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Boyer, Wanda, Paul Jerry, Gwen R. Rempel, and James Sanders. "Explanatory Styles of Counsellors in Training." International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 43, no. 2 (2021): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10447-021-09429-x.
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AbstractExplanatory style is based on how one explains good and bad events according to three dimensions: personalization, permanence, and pervasiveness. With an optimistic explanatory style, good events are explained as personal, permanent, and pervasive, whereas bad events are explained as external, temporary, and specific. For counsellors, an optimistic explanatory style creates positive expectancy judgments about the possibilities and opportunities for successful client outcomes. In this research study, we explored the explanatory styles expressed in 400 events (200 good events and 200 bad events) extracted from 38,013 writing samples of first year and final year graduate level counsellors in training. Across the three optimism dimensions and within good and bad events, there was one occurrence of a positive relationship between counsellor training time and the amount of expressed optimism. The implications of this study include the need to cultivate optimistic explanatory styles of counsellors in training and practicing counsellors.
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Park, Minjeong, and Amery D. Wu. "Item Response Tree Models to Investigate Acquiescence and Extreme Response Styles in Likert-Type Rating Scales." Educational and Psychological Measurement 79, no. 5 (2019): 911–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419829855.
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Item response tree (IRTree) models are recently introduced as an approach to modeling response data from Likert-type rating scales. IRTree models are particularly useful to capture a variety of individuals’ behaviors involving in item responding. This study employed IRTree models to investigate response styles, which are individuals’ tendencies to prefer or avoid certain response categories in a rating scale. Specifically, we introduced two types of IRTree models, descriptive and explanatory models, perceived under a larger modeling framework, called explanatory item response models, proposed by De Boeck and Wilson. This extends the typical application of IRTree models for studying response styles. As a demonstration, we applied the descriptive and explanatory IRTree models to examine acquiescence and extreme response styles in Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Our findings suggested the presence of two distinct extreme response styles and acquiescence response style in the scale.
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Sanjuan, Pilar, and Alejandro Magallares. "Coping strategies as mediator variables between explanatory styles and depressive symptoms." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 2 (2015): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.2.173391.
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<p>The main goal of this study was to analyze the relationships among explanatory styles, coping strategies and depressive symptoms. Path analyses conducted with data of 234 individuals showed that Negative Explanatory Style (tendency to explain negative outcomes through internal, stable, and global causes) had both a positive direct effect on depressive symptoms, and an indirect effect on them through the use of avoidant strategies. On the contrary, Enhancing Explanatory Style (tendency to explain positive outcomes through internal, stable, and global causes) had negative direct and indirect effects on these symptoms, but in this case, the indirect effect occurs through the use of problem solving and positive cognitive restructuring coping and the non-use of avoidant strategies. As a whole, the results suggest that to prevent the onset of depressive symptoms or to reduce them once they appear, enhancing explanatory style and problem solving and positive cognitive restructuring strategies should be promoted.</p>
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Rossel, J. "Conditions for the Explanatory Power of Life Styles." European Sociological Review 24, no. 2 (2007): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm046.
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Decuypere, Anouk, and Wilmar Schaufeli. "Leadership and work engagement: Exploring explanatory mechanisms." German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung 34, no. 1 (2019): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397002219892197.
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Construct proliferation in the leadership field raises questions concerning parsimony and whether we should focus on joint mechanisms of leadership styles, rather than the differences between them. In this theoretical research article, we propose that positive leadership styles translate into similar leader behaviors on the work floor that influence employee work engagement through a number of shared pathways. We take a deductive approach and review several established theories as well as relevant up-to-date empirical work from a bird’s-eye view to generate a general framework. We introduce a model with three processes (one direct process and two indirect processes) and five pathways (practical, motivational, affective, cognitive, and behavioral). With regard to the indirect processes, we propose that work characteristics (material pathway) and psychological need satisfaction (intrapersonal motivational pathway) mediate the relationship between positive leadership styles and engagement. Regarding the direct interpersonal process, we propose that leaders directly influence employee engagement through three pathways: emotional contagion (affective interpersonal pathway), social exchange (cognitive interpersonal pathway), and role modeling (behavioral interpersonal pathway). Our parsimonious research model furthers the integration of different theoretical viewpoints as well as underscores joint mechanisms with regard to the effect of positive leadership styles. Practically speaking, this article also provides insight into which processes leaders can work on to stimulate employee work engagement through progressive policies and work practices.
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Isaacowitz, Derek M., and Martin E. P. Seligman. "Cognitive Style Predictors of Affect Change in Older Adults." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 54, no. 3 (2002): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j6e5-np5k-2uc4-2f8b.
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Cognitive styles are the lenses through which individuals habitually process information from their environment. In this study, we evaluated whether different cognitive style individual difference variables, such as explanatory style and dispositional optimism, could predict changes in affective state over time in community-dwelling older adults. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that an optimistic explanatory style would be adaptive except when combined with life stressors, but that dispositional optimism would predict positive affective states regardless of life events. We found that older adults with a more optimistic explanatory style for health/cognitive events actually appeared to develop more depressive symptoms over six months of follow-up. However, dispositional optimism and orientation toward the future predicted a better affective profile over time.
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Walsh, Erin I., Ginny M. Sargent, and Will J. Grant. "Not just a pretty picture: Scientific fact visualisation styles, preferences, confidence and recall." Information Visualization 20, no. 2-3 (2021): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14738716211027587.
