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1
Leonardi, Laura, Hrsg. Flessicurezza/Flexiseguridad. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-097-6.
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The strategy of flexicurity was adopted as a model by the European Union and proposed to all the Member States as a solution for addressing the challenges connected with the competitiveness and instability of the markets, with a view to enhancing employment levels and maintaining social cohesion. The various contributions in this book analyse the concept of flexicurity and its effective feasibility in different institutional contexts, in particular Italy and Spain and – at regional level – in Tuscany and Catalonia. The consequence of the variety of employment and social security models is that the meanings and manifestations of flexicurity are highly divergent, even in cases as analogous as Spain and Italy, since the different contexts generate significant differences. The overall analysis demonstrates that the forms of regulation and organisation of the social institutions, and their complementary nature, have a major impact on the relations between forms of flexibility and security, and do not always give rise to the virtuous process of flexicurity.
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Gibson-Davis, Christina M. Single and Cohabiting Parents and Poverty. Herausgegeben von David Brady und Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.19.
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This article examines the interrelationships among poverty rates, inequality, and nonmarital family structures, focusing on households with a never-married parent, usually the mother, or with cohabiting parents. It first considers marriage and fertility patterns around the world and how these patterns exhibit characteristics of the so-called second demographic transition in which marriage and fertility have become increasingly disconnected. It then discusses the reasons why nonmarital families tend to be poorer than marital families and also why the correlation between poverty and nonmarital family structures does not causally explain between- or within-country variation in poverty rates. It also describes some methods for addressing high poverty rates among nonmarital household structures, arguing that policies other than marriage promotion would be far more effective at reducing poverty for nonmarital households. The article concludes with an assessment of some implications of nonmarital fertility for economic inequality.
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Roger, Mccormick, und Stears Chris. Part I The General Context, 4 The Global Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0005.
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This chapter considers how legal risk issues are dealt with outside the UK. Recent developments in law and policy, especially in the financial sector, have been influenced by the impact of globalization. The recent global financial crisis also triggered a new resolve at international, governmental level to seek more effective ways of achieving some measure of globally effective regulation for the financial markets. EU directives are currently (before Brexit takes effect) the single largest source of regulatory change in the London financial markets. Policymakers increasingly look at the comparative position in other similar countries to address the need for English law to remain in step with international developments that assist with the efficient functioning of a financial market wishing to attract international financial institutions and their clients.
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Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith und Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.
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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
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Willis, Justin. Chieftaincy. Herausgegeben von John Parker und Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0011.
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Across Africa, the term chief has been—and still is—used to describe individuals whose status and influence is extremely diverse; no single analytical model can explain the multiple phenomena of ‘chieftaincy’. But a broad pattern can be observed. Across much of the continent, individuals who possessed political authority in precolonial societies did so most effectively not by monopolizing a single kind of power, but by dealing in multiple forms of powerful knowledge. In the colonial period and subsequently, this brokering of knowledge has acquired a new productive potency, serving as a means to both mediate and reproduce a distinction between tradition on the one hand and the state on the other.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.
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Hobelsberger, Hans. Social Glocalisation and Education. Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/84742371.
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This book discusses the local effects of globalisation, especially in the context of social work, health and practical theology, as well as the challenges of higher education in a troubled world. The more globalised the world becomes, the more important local identities are. The global becomes effective in the local sphere. This phenomenon, called ‘glocalisation’ since the 1990s, poses many challenges to people and to the social structures in which they operate.
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Clark, David. Rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.05.04.
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♦ 50% of RA patients have elbow involvement♦ Females affected 3 times more than males♦ Peak incidence 60-70 years of age♦ Radiological severity assessed using the Larson radiological grading system♦ No single test used to diagnose RA♦ The management of RA requires a multidisciplinary approach♦ Anti-TNF drugs are used when disease-modifying agent combinations have failed to control symptoms♦ Intra-articular and intramuscular cortisone is an effective way of controlling fl are-ups♦ Total elbow arthroplasty is indicated in severe RA where there is failure of medical management to control symptoms♦ 10 year survival rates of total elbow replacement between 80 % (unlinked) and 92 % (linked).
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Levy, David. Psychological problems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0011.
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Psychological disturbances occur throughout Type1 diabetes, from diagnosis to the experience of late tissue complications. Serious life events may precipitate diabetes onset. All parents of newly diagnosed children report stress. Poor glycaemic control is associated with suboptimal school performance, but children do not consider their own quality of life to be poor. Depression during adolescence is no more common than in the background population. Single parenthood and minority ethnicity are associated with worse glycaemic outcomes. Poor glycaemia associated with poor family functioning can be helped by family-based interventions. Eating disorders are not more frequent in diabetes, but disordered eating and insulin omission are prevalent, the last associated with increased mortality. Depression is common, often severe, undiagnosed, and associated with maternal depression. Non-pharmacological treatment is more effective than antidepressants. Diabetic complications increase the risk of depression 2- to 3-fold, and all depressive disorders may increase mortality in people with foot ulceration.
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Agarwal, Vijay, Hrsg. Integrated Management of Complex Intracranial Lesions. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108908610.
