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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Environmentalism Nature conservation“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Environmentalism Nature conservation"
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Sarkar, Sahotra. „Exorcising Race and Empire from American Nature Conservation“. BioScience 71, Nr. 8 (01.06.2021): 777–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab059.
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Carlson, Allen. „Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature and Environmentalism“. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 69 (22.09.2011): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246111000257.
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There can be no doubt that aesthetic appreciation of nature has frequently been a major factor in how we regard and treat the natural environment. In his historical study of American environmental attitudes, environmental philosopher Eugene Hargrove documents the ways in which aesthetic value was extremely influential concerning the preservation of some of North America's most magnificent natural environments. Other environmental philosophers agree. J. Baird Callicott claims that historically ‘aesthetic evaluation… has made a terrific difference to American conservation policy and management’, pointing out that one of ‘the main reasons that we have set aside certain natural areas as national, state, and county parks is because they are considered beautiful’, and arguing that many ‘more of our conservation and management decisions have been motivated by aesthetic rather than ethical values’. Likewise environmental philosopher Ned Hettinger concludes his investigation of the significance of aesthetic appreciation for the ‘protection of the environment’ by affirming that ‘environmental ethics would benefit from taking environmental aesthetics more seriously’. Callicott sums up the situation as follows: ‘What kinds of country we consider to be exceptionally beautiful makes a huge difference when we come to decide which places to save, which to restore or enhance, and which to allocate to other uses’ concluding that ‘a sound natural aesthetics is crucial to sound conservation policy and land management’.
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Cepek, Michael L. „Can nature be governed?“ Focaal 2010, Nr. 58 (01.12.2010): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2010.580109.
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Luis A. Vivanco, Green encounters: Shaping and contesting environmentalism in rural Costa Rica. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007, pp. 240, ISBN 1845455045.James G. Carrier and Paige West, eds., Virtualism, governance and practice: Vision and execution in environmental conservation. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2009, pp. 196, ISBN 184545619X.
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SISSENWINE, MICHAEL. „Environmental science, environmentalism and governance“. Environmental Conservation 34, Nr. 2 (Juni 2007): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003906.
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Most environmental scientists care about the state of nature. They are concerned about loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems services and threats to sustainability. Do such concerns and the values they reflect make an environmental scientist an environmentalist? Should they be environmentalists?
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Hagan, John M. „Environmentalism and the Science of Conservation Biology“. Conservation Biology 9, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1995): 975–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9050975.x-i1.
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Courtenay, Roger G. „SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTALISM IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE“. Landscape Journal 17, Nr. 1 (1998): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.17.1.102.
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Courtenay, Roger G. „SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTALISM IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE“. Landscape Journal 18, Nr. 1 (1999): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.18.1.110.
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Curnow, Joe, und Anjali Helferty. „Contradictions of Solidarity“. Environment and Society 9, Nr. 1 (01.09.2018): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2018.090110.
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In this article, we trace the racialized history of the environmental movement in the United States and Canada that has defined the mainstream movement as a default white space. We then interrogate the turn to solidarity as a way to escape/intervene in the racialized and colonial underpinnings of mainstream environmentalism, demonstrating that the practice of solidarity itself depends on these same racial and colonial systems. Given the lack of theorization on solidarity within environmentalism, we draw on examples of solidarity work that bridge place and power and are predicated on disparate social locations, such as in accompaniment or the fair trade movement. We conclude that the contradictions of racialized and colonial solidarity should not preclude settler attempts to engage in solidarity work, but rather become inscribed into environmentalist practices as an ethic of accountability.
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Bhan, Mona, und Nishita Trisal. „Fluid landscapes, sovereign nature: Conservation and counterinsurgency in Indian-controlled Kashmir“. Critique of Anthropology 37, Nr. 1 (22.02.2017): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x16671786.
