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1
Boniface, Jacqueline. A process of generalization. Edited by Karine Chemla, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.013.18.
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This article examines Ernst Kummer’s creation of ideal factors, which provides an interesting example of generalization within the set of complex numbers. Kummer developed a theory of ideal numbers in order to generalize arithmetical properties of natural numbers by extending these properties to certain complex numbers. His goal was to make complex numbers analogous to natural ones. This article first considers Kummer’s use of several analogies, primarily with arithmetic and chemistry, to come up with ideal factors of complex numbers. It then situates Kummer’s investigations on complex numbers with respect to Carl Friedrich Gauss’s work and compares his theory of ideal factors with Richard Dedekind’s ideals theory. It shows that Kummer’s method of generalization is premised on the distinction he articulated between ‘permanent’ and ‘accidental’ properties of complex numbers. This distinction draws from Kummer’s conception of mathematics, which was essentially different from those espoused by Gauss and Dedekind.
2
Maharaj, Ayon. John Hick’s Vedāntic Road Not Taken? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868239.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the British philosopher John Hick’s early and late views on religious pluralism in the light of Sri Ramakrishna. Between 1970 and 1974, the early Hick espoused a Vedāntic theory of religious pluralism—based explicitly on Sri Aurobindo’s “logic of the infinite”—that comes remarkably close to Sri Ramakrishna’s pluralist model. According to the early Hick, each religion captures at least one true aspect of the impersonal-personal Infinite Reality. By 1976, though, Hick abandoned this Vedāntic line of thought in favor of his now well-known quasi-Kantian theory of religious pluralism, according to which the personal and nonpersonal ultimates of the various world religions are different phenomenal manifestations of the same unknowable “Real an sich.” Maharaj argues that Sri Ramakrishna’s model of religious pluralism is more robust and philosophically coherent than Hick’s quasi-Kantian model.
3
Smith, Tony. Liberal Internationalism from George W. Bush to Barack Obama. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154923.003.0013.
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This chapter examines the United States' liberal democratic internationalism from George W. Bush to Barack Obama. It first considers the Bush administration's self-ordained mission to win the “global war on terrorism” by reconstructing the Middle East and Afghanistan before discussing the two time-honored notions of Wilsonianism espoused by Democrats to make sure that the United States remained the leader in world affairs: multilateralism and nation-building. It then explores the liberal agenda under Obama, whose first months in office seemed to herald a break with neoliberalism, and his apparent disinterest in the rhetoric of democratic peace theory, along with his discourse on the subject of an American “responsibility to protect” through the promotion of democracy abroad. The chapter also analyzes the Obama administration's economic globalization and concludes by comparing the liberal internationalism of Bush and Obama.
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Koskenniemi, Martti. Carl Schmitt and International Law. Edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.020.
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Carl Schmitt always presented himself and was above all a jurist. His doctoral dissertation was based on an antiformal theory of law that was also in evidence in his acerbic critics of the League of Nations and the system of control over Germany established in the Treaty of Versailles. This chapter shows that the concrete-order thinking of his later years espoused a more conventional legal realism that has always constituted an important stream of international jurisprudence. Schmitt’s main postwar work, Nomos der Erde, puts forward an influential view of the history of international law as inextricably entangled with the imperial pretensions. This chapter argues that the much-cited book, together with Schmitt’s polemical concept of law and his critiques of the discriminatory concept of war, has proven a fruitful basis for much of today’s postcolonial jurisprudence.
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Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. Plant Nuptials in the Linnaean Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0013.
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The primary preoccupation of eighteenth century botany was taxonomy, a field dominated by Carolus Linnaeus’s sexual system based on counting stamens and pistils. Linnaeus also developed a proto-evolutionary theory based on hybridization. Few eighteenth century botanists were experimentalists. In Italy, Guilio Pontedera compared nectaries to breasts that nourish seeds, dismissing male flowers as “useless appendages.” In France, Jean Marchant elaborated Malpighi’s uterine analogy of the flower, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort espoused the classical interpretation of pollen as a “vessel of excretion.” However, Sébastien Vaillant and Claude-Joseph Geoffroy focused on plant sex. In 1717, Vaillant’s sensational lecture (denounced by Geoffroy as suitable only for “Priapic festivals”) celebrated steamy nuptial encounters between stamens and pistils. In England, Philip Miller discovered bee pollination, and Thomas Fairchild produced the first hybrid, although tampering with nature by creating “monsters” was still considered distasteful, even blasphemous. Richard Bradley tested the sexual theory on hermaphroditic flowers.
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Rivett, Sarah. The Nature of Indian Words in the Rise of Anglo-American Nativism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492564.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the fate of missionary linguistics during the Great Awakening through Protestant missionaries to the Mohican and Mohawk. Jonathan Edwards, David Brainerd, John Sergeant, Samuel Hopkins, and Gideon Hawley espoused a conversion theology that for the first time in Anglo colonial history did not depend on hearing proselytes speak Christian truths in their own native tongue. Increasingly, American Indian children were instructed in English and their faith became evidence of a firmly rooted New World Protestant-millennial identity. Through this millennial frame of an emergent Anglo-American exceptionalism, indigenous words were reconfigured as artifacts of a long-forgotten, biblical past and prophetic types of the ascent of Protestant Christendom.
