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1
Noverr, Mairi C., und Gary B. Huffnagle. „Regulation of Candida albicans Morphogenesis by Fatty Acid Metabolites“. Infection and Immunity 72, Nr. 11 (November 2004): 6206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.11.6206-6210.2004.
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ABSTRACT Candida albicans is an opportunistic dimorphic fungus that inhabits various host mucosal sites. Conversion from the yeast to the hyphal form has been associated with increased virulence and mucosal invasiveness. C. albicans morphogenesis is regulated by multiple signals and signaling pathways. However, signals that control morphogenesis in vivo are unknown. We investigated the effects of host long chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, and bacterial short chain fatty acids on control of germination. None of the C18 or C20 fatty acids tested had an effect on enhancing germ tube formation (arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, or γ-linolenic acid). Among the different eicosanoids, both prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 significantly enhanced serum-induced germination by C. albicans. Addition of antiprostaglandin or antithromboxane antibodies to serum alone inhibited germ tube formation by almost 30%, while control antibody had no effect, indicating that these eicosanoids are major morphogenic factors in the serum. Since these molecules also bind to albumin, this may also explain the hyphal transforming activity in serum that associates with albumin. Interestingly, short chain fatty acids (butyric acid), the product of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), inhibited germination. In addition, LAB culture supernatants as well as live LAB also inhibited C. albicans morphogenesis. Overall, these results indicate that fatty acid metabolites and fatty acid pathways can up-regulate and down-regulate germination in C. albicans.
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Ogunade, Ibukun, Adeoye Oyebade, Bremansu Osa-Andrews und Sunday Peters. „Plasma Carboxyl-Metabolome Is Associated with Average Daily Gain Divergence in Beef Steers“. Animals 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010067.
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We applied an untargeted metabolomics technique to analyze the plasma carboxyl-metabolome of beef steers with divergent average daily gain (ADG). Forty-eight newly weaned Angus crossbred beef steers were fed the same total mixed ration ad libitum for 42 days. On day 42, the steers were divided into two groups of lowest (LF: n = 8) and highest ADG (HF: n = 8), and blood samples were obtained from the two groups for plasma preparation. Relative quantification of carboxylic-acid-containing metabolites in the plasma samples was determined using a metabolomics technique based on chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Metabolites that differed (fold change (FC) ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.83 and FDR ≤ 0.05) between LF and HF were identified using a volcano plot. Metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA) of the differential metabolites was done to determine the metabolic pathways or enzymes that were potentially altered. In total, 328 metabolites were identified. Volcano plot analysis revealed 43 differentially abundant metabolites; several short chain fatty acids and ketone bodies had greater abundance in HF steers. Conversely, several long chain fatty acids were greater in LF steers. Five enzymatic pathways, such as fatty acyl CoA elongation and fatty-acid CoA ligase were altered based on MSEA. This study demonstrated that beef steers with divergent ADG had altered plasma carboxyl-metabolome, which is possibly caused by altered abundances and/or activities of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis in the liver.
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Wu, Qikui, Xue Zhao, Chen Chen, Zihan Zhang und Fangyuan Yu. „Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing Styrax tonkinensis Kernels“. Metabolites 10, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010021.
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Background: Styrax tonkinensis is an economic tree species with high timber, medicine, oil, and ornamental value. Its seed, containing a particularly high oil content, are widely studied for their biodiesel properties by nutritional components and oil body ultrastructure. However, their comprehensive biochemical compositions have not been studied. Methods: During S. tonkinensis kernel development, we collected samples from four time points for metabolite profiling and classification through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 187 and 1556 metabolites were obtained, respectively. All of the metabolites were grouped into 19 and 21 classes by their chemical properties and into 8 clusters based on their change trends, respectively. Among all the metabolites, carboxylic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids, organooxygen compounds, prenol lipids, and steroids and steroid derivatives were the main components. Alanine, glutamine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine were the five most abundant amino acids. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were the four major free fatty acids. Flavans, flavonoid glycosides and o-methylated flavonoids were the three major flavonoids. The differential metabolites distributions between different time points were identified. A pathway enrichment was performed, which was mainly focused on three groups, amino acids metabolism, carbon flow from sucrose to lipid and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Conclusions: It’s the first time to analyze the metabolite fingerprinting for developing S. tonkinensis kernels and identify varied kinds of flavonoids. We performed metabolite profiling, classification and pathway enrichment to assess the comprehensive biochemical compositions. Our results described the change in major metabolites and main metabolic processes during S. tonkinensis kernel development and provided a variety of bases for seed applications as biofuel or medicine.