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Large intracranial lesions are among the most complex and dangerous lesions encountered by neurosurgeons, and a single neurosurgical approach often does not provide a large or safe enough corridor for effective treatment. A combined approach to these surgeries, incorporating open, endoscopic, vascular and keyhole techniques can be more successful. This comprehensive text describes in detail how to select the most appropriate approaches, as well as how to avoid any complications that may arise. High quality videos of the techniques described are available through an online version on Cambridge Core, accessible via the code printed on the inside of the cover. With over 150 colour images supporting the text, this is a definitive reference for anyone involved in intracranial tumor or vascular surgery.
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Barnett, Michael N., Jon C. W. Pevehouse und Kal Raustiala, Hrsg. Global Governance in a World of Change. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108915199.
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Global governance has come under increasing pressure since the end of the Cold War. In some issue areas, these pressures have led to significant changes in the architecture of governance institutions. In others, institutions have resisted pressures for change. This volume explores what accounts for this divergence in architecture by identifying three modes of governance: hierarchies, networks, and markets. The authors apply these ideal types to different issue areas in order to assess how global governance has changed and why. In most issue areas, hierarchical modes of governance, established after World War II, have given way to alternative forms of organization focused on market or network-based architectures. Each chapter explores whether these changes are likely to lead to more or less effective global governance across a wide range of issue areas. This provides a novel and coherent theoretical framework for analysing change in global governance.
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Temkin, Larry S. Being Good in a World of Need. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849977.001.0001.
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Ours is a rich world filled with misery. This gives rise to a pressing question: how should the well-off respond to the needy? Peter Singer famously argued that just as we have an obligation to save a drowning child, we have an obligation to support charities like Oxfam. Inspired by Singer, Effective Altruism holds that we ought to support those charities doing the most good. Being Good in a World of Need powerfully challenges these views. Drawing on many sources, Temkin illustrates many disanalogies between saving a drowning child and supporting international charities, involving: intervening agents; effects of one’s actions; corruption; responsibility; accidents versus injustice; and aid beneficiaries. These disanalogies raise complex issues requiring a pluralistic approach, rather than Effective Altruism’s monistic, “do the most good” approach. Being Good discusses: ways aid may reward corrupt leaders and incentivize disastrous policies; charities ignoring or covering up negative impacts; the ethical disaster of aid efforts in Goma; brain and character drains; difficulties in replicability or scaling up model aid projects; ethical imperialism, paternalism, autonomy, and respect; Angus Deaton’s contention that aid undermines government responsiveness; Jeffrey Sachs and the Millennium Villages Project; conflicts between individual and collective morality; fairness and responsibility; focusing on badly off people rather than countries; humanitarian versus development aid; and ways of aiding other than on-the-ground charities. Being Good reinforces Temkin’s longstanding view that, morally, the well-off can’t ignore the needy. Unfortunately, what one should do given that truth is much more complex, and murky, than most have realized.
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Hallett, Mark, und Alfredo Berardelli. Movement Disorders. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0044.
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This article focuses on the potential therapeutic uses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in movement disorders. The brain can be stimulated with low levels of direct electrical current, called direct current polarization (tDCS). High-frequency repetitive TMS might increase brain excitability and be used for therapy in Parkinson's disease. Single sessions with TMS, however, have not proven to be very effective. Treatment with tDCS has been performed in some open studies with some success, but these results need confirmation. Physiological findings in dystonia reveal a decrease in intracortical inhibition. There have been a few studies of patients with Tourette's syndrome with mixed results. To date, clinical results with TMS in movement disorders have been mixed, and more work will be needed to clarify the potential clinical role of TMS.
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Smith, Holly M. The Hybrid Solution to the Problems of Error and Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 investigates whether the combined Austere and Hybrid two-tier system, now re-labeled the “Hybrid solution,” provides an effective response to the problem of uncertainty. Criteria of adequacy for a solution to this problem are articulated, and versions of the approach offering a single decision-guide at the lower tier are assessed. Popular guides, such as “Perform the act most likely to be obligatory,” “Maximize expected value,” and “Try to perform the obligatory act,” along with more sophisticated guides proposed by Fred Feldman and John Pollock, are each shown to be inadequate, partly because they demand a richer set of beliefs than many agents possess. The chapter concludes that a Hybrid system offering multiple decision-guides for uncertainty seems far better positioned to solve the problem of uncertainty.
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Sorger, Richard, und Simon Seivewright. Research and Design for Fashion. 4. Aufl. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350130999.
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Fashion demands a steady flow of creative ideas. Research and Design for Fashion will guide you through the research techniques that could spark your next original collection. With practical advice on designing effective moodboards, recycling existing garments and getting to know your customer, this new edition will help you master the research process and apply it to your own designs. There's also a wealth of advice through interviews with exceptional designers, including Christopher Raeburn, ThreeASFOUR and Magdaléna Mikulicáková, as well as updated imagery of the research and design work behind both single garments and entire collections. This fourth edition explores how cultural events, historical anniversaries and sport influences can be the starting point for a collection. There's more on creative ways of recording your findings and designing for menswear, childrenswear and gender-neutral clothing.
