Zeitschriftenartikel: „EPOXY MICROSPHERE“

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d'Almeida, J. R. M. „Evaluation of the Compressive Yield Strength of Hollow Glass Microsphere – Epoxy Composites as a Function of the Microsphere/ Epoxy Interface Strength“. Polymers and Polymer Composites 15, Nr. 6 (September 2007): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110701500603.

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The compressive yield strength of glass microsphere – epoxy composites was evaluated as a function of the interface strength. The behaviour of composites with microspheres without any surface treatment was compared with that of composites fabricated with silane-treated and silicone oil-treated microspheres. Varying the hardener-to-epoxy ratio of the matrix also modified the interface. The results were compared with those derived from theoretical models, and it was shown that for hollow glass microsphere composites the effect of surface treatment can be quantitatively described using extant models. Changes in the reinforcing effect and stress concentration factor caused by the presence of the microspheres are discussed, and the experimental results explained.

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Li, Rui, Guisen Fan, Xiao Ouyang, Guojun Wang und Hao Wei. „Dynamic mechanical behaviors of epoxy resin/hollow polymeric microsphere composite foams under forced non-resonance and forced resonance“. Composites and Advanced Materials 30 (01.01.2021): 263498332110081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349833211008195.

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Composite foams with 10–50 vol% hollow polymeric microspheres were prepared using bisphenol A epoxy resin and polyetheramine curing agent as the matrix. The results demonstrated that the density, hardness, and static mechanical properties of the epoxy resin/hollow polymer microsphere composite foams, as well as their dynamic mechanical properties under forced non-resonance, were similar to those of polymer/hollow glass microsphere composite foams. At 25°C and under 1–100 Hz forced resonance, the first-order and second-order resonance frequencies of the composite foams shifted to the low-frequency region as the volume fraction of hollow polymer microspheres increased. Meanwhile, the first-order and second-order loss factors of the as-prepared composite foams were improved by 41.7% and 103.3%, respectively, compared with the pure epoxy resin. Additionally, the first-order and second-order loss factors of the as-prepared composite foams reached a maximum at 40 vol% and 30 vol% hollow polymer microspheres, respectively. This research helps us to expand the application range of composite foam materials in damping research.

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Liu, Xin, Guohui Wang, Jiahua Pei, Zhi Wang und Zhanjun Wu. „Fabrication and mechanical properties of a novel epoxy-hollow glass microsphere composite“. Journal of Composite Materials 52, Nr. 12 (21.09.2017): 1627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317730895.

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According to the demand of deep-sea buoyancy material with high compression strength and low density, a novel epoxy-hollow glass microsphere composite was manufactured and characterized. Firstly, the epoxy resin is modified by chemical modification methods using poly(methyltriethoxysilane) to improve the toughness of epoxy resin. Then, the ammonium bicarbonate is used as the foaming agent to add into the epoxy resin to produce the bubbles. After mixing with a small amount of hollow glass microsphere, the modified epoxy-hollow glass microsphere composite with foams is fabricated. IR spectrum indicates that the silicone has been successfully grafted on the epoxy resin chain, which benefits the toughness of the resin. It can be found that a lot of smaller bubbles exist on the surface of hollow glass microsphere by SEM, which further reduces the density of the modified epoxy-hollow glass microsphere composite. The compression strength has been significantly improved since the bubbles on the surface of glass beads play the role of a buffer balloon and there are few air bubbles in the resin matrix. The coefficient of water absorption for the modified epoxy-hollow glass microsphere composite also increased. The flexural strength of the modified epoxy-hollow glass microsphere composite was slightly reduced at the same time. The results here confirm a promising method for buoyancy materials to promote the compression strength and reduce the density.

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WANG, CHENG-CHIEN, JING-MO LIN, CHUN-RONG LIN und SHENG-CHANG WANG. „PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF HOLLOW SILICA/MAGNETIC NANOCOMPOSITE PARTICLE“. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (Januar 2012): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003844.

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The hollow silica/cobalt ferrite ( CoFe 2 O 4) magnetic microsphere with amino-groups were successfully prepared via several steps, including preparing the chelating copolymer microparticles as template by soap-free emulsion polymerization, manufacturing the hollow cobalt ferrite magnetic microsphere by in-situ chemical co-precipitation following calcinations, and surface modifying of the hollow magnetic microsphere by 3-aminopropyltrime- thoxysilane via the sol-gel method. The average diameter of polymer microspheres was ca. 200 nm from transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurement. The structure of the hollow magnetic microsphere was characterized by using TEM and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The spinel-type lattice of CoFe 2 O 4 shell layer was identified by using XRD measurement. The diameter of CoFe 2 O 4 crystalline grains ranged from 54.1 nm to 8.5 nm which was estimated by Scherrer's equation. Additionally, the hollow silica/cobalt ferrite microsphere possesses superparamagnetic property after VSM measurement. The result of BET measurement reveals the hollow magnetic microsphere which has large surface areas (123.4m2/g). After glutaraldehyde modified, the maximum value of BSA immobilization capacity of the hollow magnetic microsphere was 33.8 mg/g at pH 5.0 buffer solution. For microwave absorption, when the hollow magnetic microsphere was compounded within epoxy resin, the maximum reflection loss of epoxy resins could reach -35dB at 5.4 GHz with 1.9 mm thickness.

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Zeltmann, Steven Eric, Brian Chen und Nikhil Gupta. „Thermal expansion and dynamic mechanical analysis of epoxy matrix–borosilicate glass hollow particle syntactic foams“. Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, Nr. 3 (09.02.2017): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x17691566.