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This article analyzes how environmentalism reinscribed violent forms of state sovereignty in the disputed region of Kashmir in the aftermath of a decade-long uprising against Indian rule. After the return of an elected government, six years after its suspension in 1990, environmental restoration legitimized new forms of state and nature making in Kashmir. Nature rather than territory emerged as an arena of citizen activism, which further strengthened the state's ability to regulate the use and management of Kashmir's water resources. State and civic bodies deployed discourses of history and restoration to create new and imagined ecologies based on visions of nostalgia, commerce, and esthetics. By undermining place-based understandings of nature and ecology, discourses of environmental stewardship and conservation ended up fostering violent mechanisms of social and political control.
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Natori, Yoji. „Shiretoko logging controversy: A case study in Japanese environmentalism and nature conservation system“. Society & Natural Resources 10, Nr. 6 (November 1997): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929709381052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Environmentalism Nature conservation"
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Marable, Danelle E. „Environmental organizations in Monongalia County, West Virginia a study of four groups /“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2567.
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Yale, Nathaniel W. „Images for a Nation: The Role of Conservation Photography in American Environmentalism“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/106.
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Photographs have long been integral in revealing American values, ideals, and identity. Accordingly, a study of environmental, or "conservation," imagery offers insight into America’s relationship with the natural world. In an examination of key figures and their conservation photography work, this thesis explores how the national conservation dialogue has been shaped by powerful images that, in some cases, even led to crucial acts of federal conservation. The first section highlights four photographers and their context and influence in this dialogue: W.H. Jackson’s photographs from Hayden’s 1871 survey of Yellowstone, Carleton Watkins’ work at Yosemite and Mariposa Grove in the 1860s, and the twentieth-century Sierra Club work of Ansel Adams and Eliot Porter. The second section illustrates the imagery and impact of contemporary photographers Mark Klett, David Maisel, and Subhankar Banerjee, each with his own distinctive focus and contribution to conservation rhetoric. Understanding the progression of American environmental imagery and how it has led to contemporary conservation photography informs us about how best to affect change in the current era of ever-increasing environmental degradation.
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Gadelha, Crismere. „Proibido trabalhar : problema socioambiental dos filhos da Ilha do Cardoso, SP“. [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281762.
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Orientador: Carlos Rodrigues BrandãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Mestrado
Antropologia Social
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Douglas, Steven Murray, und u4093670@alumni anu edu au. „Is 'green' religion the solution to the ecological crisis? A case study of mainstream religion in Australia“. The Australian National University. Fenner School of Environment and Society, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091111.144835.
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A significant and growing number of authors and commentators have proposed that ecologically enlightened (greened) religion is the solution or at least a major part of the solution to the global ecological crisis. These include Birch, 1965 p90; Brindle, 2000; Callicott, 1994; Gardner, 2002, 2003, 2006; Gore Jr., 1992; Gottlieb, 2006, 2007; Hallman, 2000; Hamilton, 2006b, a, 2007b; Hessel & Ruether, 2000b; Hitchcock, 1999; King, 2002; Lerner, 2006a; McDonagh, 1987; McFague, 2001; McKenzie, 2005; Nasr, 1996; Oelschlaeger, 1994; Palmer, 1992; Randers, 1972; Tucker & Grim, 2000; and White Jr., 1967. Proponents offer a variety of reasons for this view, including that the majority of the worlds and many nations people identify themselves as religious, and that there is a large amount of land and infrastructure controlled by religious organisations worldwide. However, the most important reason is that religion is said to have one or more exceptional qualities that can drive and sustain dramatic personal and societal change. The underlying or sometimes overt suggestion is that as the ecological crisis is ultimately a moral crisis, religion is best placed to address the problem at its root.
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Proponents of the above views are often religious, though there are many who are not. Many proponents are from the USA and write in the context of the powerful role of religion in that country. Others write in a global context. Very few write from or about the Australian context where the role of religion in society is variously argued to be virtually non-existent, soon to be non-existent, or conversely, profound but covert.
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This thesis tests the proposition that religion is the solution to the ecological crisis. It does this using a case study of mainstream religion in Australia, represented by the Catholic, Anglican, and Uniting Churches. The Churches ecological policies and practices are analysed to determine the extent to which these denominations are fulfilling, or might be able to fulfil, the proposition. The primary research method is an Internet-based search for policy and praxis material. The methodology is Critical Human Ecology.