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Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling und Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: obstetrics, gynaecology, and urinary tract disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0022.
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Hormonal contraception 460Contraception has been an important part of human lives since the time of the early Egyptians. While methods have changed dramatically over the years, the purpose remains the same—to control fertility.Most methods used today are female-driven and involve hormones. These methods are very effective in preventing pregnancy when taken or used as directed. Barrier methods rely on their availability at the time of intercourse and are more efficacious when used with spermicides....
17
Vatakencherry, Geogy, Alok Bhatt und Amanjit S. Baadh. Consultation. Herausgegeben von Bradley B. Pua, Anne M. Covey und David C. Madoff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276249.003.0001.
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In the 1960s, Dr. Charles Dotter created the field of vascular and interventional radiology. Despite tremendous opposition from competing providers, he forged ahead, bringing percutaneous vascular intervention to the mainstream of modern medicine. Since Dotter, vascular and interventional radiology has undergone a dramatic transformation marked by repeated innovation. In September 2012, the American Board of Medical Specialties recognized interventional radiology as the 37th primary specialty in medicine, acknowledging the unique nature of this specialty, in that it combines clinical, imaging, and technical skill sets. As the field evolves from one focused on techniques and procedures to involving disease specialists with the inclusion of consultative services, it is imperative that the interventionalist becomes better integrated in patient management through more effective consultations. This chapter provides a framework for providing effective consultations to patients and families, referring providers, and colleagues.
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Priestman, Martin. Detectives, Spies, and Heroes: From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0019.
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This chapter considers the transmutations of the crime genre’s endlessly reproducible heroes in the wake of the Second World War. More or less created by Arthur Conan Doyle (despite a few partial forerunners), series centred round the repeated exploits of a single figure — usually a detective such as Sherlock Holmes or an undercover agent such as James Bond — have dominated bestseller lists throughout the twentieth century and the beginning of this one. But such stories have only an uneasy relationship with what we might normally think of as literary history. It is a form centred not around individual books but around their heroes. However, detective or secret agent series-heroes can be very effective weathervanes of public anxieties: of what, at particular times, we fear most and most need to feel that someone, somewhere can resolve.
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Vogel, Steven K. The Marketcraft Thesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699857.003.0001.
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Markets need rules, not simply to protect people and the environment from collateral damage, but to function effectively in the first place. This chapter presents this argument in ten propositions. (1) There is no such thing as a free market. (2) Markets have to be created. (3) Market reform is primarily a constructive enterprise. (4) There is no single market solution to a policy challenge. (5) There may not even be a more market-oriented alternative among policy options. (6) The government-versus-market dichotomy is fundamentally misleading. (7) The regulation-versus-competition dichotomy is fundamentally misleading. (8) A liberal economy like the United States is just as governed as a coordinated economy like Japan. (9) A coordinated economy like Japan requires more governance, not less, to liberalize its economy. (10) The information economy requires more market governance, not less.
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Zaider, Talia, Shira Hichenberg und Lauren Latella. Advancing family communication skills in oncology nursing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0028.
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This chapter presents a new communication skills training initiative designed to advance family-centred care in the inpatient oncology setting. Because of their consistent contact with families, oncology nurses are well-positioned to initiate and model supportive care to the family. Two formats of training are presented: (i) a single-session module for acute care nurses focuses on responding to challenging family interactions at the bedside; (ii) a comprehensive, six-month curriculum for advanced practice nurses focuses on conceptualization and intervention skills, as applied to a range of complex family situations that arise during a patient’s admission. The training presented here teaches nurses to effectively partner with families, assess support needs, facilitate collaborative problem-solving, and transition families to psychosocial resources. Both training efforts were piloted at a large, comprehensive cancer centre. Preliminary data supports the feasibility and perceived relevance of training content, as well as gains in nurses’ confidence working effectively with families.
21
Foufopoulos, Johannes, Gary A. Wobeser und Hamish McCallum. Infectious Disease Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199583508.001.0001.
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Emerging infectious diseases pose an increasingly serious threat to a number of endangered or sensitive species. Despite the significant impact of pathogens on conservation, no single book has yet integrated the theoretical principles underlying disease transmission with the practical health considerations for helping wildlife professionals and conservation biologists to manage disease outbreaks and conserve biodiversity. This novel and accessible textbook starts with a foundational section focusing on the role of pathogens in natural ecosystems, the dynamics of transmission in different environments, and the factors driving wildlife disease outbreaks. It then moves on to far more applied issues concerned with the acquisition of field data including sampling, experimental design, and analysis, as well as diagnostic analyses in both the laboratory and field. Guidelines for effective modeling and data analysis follow, before a final section is devoted to disease prevention and control including the prevention of novel outbreaks, the use of diseases as biocontrol agents, and the associated issues of ethics, public communication, and outreach.
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Rodriguez-Blanco, Veronica. Processes and Artifacts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821977.003.0010.