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Syntactic foams are commonly fabricated with sodalime–borosilicate glass hollow microsphere fillers, which are susceptible to degradation after long-term or high temperature moisture exposure. In comparison, borosilicate glass hollow particles offer higher degradation resistance to moisture, lower thermal expansion, and higher softening temperature. This work explores borosilicate glass hollow microspheres for use as fillers in syntactic foams and studies their thermophysical properties. The coefficient of thermal expansion over the temperature range 35–90℃ was observed to decrease from 62.4 μ/K for the matrix resin to a minimum of 24.3 μ/K for syntactic foams, representing higher thermophysical stability of syntactic foams. Theoretical models are used to conduct parametric studies and understand the correlation between material parameters and coefficient of thermal expansion of syntactic foams. The dynamic mechanical analysis results show that the storage modulus of syntactic foams increases with increasing glass hollow microsphere wall thickness and with decreasing glass hollow microsphere volume fraction in the glassy region at 40℃. The β-relaxation of the matrix resin found at 66.1 ± 2.0℃ was suppressed in the majority of syntactic foams, further improving the stability around typical application temperatures.

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Khagokpam, Gopal Krishna Singh, und Sudipta Halder. „Paraffin wax microsphere embedded epoxy composites for potential thermal management in electronic devices“. High Performance Polymers 31, Nr. 7 (19.08.2018): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318792984.

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Miniaturization of electronic devices with more computing power has created a challenging set of aspects in thermal management. Present work is based on phase change materials microsphere and its incorporation in the epoxy network to develop a new class of potting material facilitating thermal management for miniaturized electronic devices. A facile and scalable method was implemented to synthesize paraffin wax microspheres (PMPs). It was dispersed into a room temperature curing epoxy network to fabricate the epoxy composite with high latent heat of fusion and high thermal stability. PMPs obtained have spherical morphology with an average diameter of approximately 5 µm. The PMP/epoxy composite can store 34.34 and 49.3 J g−1 of latent heat energy at 30 and 40 wt% PMP loading, respectively. Leakage test reveals that leaching declined as the size of PMP is reduced. Incorporation of PMP into the epoxy network reduces the compressive strength, but still resilient enough to protect electronic devices. This is an added advantage over the potential to mitigate the issue of hot spot in electronic devices as demonstrated by infrared thermography. The application of such composite is not limited only as electronic potting materials but also has the potential for other thermal energy storage applications.

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Luo, Lida, Qian Ma, Qingwei Wang, Linfeng Ding, Ziyan Gong und Weizhong Jiang. „Study of a Nano-SiO2 Microsphere-Modified Basalt Flake Epoxy Resin Coating“. Coatings 9, Nr. 3 (27.02.2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030154.

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Basalt flakes (BFs) have been widely used in recent years as a novel anticorrosion material in the marine industry to prevent the corrosion of metal substrates. In this study, BFs were modified with 1–7‰ nano-SiO2 microspheres, and a modified BF epoxy coating was successfully prepared. Experimental results showed that the BF epoxy resin coating modified with 3‰ nano-SiO2 microspheres exhibited excellent chemical durability (surface weight loss rate of 2.2% in the alkali solution and only 1.1% in the acid solution at room temperature after 480 h), low water infiltration (water absorption of 0.72% after 480 h), and good mechanical performance (tensile strength of approximately 33.4 MPa). This study proves the feasibility of using nano-SiO2 microspheres to modify BF epoxy resin coating and enhance the chemical durability and mechanical properties provided by the coating.

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Han, Zhiliang, Jinlu Wang, Qingliang You, Xueqing Liu, Biao Xiao, Zhihong Liu, Jiyan Liu und Yuwei Chen. „AC Electric-Field Assistant Architecting Ordered Network of Ni@PS Microspheres in Epoxy Resin to Enhance Conductivity“. Polymers 13, Nr. 21 (05.11.2021): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213826.

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By using the low loading of the conductor filler to achieve high conductivity is a challenge associated with electrically conductive adhesion. In this study, we show an assembling of nickel-coated polystyrene (Ni@PS) microspheres into 3-dimensional network within the epoxy resin with the assistance of an electric field. The morphology evolution of the microspheres was observed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The response speed of Ni@PS microsphere to the electric field were investigated by measuring the viscosity and shear stress variation of the suspension at a low shear rate with an electrorheological instrument. The SEM results revealed that the Ni@PS microspheres aligned into a pearl-alike structure. The AC impedance spectroscopy confirmed that the conductivity of this pearl-alike alignment was significantly enhanced when compared to the pristine one. The maximum enhancement in conductivity is achieved at 15 wt. % of Ni@PS microspheres with the aligned composites about 3 orders of magnitude as much as unaligned one, typically from ~10−5 S/m to ~10−2 S/m.

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Geng, Hai Tao, Jia Chen Liu und Sue Ren. „Effects of Diluent on Mechanical Properties of Hollow Glass Microsphere Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite“. Key Engineering Materials 680 (Februar 2016): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.525.

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In order to improve the mechanical properties of hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) reinforced epoxy resin composite, diluent was added in the system of epoxy resin. The results revealed that more HGMs can be filled in the epoxy resin when appropriate amount diluent was added in the system, thus composite with relative low bulk density 0.70g/cm3 and high compressive strength 71.85MPa was obtained. It was due to that the diluent reduce the viscosity of the epoxy resin, which ensures uniform wetting of the fillers and enables more HGMs to be filled in resin. Besides, addition of diluent improved the adhesive strength between the epoxy resin and HGMs, making the composite having a relative high specific strength and can be used in weight sensitive filed.

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Li, Rui, Guisen Fan, Peng Wang, Xiao Ouyang, Ning Ma und Hao Wei. „Effects of silane coupling agent modifications of hollow glass microspheres on syntactic foams with epoxy matrix“. Polymers and Polymer Composites 29, Nr. 9_suppl (18.10.2021): S1191—S1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911211046796.