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Visuals are often used to enhance learning of scientific information. The recent emergence and popularity of comic-style instruction books for adults, such as the ‘manga guide to …’, shows the possibility of comic style visualisations for the communication of science with adults. This study investigates whether the addition and style of visual accompaniment of scientific information, as used in comic books, influences immediate and short-term fact recall in an adult audience. Participants ( n = 310 aged 18–79, 52% identified as female) were presented 20 general science facts in one of five styles: (1) text alone, (2) photo with text caption, (3) cartoon with text caption, (4) photo with explanatory agent and a speech bubble, (5) cartoon with explanatory agent and a speech bubble. Immediate recall, and confidence in that recall, was tested following a brief distractor. Participants indicated their preferred presentation style, and short-term recall was tested by a final quiz of all 20 facts. Overall, the most preferred presentation style was cartoon with explanatory agent and text in a speech bubble (26% preferred). There was no single most effective presentation style; there was no significant difference in immediate recall, short term recall or confidence in answers depending on whether the fact was presented as text, photo or cartoon, or the presence or absence of an explanatory agent. However, immediate recall was significantly better when preference was met ( p < 0.02). We found that the style of visual accompaniment of scientific information in accordance with the ‘manga guide to…’ format influenced immediate, but not short-term, fact recall in an adult audience when written English literacy, scientific literacy and non-verbal intelligence were taken into account. Short term recall of scientific facts may best be served by presenting facts in multiple styles, or enquiring about and then meeting participant preference for visual accompaniment.
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Potochnik, Angela, and Guilherme Sanches de Oliveira. "Patterns in Cognitive Phenomena and Pluralism of Explanatory Styles." Topics in Cognitive Science 12, no. 4 (2019): 1306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tops.12481.
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Shapiro, Lawrence. "A tale of two explanatory styles in cognitive psychology." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 5 (2019): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319866921.
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The development of a theory of mechanistic explanation has been a welcome advance over previous theories of explanation, such as deductive nomological explanation. However, despite the claims of some supporters of mechanistic explanation, not all explanation in cognitive science is or should be mechanistic. I defend the claim that functional analysis remains a distinct and legitimate form of explanation within cognitive science.
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Churngchow, Chidchanok, Narongsak Rorbkorb, On-tip Petchurai, and Jirawat Tansakul. "Appropriate Learning Management for Studentswith Different Learning Styles within a Multicultural Society at State-run Universities in Thailand." International Journal of Higher Education 9, no. 2 (2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p200.
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This research aimed to discover appropriate learning management to suit students’ different learning styles within a multicultural society at state-run universities using mixed methods research of explanatory design. A survey was first conducted followed by focus group discussions. It was found that the students consisted of all four types of learning styles: reflector, activist, theorist and pragmatist, while, reflectors were the majority group. The results also showed that students from different disciplines and types of highschools used different learning styles. However, the participants in the focus groups, especially the Muslim students, stated that they employed the pragmatic style as well as their dominant style. It is suggested that a teaching style incorporating practiced-based learning, such as lab-work, field work or project-based learning would suit all students. Student-centered classes and active leaning are also recommended as being appropriate for all types of student learning styles.
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Killian, Paul W., Kathryn Rileigh, and Elizabeth Denny. "Explanatory Style of Native and Euro-Americans." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3 (1999): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.777.
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The explanatory styles of 46 Native and 48 Euro-American college students were compared on three scales, one measuring optimism for explaining bad events, one optimism for explaining good events, and total score combining the two. No significant differences were found, but the slight mean difference in scores on optimism for explaining good events suggested that Euro-Americans may be more optimistic in explaining positive events than are Native Americans.
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Brabbins, Lucinda, Nima Moghaddam, and David Dawson. "Accepting the unacceptable? Exploring how acceptance relates to quality of life and death anxiety in a cancer population." Emerald Open Research 2 (April 14, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13524.1.
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Background: Quality of life is a core concern for cancer patients, which can be negatively affected by illness-related death anxiety; yet understanding of how to appropriately target psycho-oncological interventions remains lacking. We aimed to explore experiential acceptance in cancer patients, and whether acceptance – as an alternative to avoidant coping – was related to and predictive of better quality of life and death anxiety outcomes. Methods: We used a longitudinal, quantitative design with a follow-up after three months. Seventy-two participants completed a questionnaire-battery measuring illness appraisals, acceptance and non-acceptance coping-styles, quality of life, and death anxiety; 31 participants repeated the battery after three months. Results: Acceptance was an independent explanatory and predictive variable for quality of life and death anxiety, in the direction of psychological health. Acceptance had greater explanatory power for outcomes than either cancer appraisals or avoidant response styles. Avoidant response styles were associated with greater death anxiety and poorer quality of life. Conclusions: The findings support the role of an accepting response-style in favourable psychological outcomes, identifying a possible target for future psychological intervention. Response styles that might be encouraged in other therapies, such as active coping, planning, and positive reframing, were not associated with beneficial outcomes.
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Bruce, Judith C., and Evelyn B. Chilemba. "BSN graduates’ preferred learning styles: implications for student-centered learning." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 7, no. 10 (2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v7n10p56.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the learning styles that nursing graduates employed during the course of their BSN programme.Methods: Within a sequential, explanatory mixed methods design a survey was administered to determine graduates’ learning styles. From a population of 384 graduates, a sample of 200 agreed to participate. Data were collected using the Grasha-Riechmann Learning Styles Scales. MS Excel was used to enter the learning styles scores; descriptive statistics were computed using the statistical package SPSS Version 16.0.Results: The most dominant and preferred learning styles are Competitive learning style (x̄ = 3.98; SD = 0.52) and Avoidant learning style (x̄ = 3.88; SD = 0.68). Both are teacher-centered learning styles that do not promote learner independence, confidence, critical thinking and active learning. The least preferred is the Independent Learning Style (x̄ = 2.84; SD = 0.80). Implications for student-centered learning are inferred from the results.Conclusions: Graduates’ preference for the Competitive and Avoidant learning styles reflects an alignment with a teacher-centered paradigm and lack of diversity in use of learning styles during their study. The preferred learning styles detract from student-centered learning and point to an approach to teaching that integrates Socratic and facilitative methods to promote diversity of learning styles. As the educational paradigm shifts towards student-centered learning there is mounting pressure on educators to have better understanding on students’ preferred learning styles and adopt variety of pedagogical strategies to optimize ways students learn.
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STACEY, MARTIN. "Psychological challenges for the analysis of style." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 20, no. 3 (2006): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089006040606015x.