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This chapter proposes a model of intention as diachronically directed to an end. Thus, intention is conceived as an activity, process, or bringing about of an object or state of affairs. This model explains how we effectively produce artifacts and specific kinds of artifacts which are institutional facts, including law. The model of intention as a mental state is rejected since it cannot explain how mental states are effectively connectevd to its intended effects. The alternative solution advanced by classical tradition and some contemporary authors, such as Anscombe, provides the idea of intention as a process of bringing about something. Intentions run parallel to our capacities for reasoning and this process creates an order to reasons that makes intelligible the product of the process. This sheds new light on the idea that law is an artifact and therefore something that we bring about in the world.
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Singh, Dalvinder. European Cross-Border Banking and Banking Supervision. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844754.001.0001.
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This book provides timely analysis of the cross-border exercise of banking activity in the EU and its supervision, from the perspective of the ‘home-host rule’. It examines the current system and the efficacy of recent reforms considering whether the centralization of decision making and a more effective mutualization of financing tools could increase the efficiency of the EU banking system. The EU banking market is very integrated since banking institutions based in the Union are free to perform their activities within the common market. This has allowed EU banking institutions to significantly increase their cross-border operations. This way of working is based on the home country control principle according to which EU institutions performing cross-border activities continue to be supervised by their home country supervisor. However, this system has raised challenges for effectively performing supervision and resolution. The book analyses how far recent reforms under the banking union regime have addressed these issues. It analyses the main pillars of the banking union. It also analyses how international standards and EU requirements undertake to divide responsibilities between the home and host state and the extent to which they align interests between the home and host and minimize potential conflicts of interests. The book provides a valuable resource for academics researching on central banking union and regulation, and helps legal practitioners to address questions of supervision, resolution, and insolvency with a cross-border element.
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Oladeji, Bibilola D., und Kevin R. Robertson. Neuropsychological Evaluation for Persons with HIV and AIDS. Herausgegeben von Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding und Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0012.
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With recent developments in the classification and definitions for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), neuropsychological assessments have become central to the diagnostic process. The pattern and manifestation of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV have changed since the introduction of effective antiretroviral medications and their increasingly widespread use. Prior to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, severe cognitive disorder presenting as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) was a common manifestation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. In more recent times, however, milder forms of neurocognitive impairment have become more common, often being asymptomatic and difficult to recognize without formal neuropsychological testing. Hence, recognizing individuals at most risk for cognitive decline through neuropsychological testing will offer opportunities for developing targeted interventions that could delay disease progression and improve individual functioning and quality of life.
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Hellman, Samuel. Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0004.
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Research is an integral part of the author’s academic life. His clinical research began with how best to combine surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to increase tumor cure. Since these modalities had different mechanisms of action as well as different toxicities and limitations, combining them offered the potential of more effective and less morbid treatments. While he began these studies with Hodgkin and other lymphomas, breast cancer was a major emphasis throughout his career. Lymphoma treatment has improved greatly, resulting in marked increases in cure rates. Breast cancer treatment now is more efficacious, with a significant reduction in the extent of surgery and its resulting functional and aesthetic effects. The author was an active participant in these efforts internationally. With Ralph Weichselbaum’s group he has shown how metastases can be cured early in their evolution.
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Rowe, David M. Economic Sanctions and International Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.160.
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Economic sanctions are a versatile instrument of statecraft used by states to try to influence the behavior of foreign actors by threatening or restricting customary cross-border trade or financial flows to an intended target. Examples of economic sanctions are retaliatory tariffs imposed in trade disputes and the complete cessation of economic flows aimed at undermining a certain regime. The importance of economic sanctions to policy makers has spawned a substantial amount of scholarly work dominated by two questions: whether sanctions “work” and whether states should use them. The long-running scholarly debate about whether sanctions work is essentially a dispute over how to classify cases. However, comparing cases of success and failure is problematic, in part because the very notion of what constitutes the successful use of sanctions is not clear and policy makers rarely seek to influence a single target or pursue a single policy goal when using sanctions. One of the most promising developments in the literature has been the increasing use of game theory to analyze sanctions, but this approach does not adequately determine the appropriateness of sanctions as a policy instrument. Sanctions research should focus instead on the basic strategic dynamics of the sanctions episode in order to identify those factors that contribute most strongly to the effective use of sanctions and to enable policy makers to understand more about the consequences of using sanctions as an instrument of statecraft.
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Richard, Happ. 7 Germany. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199655717.003.0008.
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This chapter evaluates the merits of Germany as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. It discusses the history and development of arbitration in Germany; the processes and rules involved as well as the role of courts in the conduct of arbitration proceedings; and rules for arbitral awards. It concludes that Germany offers a modern and effective legal framework for international arbitration. As in other popular arbitration jurisdictions, there are deviations from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law regarding the courts' control of and assistance in the proceedings that do not affect Germany' s general suitability as arbitration venue. Nevertheless, a German venue is not always on the shortlist of counsel and arbitral tribunals. One possible obstacle in the minds of foreign lawyers is that there is not a single German arbitration venue akin to London for the United Kingdom or Paris for France. Instead, there are at least six suitable venues in Germany. The ability to choose should not be seen as an obstacle, but rather as an advantage.