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McGovern, Nathan. The Brahman as a Celibate Renunciant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190640798.003.0004.
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This chapter looks at the articulations of Brahman identity that understood the Brahman to be a celibate renunciant, namely, those of the Buddhists and the Jains. The earliest texts of the Buddhists (Aṭṭhaka Vagga and Pārāyaṇa Vagga) and Jains (Āyārāṅga Sūtra) portray their founders and ideal monks as Brahmans, with no intent to criticize or polemicize against an external group of “real” Brahmans. Indeed, the brahmacarya espoused by the Buddhists and Jains had deep roots in the Vedic tradition, provided continuity between their own groups and more Vedic-oriented groups, and may in some ways have been more “traditional” than the temporary brahmacarya (i.e., “Vedic studentship”) of householder Brahmans. Buddhists and Jains were oblivious to a distinction between “Brahmanical” and “non-Brahmanical” among renunciatory groups, but they did maintain a strong distinction between their own celibate, renunciatory lifestyle and that of householders.
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Freedman, Linda. ‘Break on Through’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813279.003.0008.
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As Blake had espoused horror at rebellious spirit turned to murderous bloodshed, so the sounds of the sixties often reflected disillusionment with organized revolution, believing real change came from within. Bob Dylan, Ed Sanders, and Patti Smith sounded the voice of experience as well as innocence. Jim Morrison was driven by the dark and destructive energy of the prophet–artist who finds that, in trying to change the world, he has destroyed it. Morrison and Smith reflected the two sides of the psychedelic Blake of the sixties. Morrison’s Blake was one of terror and dark vision. Smith paid tribute to the Blake of compassion and social justice. Both found him deeply relevant to the crisis they perceived in their own country and historical moment.
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Lause, Mark A. Liberty. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040306.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the spiritualists' belief that emancipation represented a generational landmark for liberty, which they saw as essential for the well-being of the human spirit. Spiritualists generally understood emancipation within a wider, rational, and scientific way of understanding the world and rejected a liberty that did not have its own concrete materializations in that world. The federal adoption of an end to slavery as a war goal generally overwhelmed their reservations about the merits of the conflict. At the same time, they saw liberty as having clear social and economic dimensions. As such, they espoused a liberty that foreshadowed the emergence of postwar radical resistance to the power of capital. The chapter considers spiritualism's views on science and religion, slavery and emancipation, property, and liberty for working women. It also discusses the spiritualist radicalization in the course of the Civil War.
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Ferlie, Ewan, Sue Dopson, Chris Bennett, Michael D. Fischer, Jean Ledger, and Gerry McGivern. Case study 1. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777212.003.0006.
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This chapter is the first of a set of four chapters exploring the themes of the book more empirically within particular health care organizations. This chapter analyses the bureaucratic career of a succession of national-level service improvement agencies apparent in the English health care sector since around 2000. There have also been a series of reorganizations in this domain which have consistently failed to secure a high level of autonomy; their bureaucratic career as agencies has therefore been somewhat disappointing. We also examine the types of preferred management knowledge espoused by these agencies, which absorbed and then disseminated to the health care field conventional forms of private firm related and business school produced knowledge, which has been highly influential in the latest cycle. However, there is also evidence of some interesting exceptions (public value, social movements) to this pattern which we had not expected and which complicate the assessment.
11
Ecklund, Elaine Howard, and Christopher P. Scheitle. Religious People Are Climate Change Deniers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190650629.003.0006.
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Despite misconceptions espoused by media and political figures, a belief in God does not equate to a lack of concern for the environment. This chapter shows that, although belief in God and interest in the environment do not always lead to behaviors that support the environment, many religious people are concerned about the environment and its future. For many, this concern is borne from their faith. Muslims expressed a sense of accountability to God, and Jews invoked the concept of tikkun olam. Christians referenced the concept of stewardship and care for God’s creation. This chapter also examines these larger themes in the context of the specific public conversations about climate change.
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Kemeny, P. C. The Failed Campaign Against Prostitution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844394.003.0006.
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Protestants criticized prostitution because it threatened the family and ultimately civil society, and the Watch and Ward Society devised a campaign to shut down Boston’s red-light districts. These Protestant elites espoused traditional gender roles and Victorian sexual mores and endorsed the “cult of domesticity.” In the late nineteenth century, a number of reform organizations turned their attention to the “social evil,” as it was popularly called. The Watch and Ward Society’s quest to reduce prostitution placed it squarely within the larger international anti-prostitution movement. Moral reformers resisted all forms of policy that officially sanctioned or tacitly tolerated prostitution, instead arguing for its abolition. Their attempt to suppress commercialized sex eventually collapsed because of the lack of public support.
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Lippiatt, G. E. M. Masters and Monks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805137.003.0004.