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Mitro, Susanna D., Jing Wu, Mohammad Rahman, Mengying Li, Stefanie Hinkle, Andrew Bremer, Natalie Weir, Michael Tsai, Bizu Gelaye und Cuilin Zhang. „Longitudinal Metabolomic Profile Trajectories in Healthy Pregnancy and Variation by BMI and Fetal Sex“. Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_113.
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Abstract Objectives Maternal plasma metabolites have been linked with pregnancy outcomes, and two studies reported that metabolite levels differ by trimester. However, dynamic metabolite trajectories in normal pregnancy have not been characterized. We examined metabolite trajectories and tested whether trajectories differed by maternal body mass index (BMI) or fetal sex. Methods We quantified 3 panels of targeted metabolites—37 amino acids, 37 phospholipid fatty acids and 28 acylcarnitines—in blood samples collected longitudinally from 214 pregnant women (at 10–14, 15–26, 26–31, and 33–39 weeks, staggered to sample most weeks of pregnancy). Participants were healthy controls in a nested case-control study in the Fetal Growth Studies—Singletons. We used linear mixed models to estimate metabolite trajectories and evaluate if trajectories varied by maternal BMI (<25, 25–29.9, 30) or fetal sex. We used novel methods such as hierarchical clustering to group metabolite trajectories. Results Concentrations of most carnitines, 57% of fatty acids, and 24% of amino acids (e.g., branched chain amino acids) significantly decreased over pregnancy; 22% of fatty acids and 24% of amino acids (e.g., threonine, histidine) significantly increased. Trajectories of 2 carnitines (propionylcarnitine and stearoylcarnitine) and 3 fatty acids (15:0, 17:0, 22:0) significantly differed by sex. Trajectories of dodecenoylcarnitine, 2 fatty acids and 2 fatty acid ratios (17:0, 20:3n6, AA/DHA, AA/(DHA + EPA)) significantly differed by BMI: specifically, 17:0, AA/DHA, and AA/(DHA + EPA) decreased less over pregnancy for women with high BMI. Conclusions Concentrations of most metabolites significantly changed during pregnancy, and trajectories of some carnitines and fatty acids differed significantly by maternal BMI and fetal sex. Future pregnancy metabolomics studies should consider BMI, fetal sex, and multiple samples across pregnancy. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
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Rosenzweig, Barak, Nimrod Daniel Rubinstein, Eduard Reznik, Piotr Zareba, Roman Shingarev, Krishna Juluru, Oguz Akin et al. „Effect of benign and tumor parenchyma metabolomic profiles on compensatory renal growth in renal cell carcinoma surgical patients.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, Nr. 6_suppl (20.02.2017): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.446.
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446 Background: Pre-operative kidney volume is an independent predictor of glomerular filtration rate in renal cell carcinoma patients. Compensatory renal growth (CRG) can ensue prior to nephrectomy in parallel to tumor growth and benign parenchyma loss. We aimed to test whether renal metabolite abundances significantly associate with CRG, suggesting a causative relationship. Methods: Tissue metabolomics data from 49 patients, with a median age of 60 years, were previously collected and the pre-operative fold-change of their contra to ipsi-lateral benign kidney volume served as a surrogate for their CRG. Contra-lateral kidney volume fold-change within a 3.3 +/- 2.1 years follow-up interval was used as a surrogate for long-term CRG. Using a multivariable statistical model we identified metabolites whose abundances significantly associate with CRG. Results: We identified 13 metabolites in the benign (e.g. L-urobilin) and 163 metabolites in the malignant (e.g. 3-indoxyl-sulfate) tissues to significantly associate with CRG. Benign/tumor fold change in metabolite abundances revealed three additional metabolites with a significant positive association with CRG (e.g. p-cresol sulfate). At the pathway level, we show that fatty-acid oxidation is highly enriched with metabolites whose benign tissue abundances strongly positively associate with CRG, whereas in the tumor tissue significant enrichment of dipeptides (positive association) and benzoate, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, lysolipid and nucleotide sugar pentose (negative associations) sub-pathways were observed. The effect of metabolite abundances in the benign tissue on long term CRG provided further support for positive association of fatty-acid metabolism sub-pathway enrichment, where sphingolipid, monoacylglycerol, long chain fatty acids, and mid chain fatty acids were enriched for a negative association. Conclusions: These data suggest that specific biological processes in the benign as well as in the tumor parenchyma strongly influence compensatory renal growth.