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Nesbitt, Eleanor. 7. Attitudes to caste, gender, and other faiths. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745570.003.0007.
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The film Bend it Like Beckham (2002) illustrated effectively gender issues in the Sikh religion and how they are viewed in comparison to gender issues outside of Sikhism. ‘Attitudes to caste, gender, and other faiths’ looks at these themes and relates them to discussion of Punjabi cultural norms, insights of the Gurus, and the legacy of Guru Gobind Singh in both the Khalsa and the Dasam Granth. It also considers the strictures of successive rahit-namas and the reformist project of the Singh Sabha, plus more recent developments, especially in the diaspora. These sets of issues belong together in any discussion of Sikhs’ resounding claims that the Panth is egalitarian.
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Jørgensen, Harald, und Susan Hallam. Practising. Herausgegeben von Susan Hallam, Ian Cross und Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0025.
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This article reviews studies on the nature of practice and its importance in developing musical expertise. The musician not only needs to consider the development of technical skills but must also develop musical interpretation, may have to play or sing from memory, rehearse and perform in cooperation with other musicians, improvise, and contend with stage fright. Both the quantity and quality of practice contribute to the level of expertise attained, and the individual's ability to adopt more effective practising strategies is inextricably linked with their level of expertise. Musicians exhibit considerable diversity in the ways they practise, which can lead to equally successful outcomes.
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Tschirgi, Necla, und Cedric de Coning. The Challenge of Sustaining Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0017.
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While demand for international peacebuilding assistance increases around the world, the UN’s Peacebuilding Architecture (PBA) remains a relatively weak player, for many reasons: its original design, uneasy relations between the Peacebuilding Commission and Security Council, turf battles within the UN system, and how UN peacebuilding is funded. This chapter examines the PBA’s operations since 2005, against the evolution of the peacebuilding field, and discusses how the PBA can be a more effective instrument in the UN’s new “sustaining peace” approach. To do so, it would have to become the intergovernmental anchor for that approach, without undermining the intent that “sustaining peace” be a system-wide responsibility, encompassing the entire spectrum of UN activities in peace, security, development, and human rights.
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Wooldredge, John, und Paula Smith, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Prisons and Imprisonment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook on Prisons and Imprisonment provides a rich source of information on institutional corrections around the world, covering the most critical issues facing both inmates and prison staff. The contributors offer theoretically informed and critical discussions of these issues that facilitate more objective and realistic assessments of related problems and their possible solutions. The handbook is the first original volume on prisons and prisoners to cover topics relevant to both the social and behavioral sciences with equal depth paid to each area. Focusing on the impact of these issues on the philosophies of incarceration (retribution, general and specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation) is also unique to a single volume, providing a larger picture of their implications. Included are updated discussions of the always popular topics such as conditions of confinement and prisoner subcultures and topics that have taken or are destined to take greater priority in the field such as inmate victimization, special offender populations, prison programs, prisoner re-entry, and privatization. The handbook is divided into six sections corresponding to topic areas identified as major focal points of discussion and research in the field. As such, it provides a single source that bridges social and behavioral science perspectives, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of these topics while providing academics with a knowledge base that will more effectively inform their own research. For practitioners, particularly those in the treatment sector, the book provides an excellent overview of best program practices that are empirically based and research-driven.
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Wigginton, Mark, Miguel Garcia, Timothy J. Draycott und Neil A. Muchatuta. Simulation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0053.
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Simulation can be a powerful tool in obstetric anaesthesia, driving forwards the education of clinicians for the benefit of patients. Simulation has been closely linked with obstetrics since its inception. Today’s modern technology and educational theory have combined to make it a more powerful and accessible learning tool than ever, allowing both clinical skills and human factors to be effectively taught and assessed in combination. Since becoming more widely validated, simulation is also being used in research, to identify latent threats and for summative assessment. Setting up a simulation programme, whether in situ or at a dedicated centre, requires preparation, planning, and an appreciation of its limitations. The simulation should be evidence based, target the learner’s needs, and be of benefit to patients. The challenge for trainers and trainees is to ensure both that the training provided achieves these goals, and that they can deliver evidence to demonstrate that it has.
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Crysmann, Berthold. Inferential-realizational morphology without rule blocks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0008.
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The chapter outlines a formal theory of inferential-realizational morphology that eliminates (ordered) rule blocks. I show that rule blocks not only stand in the way of a more general treatment of variable morphotactics, but that they also artificially restrict the scope of Pāṇinian competition, effectively ruling out operation at a distance. Instead, it argues for a purely information-based model of global competition that reconciles competition with extended exponence by means of a distinction between realization and allomorphic conditioning. It shows, in particular, that arbitrary decisions with respect to this distinction can be eliminated, once Carstairs’s (1987) notion of Pure Sensitivity has been turned into a formal principle of our theory. Finally, the chapter shows how Information-based Morphology can account for symmetric cases of extended exponence by simultaneous introduction of exponents since the theory is able to capture many-to-many relations between form and function at the level of individual rules.
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Crawford, Neta C. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14617.001.0001.