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Simon’s crusades were animated by the programme of reform advocated by the Cistercians and certain Parisian theologians. His context was permeated by the reformers, especially in his close connections with the abbey of Vaux-de-Cernay. Concerns about just war, the liberation of the Holy Land, ecclesiastical liberty, sexual morality, and the purgation of heresy espoused by Cistercians and schoolmen were reflected in Simon’s career. He was, however, more than a simple cipher for ecclesiastical priorities: his campaigns and government were ambiguous in their attitude towards mercenaries and complicit in the problem of usury. Nevertheless, Simon’s crusades to both Syria and the Midi demonstrated a remarkable dedication to building a Christian republic according to the vision of the reformers.
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Burt, Ramsay. Blasting Out of the Past. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.17.
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This chapter analyzes three reenactments by the Slovenian director Janez Janša, two reconstructions of experimental performances made under communism in Ljubljana during the late 1960s and early 1970s by poets and performers associated with the Pupilija group, and one which subversively reappropriates canonical contemporary dance works from the United States, Germany, and Japan. The two earlier works, it argues, interrogate the utopian ideals espoused by the communist partisans who freed Yugoslavia from German occupation during World War II. It develops a framework for this analysis by drawing on Walter Benjamin’s discussion of the philosophy of history and on Michel de Certeau’s work on memory and the everyday. It places the three reconstructions in their social, historical, and political context and evaluates their meanings in relation to misperceptions about art in post-communist countries.
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Connell, Tula A. The Media Makes the Message. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039904.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at how the city's fading foreign-language press and financially challenged labor media were offset by a vociferous conservative suburban press. Simultaneously, large mainstream media outlets began a notable ideological shift toward free market triumphalism, while the surge in far-right national broadcast media and print publications began reaching Milwaukee households. This chapter underlines how the spread of far-right media, far from spontaneous, was generated with the partnership of large corporate interests that privately financed such endeavors even as they publicly espoused support for New Deal principles. Although most corporations publicly remained moderate in their approach to issues such as public provision of social welfare programs and unionization, many joined with “fringe” groups to surreptitiously unravel the postwar New Deal economic order. As such, even businesses that seemingly had bought into commercial Keynesianism played a considerable part in the conservative backlash to the New Deal.
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Fulcher, Jane F. Messiaen in a Catholic Church divided: Spiritual authority, subjective agency, and artistic breakthrough. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681500.003.0007.
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As opposed to Schaeffer and Poulenc, Olivier Messiaen had no need slowly to distance himself from Vichy, having rejected the regime from the beginning. Like many of his fellows in a German prisoner-of-war camp, he rather chose to support another devout Catholic and patriot, Charles de Gaulle. As did other Catholic nonconformists, he grasped the implications of their dictum of subjective spiritual agency, or truth that is obtained not through obeisance to church doctrine but through the soul’s immediate contact with scripture. Messiaen expressed this through several of his wartime compositions, and although he, like Sartre (who similarly espoused subjective authenticity), was never formally a member of the Resistance, its intellectual groupings perceived his implicit opposition to compromise and lauded his works.
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Gough, Peter, and Peggy Seeger. “Ballad for Americans”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039041.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that overtly political themes never dominated Federal One productions. Yet, some of the beliefs espoused by the 1930s Left took root and found appeal among subsequent generations of Americans. Much as pre-World War I bohemians saw many of their ideas absorbed into the mass culture of the 1920s, so did the goals and convictions of the 1930s Left enter mainstream social movements of the post-World War II period. These causes found inspiration to varying degrees in musical expression, as well as particular elements of the radical political activism of the 1930s. Though notably less contentious than other WPA cultural productions, the Federal Music programs in the regional West should also be viewed as harbingers of these later social developments.
18
Lafollette, Hugh. Evaluating the Empirical Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873363.003.0007.
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Putative authorities espouse incompatible claims about the costs and benefits of permitting extensive private ownership of guns. In the face of this disagreement, what is a conscientious citizen or legislator to do? I explain how one might determine if a reputed authority really is an authority. I then explore ways to evaluate the experiments and findings of prominent gun researchers. I first discuss the two pillars of the pro-gun arguments and explains why both are wanting. It then evaluates the pro-control arguments. I show why, their claims, although suggestive, are not wholly persuasive. I further, explain why there we also cannot obtain rock solid empirical evidence of the benefits of control.
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Ashburn-Nardo, Leslie. What Can Allies Do? Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.27.
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Allies are individuals who espouse egalitarian ideals and who are motivated not only to avoid responding with prejudice themselves but also to confront others’ prejudicial remarks and discriminatory behavior and to be a source of support for targets of discrimination. This chapter discusses the role that allies can play in the reduction of employment discrimination, with particular emphasis on self-regulation strategies that enable allies to recognize and regulate their own biases, confrontation strategies to point out and convey disapproval of others’ biases, and social strategies that help allies be more supportive and understanding of the discrimination targets face. The chapter summarizes theory and empirical findings regarding these strategies and offers practical suggestions for increasing the likelihood and effectiveness of these prejudice-reduction tools as well as future directions for researchers. By being more than passive egalitarians, allies can be key parts of the solution to this organizational and societal problem.