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Zirnheld, Kara H., Dennis R. Warner, Jeffrey B. Warner, Josiah E. Hardesty, Craig J. McClain und Irina A. Kirpich. „Dietary fatty acids and bioactive fatty acid metabolites in alcoholic liver disease“. Liver Research 3, Nr. 3-4 (Dezember 2019): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livres.2019.10.001.
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Wang, Xiao, und Haja N. Kadarmideen. „Metabolomics Analyses in High-Low Feed Efficient Dairy Cows Reveal Novel Biochemical Mechanisms and Predictive Biomarkers“. Metabolites 9, Nr. 7 (23.07.2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9070151.
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Residual feed intake (RFI) is designed to estimate net efficiency of feed use, so low RFI animals are considered for selection to reduce feeding costs. However, metabolic profiling of cows and availability of predictive metabolic biomarkers for RFI are scarce. Therefore, this study aims to generate a better understanding of metabolic mechanisms behind low and high RFI in Jerseys and Holsteins and identify potential predictive metabolic biomarkers. Each metabolite was analyzed to reveal their associations with two RFIs in two breeds by a linear regression model. An integrative analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics was performed to explore interactions between functionally related metabolites and genes in the created metabolite networks. We found that three main clusters were detected in the heat map and all identified fatty acids (palmitoleic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, heptadecanoic, and tetradecanoic acid) were grouped in a cluster. The lower cluster were all from fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid. The first component of the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) explained a majority (61.5%) of variations of all metabolites. A good division between two breeds was also observed. Significant differences between low and high RFIs existed in the fatty acid group (P < 0.001). Statistical results revealed clearly significant differences between breeds; however, the association of individual metabolites (leucine, ornithine, pentadecanoic acid, and valine) with the RFI status was only marginally significant or not significant due to a lower sample size. The integrated gene-metabolite pathway analysis showed that pathway impact values were higher than those of a single metabolic pathway. Both types of pathway analyses revealed three important pathways, which were aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and the citrate cycle (TCA cycle). Finally, one gene (2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 (+HACL1)) associated with two metabolites (-α-ketoglutarate and succinic acid) were identified in the gene-metabolite interaction network. This study provided novel metabolic pathways and integrated metabolic-gene expression networks in high and low RFI Holstein and Jersey cattle, thereby providing a better understanding of novel biochemical mechanisms underlying variation in feed efficiency.
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O'Hagan, D. „Biosynthesis of fatty acid and polyketide metabolites“. Natural Product Reports 10, Nr. 6 (1993): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/np9931000593.
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O'Hagan, David. „Biosynthesis of fatty acid and polyketide metabolites“. Natural Product Reports 12, Nr. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/np9951200001.
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Haslam, Danielle E., Jun Li, Liming Liang, Marijulie Martinez, Cristina Palacios, Maria A. Trak-Fellermeier, Paul W. Franks, Kaumudi Joshipura und Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju. „Changes in Metabolites During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Early and Mid-Pregnancy: Findings from the PEARLS Randomized, Controlled Lifestyle Trial“. Metabolites 10, Nr. 7 (10.07.2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10070284.
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The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to diagnose gestational and other types of diabetes. We examined metabolite changes during an OGTT, and how a comprehensive diet and physical activity intervention may influence these changes in a population of overweight/obese Hispanic pregnant women. Integration of changes in metabolites during an OGTT may help us gain preliminary insights into how glucose metabolism changes during pregnancy. Among women from the Pregnancy and EARly Lifestyle improvement Study (PEARLS), we measured metabolites during a multipoint OGTT (fasting, 30, 60 and 120 min) at early and mid-pregnancy. Metabolite levels were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in plasma samples in the lifestyle intervention (n = 13) and control (n = 16) arms of the study. A total of 65 candidate metabolites were selected that displayed changes during an OGTT in previous studies. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used to examine differences in Δfast-120 min: (1) at early and mid-pregnancy; and (2) by intervention assignment. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to identify those metabolites that differed by intervention assignment and OGTT time points. Most of the characteristic changes in metabolites post-OGTT were similar at both gestational time points. PCA identified characteristic metabolite patterns associated with OGTT time points at both early and mid-pregnancy. These metabolites included ketone bodies, tryptophan, acyl carnitines, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and biomarkers related to bile acid, urea cycle, arginine, and proline metabolism. PCA identified distinct Δfast-120 min in fatty acid, acyl carnitine, bile acid, ketone body, and amino acid levels at mid- compared to early pregnancy. Participants in the intervention group did not display mean decreases in Δfast-120 min of several long-chain acyl carnitines that were observed in the control group. These findings provide preliminary insight into metabolites, whose role in increased insulin resistance during pregnancy, should be explored further in future studies.