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A syntactic foam was prepared from an epoxy resin matrix and modified hollow glass microsphere fillers. Modification by silane coupling agents with different molecular structures was analyzed, and the optimal content of the silane coupling agent was determined. The results demonstrated that all silane coupling agents enhanced the adhesion between the hollow glass microspheres and epoxy resin matrix, resulting in enhanced water absorption, compressive performance, tensile performance, and bending performance compared to those prepared using unmodified hollow glass microspheres. Among silane coupling agents with different end groups, the one with a sulfhydryl end group exhibited optimal modification for hollow glass microspheres. Among the silane coupling agents with different backbone structures, the one with silanol groups exhibited the optimal modification of hollow glass microspheres. Additionally, the performance of the syntactic foams was optimal when 6% of the silanol-containing coupling agent was used. The results demonstrated that syntactic foams prepared with hollow glass microspheres modified by silane coupling agents exhibited improvements in water absorption, compressive performance, tensile performance, and bending performance, compared with those prepared using unmodified hollow glass microspheres. Among silane coupling agents with different end structures, the one with a sulfhydryl group as end group showed the best modification effect on hollow glass microspheres. The water absorption was 0.35%, the compressive strength was 62.15 MPa, the tensile strength was 40.15 MPa, and the bending strength was 53.17 MPa. Among silane coupling agents with different backbone structures, the one with silanol groupsbonds showed the best results. Its compressive strength was up to 64.15 MPa, the tensile strength was 35.47 MPa, and the bending strength was 53.99 MPa.

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Wu, Xinfeng, Bo Tang, Jinhong Yu, Xiao Cao, Chongyin Zhang und Yonggen Lv. „Preparation and Investigation of Epoxy Syntactic Foam (Epoxy/Graphite Reinforced Hollow Epoxy Macrosphere/Hollow Glass Microsphere Composite)“. Fibers and Polymers 19, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7584-y.

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Sun, Jiajia, De Wang, Yimin Yao, Xiaoliang Zeng, Guiran Pan, Yun Huang, Jiantao Hu, Rong Sun, Jian‐Bin Xu und Ching‐Ping Wong. „Boron nitride microsphere/epoxy composites with enhanced thermal conductivity“. High Voltage 2, Nr. 3 (18.07.2017): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/hve.2017.0040.

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Capela, Carlos, José A. Martins Ferreira und José Domingos M. Costa. „Viscoelastic Properties Assessment of Syntactic Foams by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis“. Materials Science Forum 636-637 (Januar 2010): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.280.

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Low-density sheet moulding compounds incorporating hollow glass micro-spheres are being increasing used namely in automotive industry, boats and deep-water submarines and core materials. This paper presents the results obtained in a current study of the viscous properties on hybrid short fibre/hollow glass microspheres composites fabricated with epoxy binder. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to study the effect of the filler volume fraction and of the addition of glass fibre reinforcement on the dynamic stiffness modulus, damping coefficient and glass transition temperature in tensile mode. The specimens were cut from plates produced by resin transfer moulding in vacuum with microspheres weight contents up to 13%. Elastic modulus decreases significantly with the increasing of filler volume fraction. In contrary, it increases significantly with the glass fibre reinforcement content. Glass transition temperature apparently tends to decrease with microspheres and of glass fibre reinforcement’s content. Tmax temperatures tend to increase slightly with the addition of fibre reinforcements and the microsphere filler. Maximum damping coefficient is much lower for the foams when compared with net resin.

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Rollastin, Boy, Juanda Juanda, Yudi Oktriadi und Galindra Mutiara Rahmatullah. „Analisis Simulasi Pengaruh Kekuatan Material Komposit Paduan HGM dan Serat Alami terhadap Kekuatan Uji Balistik“. J-Proteksion: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah dan Teknologi Teknik Mesin 7, Nr. 2 (26.02.2023): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/jp.v7i2.11474.

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Seiring perkembangan teknologi rekayasa material, banyak cara dilakukan guna meningkatkan elastisitas rompi anti peluru berfungsi dengan baik dan bobot seringan mungkin agar bisa direkomendasi sebagai material peredam. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sifat mekanik dari material komposit dengan komposisi Hollow Glass Microsphere, epoxy, dan serat daun nanas untuk pengujian balistik standar NIJ 0101.06. Metode yang digunakan Analisis pada software finite element dengan variasi ketebalan 10mm (24.12gr serat; 21.6gr HGM; 134.87gr Epoxy), 15mm (36.18gr serat; 32,4gr HGM; 202,30gr Epoxy) dan 20mm (48.24 gr serat; 43.2gr HGM; 269,73gr Epoxy). Hasil analisis nilai deformasi yakni 49,823mm, 36,1mm dan 24,974mm. Nilai tegangan berturut-turut 20,604Mpa, 17,451Mpa dan 49,231Mpa. Nilai regangan berturut-turut 0,04056 mm/mm, 0.066374 mm/mm, dan 0,3323 mm/mm, sedangkan energi kinetik pada rompi 195,94 J, 168,31 J dan 110,59 J.

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Umair, Muhammad, Muzzamal Hussain, Zaheer Abbas, Khubab Shaker und Yasir Nawab. „Effect of weave architecture and glass microspheres percentage on the low velocity impact response of hemp/green epoxy composites“. Journal of Composite Materials 55, Nr. 16 (11.01.2021): 2179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320987605.

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Improvement in mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites remain a key focus of researchers in the recent years. However, few studies have been carried out for the improvement in low velocity impact properties of such composites. In the present article, the results on the effect of weave structure of reinforcing fabric and addition of glass microsphere fillers (GMS) on the drop weight impact properties of Hemp/Green epoxy composite samples are reported for the first time. Hemp woven fabrics having four different weave structures (matt, satin, hybrid weave A and hybrid weave B) were developed in an inhouse lab. Four layered composites containing glass microspheres (0%, 2%, 3.5% and 5% on the weight of resin) were fabricated using vacuum bag molding. Drop weight impact testing was performed at 10 J impact energy, and force-displacement, force-time and energy absorbed-time behaviors were recorded and analyzed. The results were statistically analyzed as well. It was found that both weave design and glass microspheres show a significant effect on impact properties of the developed composites. The composite sample reinforced with satin woven reinforcement exhibited maximum value of impact force, whereas composite samples containing 5% glass microspheres display more resilience and stiffness as compared to other structures.