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How the Pentagon became the world's largest single greenhouse gas emitter and why it's not too late to break the link between national security and fossil fuel consumption. The military has for years (unlike many politicians) acknowledged that climate change is real, creating conditions so extreme that some military officials fear future climate wars. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense—military forces and DOD agencies—is the largest single energy consumer in the United States and the world's largest institutional greenhouse gas emitter. In this eye-opening book, Neta Crawford traces the U.S. military's growing consumption of energy and calls for a reconceptualization of foreign policy and military doctrine. Only such a rethinking, she argues, will break the link between national security and fossil fuels. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War shows how the U.S. economy and military together have created a deep and long-term cycle of economic growth, fossil fuel use, and dependency. This cycle has shaped U.S. military doctrine and, over the past fifty years, has driven the mission to protect access to Persian Gulf oil. Crawford shows that even as the U.S. military acknowledged and adapted to human-caused climate change, it resisted reporting its own greenhouse gas emissions. Examining the idea of climate change as a “threat multiplier” in national security, she argues that the United States faces more risk from climate change than from lost access to Persian Gulf oil—or from most military conflicts. The most effective way to cut military emissions, Crawford suggests provocatively, is to rethink U.S. grand strategy, which would enable the United States to reduce the size and operations of the military.
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Alexander, Christine. Water Fitness Progressions. Human Kinetics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718214088.
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Water fitness classes are more popular than ever—and with good reason, since they are fun, accessible, and effective. But how do you, as an instructor or trainer, keep them fresh? How do you continue to challenge your participants, who have varied interests and goals? Water Fitness Progressions has the answers. Water Fitness Progressions is designed to help you create programs that gradually, and systematically, progress your participants. Inside you will discover the following: • Over 150 ready-to-use lesson plans • Variations of the shallow-water and deep-water exercises offer over 590 possibilities • Specific programming for shallow and deep water • Suggestions for introducing equipment to a workout • High-intensity and low-intensity training plans • Tips for using water resistance to improve strength With step-by-step instructions, detailed photos, and expert advice, Water Fitness Progressions is the comprehensive, yet practical, resource that you’ve been waiting for. With an entire year of plans, you will spend more time teaching and less time preparing.
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Wassermann, Eric M. Direct current brain polarization. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0007.
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The transcranial application of weak direct current (DC) to the brain is an effective neuromodulation technique that has had more than a century of experimental and therapeutic use. Focal DC brain polarization is now undergoing renewed interest, because of the wide acceptance of TMS as a research tool and candidate treatment for brain disorders. The effects of static electrical fields on cortical neurons in vivo have been known since the advent of intracellular recording. These effects are highly selective for neurons oriented longitudinally in the plane of the electric field. DC can enhance cognitive processes occurring in the treated area. The earliest clinical application of DC polarization was in the field of mood disorders. However, due to lack of temporal and spatial resolution, this technique does not appear particularly useful for exploring neurophysiological mechanisms.
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Deborah Ruiz, Verduzco. Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints, 3 The Relationship between the ICC and the United Nations Security Council. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0003.
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International criminal justice emerged in the tradition of international peace and security. The relationship between the ICC and the Security Council has been problematic since the inception of the Court. While some delegations argued that the nexus to collective security is helpful because it might make ICC justice more effective in terms of enforcement, other delegations feared that it might render the Court vulnerable to alignment with politics. This chapter examines dilemmas that have emerged in the interaction between the Court and the Council in the first decade. It focuses on several key areas: referrals, deferrals, and institutional interaction, most notably cooperation and funding. It seeks to offer a constructivist vision on the interplay between the ICC and the Council, by offering some targeted recommendations to improve the status quo.
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Mintrom, Michael. Herbert A. Simon,. Herausgegeben von Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page und Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.22.
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InAdministrative Behavior, Herbert Simon proposed a science of administration where organizational decisions represent the primary units of analysis. In constructing a conceptual framework to guide that science, Simon drew heavily on insights from cognitive psychology. Since its publication in 1947,Administrative Behaviorhas inspired researchers investigating institutional and organizational practices across many settings. Here, consideration is given to the impact ofAdministrative Behaviorin public policy and public administration. Four legacies are highlighted. They are: scholarship on incrementalism in policy-making, scholarship on agenda setting, scholarship on choice architecture, and scholarship on expertise and learning organizations. Continuous improvements in information technology and its application, combined with increasing citizen demands for more effective and efficient government, suggest ideas introduced inAdministrative Behaviorwill continue to influence theory and practice in policy design and public management for years to come.
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MacAskill, William, Andreas Mogensen und Toby Ord. Giving Isn’t Demanding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.003.0007.
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Peter Singer argues that middle-class members of affluent countries have an obligation to give away almost all their income to fight poverty in the developing world. Others, however, argue that this view is too demanding: it is asking more of us than morality truly requires. This chapter proposes a weaker principle, the very weak principle of sacrifice: Most middle-class members of affluent countries ought, morally, to use at least 10 percent of their income to effectively improve the lives of others. This principle is not very demanding at all, and therefore the “demandingness” objection has not even pro tanto force against it.
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Nugent, Allison C., und Maura L. Furey. Neuroimaging Promises and Caveats. Herausgegeben von Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.41.