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Kwon, So Yeon, Karen Massey, Mark A. Watson, Tayab Hussain, Giacomo Volpe, Christopher D. Buckley, Anna Nicolaou und Paul Badenhorst. „Oxidised metabolites of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid activate dFOXO“. Life Science Alliance 3, Nr. 2 (28.01.2020): e201900356. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.201900356.
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Obesity-induced inflammation, or meta-inflammation, plays key roles in metabolic syndrome and is a significant risk factor in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To investigate causal links between obesity, meta-inflammation, and insulin signaling we established a Drosophila model to determine how elevated dietary fat and changes in the levels and balance of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) influence inflammation. We observe negligible effect of saturated fatty acid on inflammation but marked enhancement or suppression by omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs, respectively. Using combined lipidomic and genetic analysis, we show omega-6 PUFA enhances meta-inflammation by producing linoleic acid–derived lipid mediator 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE). Transcriptome analysis reveals 9-HODE functions by regulating FOXO family transcription factors. We show 9-HODE activates JNK, triggering FOXO nuclear localisation and chromatin binding. FOXO TFs are important transducers of the insulin signaling pathway that are normally down-regulated by insulin. By activating FOXO, 9-HODE could antagonise insulin signaling providing a molecular conduit linking changes in dietary fatty acid balance, meta-inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Li, Shumei, Xueqiang Su, Muhammad Abdullah, Yanming Sun, Guohui Li, Xi Cheng, Yi Lin, Yongping Cai und Qing Jin. „Effects of Different Pollens on Primary Metabolism and Lignin Biosynthesis in Pear“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, Nr. 8 (02.08.2018): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082273.
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To investigate the effect of pollination on the fruit quality of ‘Dangshan Su’ pear, ‘Dangshan Su’ was fertilized by the pollen of ‘Wonhwang’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai.) (DW) and ‘Jingbaili’ (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.) (DJ). The analysis of primary metabolites was achieved through untargeted metabolomics, and the quantitative analysis of intermediate metabolites of lignin synthesis was undertaken using targeted metabolomics. The untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The targeted metabolomics analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The results showed that the metabolite content was significantly different between DW and DJ. Compared with that in DJ, the sugar and amino acid content in DW was higher and the fatty acid content was lower at 47 days after pollination (DAPs), and the sugar, amino acid, and fatty acid content in DW was lower at 63 DAPs. The intermediate metabolites of lignin synthesis were analyzed using the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, and the differential metabolites at 47 DAPs were p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapaldehyde, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. The differential significant metabolite at 63 DAPs was p-coumaric acid. At 47 DAPs and 63 DAPs, the p-coumaric acid level was significantly different, and the p-coumaric acid content was positively correlated with lignin synthesis. The pollination pollen affects the quality of ‘Dangshan Su’ pear fruit through regulation of the sugar, amino acid, and fatty acid content; at the same time, regulating the levels of intermediate metabolites of lignin synthesis, especially the p-coumaric acid content, to affect lignin synthesis ultimately affects the stone cell content and improves the quality of the pears.
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Guo, Yao, Xiaohan Bian, Jiali Liu, Ming Zhu, Lin Li, Tingyu Yao, Congjia Tang et al. „Dietary Components, Microbial Metabolites and Human Health: Reading between the Lines“. Foods 9, Nr. 8 (03.08.2020): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081045.
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Trillions of bacteria reside in the human gut and they metabolize dietary substances to obtain nutrients and energy while producing metabolites. Therefore, different dietary components could affect human health in various ways through microbial metabolism. Many such metabolites have been shown to affect human physiological activities, including short-chain fatty acids metabolized from carbohydrates; indole, kynurenic acid and para-cresol, metabolized from amino acids; conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid, metabolized from lipids. Here, we review the features of these metabolites and summarize the possible molecular mechanisms of their metabolisms by gut microbiota. We discuss the potential roles of these metabolites in health and diseases, and the interactions between host metabolism and the gut microbiota. We also show some of the major dietary patterns around the world and hope this review can provide insights into our eating habits and improve consumers’ health conditions.