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D, Kumar, Kiran Shahapurkar, C. Venkatesh, Muruganandhan R, Vineet Tirth, Chandru Manivannan, Ibrahim M. Alarifi, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar und Ahmed S. El-Shafay. „Influence of Graphene Nano Fillers and Carbon Nano Tubes on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hollow Glass Microsphere Epoxy Composites“. Processes 10, Nr. 1 (27.12.2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010040.

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The present work aimed to analyze the roll of carbon nano tubes and graphene nano fillers on the mechanical and thermal characteristics of hollow glass microsphere reinforced epoxy composites. Composites with varying content of hollow glass microballoons (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt %) reinforced in epoxy matrix were fabricated. Additionally, two more types of composites, one with graphene nano fillers and the other with carbon nano tube at a constant 0.5 wt %, were fabricated with varying weight percentages of hollow glass microballoons (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%). The composites were fabricated using an open mold casting process. Composites were tested for thermal and mechanical properties. The tensile and flexural moduli were found to rise as the HGM concentration increased. Graphene-filled HGM/epoxy composites revealed the highest modulus compared with HGM/epoxy and HGM/CNT/epoxy composites. The impact strength of all composite types decreased as the HGM content increased. Neat epoxy specimens revealed low response as compared with all the composites tested. Further, the thermal conductivity of HGM/epoxy composites was lower as compared with other compositions and neat epoxy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the surface morphological behavior of the composites subjected to flexural test. It was found that HGM/G/E composites with 10% of HGM and 0.5% of graphene by weight in epoxy matrix were the optimum.

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Ding, Junjie, Qiang Liu, Feng Ye, Haoqian Zhang, Ye Gao und Biao Zhang. „Compressive properties of co-continuous hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin syntactic foams prepared using resin transfer molding“. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, Nr. 3-4 (23.09.2019): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684419877568.

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In this article, the co-continuous hollow glass microspheres (HGMs)/epoxy resin syntactic foams were prepared by filling the HGM preforms with epoxy resin. The effects of HGM wall thickness and solid loading on the density, open porosity, and morphology of HGM preform and HGM/epoxy resin syntactic foams were studied in detail. The results show that the HGM wall thickness had no effect on the open porosity of HGM preforms. However, the density of preforms increased with the true density of HGMs. The density of HGM/epoxy resin syntactic foams decreased with the contents of HGMs, and the measured density was essentially equal to the theoretical density. The compressive strength decreased with the contents of HGM, regardless of the HGMs wall thickness. However, the variation in compressive modulus was related to the HGMs’ wall thickness. As the HGM solid loading increased, the compressive modulus of composites, prepared using thin-walled HGMs, decreased, while the composites prepared using thick-walled HGMs showed the opposite trend. The co-continuous HGM/epoxy resin syntactic foams possessed low density (0.567–1.002 g/cm3), and excellent compressive strengths (30.32–131.60 MPa). These properties were due to the elimination of matrix pores, and are a type of promising material in deep sea exploration area.

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Song, Kunpeng, Yinjie Wang, Fang Ruan, Weiwei Yang, Zhuqing Fang, Dongsen Zheng, Xueli Li, Nianhua Li, Meizhuang Qiao und Jiping Liu. „Synthesis of a Reactive Template-Induced Core–Shell PZS@ZIF-67 Composite Microspheres and Its Application in Epoxy Composites“. Polymers 13, Nr. 16 (09.08.2021): 2646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162646.

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Developing superior properties of epoxy resin composites with high fire resistance, light smoke, and low toxicity has been the focus of the research in the flame-retardant field. In particular, it is essential to decrease the emissions of toxic gases and smoke particles generated during the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin (EP) to satisfy the industrial requirements for environmental protection and safety. Consequently, the PZS@ZIF-67 composite was designed and synthesized by employing the hydroxyl group-containing polyphosphazene (poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone), PZS) as both the interfacial compatibility and an in situ template and the ZIF-67 nanocrystal as a nanoscale coating and flame-retardant cooperative. ZIF-67 nanocrystal with multidimensional nanostructures was uniformly wrapped on the surface of PZS microspheres. Subsequently, the acquired PZS@ZIF-67 composite was incorporated into the epoxy resin to prepare composite samples for the study of their fire safety, toxicity suppression, and mechanical performance. Herein, the EP/5% PZS@ZIF-67 passed the V-0 rating in a UL-94 test with a 31.9% limit oxygen index value. More precisely, it is endowed with a decline of 51.08%, 28.26%, and 37.87% of the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, and the total smoke production, respectively. In addition, the unique structure of PZS@ZIF-67 microsphere presented a slight impact on the mechanical properties of EP composites at low loading. The PZS@ZIF-67 possible flame-retardant mechanism was speculated based on the analysis of the condensed phase and the gas phase of EP composites.

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Li, Rui, Peng Wang, Peng Zhang, Guisen Fan, Guojun Wang, Xiao Ouyang, Ning Ma und Hao Wei. „Surface modification of hollow glass microsphere and its marine-adaptive composites with epoxy resin“. Advanced Composites Letters 29 (01.01.2020): 2633366X2097468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20974682.

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A novel epoxy resin (EP)/hollow glass microsphere modified (g-HGM) composite was successfully prepared. Studies showed that the water absorption rate of the g-HGMs/EP composite is lower than pure HGMs/EP and HGMs-KH550/EP composites, while the compressive strength of g-HGMs/EP composites could be increased. The enhanced interfacial adhesion between EP and g-HGMs played an important role to improve the compatibility of the two components. The g-HGMs show little effect on density (relative to HGMs) on the g-HGMs/EP composites, which can perform better than the HGMs/EP composites being used in marine environments. It was found that the optimal content of 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate in the epoxy component was 20 wt%.