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The research finds that: the greening of these denominations is evident; it is a recent phenomenon in the older Churches; there is a growing wealth of environmentalist sentiment and ecological policy being produced; but little institutional praxis has occurred. Despite the often-strong rhetoric, there is no evidence to suggest that ecological concerns, even linked to broader social concerns (termed ecojustice) are core business for the Churches as institutions. Conventional institutional and anthropocentric welfare concerns remain dominant.
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Overall, the three Churches struggle with organisational, demographic, and cultural problems that impede their ability to convert their official ecological concerns into institutional praxis. Despite these problems, there are some outstanding examples of ecological policy and praxis in institutional and non-institutional forms that at least match those seen in mainstream secular society.
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I conclude that in Australia, mainstream religion is a limited part of the solution to the ecological crisis. It is not the solution to the crisis, at least not in its present institutional form. Institutional Christianity is in decline in Australia and is being replaced by non-institutional Christianity, other religions and non-religious spiritualities (Tacey, 2000, 2003; Bouma, 2006; Tacey, 2007). The ecological crisis is a moral crisis, but in Australia, morality is increasingly outside the domain of institutional religion. The growth of the non-institutional religious and the spiritual but not religious demographic may, if ecologically informed, offer more of a contribution to addressing the ecological crisis in future. This may occur in combination with some of the more progressive movements seen at the periphery of institutional Christianity such as the eco-ministry of Rev. Dr. Jason John in Adelaide, and the Creation Spirituality taught, advocated and practiced by the Mercy Sisters Earth Link project in Queensland.
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Labo, Nora. „Competing constructions of nature in early photographs of vegetation : negotiation, dissonance, subversion“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12807.
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While the role of photography in enforcing hegemonic ideologies has been amply studied, this thesis addresses the under-researched topic of how photography undermined dominant narratives in specific historical circumstances. I argue that, in the later part of the long nineteenth century, photographs were used to represent the natural world in contexts where their functions were uncertain and their capacities not clearly defined, and that these hesitations allowed for the expression of resistances to dominant social attitudes towards nature. I analyse how these divergences were articulated through three independent case studies, each addressing a corpus of photographs which has been marginalised in scholarly discourse. The case studies all concern photographs of vegetation. The first one discusses photographs produced around Fontainebleau during the Second French Empire, commonly understood as auxiliary materials for Barbizon painters, and argues that they were in fact autonomous representations, reflecting marginal modes of experiencing nature which resisted its prevailing construction as spectacle. The second case study examines a photographic series depicting Amazonian vegetation, published between 1900 and 1906, and shows how, in attempting to satisfy conflicting ideological demands, these photographs undermined the hierarchies enforced upon the natural world by colonial science. The third case study analyses photographs from an early twentieth-century environmentalist treatise, and demonstrates how, while the author's discourse seemingly complied with conventional attitudes towards nature, the photographs instituted an ethical stance opposed to early conservation's aesthetic focus and anthropocentrism. Throughout the case studies, I argue that the photographs were consubstantial to the emergence of these resistances; that dissenting representations stemmed from a tension between their producers' lived experience and the ideological frameworks which informed each context; and that this process engendered remarkable formal innovations, which are not usually associated to non-artistic images. I contend that radical renewals of visual expression occur in all representational contexts, as image producers adapt their tools or forge new ones according to circumstances, and that more attention must be paid to such visual innovations outside the field of artistic production.
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Chang, Sheng-Po Grabill Joseph L. „Teaching American history in Taiwan from an environmental point of view“. Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9914565.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1998.Title from title page screen, viewed July 10, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Joseph L. Grabill (chair), Frederick D. Drake, Lawrence W. McBride. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-185) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Maravanyika, Simeon. „Soil conservation and the white agrarian environment in Colonial Zimbabwe, c. 1908-1980“. Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40253.