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Qian, Xueya, Lele Wang, Baohua Lin, Yihong Luo, Yunshan Chen und Huishu Liu. „Maternal Myometrium Metabolomic Profiles in Labor: Preliminary Results“. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 86, Nr. 1-2 (2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512460.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Parturition involves multiple complex metabolic processes that supply essential metabolites to facilitate fetal delivery. Little is known about the dynamic metabolic responses during labor. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To profile the changes of myometrial metabolites between nonlabor and labor. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study involved 30 women in nonlabor and 30 in labor who underwent cesarean section. The characteristics of myometrial metabolite changes during parturition were explored through untargeted metabolomic analysis. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Partial least squares-discriminant analysis plots significantly differentiated between the groups. In total, 392 metabolites were significantly distinct between the groups, among which lipid molecules were predominant. A 75% increase in fatty acids, 67% increase in fatty acid carnitines, 66% increase in glycerophospholipids, 83% increase in mono- and diacylglycerols, and 67% decrease in triacyclglycerols were observed in the patients during labor. Most glucose, amino acid, and steroid hormone metabolism also slightly increased in labor. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> An increase in lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, and steroid hormone metabolism was observed during parturition. The change of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation is the most significant.
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Rajion, MA, JG McLean und R. NP Cahill. „Essential Fatty Acids in the Fetal and Newborn Lamb“. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 38, Nr. 1 (1985): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9850033.
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The concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids and their metabolites in the liver, kidney, brain, erythrocytes and plasma of fetal lambs at various stages of gestation, and of newborn and 2-week-01d suckled lambs was determined. Throughout gestation the fetal tissues, erythrocytes and plasma all contained low levels of linoleic and linolenic acids together with consistently high levels of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites. The triene : tetraene (eicosa-5,8, 11-trienoic acid/arachidonic acid) ratio was always 0 . 4 or less except at birth when it reached 0 . 6 in liver and 0 . 9 in plasma. Milk intake significantly increased the linoleic and linolenic acid levels in the lamb by 2 weeks after birth. These results show that the developing fetal lamb should not be regarded as being deficient in essential fatty acids, as suggested by previous investigators. It is proposed that the total metabolites of linoleic and linolenic acids are the most appropriate measure of the essential fatty acid status of the fetal lamb.
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Zhao, Minmeng, Ya Xing, Lidong Liu, Xiang Fan, Long Liu, Tuoyu Geng und Daoqing Gong. „GC-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics Analyses of Liver and Intestinal Contents in the Overfed vs. Normally-Fed Geese“. Animals 10, Nr. 12 (11.12.2020): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122375.
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No overt pathological symptoms are observed in the goose liver with severe steatosis, suggesting that geese may host unique protective mechanisms. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses of liver and intestinal contents in overfed vs. normally fed geese (26 geese in each treatment) were investigated. We found that overfeeding significantly changed the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents. The differential metabolites mainly belong to fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, and amines. The differential metabolites were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid degradation, the sphingolipid signaling pathway, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we determined the biological effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (TD) in goose primary hepatocytes and intestinal cells. Data showed that the mRNA expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in goose primary intestinal cells was significantly induced by 0.50 mM ARA treatment. Cytochrome P-450 27A1 (CYP27A1) mRNA expression was significantly inhibited in goose primary hepatocytes by 1 µM TD treatment. In conclusion, the formation of goose fatty liver is accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents, and the changes are closely related to the metabolisms of glucose and fatty acids, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions.
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Doege, Holger, und Andreas Stahl. „Protein-Mediated Fatty Acid Uptake: Novel Insights from In Vivo Models“. Physiology 21, Nr. 4 (August 2006): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00014.2006.
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Long-chain fatty acids are both important metabolites as well as signaling molecules. Fatty acid transport proteins are key mediators of cellular fatty acid uptake and recent transgenic and knockout animal models have provided new insights into their contribution to energy homeostasis and to pathological processes, including obesity and insulin desensitization.
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Dono, Antonio, Anthony Patrizz, Ryan M. McCormack, Nagireddy Putluri, Bhanu P. Ganesh, Balveen Kaur, Louise D. McCullough, Leomar Y. Ballester und Yoshua Esquenazi. „Glioma induced alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters“. CNS Oncology 9, Nr. 2 (Juni 2020): CNS57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cns-2020-0007.