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Analyses of styles in design have paid little attention to how peopleseestyle and how designers use perceptions of style to guide designing. Although formal and computational methods for analyzing styles and generating designs provide impressively parsimonious accounts of what some stylesare, they do not address many of the factors that influence how humans understand styles. The subtlety of human style judgments raises challenges for computational approaches to style. This paper differentiates between a range of distinct meanings of “style” and explores how designers and ordinary people learn and apply perceptual similarity classes and style concepts in different situations to interpret and create designed artifacts. A range of psychological evidence indicates that style perception is dependent on knowledge and involves the interaction of perceptual recognition of style features and explanatory inference processes that create a coherent understanding of an object as an exemplar of a style. This article concludes by outlining how formal style analyses can be used in combination with psychological research to develop a fuller understanding of style perception and creative design.
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ZIA, SAYMA, ISMAT FATIMA, and SANA AZHER. "Investigating the Concept of Creative Disposition & Decision Making Styles." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 2 (2021): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-2(2021)-2.
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This purpose of this study aims to determine the impact of decision making styles in organizations operating in Karachi. It focuses on exploring different components of decision making styles and investigates the concept of creative disposition. Moreover, it determines the correlation of different components of decision making styles to creative disposition of employees. It identifies necessary changes in decision making styles to increase its impact on creative disposition. Explanatory technique is adopted to determine the impact of logic, facts and personal experiences in decision making style on creative disposition; followed by primary data collection. Quantitative paradigms are used to perform the analysis. Target population of current study comprises of employees working in organizations of Karachi. Sampling technique used is non-probability convenient sampling. Sample size is of 384. Survey technique has been adopted for data collection process. Instrument used is questionnaire for data collection multiple linear regression technique has been used for analysis. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant role of logic based decision making style, facts based decision making style and personal experience based decision making style to determine positive creative disposition shows that it has a significant impact on it. This study successfully explained importance of decision making styles in developing creative disposition in organizations. Keywords: Logic Based Decision Making Style, Facts Based Decision Making Style, Personal Experience Based Decision Making Style, Creative Disposition.
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Shrestha, Milan. "Contribution of Job Nature on Leadership Style among Academia." SEISENSE Journal of Management 2, no. 4 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i4.156.
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Purpose- Effective leadership practices in schools are only possible while headmaster and teachers adopt suitable leadership styles. The main purpose of this study is to identify the leadership styles as well as determine the association of democratic, autocratic and laissez-faire leadership style with each other among school teachers.
 Design/Methodology- This study is based on post-positivist research philosophy and cross-sectional survey as the research design which is confirmatory and explanatory in nature. It gathered the data via self-administer questionnaire from 345 school teachers and analyzed through descriptive statistics and parametric test. 
 Findings- The researcher derived that school teachers adopted a more democratic leadership style and gave least prefer to the laissez-faire leadership style in schools. Meanwhile, the lacking of equal facility and access to power exercise contributes to making significant differences in leadership styles across the job nature of school teachers. Furthermore, this study assess that there is no relationship between autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership styles. These distinct styles of leadership may develop the differences in work performances of school teachers.
 Practical Implications- This research provides the framework for another future researcher to investigate the input of job nature on leadership style among school teachers.
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Clarke, Dave, and Racquel Singh. "THE INFLUENCE OF PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND HOSPITAL DOCTORS' PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 33, no. 3 (2005): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.3.259.
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This study examined the influence of pessimistic explanatory style (PES) on the relation between stressful events and psychological distress, first as a moderator with an interaction term, and secondly as a mediator between stressful events and psychological distress. A demographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg & Williams, 1991), the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; Holmes & Masuda, 1974), and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Peterson, 1995) were completed by 121 hospital doctors, 70 men and 51 women, aged 23–65 years (M = 37.2, SD = 1.2). There were no significant differences in mean GHQ psychological distress scores between groups for sex, domestic status, employment status or grade. Stressful events were positively associated with PES, and both were positively associated with psychological distress. In the absence of a significant interaction component, multiple regression analyses did not support explanatory style as a moderator, but did support it as a mediator in the relationship between stressful events and psychological distress. Findings were discussed in terms of helping doctors to alter their explanatory styles and possibly attenuate the influence of stressful events on their psychological distress.
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Turk, Elizabeth, and Brenna H. Bry. "Adolescents' and parents' explanatory styles and parents' causal explanations about their adolescents." Cognitive Therapy and Research 16, no. 3 (1992): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01183286.
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INÁCIO, Francislaine Flâmia, Katya Luciane de OLIVEIRA, and Acácia Aparecida Angeli dos SANTOS. "Memory and intellectual styles: Performance of students with learning disabilities." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 35, no. 1 (2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000100007.
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Abstract Studies addressing issues related to information processing are necessary to understand some of the explanatory aspects of the changes in the learning process. The objective of the this study was to evaluate memory and intellectual styles in Elementary and Middle school students diagnosed with dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and in students without learning disabilities. A total of 370 students from public schools were individually evaluated using the Rey Complex Figure Test and the Thinking Styles Inventory – Revised II. The results showed significant differences in the memory condition between students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and those without learning disabilities. Significant differences in the scores of the Thinking Styles Inventory were also found between the three groups evaluated. Memory was negatively correlated with the conservative style. The difference between the groups and the correlation between these instruments pointed to the need for further research to assess these variables in the groups of students with learning disabilities.
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Banks, Megan V., and Karen Salmon. "Cognitive Response Styles and the Construction of Personal Narratives: Implications for Psychopathology in Young Adults." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 37, no. 3 (2017): 342–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276236617733844.
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We investigated the concurrent relationships among life story variables (autobiographical reasoning), cognitive variables (negative explanatory style, cognitive reappraisal strategies, and rumination), and psychopathology (symptoms of depression and anxiety). Narratives of life story high, low, and turning points were collected from 164 young adults. Findings for negative self-event connections are reported here. Young adults who made some, as opposed to no, negative self-event connections reported greater symptoms of depression and anxiety and were more likely to report higher levels of ruminative thinking and less likely to use adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies. Whether participants drew negative self-event connections predicted depression over and above the variance explained by negative explanatory style and cognitive reappraisal strategies and interacted with explanatory style to predict depression. In contrast, negative self-event connections did not incrementally predict anxiety over and above the cognitive variables. Results are discussed in terms of our current understanding of the factors that predict psychological distress.