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Neuroscience research has clearly demonstrated neurological correlates of psychological disorders. We believe that neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, has great potential to increase our understanding of these disorders, leading to more effective treatments, prevention, and perhaps even cure. Nevertheless, the popular media is replete with misinformation and exaggerated claims. The present chapter is intended to give the reader the necessary knowledge to critically evaluate neuroimaging studies of psychological disorders. We provide an overview of all the major neuroimaging techniques, example studies relevant to psychological disorders (with a particular emphasis on depression), particular pitfalls and caveats associated with each technique, and the promise of each technique. We first cover the nuclear imaging techniques, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). We then explore several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, both structural and functional. Finally, we give an overview of the electrophysiological techniques, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Each of these techniques has particular strengths, and particular weaknesses. At this point, none of these tools are diagnostic, but each one provides a unique window into psychological disorders. When applied in a methodologically rigorous and statistically rigorous manner, neuroimaging has great promise for achieving greater understanding of psychological disorders, and relieving the great burdens they cause.
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Arulkumaran, Nishkantha, und Maurizio Cecconi. Cardiac output assessment in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0136.
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Haemodynamic monitoring facilitates effective resuscitation and the rapid assessment of the response to time-dependent vasoactive and fluid therapyin different shock states. Since the introduction of the pulmonary artery catheter, several minimally and non-invasive CO monitoring devices have been introduced to provide continuous monitoring and a dynamic profile of fluid responsiveness. Several of these monitors provide additional haemodynamic parameters including dynamic indices of preload and volumetric indices. Patient outcome is dependent accurate acquisition and interpretation of data and subsequent management. Whilst data from CO monitors offer valuable information on global hamodynamics, they do not preclude tissue hypoperfusion. Furthermore, there is no ‘ideal’ CO value for an individual patient, and the trend in haemodynamic parameters in response to therapy may be more informative than the absolute values. CO monitoring should be based upon the patient’s needs, the clinical scenario, and the experience of the treating physician.
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Sridharan, Eswaran. Rising or Constrained Power? Herausgegeben von David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan und Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.50.
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This chapter analyses India’s prospects as a rising power by asking what kind of power India has the potential to be, given its military, economic, and institutional capacities and the economic and geostrategic constraints it faces. It argues that while sustained high growth is a necessary condition it is not a sufficient condition since economic growth does not necessarily convert smoothly into greater power. Due to such conversion problems India, like some other powers, might not be able to exercise commensurate regional, extra-regional, and global influence as might appear to follow from the revival of sustained high growth and increased economic weight. The more achievable and likely alternative is that of a coalitional or bridging power that can play the role of an effective partner in the security and other spheres to a range of powers, principally to the United States and in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions.
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Candido, Kenneth D., Teresa M. Kusper, Alexei Lissounov und Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. Phantom Limb Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0013.
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Post-amputation pain (PAP) has challenged clinicians for centuries. The first written record of this perplexing condition came from the 16th-century French military surgeon Ambrose Paré. The term phantom limb pain (PLP) was coined by Silas Weir Mitchell, who provided a comprehensive description of the condition during the 19th century. Since that time, the understanding of PLP has greatly expanded; however, our knowledge of the exact mechanisms underlying it is still very deficient. Amputation of a body part can result in one sequela or more than one neurologic sequelae occurring concurrently: phantom sensation, phantom pain, and stump pain. The incidence and prevalence vary across the spectrum of these syndromes. A myriad of treatment modalities are employed in an attempt to terminate PLP, including pharmacotherapy, injections, alternative therapy, surgical interventions, and neuromodulation. Despite an extensive search for effective therapeutic options, PLP remains a highly challenging and debilitating condition.
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Haun, Phil, Colin Jackson und Tim Schultz, Hrsg. Air Power in the Age of Primacy. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108985024.
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Since the end of the Cold War the United States and other major powers have wielded their air forces against much weaker state and non-state actors. In this age of primacy, air wars have been contests between unequals and characterized by asymmetries of power, interest, and technology. This volume examines ten contemporary wars where air power played a major and at times decisive role. Its chapters explore the evolving use of unmanned aircraft against global terrorist organizations as well as more conventional air conflicts in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Yemen, Syria, and against ISIS. Air superiority could be assumed in this unique and brief period where the international system was largely absent great power competition. However, the reliable and unchallenged employment of a spectrum of manned and unmanned technologies permitted in the age of primacy may not prove effective in future conflicts.
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Flanigan, Jessica. Paternalism and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190684549.003.0002.
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Since medical paternalism is wrong in the clinical context, it should be rejected in public policy as well. But even if paternalistic public health policies were permissible, it is not clear that prohibitive pharmaceutical regulations are necessary to promote public health. Prohibitions could undermine health in some cases, for example, if prescription requirements make patients more deferential to physicians and tolerant of medical risks. Premarket testing requirements cause people to suffer and die waiting for new drugs to get approved, and they discourage new drug development. This is not to say that regulation serves no purpose. Pharmaceutical regulators provide a valuable pubic good by overseeing testing for new drugs and by certifying drugs that they deem generally safe and effective. But the benefits of regulation do not require that the regulations be prohibitive, and prohibitive regulations not only violate patients’ rights, they may also cost lives.