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Aim: To explore fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter alterations in a mouse–glioma model and glioma patients. Methods: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA-sequencing from fecal samples were performed to measure metabolite levels and taxa abundance in mice/humans. Mice underwent GL261 implantation with/without temozolomide. Glioma patients were compared with healthy controls. Results: Glioma altered several short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter levels. Reduced 5-hydroxyindoleaceic acid and norepinephrine levels were seen in mice and humans. Interestingly, temozolomide treatment abrogates the effects of glioma on fecal metabolites. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the interplay between glioma and the gut–brain axis. Further work is required to identify pathways within the gut–brain axis by which glioma influences and promotes the modulation of fecal metabolites and microbiome.
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Pantasri, Tawiwan, Linda L. Wu, M. Louise Hull, Thomas R. Sullivan, Michael Barry, Robert J. Norman und Rebecca L. Robker. „Distinct localisation of lipids in the ovarian follicular environment“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, Nr. 4 (2015): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14321.
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Obesity is associated with decreased pregnancy rates due, in part, to compromised oocyte quality. The aim of the present cross-sectional study of 84 women undergoing oocyte aspiration was to: (1) compare insulin, lipids and glucose in follicular fluid with serum; (2) determine whether increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia or metabolic syndrome altered follicular fluid metabolites; and (3) determine relative lipid content in oocytes to reveal any influence of these parameters on oocyte quality and IVF outcomes. Insulin, glucose, triglyceride and free fatty acids were lower in follicular fluid than blood and not strictly correlated between compartments. Insulin, glucose and triglyceride positively correlated with increasing BMI and waist circumference in blood and follicular fluid. Insulin increased in follicular fluid in association with metabolic syndrome. Free fatty acid composition analysis showed saturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic and stearic acid, to be more prevalent in follicular fluid than blood. There were no associations between follicular fluid metabolites or oocyte lipid content and clinical outcomes; however, oocyte immaturity correlated with follicular fluid glucose and fatty acid levels, as well as metabolic syndrome. The present study confirms that the human ovarian follicular environment surrounding the oocyte exhibits a unique metabolite profile compared with blood, with distinct localisation of lipids within follicular fluid and oocytes.
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Bonen, Arend, G. Lynis Dohm und Luc J. C. van Loon. „Lipid metabolism, exercise and insulin action“. Essays in Biochemistry 42 (27.11.2006): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0420047.
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Skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of body mass and takes up 80% of a glucose load. Therefore, impaired glucose removal from the circulation, such as that which occurs in obesity and type 2 diabetes, is attributable in large part to the insulin resistance in muscle. Recent research has shown that fatty acids, derived from adipose tissue, can interfere with insulin signalling in muscle. Hence, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface is impaired, and therefore, the rate of glucose removal from the circulation into muscle is delayed. The mechanisms provoking lipid-mediated insulin resistance are not completely understood. In sedentary individuals, excess intramyocellular accumulation of triacylglycerols is only modestly associated with insulin resistance. In contrast, endurance athletes, despite accumulating large amounts of intramyocellular triacylglycerols, are highly insulin sensitive. Thus it appears that lipid metabolites, other than triacylglycerols, interfere with insulin signalling. These metabolites, however, are not expected to accumulate in athletic muscles, as endurance training increases the capacity for fatty acid oxidation by muscle. These observations, and others in severely obese individuals and type 2 diabetes patients, suggest that impaired rates of fatty acid oxidation are associated with insulin resistance. In addition, in obesity and type 2 diabetes, the rates of fatty acid transport into muscle are also increased. Thus, excess intracellular lipid metabolite accumulation, which interferes with insulin signalling, can occur as a result of impaired rates of fatty acid oxidation and/or increased rates of fatty acid transport into muscle. Accumulation of excess intramyocellular lipid can be avoided by exercise, which improves the capacity for fatty acid oxidation.
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Grønningsæter, Ida Sofie, Hanne Kristin Fredly, Bjørn Tore Gjertsen, Kimberley Joanne Hatfield und Øystein Bruserud. „Systemic Metabolomic Profiling of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients before and During Disease-Stabilizing Treatment Based on All-Trans Retinoic Acid, Valproic Acid, and Low-Dose Chemotherapy“. Cells 8, Nr. 10 (10.10.2019): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101229.