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Uemura, Akihiro, and Tatsuya Sato. "Blood-typing as a Pseudo-personality Theory and Diversity of Its Explanatory Styles." Japanese Journal of Personality 15, no. 1 (2006): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2132/personality.15.33.
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GARCIA, A., F. TORRECILLAS, F. ARCOS, and M. GARCIA. "Effects of executive impairments on maladaptive explanatory styles in substance abusers: clinical implications." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 20, no. 1 (2005): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.002.
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Zafiropoulou, Maria, and Angeliki Thanou. "Laying the Foundations of Well Being: A Creative Psycho-Educational Program for Young Children." Psychological Reports 100, no. 1 (2007): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.136-146.
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Dysfunctional cognitive schemata and pessimistic explanatory styles are usually held responsible for some of the commonest features of depressed mood such as feelings of meaninglessness, resignation, and underachievement which seem to affect even young children. This pilot study investigates the applicability and efficacy of an interactive, creative psycho-educational program for preschoolers that aims at enhancing mastery and shaping optimistic explanatory styles. Twenty preschoolers participated in once-a-week hourly sessions which took place in their school and lasted for one school year. The intervention consisted of several playful tasks and novel creative activities specially designed to meet the needs and abilities of preschoolers, while satisfying the objectives of the school curriculum. The tasks were based on the principles of cognitive behaviour theory. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of our results support the efficacy of the intervention for preschoolers.
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Nurjanah, Santi, and Adman Adman. "ANALISIS GAYA MENGAJAR GURU KORESPONDENSI." Jurnal Pendidikan Manajemen Perkantoran 3, no. 2 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpm.v3i2.11760.
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This research aims to analyze the influence of teaching styles on student learning outcomes on subjects Correspondence using explanatory survey method. Data collection techniques used a 5-scale questionnaire with a ratting scale model. Respondents are 105 students of SMK Negeri 1 Bandung. Data analysis techniques use simple regression. The results showed that the teaching style has a positive and significant influence on the learning outcomes. Thus the learning outcomes can be improved through the increased effectiveness of teaching styles.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh gaya mengajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Korespondensi dengan menggunakan metode survey explanatory. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket skala 5 dengan model ratting scale. Responden adalah 105 siswa SMK Negeri 1 Bandung. Teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya mengajar memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap hasil belajar. Dengan demikian hasil belajar dapat ditingkatkan melalui peningkatan efektivitas gaya mengajar.
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Hou, Yu. "A Corpus-Based Study of Nominalization as a Feature of Translator’s Style (Based on the English Versions of Hong Lou Meng)." Meta 58, no. 3 (2014): 556–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025051ar.
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This article reports on a descriptive and explanatory study of nominalization as a feature of translators’ styles in two English versions of the Chinese novelHong Lou Meng. This study follows Lees in defining English nominalization as a nominalized transformation of a finite verbal form, associated with the manifestation of implicitation in translation. It uses Mathesius’ complex condensation to describe English nominalization from the perspective of the sentence as adverbial, subject, and object, condensing finite clausal structures. Based on a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is argued that nominalization is a feature of Joly’s formal style and a feature of Yang and Yang’s concise style. This article concludes by proposing possible interpretations of the translators’ different uses of nominalization.
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Al Wekhian, Jamil. "Conflict Management Styles in the Workplace: A Study of First Generation Arab Muslim Immigrants in the United States." International Journal of Business and Management 10, no. 11 (2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n11p24.
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<p>Multiple studies have shown that culture, religiosity, and gender influence people’s behavior in managing their conflict; however, there has been little investigation of the impact of the acculturation process on these variables utilized by first generation Arab Muslim immigrants in the United States. My study follows a sequential explanatory model with a mixed methods approach, and specifically explores the conflict management styles utilized by first generation Arab Muslim immigrants in the U.S. and how their culture, gender, and religiosity contribute to these processes. Data was collected by conducting 145 online surveys and 12 face-to-face semi-structured interviews, with the sample population stemming from the Arab Muslim communities in Columbia, Kansas City, and St. Louis, Missouri. Binary logistic regression and Chi-square tests were used to analyze this quantitative data through SPSS while thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The resulting analysis showed that first-generation immigrants tended to be more collectivistic, have a higher level of religiosity, and utilize a wider variety of conflict management styles including obliging, compromising, integrating, and avoiding. In addition, gender had a significant relationship only with the avoiding conflict management style, while level of religiosity had a significant relationship with the obliging, compromising, integrating, and dominating conflict management styles. Finally, culture had a significant predictive relationship with integrating and avoiding conflict management styles.</p>
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Al Wekhian, Jamil. "Conflict Behavior in the Workplace: A Study of Second Generation Arab Muslim Immigrants in the United States." International Journal of Business and Management 10, no. 12 (2015): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n12p12.
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Multiple studies have shown that culture, religiosity, and gender influence people’s behavior in managing their conflict; however, there has been little investigation of the impact of the acculturation process on these variables utilized by second generation Arab Muslim immigrants in the United States. My study follows a sequential explanatory model with a mixed methods approach, and specifically explores the conflict management styles utilized by second generation Arab Muslim immigrants in the U.S. and how their culture, gender, and religiosity contribute to these processes. Data was collected by conducting 112 online surveys and 12 face-to-face semi-structured interviews, with the sample population stemming from the Arab Muslim communities in Columbia, Kansas City, and St. Louis, Missouri. Binary logistic regression and Chi-square tests were used to analyze this quantitative data through SPSS while thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The resulting analysis showed that second generation immigrants tended to be more individualistic, have a lower level of religiosity, and utilize and utilize dominating as a conflict management style to handle their interpersonal conflict. Level of religiosity had a significant relationship with the obliging, compromising, integrating, avoiding, and dominating conflict management styles. Gender had a significant association with the obliging, compromising, avoiding, and dominating conflict management styles. Finally, culture had a significant predictive relationship with obliging, integrating, compromising, and dominating conflict management styles.
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Barnett, Clive. "The strange case of urban theory." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 13, no. 3 (2020): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa026.
