológicos atuantes sobre estes canais. O veneno da aranha brasileira Phoneutria nigriventer contém uma variedade de substâncias com ação predominantemente neurotóxica, dentre elas a fração PhTx3-4 foi recentemente descrita como uma potente bloquadora da neurotransmissão em diversos modelos experimentais. Para testar o efeito dessa toxina nas alterações intracelulares da concentração 2+]) induzidas por KCl, terminais nervosos centrais isolados de cálcio ([Ca(sinaptosomas) foram marcados com a sonda fluorescente Fura 2-AM. A 2+PhTx3-4 reduziu a [Ca] induzida por KCl de uma forma dependente da dose encontrado inibindo 53% desse efeito em concentrações saturantes. O IC502+para o efeito inibitório da Tx3-4 na [Ca ] foi de 1,4 nM. As toxinas bloqueadoras de canais de cálcio -conotoxina MVIIC, -conotoxina GVIA e -agatoxina IVA reduziram por 47, 22 e 24%, respectivamente, o aumento na 2+] induzida por KCl. Em associação à PhTx3-4, somente a -agatoxina IVA [Ca2+mostrou efeito inibitório aditivo no aumento da [Ca] induzida por KCl. Para investigar o efeito da PhTx3-4 na exocitose de vesículas utilizamos a sonda fluorescente FM2-10. A PhTx3-4 também reduziu com elevada potência (IC = 501,1 nM) a exocitose induzida por KCl, efeito comparativamente maior que o das toxinas -conotoxina MVIIC, -conotoxina GVIA e -agatoxina IVA. Tal como ocorreu nas medidas de cálcio intracelular, somente a -agatoxina IVA apresentou efeito aditivo inibitório com a PhTx3-4 na exocitose induzida por KCl. Juntos esses dados mostram que PhTx3-4 é um potente inibidor de canais de cálcio Tipo-P/Q envolvidos no controle da entrada de cálcio e exocitose de vesículas sinápticas em sinaptosomas cérebro-corticais.
Souto, Pollyana Cristina Maggio de Castro. „Efeitos da administração prolongada de baixos níveis de fumonisina B1 em suínos: avaliação de parâmetros de desempenho, histologia de órgãos, resposta imunológica e resíduos em materiais biológicos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-08092015-110244/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in various types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for various feed composition for domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to swine, which clinical manifestations are clearly observed in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30 mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 in pigs fed diets containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are more probable to be found in field conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of piglets exposed to low levels of FB1 in the feed for 28 days on weight gain, feed intake, relative weight of organs and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys, heart and esophagus, immune response and the determination of FB1 residue in biological materials such as plasma, urine and feces. Twenty-four pigs were divided into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0 mg (control), 3.0 mg, 6.0 mg or 9.0 mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P> 0.05) weight gain or the relative weight of the analyzed organs. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were not observed in the esophagus, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histopathological lesions were observed in the lungs of all pigs fed diets contaminated with fumonisin, indicating that none of FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for pigs. Furthermore, the dietary FB1 did not alter the concentrations of total immunoglobulins, although it decreased the immune response of pigs vaccinated with Stellamune® and also reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The FB1 concentrations in plasma of pigs fed 3.0 mg FB1/kg diet remained constant over the 28 days of exposure. Moreover, FB1 plasma levels ranged from 400.3 ± 19.6 pg/ mL to 260.6 ± 61.6 pg/mL in animals exposed to 6.0 mg FB1/kg of diet and 1,127 ± 494.5 pg/mL to 460.7 ± 69.5 pg/mL in animals exposed to 9.0 mg FB1/kg diet, between 7 and 28 days of exposure, respectively. In relation to residual FB1 eliminated in urine, although a variation over the 28 days of exposure was observed, the levels ranged from 17.9 ± 28.53 ng/mL to 16.1 ± 22 ng/mL in urine of pigs exposed with 3.0 mg FB1/kg, 47.4 ± 26.4 ng/mL to 24.12 ± 26 ng/mL in pigs exposed to 6.0 mg FB1/kg, and 75.05 ± 55.2 ng/mL to 18.9 ± 4.4 ng/mL in pigs exposed to 9.0 mg FB1/kg of feed. Residual FB1 levels eliminated in the feces remained constant in animals exposed to 3.0 mg FB1/kg diet, with values of 2.26 ± 1.6 mg/g to 3.25 ± 2.26 mg/kg; in pigs fed 6.0 or 9.0 mg FB1/kg feed, the levels found in feces were 5.18 ± 1.6 mg/kg to 10.6 ± 2.3 mg/kg and 8.16 ± 6.8 mg/kg to 13.8 ± 4.8 mg/kg, respectively. The FB1 residues found in feces decreased from 21 days in pigs exposed to 6.0 mg FB1/kg of feed; however, these levels remained constant between 21 and 28 in pigs exposed to 9.0 mg FB1/kg of feed, indicating a low absorption of toxin in all treatments. Significant (P<0,.05) correlations were found between the FB1 excreted in feces (mg/kg) and the FB1 ingested (mg FB1/animal). The correlations between the ingested FB1 in the different treatments and the residual FB1 levels in urine or plasma were also significant (P<0.05) on days 7 and 28 of intoxication, respectively. Thus the quantification of FB1 in urine or plasm is suitable as biomarker of ingestion of low levels of FB1 at the beginning (7 days) or at the end (28 days) of the intoxication period, respectively. Further studies are needed on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs especially under conditions of prolonged exposure to low levels of contamination in the feed.
TALLARICO, LENITA de F. „Avaliacao dos efeitos toxicos e mutagenicos de amostras ambientais do Rio Tiete na regiao de Suzano em Biomphalaria glabrata (SAY, 1818)“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9382.
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