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This thesis utilizes three theoretical approaches; political ecology, settler culture and community conservation to examine soil conservation and the white agrarian environment in colonial Zimbabwe to evaluate to what extent players in government and the agricultural sector were conscious or concerned about preservation and conservation of the soil. The thesis also examines the role of local and international ideas in the colony’s conservationist tradition, and whether the soil conservation movement was identity-forming among the colony’s settler farmers. The history of conservation on settler farms in colonial Zimbabwe can be periodized into three broad timeframes - from the 1890s to around the mid-1930s, between 1934 and 1965 and the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) period. In the first three and half decades of the 20th century the history of conservation can best be described as being characterized by a series of “dilemmas.” The British South Africa Company (BSA Co.) administration did not pursue soil conservation in any significant, synchronized or sustained manner. In the second period, from 1934 to 1965, there was considerable progress in the construction of conservation works on settler farms. This process was the result of recommendations made by Natural Resources Commission, a body that was appointed in 1938 to investigate the status of the colony’s natural resources. The mid-1940s were characterized by the formation of Intensive Conservation Areas (ICAs) in settler farming districts whose mandate was to oversee the construction of conservation works to rehabilitate settler farms. With the support of the Natural Resources Board (NRB), and the Department of Conservation and Extension (CONEX), formed in 1948 to provide expertise on conservation-related matters and extension support, all settler farming areas were covered by trained CONEX staff, though in most instances very thinly distributed due to high demand for their service and manpower constraints in the department. The third period, the UDI era, was characterized by attempts by the minority settler government to forestall majority rule in the colony. Malawi and Zambia (formerly Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, respectively) had been granted their independence by Britain in 1964. As decolonization was taking place in other parts of Africa, black majority rule in colonial Zimbabwe also seemed imminent. To the alarm of the white minority government, Britain had set out to grant majority rule to its African colonies, including Southern Rhodesia (renamed Rhodesia after Zambia’s independence). The Ian Smith-led government of Rhodesia, feeling betrayed, declared UDI on 11 November 1965, delaying Zimbabwean independence by another 15 years. With the end of the Federation in 1963, the colony could no longer rely on federal resources as it had done between 1953 and 1963. Sanctions, imposed in reaction to UDI, further put the regime in a tight corner. Their impact was quite significant. Fuel had to be rationed, and general belt-tightening across the board inevitably followed as major Rhodesian exports such as tobacco and minerals were embargoed on international markets. The start of the liberation war at the end of the 1960s further complicated matters.Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Historical and Heritage Studies
Unrestricted
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Nhanenge, Jytte. „Ecofeminism: towards integrating the concerns of women, poor people and nature into development“. Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/570.
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Ecofeminism perceives an interconnection between the domination of women and poor people, and the domination of nature. This domination is founded on modern, Western, patriarchal, dualised structures, which subordinate all considered as "the other" compared to the superior masculine archetype. Hence, all feminine is seen as inferior and may therefore be exploited. This is presently manifested in the neo-liberal economic development ideal. Its global penetration generates huge economic profits, which are reaped by Northern and Southern elites, while its devastating crises of poverty, violence, environmental destruction, and human rights abuses makes life increasingly unmanageable for Southern women, poor people and nature. Feminism and ecology have therefore come together aiming at liberating women, poor people and nature. They want to change the dualised, reductionist perception of reality into a holistic cosmology. Ecofeminism consequently aims to integrate the concerns of women, poor people and nature into development.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Maree, Linda. „Taksonomie, taksidermie en diorama : bewaring in die poësie van Johann Lodewyk Marais“. Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18843.
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Text in AfrikaansIn hierdie navorsingsverslag word die omgewingsgerigte poësie van Johann Lodewyk Marais ondersoek. Marais se verskuns word onder meer as “groen”, “omgewingsgerig”, “ekopoëties”, “bioregionaal” en “biogeografies” beskryf en kritici is dit eens dat sy oeuvre ‘n sterk bewaringsingesteldheid vertoon. Marais se eiesoortige bydrae tot die bewaringsdiskoers (deur sowel sy verse as kritiese uitsprake) word hier geëvalueer aan die hand van sekere sleutelkonsepte uit die museum- en bewaringswetenskap wat telkens as metafore in sy poësie figureer: taksonomie, taksidermie en diorama. Saamgelees met Halloran se idee van die teks as argivale ruimte of museum, word hierdie konsepte (naamlik taksonomie, taksidermie en diorama) voorgehou as ‘n leesstrategie waarmee die bewaringsgesinde poësie van Marais gedekodeer kan word.