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Abstract Recent debates in urban theory have centred on the problem of whether universal concepts can have applications to particular places. These debates could benefit from more serious attention to how urban thought involves styles of analogical reasoning closer in spirit to casuistry than to explanatory theory. The difficult status of ‘the case’ in urban studies is explored through a consideration of different types of universality in this field, leading to a re-consideration of ideas of experimentalism and wicked problems. Further attention should be given to the multiple styles of reasoning through which urban knowledge is produced and circulated.
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Danjour, Miler Franco, Bruno Campelo Medeiros, Miguel Eduardo Moreno Añez, and Afrânio Galdino de Araújo. "Strategic behavior measurement from the organizational culture: a study in Shopping Centers." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 15, no. 4 (2016): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v15i4.2347.
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This research presents as general purpose measuring strategic behavior from organizational culture styles, in the light of Peace and Mendes (2001) and Miles and Snow (2003). Regarding the methodological procedures, the present study is classified as type quantitative nature, explanatory conducted through a survey analytics. The sample used was probabilistic, simple random, composed of 286 tenants managers of 6 shopping centers in the city of Natal. Through multiple regression analysis, were identified in the organizations studied the prevalence of cultural style entrepreneur. In relation to strategic behavior, identified a profile transiting between the analytic style and prospector. These results indicated a strong influence of the cultural style in the definition of the strategic positioning of organizations. Conclusively, the research confirms the assumptions of the theory when you point to a need to promote a strategic positioning alignment of organization with your organizational culture.
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WARD, CHARLES W. "EXPLANATORY STYLES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN CHRISTIAN HIGHER EDUCATION. PART 1: A SINGLE-INSTITUTION CASE STUDY." Christian Higher Education 2, no. 2 (2003): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15363750302202.
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Subramaniam, Srividya, Gagan Sharma, and Srishti Sehgal. "Profitability of Style based Investment Strategies: Evidence from India." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 9, no. 2 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v9i2.11456.
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In this paper, we aim to identify profitable investment styles on the Indian stock market by using various combinations of important stock pricing anomalies consisting of. size, value, volume, profitability, earnings surprises, short term and long term prior returns. Using NSE200 stocks, three different investment styles viz. univariate, independent bivariate and conditional bivariate are constructed for the period July 2005-June 2016.Results show that on an absolute return basis, bivariate strategies do not seem to outperform univariate strategies. The unifactor CAPM is able to absorb 42% of the returns owing to the explanatory power of beta. After adjusting for risk using the three factor Fama and French (1993) model, 42% of the alphas are explained. However, additional risk factors from the Carhart (1997) model and Fama and French (2015) model do not provide any incremental explanatory power over the three factor model, recommending the use of the latter as a baseline to evaluate investment strategies in India. The highest supernormal returns of 1.1% per month are obtained from combining attributes and employing the conditional bivariate investment strategy viz.E2L1 (earnings momentum-Liquidity), M2S1 (price momentum-size), E2M3 (earnings momentum-price momentum). The findings are pertinent to portfolio managers, financial regulators and other stakeholders.
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Aggarwal, Shilpa, George Patton, Deepika Bahl, Nilesh Shah, Michael Berk, and Vikram Patel. "Explanatory style in youth self-harm: an Indian qualitative study to inform intervention design." Evidence Based Mental Health 23, no. 3 (2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2020-300159.
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BackgroundThere are very few studies that have examined the effectiveness of psychological interventions (PIs) that have been developed and tested in high-income countries to reduce self-harm in low and middle-income countries.ObjectiveTo evaluate the perspectives and explanatory styles of youth with self-harm and their caregivers to inform the design of an evidence based PI in a non-Western cultural setting. An additional objective was to suggest ways of integrating local practices and traditions to enhance its acceptability.MethodsWe conducted 15 in-depth qualitative interviews with youth with self-harm and four interviews with the caregivers in the psychiatry department of a tertiary hospital located in Mumbai, India. Data were analysed using phenomenological thematic analysis.FindingsFive themes were uncovered: (i) contextual factors related to self-harm including interpersonal factors, intrapersonal factors and socio-cultural factors; (ii) formulation and current feelings about the attempt (iii) family members and friends as the perceived supports and deterrents for future self-harm attempts; (iv) treatment related experiences with counselling, in-patient and outpatient treatment and barriers to treatment; and (v) coping strategies. Recommendations for key areas of adaptation include therapist adaptation, content adaptation to accommodate for cultural considerations and broader social context. Gender based socio-cultural norms, beliefs and stigma attached to self-harm need to be specifically addressed in South Asian setting. Interpersonal conflicts are the most common triggers.Conclusion and clinical implicationsTo our knowledge this is the first study in the South Asian context evaluating explanatory styles of youth with self-harm and their caregivers to inform the design of an intervention to ensure its cultural congruence. Cultural adaptation of an evidence based PI results in competent delivery and ensures best results in diverse ethno-cultural populations.
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Kowalczyk, Rafał. "Klasyfikacja semantyczna rosyjskich i polskich nazw muzyki rozrywkowej." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia 40, no. 1 (2016): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2015.40.1.17.
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This paper presents a practical application of multifaceted research into the vocabulary of popular music in contemporary Russian and Polish. It contains explanatory notes in the first part and appendixes, i.e. mini Russian-Polish dictionaries, in the second part. Lexical entries are divided into six semantic groups with the following key concepts: jazz, rock, metal, house, techno and trance, which describe the music styles that appeal to popular tastes.
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Hernandez-Bocanegra, Diana C., and Jürgen Ziegler. "Explaining Review-Based Recommendations: Effects of Profile Transparency, Presentation Style and User Characteristics." i-com 19, no. 3 (2020): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2020-0021.
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Abstract Providing explanations based on user reviews in recommender systems (RS) may increase users’ perception of transparency or effectiveness. However, little is known about how these explanations should be presented to users, or which types of user interface components should be included in explanations, in order to increase both their comprehensibility and acceptance. To investigate such matters, we conducted two experiments and evaluated the differences in users’ perception when providing information about their own profiles, in addition to a summarized view on the opinions of other customers about the recommended hotel. Additionally, we also aimed to test the effect of different display styles (bar chart and table) on the perception of review-based explanations for recommended hotels, as well as how useful users find different explanatory interface components. Our results suggest that the perception of an RS and its explanations given profile transparency and different presentation styles, may vary depending on individual differences on user characteristics, such as decision-making styles, social awareness, or visualization familiarity.