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Walton, Jeremy F. Confessional Pluralism and the Civil Society Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658977.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 focuses directly on civil Islam and its valorization of interreligious tolerance and pluralism. It begins by describing how two NGOs, one Alevi and one Sunni, champion a shared image of interreligious tolerance. Next, it traces the convergences and divergences among three Alevi organizations in relation to the discourse of confessional pluralism. Although each of these Alevi institutions comprehends Alevism differently and lobbies the state in distinct ways, they share a conception of civil society and religion in general as primordial, nonpolitical domains. The second section of the chapter examines the ideals of interreligious dialogue and confessional pluralism espoused by Hizmet institutions. In particular, it focuses on the recuperation of the Ottoman ideals of the millet system and the pious foundation (vakıf), which ground practices of confessional pluralism in the historicity of neo-Ottomanism.
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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. A Chorus of Parental Voices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0003.
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Chapter 3, “A Chorus of Parental Voices,” is the first of two chapters examining Centerville parents’ beliefs about childrearing and self-esteem, based on interviews with a diverse sample of parents from the Millennial study. Parents invoked a shared understanding of childrearing in which cultivating children’s self-esteem was a cherished goal, crucial to children’s healthy development. This understanding, espoused with strong conviction, was not confined to the highly educated or economically advantaged. This chapter delineates the contours of this social imaginary, quoting extensively from the parents. The chapter also describes parents’ complex engagement with self-esteem, encompassing mundane exposure to ambient images as well as active, creative response, from the invention of original metaphors for expressing the meanings of self-esteem to adjusting received knowledge to fit the idiosyncrasies of their own child. Parents believed that shyness was an indicator of low self-esteem, yet exempted their own shy children from this diagnosis.
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Baron, Alan, John Hassard, Fiona Cheetham, and Sudi Sharifi. Ambiguity, Discord, and Friction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813958.003.0008.
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The artefacts and activities identified and discussed during the tour of the Hospice, and indeed the basic assumptions and espoused values that underlie them (as described in previous chapters), have provided for a rich and varied account of the culture within the organization. Whilst there are elements of discord and ambiguity in the accounts given so far, the theme of patient-centred care and compassion seems largely to act as a binding mechanism to uphold a generally cohesive culture in the Hospice. In many ways this mirrors Schein’s view of culture as the ‘glue’ which binds the organization together. However, in line with Meyerson and Martin’s well-known contention that culture can only be fully described if elements of ‘ambiguity’ and ‘differentiation’ are included, as well as those ‘integrative’ forces that are agreed upon, this chapter focuses on issues of discord and friction identified during the study.
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Habel, Norman C. Reading the Landscape in Biblical Narrative. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.41.
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The title of this chapter derives from Aboriginal elders, whose rich cultural tradition survives, not in written texts, such as the Bible, but in their remarkable ability to “read” the stories/Dreamings, songlines, spiritual presences, sacred sites, and laws “written” on the Australian landscape. Borrowing from this hermeneutical tradition, the chapter focuses on how the narrator of a biblical narrative “reads the landscape,” constructing, and relating characters to, the environment in the context of the plot and perspectives espoused in the plot. It explores the phenomenon of “place” as crucial for an appreciation of location in reading the environment and considers examples of “emplacement,” “displacement” and “re-placement” in key narratives of the Pentateuch. “Place” is ultimately where characters belong in the ecosystem of the narrative. By reading the landscape the chapter examines how the narrator constructs the environment in relation to the plot, characters, and the focus of the narrative.
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Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Florence. Class in the Millennium Memory Bank, 1998–2000. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812579.003.0007.
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This chapter examines discourses of class in interviews for the Millennium Memory Bank, at the end of the 1990s. It finds similar themes to those traced in earlier chapters: ordinariness, authenticity, and ambivalence were prominent in interviewees’ testimonies—working-class, middle-class, and even upper-class. Many thought the idea of ‘classlessness’, as espoused by John Major, was attractive; none thought he had achieved this goal, but many did think class divides had declined in the post-war period, and that an ‘ordinary’ middle group was now the largest in society. This chapter also examines narratives of upward social mobility in the 1990s, suggesting that the range of important sociological studies of the ‘hidden injuries’ and cultural facets of class that appeared in that decade were shaped by the experiences of upwardly mobile men and women who knew about the dislocations of moving class because they themselves had done it.
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Watson, John Scott. A Geography of Somewhere. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039867.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the goal of Prairie Crossing: to create a geography of somewhere, a place where residents would feel invested enough to volunteer their time to create genuine community. It begins with a discussion of Prairie Crossing's third, fourth, and fifth guiding principles: “a sense of place,” which draws off of and expands many of the concepts espoused by the New Urbanism movement; “a sense of community,” which aims to encourage social interaction among residents and also between Prairie Crossing and the larger communities of Grayslake and Lake County; and “economic and racial diversity,” which seeks to remedy the tendency toward exclusivity and homogeneity in community housing. The chapter also considers the degree of residents' level of satisfaction with the Prairie Crossing Homeowners Association's governance; where Prairie Crossing, as an exemplar of the conservation community policy model, fits in relation to the new town movement; and the Prairie Crossing Charter School.