This research report focuses on the environmental poetry of Johann Lodewyk Marais. His poetry has been described as “green”, “environmental”, “ecopoetical”, “bioregional” and “biogeographical” and critics agree that the oeuvre displays a strong element of conservation and even preservation. Marais’s unique contribution towards this discourse of conservation is assessed by utilising certain key concepts from museology, which frequently manifests in his poetry as metaphors: taxonomy, taxidermy and diorama. Halloran’s notion of the text as archival space or museum, read in tandem with these concepts of taxonomy, taxidermy and diorama, is then presented as a reading strategy for decoding Marais’s poetry.
Afrikaans & Theory of Literature
M.A. (Afrikaans)
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Galanos, Gary Arthur. „Environmentalism in education - the missing link“. Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7325.
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One of modern society's most pressing problems today is the environment with which it interacts.
Though this interaction is inseparable, the environment has been treated as a separate entity. This lack
of a symbiotic relationship between the society and its environment has produced certain pathologies
such as increasing economic growth, excessive exploitation of resources, socio-economic inequalities,
consumerism and environmentally insensitive planning and decision making.
Education is deemed in this thesis, as a determinant and potential transformer of existing socioeconomic,
environmental and administrative ideologies. With education/conscientization being
regarded as the catalyst for societal change, Gramscian social theory is used to conceptualize societal
functioning. Society has a hegemonic and counter-hegemonic realm. The' organic' intellectuals
(leaders) within these realms will determine the nature and extent of political, socio-economic and
environmental changes in society. A third grouping - the semi-hegemony - is recognized in this thesis.
This group which includes tertiary educative institutions, plays a pivotal role between the hegemony
and counter-hegemony in determining the nature of societal change. Universities could adopt a critical
environmental paradigm. The environmentally conscientized intellectuals from these institutions can
permeate the broader society bringing about gradual environmental, economic and societal
transformations.
For this reason, the research sets out to gauge the extent to which environmentalism has permeated
into some South African universities. The nature and quantity of environmental content in disciplines,
the predominant ideological trends and interdisciplinary potentials are assessed. Though experiencing
many shortcomings, it is found that these universities had the potential to foster an holistic
environmental paradigm. In conclusion, a set of models are proposed that could strengthen the:
university's semi-hegemonic role; ensure the integration of an holistic environmental paradigm (via at'
Integrated University Environmental Programme); establish links between the semi- hegemony and the
broader society; and allow universities to play a role in regional cooperation as regards the
promulgation of an environmentally based set of socio-economic and development policies and
strategies.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1989.
Bücher zum Thema "Environmentalism Nature conservation"
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Nature-centered leadership: An aspirational narrative. Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground, 2013.
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Robert, Paehlke, Hrsg. Conservation and environmentalism: An encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 1995.
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Modern Environmentalism. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.
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Places of quiet beauty: Parks, preserves, and environmentalism. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1997.
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The nature study movement: The forgotten popularizer of America's conservation ethic. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009.
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Armitage, Kevin C. The nature study movement: The forgotten popularizer of America's conservation ethic. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009.
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Haglund, Brent M. Hands-on environmentalism. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005.
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Historical dictionary of environmentalism. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2009.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Environmentalism Nature conservation"
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„Nature of Cities and Nature in Cities: Prospects for Conservation and Design of Urban Nature in Human Habitat“. In Rethinking Environmentalism. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11961.003.0010.
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„Nature Conservation in Estonia: From Soviet Union to European Union“. In Contemporary Environmentalism in the Baltic States, 36–61. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315868172-7.
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Young, Phoebe S. K. „The Back-to-Nature Crowd“. In Camping Grounds, 195–240. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372410.003.0006.