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Campeau, Anthony G. "Distribution of Learning Styles and Preferences for Learning Environment Characteristics Among Emergency Medical Care Assistants (EMCAs) in Ontario, Canada." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 13, no. 1 (1998): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00033033.
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AbstractIntroduction:In Ontario, Canada, Emergency Medical Care Assistants (EMCAs) have many opportunities for continuing education. However, little is known about how EMCAs learn.Objectives:The intent of this study was to explore the distribution of learning styles, preferences for major learning environment characteristics, and the associations between these two factors among the EMCA population in Ontario, Canada.Methods:Following review of the literature, a 32-item survey of learning environment characteristics was constructed to measure the respondents' preferences. Using a random number generator, 386 EMCAs were selected for participation. Each received: a) an explanatory cover letter; b) a copy of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) questionnaire; c) a second questionnaire consisting of learning environment characteristics; and d) a stamped, return addressed envelope. Completed surveys were scored to determine the respondent's Learning Style. The LSI and Learning Environment survey results were entered into a data base and subjected to Dual Scaling analysis in order to 1) Identify the distribution of learning styles; and 2) Explore associations between styles and environmental characteristics.Results:A total of 75 completed surveys were returned, each of the four styles of learning (Converger; Diverger; Assimilator; and Accommodator) were identified in the sample. Dual Scaling analysis indicated a noteworthy association (R(jt) correlation >0.300) between learning style and 10 of the 32 environmental characteristics. The data describe the usefulness of each of the learning styles.Accommodators believed courses with a strong emphasis on practical applications and working in groups to be very useful, but were less interested in courses with a strong emphasis on theory. Assimilators felt lectures and courses with a strong emphasis on theory very useful, but were less interested in providing input into course objectives. Divergers found that a lot of verbal explanation is useful, but were less interested in working with teachers who act as coaches. Convergers believed that working with teachers who act as coaches is useful. They also preferred courses with a strong emphasis on practical applications, but were less interested in courses with a strong emphasis on theory.Conclusion:The findings in this study, provide some additional insight into the connections between learning style and elements of the learning environment, and their application may contribute to operationalizing learning theory.
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Tetlock, Philip E., and Richard Ned Lebow. "Poking Counterfactual Holes in Covering Laws: Cognitive Styles and Historical Reasoning." American Political Science Review 95, no. 4 (2001): 829–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400400043.
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We report a series of studies of historical reasoning among professional observers of world politics. The correlational studies demonstrate that experts with strong theoretical commitments to a covering law and cognitive-stylistic preferences for explanatory closure are more likely to reject close-call Counterfactual that imply that “already explained” historical outcomes could easily have taken radically different forms. The experimental studies suggest that counterfactual reasoning is not totally theory-driven: Many experts are capable of surprising themselves when encouraged to imagine the implications of particular what-if scenarios. Yet, there is a downside to openness to historical contingency. The more effort experts allocate to exploring counterfactual worlds, the greater is the risk that they will assign too much subjective probability to too many scenarios. We close by defining good judgment as a reflective-equilibrium process of balancing the conflicting causal intuitions primed by complementary factual and counterfactual posings of historical questions.
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Lawyer, Amy. "104 Leadership styles of state extension specialists." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.181.
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Abstract The focus of this study was the leadership styles of extension specialists. Many studies have been conducted on leadership characteristics of extension agents and administrators, however the current knowledge base concerning leadership behaviors of extension specialists is lacking. Traditionally, specialists were strictly used as a resource for subject matter information, however, changes to cooperative extension have seen specialists move into a position that involves leading agent groups and conducting programing that directly serves the clientele. Many specialists find themselves with newly acquired expectations, yet lack training or educational background to ensure these skills. Using a mixed methodological approach, this sequential explanatory study was conducted using transformational leadership theory, with the purpose of examining current leadership characteristics among extension specialists. The specialists were sent a survey which contained questions relating to educational background, make-up and tenure of their position, and included the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) to analyze self-perceived transformational leadership characteristics. This survey was followed by a voluntary individual interview. The purpose of the interview was to gain a broader understanding of the group’s leadership perspectives. Although no significant connections could be made concerning demographic information and MLQ leadership scores, the group as a whole registered below average for displaying transformational leadership characteristics, ranking in the 40th percentile for composite MLQ scores compared to the general population. The interview data showed that the specialists agreed with the concepts of transformational leadership, however MLQ scores and anecdotal evidence show that practical application of transformational leadership was lacking. Most participants indicated they did not initially feel prepared for their job, and many indicated that interpersonal relationship skills were used more often than their degree specialization. The findings from this study may help to encourage leadership training focused towards extension specialists, and to emphasize the need for leadership skills within this position.
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Harding, Jennifer. "Questioning the Subject in Biographical Interviewing." Sociological Research Online 11, no. 3 (2006): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1411.
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This paper considers how different approaches to interviewing and styles of questioning produce different sorts of biographical subjects and accounts. It compares styles of biographical interview (chronological and narrative) and types of question (narrative and explanatory), and presents an approach, which treats the interview as a collaborative co-production primarily concerned with the present and subjectivity, rather than the past and fact. It also considers how biographical interviewing may direct and contain narratives of the self through the subject positions it creates and offers interviewees. Discussion is grounded in reflection on a recent project involving university students in interviewing young people leaving care about their care experiences and making a training video for professionals. The paper highlights the inter-subjective and emotional aspects of interviewing in this context.
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Al-Mansoori, Reem S., and Muammer Koç. "Transformational Leadership, Systems, and Intrinsic Motivation Impacts on Innovation in Higher Education Institutes: Faculty Perspectives in Engineering Colleges." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (2019): 4072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154072.