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YUNG, K., B. ZHU, T. YUE und C. XIE. „Preparation and properties of hollow glass microsphere-filled epoxy-matrix composites“. Composites Science and Technology 69, Nr. 2 (Februar 2009): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.014.

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Liu, Xiao Man, Chang Jun He, Hui Jian Li und Hai Yan Peng. „Water Absorption and Diffusion in Hollow Glass Microsphere Filled Epoxy Syntactic Foams“. Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (Oktober 2010): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.370.

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The durability is very important in the research and application of polymers and their composites under different environmental conditions. The study of durability of patical filled epoxy resins had absorpted more attension in recently years, and the study of moisture absorption or water diffusion was almost along with the material manufacture. In the present work, the water sorption behavior in a series of different content hollow particle filled syntactic foams was studied by gravimetric measurements. The fashion factors on water sorption were discussed, and the change of density of syntactic foams on the subject was put forward.

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Yang, Jianping, Ling Chen, Zhiqiang He, Cong Li, Bo Yu, Zijie Wei, Zhiyu Zhao und Zongxin Hao. „High-Strength Hollow Glass Microsphere/Epoxy Resin Composite Insulation Materials for Deep In-Situ Condition Preserved Coring“. Geofluids 2022 (09.05.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1118434.

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To establish in-situ fluidized coal mining technology and a theory of mining mechanics for deep coal resources, it is crucial to obtain a “fidelity rock core” that maintains deep in-situ conditions to understand the physical mechanics of deep rock. Doing so requires the development of in-situ condition-preserved coring (ICP-coring) technology. In this work, hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin (HGM/EP) composite insulation materials with high strengths were prepared. An epoxy resin matrix with high strength and high-temperature resistance was selected from among epoxy resins cured by different curing agents. Then, a series of composite insulation materials with different HGM volume fractions were prepared. The mechanical strengths of the composites decreased with increasing HGM volume fraction. Then, thermal insulation materials suitable for different ICP-coring depths were selected. Changes in the thermal conductivities and mechanical strengths of the composites were characterized after they were subjected to high water pressure (45 MPa). Verification of the applicability of the thermal insulation material under high water pressure (45 MPa) conditions demonstrated that it met the working requirements for the ICP-coring device.

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Xu, Weiwei, Hui Na und Chengji Zhao. „Hollow-glass-microsphere-based Biphenyl Epoxy Resin Composite with Low Dielectric Contant“. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 34, Nr. 5 (15.09.2018): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40242-018-7419-4.

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Jena, Hemalata, und Abinash Panigrahi. „The effect of clam shell powder on kinetics of water absorption of jute epoxy composite“. World Journal of Engineering 18, Nr. 5 (04.02.2021): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2020-0334.

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Purpose Here, attempts have been made to explore the possible use of Marine waste as filler materials into the bio-fibre composites. Clam shell is a type of marine waste which belongs to the class of Bivalvia. It is mainly made of aragonite crystalline polymorphs. This paper aims to develop a new class of natural fibre composite in which jute fibre as reinforcement, epoxy as matrix and clam shell, as particulate microsphere filler. The study investigates the effects of different amounts of clam shell powder on the kinetics of water absorption of jute fibre-reinforced epoxy composite. Two different environmental conditions at room temperature, i.e. distilled water and seawater, are collected for this purpose. Moisture absorption reduces when clam shell is added to the jute-epoxy composite. The curve of water absorption of jute-epoxy composites with filler loading at both environmental conditions follows as Fickian behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Hand lay-up technique to fabricate the composite – Experimental observation Findings The incorporation of Clam shell filler in jute epoxy composite modified the water absorption property of the composite. Hence the present marine waste is an potential filler in jute fibre reinforced polymer composite. Originality/value The paper demonstrates a new class hybrid composite material which uses a marine waste as important phase in the bio-fibre-reinforced composite. It is a new work submitted for original research paper.

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Supriya, S., J. Selwinrajadurai und P. Anshul. „MICROSTRUCTURE BASED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PARTICLE FILLED POLYMER COMPOSITE“. Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 41, Nr. 5 (Dezember 2017): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-503.

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Particle filled polymer composites are widely used because of its tailor-made properties and ease of manufacturability. Existing micro mechanical models to characterize heterogeneous material are based on the Representative Volume Element (RVE). The assumptions made in the RVE model, play a crucial role in the exact prediction of effective properties of the composites. In this work, microstructure based RVE is utilized to predict the effective properties of Solid Glass Microsphere (SGM) filled epoxy composite. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image obtained from the specimens fabricated at different loading fractions is processed in MATLAB. Canny edge detection algorithm is utilized for processing the images. The random dispersion of the particle is exactly modeled in ANSYS from the MATLAB output. The effective Young’s modulus of the SGM filled epoxy composite is determined. The numerically predicted values are compared with the experimental value and analytical models.

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Yu, Sizhu, Xiaodong Li, Meishuai Zou, Zhiren Li, Shuo Wang und Danhui Wang. „Tetrafunctional Epoxy Resin-Based Buoyancy Materials: Curing Kinetics and Properties“. Polymers 12, Nr. 8 (03.08.2020): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081732.