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Jenkins, Bill. Evolution Before Darwin. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474445788.001.0001.
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It was long believed that evolutionary theories received an almost universally cold reception in British natural history circles in the first half of the nineteenth century. But recently serious doubt has been cast on this assumption. This book will be the first major study of what was the most important centre or pre-Darwinian evolutionary thought in the British Isles. It shows that Edinburgh in the late 1820s and early 1830s was witness to a veritable ferment of radical new ideas on the natural world, including speculation on the origin and evolution of life, at just the time when Charles Darwin was studying medicine in the city. Those who were students in Edinburgh at the time could have hardly avoided coming into contact with these new ideas, espoused as they were by many of professors, fellow students and acquaintances in Edinburgh. This book sheds new light on the genesis and development of one of the most important scientific theories in the history of western thought.
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Woloch, Nancy. A Class by Herself. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.001.0001.
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This book explores the historical role and influence of protective legislation for American women workers, both as a step toward modern labor standards and as a barrier to equal rights. Spanning the twentieth century, the book tracks the rise and fall of women-only state protective laws—such as maximum hour laws, minimum wage laws, and night work laws—from their roots in progressive reform through the passage of New Deal labor law to the feminist attack on single-sex protective laws in the 1960s and 1970s. The book considers the network of institutions that promoted women-only protective laws, such as the National Consumers' League and the federal Women's Bureau; the global context in which the laws arose; the challenges that proponents faced; the rationales they espoused; the opposition that evolved; the impact of protective laws in ever-changing circumstances; and their dismantling in the wake of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Above all, the book examines the constitutional conversation that the laws provoked—the debates that arose in the courts and in the women's movement. Protective laws set precedents that led to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and to current labor law; they also sustained a tradition of gendered law that abridged citizenship and impeded equality for much of the century. Drawing on decades of scholarship, institutional and legal records, and personal accounts, the book sets forth a new narrative about the tensions inherent in women-only protective labor laws and their consequences.
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Stevenson, Jane. Sitwell Style. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808770.003.0004.
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This chapter notes that Sacheverell Sitwell’s Southern Baroque Art is a turning point in the rediscovery, or reappropriation, of the baroque. Much of his work is an enormously persuasive appreciation of baroque qualities and moods, melancholy, ambiguity, richness, and deception. These qualities cross-fertilized with Vogue’s espousal of camp. All three Sitwells were also enormously important as patrons, networkers, and facilitators on behalf of those whom they fostered. The chapter also looks at Osbert’s and Sacheverell’s important roles in the development of a British ballet.
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Ashforth, Blake E. Organizational, Subunit, and Individual Identities. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.26.
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Although we know much about within-level identity dynamics, it’s the between-level dynamics that offer the greatest promise for developing a systemic understanding of identity in organizations. Collective identities emerge from a process of “I think” (where the founder(s)/leaders espouse and enact their entrepreneurial vision and values) “we think” (where members and other stakeholders experience and enact the incipient identity, fostering consensus and adding breadth and depth to the identity) “it is” (where the identity becomes institutionalized). Collective identities in turn both enable and constrain the identities nested within them. The recursive linkages among levels of identity reflect a meld of processes that are supplementary (fleshing out an identity), complementary (fostering differentiation), and conflicted. The discussion also considers the role of identity cascades, identity drift, and compositional and compilational identity emergence.
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Chryssides, George D. Conversion. Edited by James R. Lewis and Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.2.
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The chapter explores explanations for conversion to new religious movements (NRMs). Rather than sudden episodic conversion, joining an NRM can be attributed to self-discovery, following a schism, or pursuing a special interest within a religious organisation. There are definite patterns of conversion in NRMs, and notably a disproportion of Jews who join. It is argued that key factors include availability for the requisite lifestyle, and the gaining of “compensators” that the NRM offers. A further factor is offering religious experience and a forum in which to discuss it. The author explores the role of the Internet in conversion, arguing that it accounts the rise of “invented religions”, but otherwise has limited bearing on gaining new members. Finally, the religions themselves undergo change as new converts espouse them.
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Unwin, Tim. Reclaiming Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795292.001.0001.
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The development of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) has transformed the world over the last two decades. These technologies are often seen as being inherently ‘good’, with the ability to make the world better, and in particular to reduce poverty. However, their darker side is frequently ignored in such accounts. ICTs undoubtedly have the potential to reduce poverty, for example by enhancing education, health delivery, rural development, and entrepreneurship across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. However, all too often, projects designed to do so fail to go to scale, and are unsustainable when donor funding ceases. Indeed, ICTs have actually dramatically increased inequality across the world. Those with access to the latest technologies and the ability to use them effectively can indeed transform their lives, but those who are left without access have become increasingly disadvantaged and marginalized. The central purpose of this book is to account for why this is so, and it does so primarily by laying bare the interests that have underlain the dramatic expansion of ICTs in recent years. Unless these are fully understood, it will not be possible to reclaim the use of these technologies to empower the world’s poorest and most marginalized. The book is grounded in the Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, drawing especially on his notions of knowledge constitutive interests, and a particular conceptualization of the relationship between theory and practice. The book espouses the view that development is not just about economic growth, but must also address questions of inequality.