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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy, and many elderly/unfit patients cannot receive intensive and potentially curative therapy. These patients receive low-toxicity disease-stabilizing treatment. The combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid can stabilize the disease for a subset of such patients. We performed untargeted serum metabolomic profiling for 44 AML patients receiving treatment based on ATRA and valproic acid combined with low-dose cytotoxic drugs (cytarabine, hydroxyurea, 6-mercaptopurin) which identified 886 metabolites. When comparing pretreatment samples from responders and non-responders, metabolites mainly belonging to amino acid and lipid (i.e., fatty acid) pathways were altered. Furthermore, patients with rapidly progressive disease showed an extensively altered lipid metabolism. Both ATRA and valproic acid monotherapy also altered the amino acid and lipid metabolite profiles; however, these changes were only highly significant for valproic acid treatment. Twenty-three metabolites were significantly altered by seven-day valproic acid treatment (p < 0.05, q < 0.05), where the majority of altered metabolites belonged to lipid (especially fatty acid metabolism) and amino acid pathways, including several carnitines. These metabolomic effects, and especially the effects on lipid metabolism, may be important for the antileukemic and epigenetic effects of this treatment.
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Yu, Wenfeng, Xiquan Liang, Regina E. Ensenauer, Jerry Vockley, Lawrence Sweetman und Horst Schulz. „Leaky β-Oxidation of atrans-Fatty Acid“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, Nr. 50 (04.10.2004): 52160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m409640200.
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The degradation of elaidic acid (9-trans-octadecenoic acid), oleic acid, and stearic acid by rat mitochondria was studied to determine whether the presence of atransdouble bond in place of acisdouble bond or no double bond affects β-oxidation. Rat mitochondria from liver or heart effectively degraded the coenzyme A derivatives of all three fatty acids. However, with elaidoyl-CoA as a substrate, a major metabolite accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix. This metabolite was isolated and identified as 5-trans-tetradecenoyl-CoA. In contrast, little or none of the corresponding metabolites were detected with oleoyl-CoA or stearoyl-CoA as substrates. A kinetic study of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase revealed that 5-trans-tetradecenoyl-CoA is a poorer substrate of LCAD than is 5-cis-tetradecenoyl-CoA, while both unsaturated acyl-CoAs are poor substrates of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase when compared with myristoyl-CoA. Tetradecenoic acid and tetradecenoylcarnitine were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, when rat liver mitochondria were incubated with elaidoyl-CoA but not when oleoyl-CoA was the substrate. These observations support the conclusion that 5-trans-tetradecenoyl-CoA accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix, because it is less efficiently dehydrogenated by LCAD than is itscisisomer and that the accumulation of this β-oxidation intermediate facilitates its hydrolysis and conversion to 5-trans-tetradecenoylcarnitine thereby permitting a partially degraded fatty acid to escape from mitochondria. Analysis of this compromised but functional process provides insight into the operation of β-oxidation in intact mitochondria.
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Rudzite, Vera, Edite Jurika, Bernhard Widner und Dietmar Fuchs. „Similarity Between the Action of Pteridines and Tryptophan Metabolites on Lipid Metabolism“. Pteridines 10, Nr. 3 (August 1999): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1999.10.3.133.
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Abstract Incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids has been investigated using samples of rat liver tissue homogenate, Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer (pH=7.4) containing 0.3% albumin, fatty acid mixture and glycerol. The addition of anthranilic acid (2.2 and 4 nmol/g wet weight), kynurenic acid (4 and 40 nmol/ g wet weight), xanthurenic acid (4 and 40 nmol/g wet weight), picolinic acid (0.2 and 2 nmol/g wet weight) induced an increase of saturated and a decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids incorporation into phospholipids as well as an eleyation of choksterol concentration in samples used for phospholipid biosynthesis in vitro. These changes were similar to those observed after addition of kynurenine and neopterin to the same test system, An inverse relationship has been observed after addition of nicotinic acid to samples used for phospholipid biosynthesis in vitro. Nicrotinic acid induced .1 decrease of saturated and an increase of unsaturated fatty acids incorporation into phospholipids as well as decrease of cholesterol concentration in samples, These changes were similar to those observed after addition of 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic, acid, 5,6],8-tetrahydrobiopterin and its precursors to the same test system used rex phospholipid biosynthesis in vitro. In parallel anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and picolinic acid decrease while nicotinic acid increases membrane fluidity in the studied concentrations.
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Stawarska, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Jelińska, Julia Czaja, Ewelina Pacześniak und Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak. „Oils’ Impact on Comprehensive Fatty Acid Analysis and Their Metabolites in Rats“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 5 (27.04.2020): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051232.