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Tsutsui, Kiyoteru. Zainichi (Korean Residents in Japan). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853105.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the complicated history of Zainichi, Korean residents in Japan, who came to Japan during the colonial era. After 1945, Zainichi lost all citizenship rights and had to fight for many rights, but the division in the Korean peninsula cast a shadow over Zainichi communities, hampering effective activism for more rights in Japan. Focusing on the issue of fingerprinting—the most salient example of rights violations against Zainichi—the chapter demonstrates how, since the late 1970s, global human rights principles have enabled Zainichi to recast their movement as claims for universal rights regardless of citizenship and to use international forums to pressure the Japanese government, leading to the abolition of the fingerprinting practice. Zainichi achieved similar successes in other areas of rights except for political rights, where international norms do not clearly support suffrage for noncitizens. Zainichi also contributed to global human rights by advancing rights for noncitizen minorities.
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Alter, Karen J., und Laurence R. Helfer. Transplanting International Courts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680788.001.0001.
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The Andean Pact was founded in 1969 to build a common market in South America. Andean leaders copied the institutional and treaty design of the European Community, and in the 1970s, member states decided to add a tribunal, again turning to the European Community as its model. Since its first ruling in 1987, the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) has exercised authority over the countries which are members of the Andean Community: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (formerly also Venezuela). It is now the third most active international court in the world, used by governments and private actors to protect their rights and interests in the region. This book investigates how a region with weak legal institutions developed an effective international rule of law, why the ATJ was able to induce widespread respect for Andean intellectual property rules but not other areas governed by regional integration rules, and what the ATJ's experience means for comparable international courts. It also assesses the Andean experience in order to reconsider the European Community system, exploring why the law and politics of integration in Europe and the Andes followed different trajectories. Finally, it provides a detailed analysis of the key factors associated with effective supranational adjudication. This book collects together previously published material by two leading interdisciplinary scholars of international law and politics, and is enhanced by three original chapters further reflecting on the Andean legal order.
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Guénaël, Mettraux. International Crimes: Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198860099.001.0001.
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The law of international crimes has become increasingly dense over the years, which has rendered the law of international crimes more sophisticated and more complex. This is perhaps most apparent in relation to the law of crimes against humanity. From a single paragraph in Article 6 of the Nuremberg Charter, the law of crimes against humanity has grown into dozens of interacting definitional elements and an extensive body of practice. As part of this development, crimes against humanity have established their own normative identity with a distinctive chapeau or contextual element and a broad range of underlying offences, including discrimination-based crimes, penal translations of what are in effect serious human rights violations, a series of gender-based crimes and a residual offence of ‘other inhuman acts’. The combined effect of a sophisticated body of criminal law, international obligations directed at ensuring accountability and a multiplication of judicial venues competent to adjudicate upon such crimes, carries with it the hope that crimes against humanity could become an effective enforcer of international justice. However, resistance to full and universal accountability for such crimes is still a powerful political reality that undermines the possibility of justice and the institutions that are devoted to it. The present volume hopes to contribute to achieving that goal as the law of crimes against humanity is as important and relevant today as it was when first enforced. As it stands today, that law is a testimony to the efforts of many who have strived to ensure that atrocities should not remain unpunished.
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Heimann, Fritz, und Mark Pieth. Confronting Corruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458331.001.0001.
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Corruption undermines nearly all key legal and developmental priorities today, including the effective functioning of democratic institutions and honest elections, environmental protection, human rights and human security, international development programs, and fair competition for global trade and investment. This book chronicles the global anticorruption steps taken since the movement advanced after the end of the Cold War. It provides a realistic assessment of the present state of affairs by critically evaluating what existing anticorruption programs and treaties have accomplished and documenting their shortcomings, while developing an action agenda for the next decade. The authors argue that reformative action is imperative, and the forces of globalization and digital communication will level the playing field and erode the secrecy corruption requires. They define corruption, document its effects, discuss the initiatives that changed public perception, analyze the lessons learned, and then evaluate how to move forward with existing initiatives charting a new path with new, differentiated strategies.
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Jappelli, Tullio, und Luigi Pistaferri. Lifetime Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0011.
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Lifetime uncertainty represents an additional risk that affects intertemporal choice, because consumers may live longer than expected and run the risk of exhausting the resources accumulated for retirement. Lifetime uncertainty introduces an incentive to consume earlier in life because consumers discount future utility at a higher rate. Second, since in each period there is some positive probability that the consumer will not survive to the next period, the terminal condition on wealth corresponds effectively to a liquidity constraint. Third, with lifetime uncertainty, the decumulation of wealth by the elderly is slower than predicted by the life-cycle model. Finally, the model with lifetime uncertainty generates transfers of wealth across generations even without an express bequest motive, through what we can term involuntary or accidental bequests. The chapter highlights the necessity of accounting for lifetime uncertainty when interpreting empirical age-wealth profiles estimated from microeconomic data.