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In order to synthesize a new kind of buoyancy material with high-strength, low-density and low-water-absorption and to study the curing reaction of tetraglycidylamine epoxy resin with an aromatic amine curing agent, the non-isothermal differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method is used to calculate the curing kinetics parameters of N,N,N′,N′-tetraepoxypropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane epoxy resin (AG-80) and the m-xylylenediamine (m-XDA) curing process. Further, buoyancy materials with different volume fractions of hollow glass microsphere (HGM) compounded with a AG-80 epoxy resin matrix were prepared and characterized. The curing kinetics calculation results show that, for the curing reaction of the AG-80/m-XDA system, the apparent activation energy increases with the conversion rates increasing and the reaction model is the Jander equation (three-dimensional diffusion, 3D, n = 1/2). The experimental results show that the density, compressive strength, saturated water absorption and water absorption rate of the composite with 55 v % HGM are 0.668 g·cm−3, 107.07 MPa, 0.17% and 0.025 h−1/2, respectively. This kind of composite can probably be used as a deep-sea buoyancy material.

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Kang, Y., W. Lee, J. Hwang und Y. Lee. „Influence of Glass Microsphere Filler on the Rheological Behavior of an Epoxy Resin“. International Polymer Processing 33, Nr. 2 (27.05.2018): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.3338.

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28

Gao, Guangpeng, Yan Hu, Hongyu Jia, Peng Liu, Peng Du und Dongyu Xu. „Acoustic and dielectric properties of epoxy resin/hollow glass microsphere composite acoustic materials“. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 135 (Dezember 2019): 109105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2019.109105.

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29

Agrawal, Alok, Saurabh Chandraker und Abhishek Sharma. „Physical, Mechanical and Sliding Wear Behavior of Solid Glass Microsphere Filled Epoxy Composites“. Materials Today: Proceedings 29 (2020): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.295.

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Zhuo, Jinlong, Liangbo Xie, Guodong Liu, Xilei Chen und Yuguang Wang. „The synergistic effect of hollow glass microsphere in intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin“. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 129, Nr. 1 (13.02.2017): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6142-6.

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31

Zhu, Bailin, Jing Ma, Jian Wang, Jun Wu und Dongsheng Peng. „Thermal, dielectric and compressive properties of hollow glass microsphere filled epoxy-matrix composites“. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, Nr. 19 (Oktober 2012): 1311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412452918.

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32

Qiao, Yingjie, Xiaodong Wang, Xiaohong Zhang und Zhipeng Xing. „Thermal conductivity and compressive properties of hollow glass microsphere filled epoxy–matrix composites“. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 34, Nr. 17 (29.06.2015): 1413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684415592172.

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33

Afolabi, Olusegun A., Krishnan Kanny und T. P. Mohan. „Processing of Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGM) filled Epoxy Syntactic Foam Composites with improved Structural Characteristics“. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 28, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2021-0011.

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Abstract The objective of this work is to improve the structural characteristics of hollow glass microsphere (HGM) filled epoxy syntactic foam composites with little voids content and improved HGM dispersion in the composite. A modified degassing technique has been introduced during resin casting process of the HGM filled syntactic foam composites. The effect of HGM content volume fractions (5–25%) on the degassing techniques was examined. The syntactic foam composites were characterized by analysing structural morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), and density measurements (theoretical and experimental). Less than 5% void content has been achieved in this study. This resulted in improved tensile and dynamic mechanical properties (DMA).

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d'Almeida, J. „An analysis of the effect of the diameters of glass microspheres on the mechanical behavior of glass-microsphere/epoxy-matrix composites“. Composites Science and Technology 59, Nr. 14 (November 1999): 2087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(99)00066-4.

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35

Ge, Heyi, Xin Jin, Zhifang Liu, Cuicui Wang und Ping Wang. „Compressive Property and Thermal Stability of GO@Hollow Glass Microsphere/Epoxy Resin Lightweight Composites“. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 17, Nr. 5 (01.05.2017): 3217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.13045.

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36

Tomasi, Julie M., Julia A. King, Aaron S. Krieg, Ibrahim Miskioglu und Gregory M. Odegard. „Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of talc- and glass microsphere-Reinforced Cycloaliphatic epoxy composites“. Polymer Composites 39, S3 (24.07.2017): E1581—E1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.24513.

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Yu, Sizhu, Xiaodong Li, Xiaoyan Guo, Zhiren Li und Meishuai Zou. „Curing and Characteristics of N,N,N′,N′-Tetraepoxypropyl-4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane Epoxy Resin-Based Buoyancy Material“. Polymers 11, Nr. 7 (03.07.2019): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071137.

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Buoyancy material is a type of low-density and high-strength composite material which can provide sufficient buoyancy with deep submersibles. A new buoyancy material with N,N,N′,N′-tetraepoxypropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane epoxy resin (AG-80) and m-xylylenediamine (m-XDA) curing agent as matrix and hollow glass microsphere (HGM) as the filler is prepared. The temperature and time of the curing process were determined by the calculations of thermal analysis kinetics (TAK) through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results show that the better mass ratio of AG-80 with m-XDA is 100/26. Combined TAK calculations and experimental results lead to the following curing process: pre-curing at 75 °C for 2 h, curing at 90 °C for 2 h, and post-curing at 100 °C for 2 h. The bulk density, compressive strength, and saturated water absorption of AG-80 epoxy resin-based buoyancy material were 0.729 g/cm3, 108.78 MPa, and 1.23%, respectively. Moreover, this type of buoyancy material can resist the temperature of 250 °C.

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Meekum, Utai, und Waree Wangkheeree. „Designing the wood foam core for manufacturing of lightweight sandwich structure engineered wood“. BioResources 12, Nr. 4 (11.10.2017): 9001–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.9001-9023.