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Strong, Rowan. Victorian Christianity and Emigrant Voyages to British Colonies c.1840 - c.1914. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724247.001.0001.
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This volume looks at the religious dimensions of the nineteenth-century British and Irish emigration experience, examining the varieties of Christianity adhered to by most British and Irish emigrants in the nineteenth century and consequently taken to their new homes in British settler colonies. It examines a significant aspect of this emigration history that has been overlooked by scholars—the development of an international emigrants’ chaplaincy by the Church of England that ministered to Anglicans, Nonconformists, and others, including Scandinavians, Germans, Jews, and freethinkers. The volume uses the records of this emigrants’ chaplaincy, as well as the shipboard diaries kept by emigrants themselves to give them a voice in this history. Concentrating on the experiences of the emigrant voyages, an analysis is provided of the Christianity of these British and Irish emigrants as they travelled by ship to British colonies. Their ships were ‘floating villages’ that necessitated and facilitated religious encounters across denominational and even religious boundaries. The volume argues that the Church of England provided an emigrants’ ministry that had the greatest longevity, breadth, and international structure of any Church in the nineteenth century. It also explores the principal varieties of Christianity espoused by most British emigrants, and argues their religion was more central to their identity and, consequently, more significant in settler colonies than historians have hitherto accepted. In this way, emigrant Christianity and the Church of England’s emigrants’ chaplaincy made a major contribution to the development of a British world in settler colonies of the British Empire.
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Miley, Mike. Truth and Consequences. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496825384.001.0001.
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Truth and Consequences interrogates the ways in which over two dozen works of fiction and film find meaning in the game show. Writers and filmmakers use the game show intermedially as a metaphor for what it means to be a person, a lover, a family, and a citizen in the media age. Despite media culture’s promises of global equality and connectivity (and one’s efforts to realize that promise), individuals wind up isolated by market-driven deception, wealth, or ethnicity. People use media to achieve greater intimacy with others, but the market nudges them to keep their distance from each other in the name of exploring options. Other networks can still assert themselves, such as the family, but can only sustain themselves if they openly defy and rewrite the rules of the media culture they inhabit. Although America espouses a commitment to democratic freedom, the state partners with imagemakers to make one’s lack of choice entertaining and resistance self-defeating. Amidst these obstacles, Americans still feel called upon to remember, to connect, to buzz in, to answer in the hopes that an escape awaits in the next round, behind the next door.
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Hicks-Keeton, Jill. Whether and How. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878993.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 sets Joseph and Aseneth’s intervention in ancient debates about gentile inclusion alongside that of Jubilees and that of the apostle Paul—both of whom also play with the epithet “living God” as they wrestle with questions of gentile access to Israel and Israel’s God. Like Joseph and Aseneth, Jubilees depicts Israel’s “living God” as the creator God, but whereas Joseph and Aseneth exploits the theme of universal creator to universalize (potential) inclusion, Jubilees employs creation imagery to underscore the exclusivity of the relationship between God and (gentile-free) Israel. By contrast, Paul employs the epithet as scriptural warrant for gentile inclusion. Joseph and Aseneth and Paul share a discursive project: to construct a “myth of origins” for gentile inclusion. A comparison of the two myths proves productive for articulating the radical definition of insider identity that Joseph and Aseneth espouses.
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Allegro, Linda. On Removing Migrant Labor in a Right-to-Work State. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the anti-immigrant bill known as The Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act (HB 1804), which sought to criminalize undocumented labor after a decade-long corporate recruitment strategy that solicited migrant labor under the premise of right-to-work. Of particular interest is the emphasis on the weak policy controls the legislation placed on employers while disproportionately penalizing migrants and their families. In this way it disentangles the inconsistent position of the “anti-illegals” narrative that espouses draconian measures penalizing undocumented migrants but has an unenforceable strategy for controlling the workplace, arguably the greatest draw of migrant labor. Such selective application of the rule of law demonstrates the veiled racism of the anti-illegals narrative and the dishonest nature of the professed goal of holding all parties responsible for the increase in undocumented immigration. Resulting from these paradoxes has been an increase in local law enforcement disciplining migrant bodies and lives in public spaces.
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Norton, Bryan G. Toward Unity among Environmentalists. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195093971.001.0001.
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Today, six out of ten Americans describe themselves as "active" environmentalists or as "sympathetic" to the movement's concerns. The movement, in turn, reflects this millions-strong support in its diversity, encompassing a wide spectrum of causes, groups, and sometimes conflicting special interests. For far-sighted activists and policy makers, the question is how this diversity affects the ability to achieve key goals in the battle against pollution, erosion, and out-of-control growth. This insightful book offers an overview of the movement -- its past as well as its present -- and issues the most persuasive call yet for a unified approach to solving environmental problems. Focusing on examples from resource use, pollution control, protection of species and habitats, and land use, the author shows how the dynamics of diversity have actually hindered environmentalists in the past, but also how a convergence of these interests around forward-looking policies can be effected, despite variance in value systems espoused. The book is thus not only an assessment of today's movement, but a blueprint for action that can help pull together many different concerns under a common banner. Anyone interested in environmental issues and active approaches to their solution will find the author's observations both astute and creative.