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Learning institutes are unique places for innovation, technical transformations, and social changes, which are the main pillars for sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to examine the innovation capacity building through the impact of transformational leadership on followers’ satisfaction and output in two engineering colleges: one in a public university in the United States and the other in an International Branch Campus in Qatar. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was used to assess leadership style, and three output indicators were chosen to represent innovative outputs. Innovation-driven systems and Intrinsic motivation were other innovation drivers assessed through the designed survey. The Statistical Package of Social Science was used to identify the correlated constructs of leadership styles and outcomes. The explanatory sequential mixed method helped explain the underlying reasons for the quantitative results through interviews with faculty. The study showed that leaders (deans) exhibited different ranges of transformational leadership styles, yet were lower than the norm. Moreover, transformational leadership traits, in addition to contingent rewards from transactional leadership, were highly correlated with followers’ satisfaction with the leader and the system. As this was a cross-cultural study, context affected the participation rate and response results, as hesitation to evaluate the dean was common in a high power–distance context.
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Gill, Michael J., and Michael R. Andreychik. "Getting Emotional About Explanations: Social Explanations and Social Explanatory Styles as Bases of Prosocial Emotions and Intergroup Attitudes." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3, no. 6 (2009): 1038–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00218.x.
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Kamid, Kamid, M. Rusdi, Olva Fitaloka, Fibrika Rahmat Basuki, and Khairul Anwar. "Mathematical communication skills based on cognitive styles and gender." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 9, no. 4 (2020): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i4.20497.
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This research aimed to determine the differences of mathematical communication skills based on cognitive styles and gender. This research was a mixed-method with sequential explanatory design. The population was grade XI students at Senior High School in Jambi City consisting of 53 male and 72 female students. The study used a total sampling. The key informant consisted of four field independent and four field dependent. The instruments were used cognitive style test, mathematical communication test, and interviews. The differences of mathematical communication skills were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-Test. Qualitative data were analyze descriptively using Miles and Huberman model. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference of Field Independent (FI) and Field Dependent (FD) students in mathematical communication skills. FI can explain the information on the question well, using the mathematical model appropriately, explaining the problem-solving strategy very clear and structured, and being able to evaluate clearly and accurately. FD able to describing the information on the matter, but less complete, using the mathematical model appropriately, explaining the problem-solving strategy, but less complete, and being able to evaluate it quite clearly. The mathematical communication skills of male and female students were not significant differences. Male students are able to explain the strategy and the steps of solving the problem quite clearly, but less structured. Female students are able to explain the strategy and steps to resolve the problem clearly and structured.
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Galloppo, Giuseppe, and Mauro Aliano. "Fund Manager Performance in Emerging Market: Factor Specialisation and Financial Crisis Impact." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 17, no. 1 (2018): 130–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652717748101.
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In the branch of literature dealing with analysis of the consistency of management styles, this article investigates the relation between portfolio concentration and the performance of emerging market equity funds. Unlike previous studies, on global and US mutual fund, we focus on emerging markets equity, finding funds with higher levels of tracking error, display lower performance than funds with less diversified portfolios when we do not take into account specific concentration in holdings in different multifactor style. The explanatory power of local models that use local explanatory returns is recently investigated by De Groot, Pang and Swinkels (2012), Cakici, Fabozzi and Tan (2013) and Fama and French (2012). Following the same research line, the most remarkable finding of this article is that the fund-picking process, only based on the level of track error from a broad benchmark, can contribute to disappointing results when it is not also accompanied by information about the fund concentration in multiple market segment. According to the previous work, overall, we found that local factor market model provides quite good representation of local average returns for portfolios formed on size and style factors. The contribution of this research is two-fold. First, we examined emerging market funds from the perspective of active management and second, under the effect of strategies mentioned in Huij and Derwall (2011). Moreover, as additional analysis with respect to most of the previous papers, we also tested the effects of the crisis that we found to have not affected the main result.
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Gkorezis, Panagiotis, Eugenia Petridou, and Theodora Krouklidou. "The Detrimental Effect of Machiavellian Leadership on Employees’ Emotional Exhaustion: Organizational Cynicism as a Mediator." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 11, no. 4 (2015): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i4.988.
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Numerous empirical studies have examined predictors of emotional exhaustion. In this vein, both positive and negative leadership styles have been associated with this outcome. Yet, little is known about the role of Machiavellian leadership in fostering employees’ emotional exhaustion. As such, we investigated the relationship between Machiavellian leadership and emotional exhaustion. Even more, we investigated an explanatory mechanism of this association by encompassing organizational cynicism as a mediator. Results showed that Machiavellian leadership has a both direct and indirect, through organizational cynicism, on employees’ emotional exhaustion.
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Sample, Tex. "Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams Hitting a Baseball." Tradition and Discovery: The Polanyi Society Periodical 45, no. 3 (2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/traddisc201945323.
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This paper interprets the batting styles of Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams utilizing key concepts of the Michael Polanyi Reader. In doing so it demonstrates the thoughtful organization of Polanyi’s work in the Reader, on the one hand, and the explanatory and descriptive power of Polanyi’s thought about practices on the other. Key Polanyi concepts utilized in this paper include: indwelling, the specifiable and the unspecifiable, connoisseurship, a-critical and critical judgment, knowledge and knowing as action, understanding, and commitment with its personal and universal poles.
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Ramos, Sixtus Dane. "Attachment, motivation, and clinical progress in a Filipino therapeutic community: a mediation analysis." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 38, no. 2 (2017): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-12-2016-0026.
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Purpose The therapeutic community (TC) is a widely used intervention program in treating substance use disorders. Despite its documented utility, researchers and practitioners are still perplexed on how it exactly works. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the role of attachment styles and treatment motivation in the TC process. Design/methodology/approach Applying an explanatory correlational research, this notion was tested by examining the responses of 200 patients with substance use disorder in a TC using mediation analysis. Findings The results revealed that attachment styles indirectly affect client’s clinical progress by the path of treatment motivation. Although the current study cannot conclude causality, the results provide empirical evidence suggesting that attachment activates motivation in treatment within the social dynamics of the TC, thus influencing clinical progress. Originality/value From these findings, recommendations for the modification of TCs along with considerations for further research, and socio-political implications are discussed.
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Sofiyah, Fivi Rahmatus, and Ritha F. Dalimunthe. "The Role of Leadership Style in Applying Improvement Culture to Employee Performance through Motivation as an Intermediary Variable at University of Sumatra Utara." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 4 (2021): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210414.