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By the 1960s and 1970s, generational dynamics and modern environmentalism fostered new camping experiences that led away from amenity-rich and resource-heavy family campgrounds. Youth who came of age in this era shaped new forms of camping to support interests in self-discovery, countercultural values, and environmental awareness. Organizers and participants of the National Outdoor Leadership School, launched in 1965, began to link backcountry camping with countercultural mindsets, personal freedom, and connection with nature. In so doing they experimented with new social contracts in microcosm, and after 1970 increasingly began to align their mission with environmentalist agendas. Echoing the popular belief that the personal is political, many began to embrace specific forms of camping like backpacking as a way of expressing their identity and viewpoints. The new popularity of minimum-impact forms of camping in turn generated a growing market for high-tech outdoor gear intended to enhance experience and advance conservation.
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Dauvergne, Peter. „Radicals and Rebels“. In Environmentalism of the Rich. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034951.003.0009.
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This chapter adds to the book’s understanding of the shifting nature and great challenges confronting environmentalism, especially more radical strands. A glance at the history of Greenpeace reveals sharp differences as the organization was forming in the 1970s; even today the activism of Paul Watson, who left Greenpeace to spearhead the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, draws the ire of Greenpeace leaders. Since the war on terrorism took root after September 11, 2001, radical activists such as Watson have been increasingly marginalized, with the US government even declaring him an “eco-terrorist.” As this chapter notes, though, many environmentalists who challenge state and business interests face even greater threats, with hundreds murdered over the past two decades. State security agencies are not the only group sidelining radical environmentalists, however; so are business associations, media outlets, and mainstream environmental NGOs.
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Fisher, Elizabeth. „4. The history of environmental law“. In Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction, 36–50. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794189.003.0004.
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‘The history of environmental law’ explains that environmental problems have been inherent in civilization since the beginning and have needed collective management. It tracks environmental issues and how societies managed them from ancient Rome to the Middle Ages, and then through to industrialization. The increasing international dimension of environmental problems is discussed, as well as the emerging environmentalism of the 1960s. The 1970s saw regional and international agreements signed in relation to a range of pollution and nature conservation issues, but there was disenchantment by the 2000s when environmental laws began to be seen as a threat to economic growth. Finally, the ultimate tragedy of the commons—climate change—is discussed.
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Dauvergne, Peter. „The Rise of Environmentalism“. In Environmentalism of the Rich. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034951.003.0007.
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Chapters 7–11 explore why environmentalism is failing to make more headway against the global forces of unsustainability analyzed in chapters 1–6. Chapter 7 sets up the analysis by reviewing the global history of the environmental movement, highlighting the diversity of thought across cultures and time. Diversity characterizes contemporary environmentalism, from environmental justice movements in Africa to environmentalism of the poor in Asia to anti-capitalism in Latin America to conservation in North America. This diversity remains a source of strength and environmentalism is best thought of as a “movement of movements.” Around the world protests continue to rage; communities continue to rise up; radical organizations continue to fight capitalism; and, as the Goldman Prize reminds the world, individual environmentalists continue to win local battles. Still, over time the mainstream of environmentalism has increasingly come to reflect the values of those with money and privilege, supporting policies and prescriptions that arise primarily out of moderate Western environmentalism: conserving wildlife and natural settings; sustaining productive yields; improving eco-efficiency; and reducing pollution for prosperous citizens.
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„The Romantics, the English Lake District, and the Sacredness of High Land: Mountains as Hierophanic Places in the Origins of Environmentalism and Nature Conservation“. In Eco-Theology, 74–90. Brill | Schöningh, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783657760367_006.
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Norton, Bryan G. „Land Use Policy“. In Toward Unity among Environmentalists. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195093971.003.0015.