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Wood foam cores manufactured from Eucalyptus fiber/epoxy adhesive and 4,4′ oxybis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide) (OBSH), ethyl acetate (EA), and microsphere polymer bead (Expancel®) as foaming agents were investigated. A 10 phr of OBSH showed superior properties of the 0.50 g/cm3 wood foam and that 0.70 g/cm3 was the optimal density. Also, 17 phr of EA loading gave rise to the better mechanical properties and was considered the optimal content. The microsphere polymer bead did not achieve significant expansion under the conditions employed. Manufacturing of single (X1) and double (X2) layer of lightweight sandwich structures engineered woods with teak/glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) skins was studied. The enhancement of the sandwich structures’ properties was mainly contributed by the core and also by the added thin interlaminated GFRP layer. In X1 and X2 sandwich structures, with the same volume fraction of core(s), marginal improvement occurred in the properties, caused by the addition of the thin inter-layer of GFRP. Small contributions of the core properties on the sandwich structures were also demonstrated. The sandwich structure derived from the OBSH core was superior in mechanical properties and heat distortion temperature (HDT). The sandwich structure made from EA was unsuccessful in achieving water resistance.

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Imran, Mohammed, Ariful Rahaman und Soumen Pal. „Morphology and mechanical characterization of carbon nanotubes/epoxy based material filled with hollow glass microsphere“. Materials Research Express 7, Nr. 2 (10.02.2020): 025307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab7164.

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Afolabi, Olusegun Adigun, Krishnan Kanny und Turup Mohan. „Loading Effect of Hollow Glass Microsphere (HGM) and Foam Microstructure on the Specific Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Syntactic Foam Composite“. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 56 (04.10.2021): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.56.34.

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AbstractEpoxy syntactic foams (SF) filled with hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were prepared by simple resin casting method and characterization in this study. The effect of varying the amount of HGM on the specific mechanical and water absorption properties of SF composites were investigated. Five different composition of SF (SFT60-0.5 to SFT60-2.5) were compared with the neat epoxy matrix. The wall thickness of the microballoons differ because of its different percentile size distribution (10th, 50th and 90th), which reflects in its density variation. The results show that the specific tensile and flexural strength increases with an increasing filler (HGM) content. The density of SF filled with HGM reduces with increasing volume fraction of filler content. Scanning electron microscopy was done on the failed samples to examine the fractured surfaces. The water absorption capacity of the SF was also investigated as it relates to the HGM volume fraction variation. All the syntactic foam composition shows a better diffusion coefficient capacity than the neat epoxy resin. This makes it applicable in structural purposes and several marine application products such as Autonomous Ultimately Vehicle (AUV).

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Afolabi, Olusegun Adigun, Krishnan Kanny und Turup Pandurangan Mohan. „Analysis of Particle Variation Effect on Flexural Properties of Hollow Glass Microsphere Filled Epoxy Matrix Syntactic Foam Composites“. Polymers 14, Nr. 22 (10.11.2022): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224848.

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Syntactic foam made from hollow glass microspheres (HGM) in an epoxy matrix has proven to be a good material with a strong structural strength. Understanding filler particle size variation is important in composite material formation, especially in syntactic foam, because of its numerous applications such as aerospace, marine, and structural purposes. In this present work, the effects of particle variation in different sizes (20–24 µm, 25–44 µm, 45–49 µm, and 50–60 µm) on the mechanical properties of the syntactic foam composites with a focus on flexural strength, modulus, and fracture surfaces are investigated. The particle sizes are varied into five volume fractions (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 vol%). The results show that the highest flexural strength is 89 MPa at a 5 vol% fraction of 50–60 µm particle size variation with a 69% increase over the neat epoxy. This implies that the incorporation of HGM filler volume fraction and size variation has a strong effect on the flexural strength and bending modulus of syntactic foam. The highest particle size distribution is 31.02 at 25–44 µm. The storage modulus E’ increased at 30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C by 3.2%, 47%, and 96%, respectively. The effects of wall thickness and aspect ratio on the size of the microstructure, the fracture surfaces, and the viscoelastic properties are determined and reported accordingly.

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42

Qiao, Yingjie, Xiaodong Wang, Xiaohong Zhang und Zhipeng Xing. „Investigation of flexural properties of hollow glass microsphere filled resin-matrix composites“. Pigment & Resin Technology 45, Nr. 6 (07.11.2016): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-09-2015-0097.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the preparation and the flexural property of hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) filled resin-matrix composites, which have been widely applied in deep-sea fields. Design/methodology/approach The composites with different contents of HGMs from 47 to 57 Wt.% were studied. The voids in syntactic foams and their flexural properties were investigated. Findings The results showed that the voids quantity increased because of the increment of HGM content, whereas the exural strength and the exural modulus decreased. The fracture mechanism of the composites was also investigated by scanning electron microscope, which indicated that the composites failed by the crack extending through the microspheres. Research limitations/implications The advantages of HGMs with similar hollow spheres will be further investigated in a future research. Practical implications Results demonstrated that the properties of the composite might be tailored for specific application conditions by changing the HGM volume fraction. Originality/value The HGM filled resin-matrix composite materials have their unique properties and significant application potential. In this work, the resin-HGM composites were synthesized by mechanically mixing defined quantities of HGMs into epoxy resin, by which a kind of syntactic foams with good flexural properties could be obtained.

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Galvagnini, Francesco, Giulia Fredi, Andrea Dorigato, Luca Fambri und Alessandro Pegoretti. „Mechanical Behaviour of Multifunctional Epoxy/Hollow Glass Microspheres/Paraffin Microcapsules Syntactic Foams for Thermal Management“. Polymers 13, Nr. 17 (27.08.2021): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172896.