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This study aims to determine and explain: the description of the role of leadership styles at University of Sumatera Utara through motivating the application of Kaizen culture to employee performance. The type of research used in this research is an explanatory research using quantitative methods. The variables in this study are: leadership style and improvement culture as independent variables, work motivation as the mediating variable, and employee performance as the dependent variable. This research uses primary data in the form of responses to the questionnaire, as well as secondary data obtained through documents. The data analysis method used is path analysis. The results of path analysis show that: leadership style variables have a positive and significant impact on employee performance, Leadership style variables have a positive and significant impact on motivation, Kaizen cultural variables have a positive and significant impact on employee performance, Kaizen cultural variables have a positive and significant impact on motivation, and motivation variables have significant effects on employee performance. Influence; the leadership style variables have a positive and significant impact on employee performance through motivation; the improvement of culture has a positive and significant impact on employee performance through motivation. Keywords: Leadership Style, Kaizen Culture, Employee Performance, Motivation.
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Nasution, Ade Parluangan, Ponco Bambang Mahargiono, and Yoyok Soesatyo. "Effect of Leadership Styles, Organizational Climate and Ethos of Work on Employee Productivity (PT. HP Metals Indonesia the Powder Coating)." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 2 (2016): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n2p262.
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<p>The aim of this study is to investigate and examine the effect of leadership style on employee productivity, identify and examine the effect of organizational climate on employee productivity, to identify and examine the effect of the work ethic on employee productivity, in order to know and examine the variables that have the most impact level dominant on employee productivity PT. HP Metals Indonesia part Powder Coating.</p><p>This research is an explanatory research or study the explanation, the research describes causal relationships between variables through hypothesis testing. The numbers of sample in this study are 98 respondents. The independent variables consist of: Leadership styles (X1), Organizational Climate (X2), Work Ethics (X3). The dependent variable in this study is Productivity employee (Y). While, the technique of analysis using multiple linear regression analysis</p>Based on the analysis in this study showed that the variables of leadership style, organizational climate, work ethic on employee productivity responded well by employees. Aspects of leadership style that followed targeted Climate employee srated the organization has also been rated as good, especially on the cooperation between employees and management, while at the work ethic of employee srated very high, especially on adherence to regulations, adherence to labor standards and work ethics. And employee productivity is also very positive response from almost all three elements, namely timeliness, quality of work and quantity of work.
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Dombo, Eileen A., and Frederick L. Ahearn. "The Aftermath of Humanitarian Crises." Illness, Crisis & Loss 25, no. 2 (2016): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054137315606830.
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This article reviews the aftermath of displacement caused by natural calamities such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and man-made disasters such as war, ecological degradations, and political, religious, and ethnic persecution. These are traumatic events for individual, families, and communities that require social work interventions. Specifically, the authors will (a) explore the effects of displacement on individuals, families, and communities; (b) propose an explanatory model of the effects of trauma, loss, stress, and separation on behavioral outcomes as mediated by social supports and coping styles; and (c) suggest humanitarian intervention strategies conceptualized by the multilevel public health prevention model, with emphasis on interventions at the individual, group, and community levels.
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Emmanuel, Anyika. "Conflict management styles in academic and hospital pharmacy practice areas in affiliated tertiary institutions in Lagos, Nigeria." Journal of Hospital Administration 2, no. 4 (2013): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v2n4p120.
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Background/Objective: Types of conflicts in pharmacy organizations were discussed and conflict management styles by pharmacists in academia and hospital pharmacists in two affiliate tertiary institutions in Lagos, Nigeria were assessed. Methods: An adapted questionnaire of 20-item inventory for conflict management scale (CMS) for pharmacy was used to obtain responses from hospital pharmacists and pharmacists in academia in the practice areas. The multistage inventory item comprising questions that used four graded scales and appropriate alphabets A to D against each column was used in line with the described explanatory model. Scales of A, B, C, and D represent: imposing, settling, avoiding and thwarting respectively. Some items were rephrased and content-validated for clarity to respondents, while the last item (number 20) was introduced to reflect a pertinent issue in conflict management. The instrument was administered in voluntary situation over a period of two weeks; the results were collated and analyzed. Results: Thirty-one full-time pharmacist lecturers (14 males, 17 females) and 29 registered hospital pharmacists (6 males, 23 females) in the respective institutions completed the questionnaires. The summed scores of dominant and secondary conflict management styles for the two respective groups show that pharmacists in the two practice areas have different approaches to conflict management in workplace. A substantial number of respondents in both settings are either dominantly settling or avoiding in their style. Conclusion: Training in conflict management and reflective practice is highly recommended for pharmacists, to attain the skills that enhance their interpersonal environment, aimed at making pharmacy practice a very fulfilling and rewarding profession.
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Palupi, Bening Sri, Slamet Subiyantoro, Triyanto Triyanto, and Rukayah Rukayah. "Creative-Thinking Skills in Explanatory Writing Skills Viewed from Learning Behaviour: A Mixed Method Case Study." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, no. 01 (2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i01.11487.
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Creative thinking involves the activities of complex skills and cognitive abilities, personality factors and motivations, styles, strategies, and metacognitive skills. Therefore, creative-thinking skills can reflect the students’ personality considered as unique individuals. On the other hand, the effectiveness of education can be seen from teaching practices and class climate. The application of guided inquiry learning (GIL) and problem-based learning (PBL) models is one effort to improve the effectiveness of education. This research is a mixed-method case study that aims to describe the behaviour of groups of students, studying with GIL and PBL, with high, moderate, and low creative-thinking skills. The mixed-method analysis applied is a concurrent embedded strategy that combines primary data (qualitative) and secondary data (quantitative) to complement each other. The results showed that the application of the GIL and PBL models was proved to be effective for learning explanatory writing skills. In terms of the creative-thinking skills, the higher the students' creative-thinking skills are, the higher their explanatory writing skills will be. Students who have high creative-thinking skills also exhibit prominent attitudes during the learning process, such as intensity of asking frequently with substantive questions on the subject matter and having good opinion and leadership skills.