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Albert Hochbaum, whom we met in Chapter 3, was Leopold’s student and friend; Director of the Delta Duck Station in Manitoba, Canada; and a part-time collaborator on A Sand County Almanac. He also had an admirable talent for succinctly hitting the nail on the head. He summed up Leopold’s message in four words. “The lesson you wish to put across is the lesson that must be taught,” he said, “preservation of the natural.” So much for succinctness; the difficult problem, of course, is to explain what is meant by “preservation” and by “natural.” Thomas McNamee, writing forty years later, uses the same basic approach: “I believe that the true object of conservation is nature,” he says. “What is nature?” The answer cannot help but be complicated, he notes, because “our conception of nature springs from the darkest depths of our culture’s unconscious sense of life itself, and ancient irrational urges and fears give the concept its power.’” But that is only half of the story: “At the same time,” he says, “nature must also have an objective, rational, manageable, thinkable value.” And thus we have the paradox of modern land use theory: Americans love nature; our values were formed in nature’s womb, a huge, wonderful, and horrible wild place. Our values are freedom and independence, “split rail values,” as Leopold called them. But our activities, as builders and consumers, transform our environment into something not-wild; we manipulate and control and artificialize nature; we make it not-nature. As the song says, you always hurt the one you love. But the paradox has also an optimistic face: As we have built and consumed, we have become wealthy by exploiting nature. Wildness has become valuable, objectively, according even to economists, because our wealthy society is now willing to pay to preserve nature. But here is the bitter pill to swallow: We all must admit that, at least in some sense, “nature” preservation is a sham—we’ve gone too far to “free” nature, as we might free a wild animal, release it from captivity.
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Roe, Alan D. „Taking the “Best” from the West?“ In Into Russian Nature, 37–72. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914554.003.0003.
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Under Nikita’s Khrushchev’s policy of “peaceful coexistence,” Soviet scientists started attending conferences of the International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) where they became more familiar with national parks. Meanwhile, the less repressive cultural environment emboldened many concerned environmentalists to make bold suggestions on how the state could improve its environmental protection practices. Some high-ranking officials, including Khrushchev, publicly stated that accessible tourism was one of the advantages of living in the USSR. In turn, environmentalists argued that national parks could help the USSR meet growing tourism demands in a way that minimized its environmental impact and promoted economic development. As tourism in the zapovedniki became an even bigger problem, several different groups conceived national parks that they hoped would take pressure off of them. They frequently invoked the success of national parks in the United States, even as the Communist Party took some more reactionary positions following Khrushchev’s ouster.
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Martin, Randall. „‘I wish you joy of the worm’: Evolutionary ecology in Hamlet and Antony and Cleopatra“. In Shakespeare and Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199567027.003.0010.
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Disaffected from the court and shaken out of conventional assumptions about human nature by the Ghost’s revelations, Hamlet begins to think of comparisons with non-human life, beginning with his father as ‘old mole’ (1.5.170). Later he turns to worms, and his attention suggests a willed strategy of existential and ecological discovery, since worms occupied a place diametrically opposite to humans in the traditional hierarchy of life. Renaissance Humanists often used the perceived inferiority of worms and other animals to define human uniqueness. Their gradations of being, by extension, justified human mastery of the earth represented in Hamlet by Claudius’s modernizing transformation of Denmark into a military-industrial state. Adopting a worm-oriented perspective (wryly imagined by conservation ecologist André Voisin in my epigraph), Hamlet begins to question his own conventional Humanist reflexes, such as those on display in his opening soliloquy (e.g. ‘O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason /Would have mourned longer’ [1.2.150–51]). Recent critics have shown how analogies between social behaviour and animals in Hamlet and other Shakespeare plays reflect the rediscovery of classical scepticism towards human superiority by Humanists such as Michel de Montaigne, before René Descartes and other Enlightenment philosophers elevated mind and soul into essential qualities of human nature. As in other areas of ecology and environmentalism discussed in this book, early modern reflections such as Hamlet’s look forward to today’s post-Cartesian and post-human enquiries into human, animal, and cyborgian crossovers. In this chapter I want to align these pre-modern and present-day horizons with the scientific revolution that links them: evolutionary biology’s tracing of human origins to the shared creaturely and genetic life of the planet. Worms will be my trope for Hamlet’s attention to what Giorgio Agamben calls a ‘zone of indeterminacy’ between human and animal life, and what Andreas Höfele identifies as the complex doubleness of similarity and difference that runs through all of Shakespeare’s animal–human relations, beginning with the comic dialogues of Crab and Lance in The Two Gentlemen of Verona.