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Studd, J. P. Everything, more or less. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719649.001.0001.
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Almost no systematic theorizing is generality-free. Scientists test general hypotheses; set theorists prove theorems about every set; metaphysicians espouse theses about all things regardless of their kind. But how general can we be? Do we ever succeed in theorizing about ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING in some interestingly final, all-caps-worthy sense of ‘absolutely everything’? Not according to generality relativism. In its most promising form, this kind of relativism maintains that what ‘everything’ and other quantifiers encompass is always open to expansion: no matter how broadly we may generalize, a more inclusive ‘everything’ is always available. The importance of the issue comes out, in part, in relation to the foundations of mathematics. Generality relativism opens the way to avoid Russell’s paradox without imposing ad hoc limitations on which pluralities of items may be encoded as a set. On the other hand, generality relativism faces numerous challenges: What are we to make of seemingly absolutely general theories? What prevents our achieving absolute generality simply by using ‘everything’ unrestrictedly? How are we to characterize relativism without making use of exactly the kind of generality this view foreswears? This book offers a sustained defence of generality relativism that seeks to answer these challenges. Along the way, the contemporary absolute generality debate is traced through diverse issues in metaphysics, logic, and the philosophy of language; some of the key works that lie behind the debate are reassessed; an accessible introduction is given to the relevant mathematics; and a relativist-friendly motivation for Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is developed.
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Kramer, Matthew H. Liberalism with Excellence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777960.001.0001.
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During the past several decades, political philosophers have frequently debated whether governments are morally required to remain neutral among reasonable conceptions of excellence and human flourishing. Whereas the numerous followers of John Rawls (and kindred philosophers such as Ronald Dworkin) have maintained that a requirement of neutrality is indeed incumbent on every system of governance, other philosophers—often designated as “perfectionists”—have argued against such a requirement. Liberalism with Excellence enters these debates not by plighting itself unequivocally to one side or the other, but instead by reconceiving each of the sides and thus by redirecting the disputes between them. On the one hand, the book rejects the requirement of neutrality by contending that certain governmental subsidies for the promotion of excellence in sundry areas of human endeavor can be proper and vital. Advocating such departures from the constraint of neutrality, the book presents a version of liberalism that can rightly be classified as “perfectionist.” On the other hand, the species of perfectionism espoused in Liberalism with Excellence diverges markedly from the theories that have usually been so classified. Indeed, much of the book assails various aspects of those theories. What is more, the aspirational perfectionism elaborated in the closing chapters of the volume is reconcilable in most key respects with a suitably amplified version of Rawlsianism. Hence, by reconceiving both the perfectionist side and the neutralist side of the prevailing disputation, Liberalism with Excellence combines and transforms their respective insights.
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Kelley, Christopher. The Inherent Dignity of Empty Persons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0016.
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The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, has expressed strong support for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. While this may seem to be consistent with his outspoken promotion of basic human values and universal responsibility, there is an unresolved metaphysical conflict between his endorsement of the UDHR and concomitant ideas like inherent dignity and inalienable rights, on the one hand, and, on the other, his espousal of the Buddhist Middle Way or “centrist” (Madhyamaka) thesis that all phenomena (i.e., persons, things, and ideas like human rights) lack “intrinsic existence” (svabhāva). This chapter explores the possibility of an unforced consensus on rights between Tibetan Buddhism and the Western human rights tradition through a novel application of Madhyamaka Buddhism that can help us make sense of the metaphysics of rights in the 21st century, as well as combat the fundamentalist mind-set that contributes to human rights violations.
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Hendricks, Wanda A. A New Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038112.003.0008.
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This chapter examines how Fannie Barrier Williams responded to both hardening racial attitudes and the growth of the black population in the second decade of the twentieth century by joining forces with black and white club women in their attempts to solve the many problems that plagued the black community. It begins with a discussion of the race riots sparked mainly by anger over increasing black migration that led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It then considers Barrier Williams' efforts in expanding the services of local organizations and increasing black women's engagement with municipal work in Chicago. It also explores how race and gender defined Barrier Williams' espousal of women's participation in municipal politics and concludes with an assessment of her personal loss during the period: the deaths of her mother Harriet and husband S. Laing, as well as friends Celia Parker Woolley and Jenkin Lloyd Jones.
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Nielsen, Philipp. Between Heimat and Hatred. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190930660.001.0001.