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Epoxy/hollow glass microsphere (HGM) syntactic foams (SFs) are peculiar materials developed to combine low density, low thermal conductivity, and elevated mechanical properties. In this work, multifunctional SFs endowed with both structural and thermal management properties were produced for the first time, by combining an epoxy matrix with HGM and a microencapsulated phase change material (PCM) having a melting temperature of 43 °C. Systems with a total filler content (HGM + PCM) up to 40 vol% were prepared and characterized from the mechanical point of view with a broad experimental campaign comprising quasi-static, impact, and fracture toughness tests. The experimental results were statistically treated and fitted with a linear model, to produce ternary phase diagrams to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the mechanical behaviour of the prepared foams. In quasi-static tests, HGM introduction helps to retain the specific tensile elastic modulus and to increase the specific compressive modulus. The brittle nature of HGMs decreases the Charpy impact properties of the SFs, while the PCM insertion improve their toughness. This result is confirmed in KIC and GIC tests, where the composition with 20 vol% of PCM shows an increase of 80% and 370% in KIC and GIC in to neat epoxy, respectively. The most promising compositions are those combining PCM and HGMs with a total particle volume fraction up to 40 vol%, thanks to their optimal combination of thermal management capability, lightness, thermal insulation, and mechanical properties. The ability to fine-tune the properties of the SFs, together with the acquired thermal energy storage (TES) capability, confirm the great potential of these multifunctional materials in automotive, electronics, and aerospace industries.

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Okamatsu, T. „Effect on the toughness and adhesion properties of epoxy resin modified with silyl-crosslinked urethane microsphere“. Polymer 43, Nr. 3 (Februar 2002): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00645-0.

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45

Choi, Seong-Ho, Kwang-Pill Lee und Hee-Dong Kang. „Immobilization of lipase on a polymeric microsphere with an epoxy group prepared by radiation-induced polymerization“. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 88, Nr. 5 (19.02.2003): 1153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11737.

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Wang, Teng, Yang, You, Zhang und Wang. „Synthesis of K-Carrageenan Flame-Retardant Microspheres and Its Application for Waterborne Epoxy Resin with Functionalized Graphene“. Polymers 11, Nr. 10 (17.10.2019): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101708.

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In this article, the intumescent flame-retardant microsphere (KC-IFR) was prepared by inverse emulsion polymerizations, with the use of k-carrageenan (KC) as carbon source, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acid source, and melamine (MEL) as gas source. Meanwhile, benzoic acid functionalized graphene (BFG) was synthetized as a synergist. A “four-source flame-retardant system” (KC-IFR/BFG) was constructed with KC-IFR and BFG. KC-IFR/BFG was blended with waterborne epoxy resin (EP) to prepare flame-retardant coatings. The effects of different ratios of KC-IFR and BFG on the flame-retardant properties of EP were investigated. The results showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values increased from 19.7% for the waterborne epoxy resin to 28.7% for the EP1 with 20 wt% KC-IFR. The addition of BFG further improved the LOI values of the composites. The LOI value reached 29.8% for the EP5 sample with 18 wt% KC-IFR and 2 wt% BFG and meanwhile, UL-94 test reached the V-0 level. In addition, the peak heat release (pHRR) and smoke release rate (SPR) of EP5 decreased by 63.5% and 65.4% comparing with EP0, respectively. This indicated the good flame-retardant and smoke suppression property of EP composites coating.

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Afolabi, Olusegun Adigun, Turup Pandurangan Mohan und Krishnan Kanny. „Processing of Low-Density HGM-Filled Epoxy–Syntactic Foam Composites with High Specific Properties for Marine Applications“. Materials 16, Nr. 4 (20.02.2023): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041732.

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A solution casting approach is used to create hollow glass microsphere (HGM)-filled epoxy–syntactic foam composites (e–SFCs) by varying the concentrations of HGM in epoxy according to different particle sizes. Density analysis is used to investigate the impact of concentration and particle size regularity on the microstructure of e-SFCs. It was observed that e–SFCs filled with an HGM of uniform particle sizes exhibit a reduction in density with increasing HGM concentration, whereas e-SFCs filled with heterogeneous sizes of HGM exhibit closeness in density values regardless of HGM concentration. The variation in e–SFC density can be related to HGM packing efficiency within e–SFCs in terms of concentration and particle size regularity. The particle size with lowest true density of 0.5529 g/cm3, experimental density of 0.949 g/cm3 and tensile strength of 55.74 MPa resulted in e-SFCs with highest specific properties of 100.81 (MPa·g/cm3), with a 35.1% increase from the lowest value of 74.64 (MPa·g/cm3) at a true density of 0.7286 g/cm3, experimental density of 0.928 g/cm3 and tensile strength of 54.38 MPa. The e–SFCs’ theoretical density values were obtained. The variance in theoretical and experimental density values provides a thorough grasp of packing efficiency and inter-particle features.

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Amalia, Hindun, Sutikno, Indra Sidharta, Wahyu Wijanarko und Putu Suwarta. „The Effect of Hollow Glass Reinforced Epoxy in Absorbing Impact Energy for Vehicle Bumper Application“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.101.

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Safety is one of important factors which has to be considered in designing automobile in the automotive industry. One of the components related to the automobile safety is bumper. Bumpers are attached on front and rear of vehicle’s body in order to protect the body from damage due to low speed crash. In this research, hollow glass microsphere (HGM) reinforced epoxy is used as the material for the bumper since this material has not been applied to this application yet. This research is conducted in order to find the ability of this composite material in absorbing impact energy from low speed crash by using finite element method. Thickness of the bumper varied from 4 mm to 8 mm with 1 mm increment. Low speed collision is simulated by following Economic Commission for Europe Regulation 42. The bumper energy absorption is analyzed and indicated by the internal energy, deformation, and equivalent stress from each bumper’s thickness.

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Awaja, Firas, und Benedicta D. Arhatari. „X-ray Micro Computed Tomography investigation of accelerated thermal degradation of epoxy resin/glass microsphere syntactic foam“. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 40, Nr. 8 (August 2009): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.05.014.

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Liu, Yunpeng, Le Li, Hechen Liu, Mingjia Zhang, Aijing Liu, Lei Liu, Li Tang, Guoli Wang und Songsong Zhou. „Hollow polymeric microsphere-filled silicone-modified epoxy as an internally insulated material for composite cross-arm applications“. Composites Science and Technology 200 (November 2020): 108418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108418.

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