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This book studies German Jews involved in ventures that were from the beginning, or became increasingly, of the Right. Jewish agricultural settlement, Jews’ participation in the so-called Defense of Germandom in the East, their place in military and veteran circles, and finally right-of-center politics form the core of this book. These topics created a web of social activities and political persuasions neither entirely conservative nor entirely liberal. For those German Jews engaging with these issues, their motivation came from sincere love of their German Heimat—a term for home imbued with a deep sense of belonging—and from their middle-class environment, as well as a desire to repudiate antisemitic stereotypes of rootlessness, intellectualism, or cosmopolitanism. This tension stands at the heart of the book. The book also asks when did the need for self-defense start to outweigh motivations of patriotism and class? Until when could German Jews espouse views to the right of the political spectrum without appearing extreme to either Jews or non-Jews? The book builds on recent studies of Jews’ relation to German nationalism, the experience of German Jews away from the large cities, and the increasing interest in Germans’ obsession with regional roots and the East. The study follows these lines of inquiry to investigate the participation of some German Jews in projects dedicated to originally, or increasingly, illiberal projects. As such it shines light on an area in which Jewish participation has thus far only been treated as an afterthought and illuminates both Jewish and German history afresh.
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Minow, Martha, and Robert C. "Bobby" Scott. A Federal Right to Education. Edited by Kimberly Jenkins Robinson. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479893287.001.0001.
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This book brings together an array of leading scholars to engage three critical questions surrounding the current debate over a federal right to education. First, should the United States recognize such a right? The authors of part 1 collectively answer this question as they weigh the arguments for and against. They paint a picture of crippling inequality within our schools—sharing accounts of massive racial and socioeconomic disparities along the way—which compels them to form a nearly unanimous consensus that a federal right to education would reap important benefits for all students. But even assuming this is true, a second question remains as to how the United States could establish such a right. Accordingly, the authors of part 2 explore three different mechanisms for establishing a federal right: implying the right through the Constitution, enacting the right in federal law, or adopting it through a constitutional amendment. Finally, if a federal right to education is recognized, what should it guarantee? The authors of part 3 confront this critical substantive question by weaving novel policy solutions together with evidence-based reforms to present options for ensuring that a federal right to education encompasses the tools and policy levers that are necessary to accomplish the goals that reformers espouse. Their proposals also provide key insights for impactful reforms for state courts interpreting education rights as well state lawmakers seeking to improve educational opportunities and outcomes. In response to these and other fundamental questions about the vast opportunity and achievement gaps of American schoolchildren, this volume builds on the current dialogue—both political and scholarly—that contends that education is the critical civil rights issue of our time.
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Kottler, Jeffrey, and Richard S. Balkin. Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions About Counseling and Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190090692.001.0001.
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In Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions about Counseling the authors examine the science, art, and certainties and uncertainties of psychotherapy. In this book we have selected several dozen issues in our field, many of which are considered generally accepted principles or operating assumptions. We put them under close scrutiny to examine them more carefully. We’ve considered a wide variety of subjects, ranging from those that relate to our espoused beliefs, theoretical models, favored techniques and interventions, to accreditation and licensing requirements. We have also addressed some of the sanctioned statements about the nature and meaning of empirically supported and evidence based treatments. We even question what we can truly “know” for sure and how we can be certain these things are true. When considering the efficacy of psychotherapy, there is overwhelming evidence that the vast majority of clients are significantly improved as a result of our treatments. Advances in the models, methods, and strategies during the last few decades have allowed us to work more swiftly and efficiently, to reach a much more economically and culturally diverse population. But do we really know and understand as much as we pretend to? Is the foundation upon which we stand actually as stable and certain as we think, or at least claim to believe? Are the major assumptions and “truths” that we take for granted and accept as foundational principles really supported by solid data? And how might these assumptions, beliefs, and constructs we hold so sacred perhaps compromise and limit increased creativity and innovation? These are some of the uncomfortable and provocative questions that we wish to raise, and perhaps challenge, so that we might consider alternative conceptions that might further increase our effectiveness and improve our knowledge base grounded with solid evidence.
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Roberts, Wendy Raphael. Awakening Verse. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510278.001.0001.
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Beginning with Isaac Watts’s Horae Lyricae (1706) and concluding with the burgeoning poetic print culture of the early nineteenth century, Awakening Verse unfolds how evangelical ministers, itinerants, and laypeople in colonial British North America capaciously engaged prevailing ideas about literary taste and created a distinct transatlantic poetics grounded in Watts’s notion of the “plainest capacity.” From the evangelical women who were instrumental in the development of bountiful verse ministries and the creation of poetic coteries to the itinerant ministers for whom poetics and its attendant sociability were central, evangelicals produced new forms of the “poet-minister,” “print itinerancy,” and “espousal poetics” that emerged as crucial practices of revivalism and facilitated rearrangements of ecclesiastical, gendered, and racialized authority. Well-known poet-ministers, such as the Scottish Ralph Erskine, the Bostonian Sarah Moorhead, and the Virginian James Ireland, reimagined formal poetic elements in the service of saving souls. Others, like Samuel Davies and Phillis Wheatley, became enmeshed in critical debates over the racialization of evangelical verse. Countless others, in print and in manuscript, joined with Watts to save poetry from its “profligate” uses. Awakening Verse shows that American literary and religious histories that regularly exclude one hundred years of verse severely impoverish the understanding of early evangelicalism and American poetry. Taking revival poets and their verse as seriously as they and their contemporaries did provides an entirely new understanding of eighteenth-century evangelical and literary culture, one in which poetry serves as one of the primary actors in the creation, maintenance, and adaptation of evangelical culture and religious enthusiasm animates American poetics.