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Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated, and their metabolites (eicosanoids) play many pivotal roles in human body, influencing various physiological and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with edible oils diverse in terms of fatty acid composition on fatty acid contents, activities of converting their enzymes, and on lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids (eicosanoids) in rat serum. Female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into seven groups were used in the study. Animals from six groups were fed one of oils daily (carotino oil, made up by combining of red palm oil and canola oil, linseed oil, olive oil, rice oil, sesame oil, or sunflower oil). One group received a standard diet only. Fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Eicosanoids—hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed with HPLC. Vegetable oils given daily to rats caused significant changes in serum fatty acid profile and eicosanoid concentrations. Significant differences were also found in desaturases’ activity, with the linseed and olive oil supplemented groups characterized by the highest D6D and D5D activity. These findings may play a significant role in various pathological states.
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Rudzite, Vera, Edite Jurika, Janis Jirgensons, Inga Herpfer, Günter Weiss, Helmut Wachter und Dietmar Fuchs. „The Influence of Kynurenine and Its Metabolites on Lipid Metabolism“. Pteridines 8, Nr. 3 (September 1997): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1997.8.3.201.
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Summary Incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids has been investigated using samples of rat liver tissue homogenate, Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer (pH=7.4) containing 0.3% albumin, fatty acid mixture and glycerol. The addition of L-kynurenine (4 nmoljg wet weight) to incubation medium induced an increase of palmitic, oleic and linolenic acid and decrease of linoleic and arachidonic acid incorporation into phospholipids. These changes of fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids were followed by increase of cholesterol and decrease of phospholipids content in samples. The addition of 3-hydroxykynurenine (1.8 and 4 nmoljg wet weight), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (2.2 and 4 nmoljg wet weight) ,1n..:l quinolinic acid (2.4 and 4 nmoljg wet weight) to incubation medium for phospholipid biosynthesis ill vitro induced a decrease of stearic, palrnitic and linoleic acid and an increase of oleic and especially arachidonic acid incorporation into phospholipids. These changes were accompanied by a decrease of cholesterol content in samples. The influence of kynurenine on fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids was similar to that of neopterin observed earlier. The other tryptophan degradation products behaved similar to the reduced pteridine derivatives. Our results allow to suggest that L-kynurenine decreases, while 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid increase membrane fluidity in the studied concentrations.
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Moore, S. G., A. O'Gorman, L. Brennan, T. Fair und S. T. Butler. „Follicular fluid and serum metabolites in Holstein cows are predictive of genetic merit for fertility“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, Nr. 4 (2017): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15182.
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The aims of the present study were to: (1) characterise the metabolome of follicular fluid and serum in dairy cows with similar genetic merit for milk production but with extremes of good (Fert+) or poor (Fert–) genetic merit for fertility; and (2) identify potential biomarkers of dairy cow fertility. Follicular fluid from the first wave dominant follicle and serum were collected on Day 7 of the oestrous cycle. The most pronounced effect of genotype was noted in the serum, where the abundance of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater in Fert+ cows, and the abundance of total saturated fatty acids was greater in Fert– cows. The abundance of nine fatty acids (arachidic acid, heneicosanoic acid, myristic acid, behenic acid, myristoleic acid, heptadecenoic acid, cis-11-eicosanoic acid, nervonic acid and γ-linolenic acid) in follicular fluid was affected by genotype. Concentrations of cysteine, leucine, ornithine, proline and tyrosine in follicular fluid, and asparagine, creatinine, cysteine, methionine, proline and valine in serum, were also affected by genotype. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the follicular fluid and serum fatty acids and follicular fluid amino acids that were significantly affected by genotype were highly predictive of fertility genotype.
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Abualhasan, Murad N., und David G. Watson. „Tagging Fatty Acids Via Choline Coupling for the Detection of Carboxylic Acid Metabolites in Biological Samples“. Current Analytical Chemistry 15, Nr. 6 (03.10.2019): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180516093353.
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Background: Fatty acids and other metabolites containing a carboxyl group are of high interest in biomedicine because of their major role in many metabolic pathways and, particularly in the case of oxidised fatty acids, their high biological activity. Tagging carboxylic acid compounds with a permanent positive charge such as a quaternary ammonium compound could increase the LC-MS detection sensitivity and selectivity. This paper describes a new and novel strategy for analysing carboxylcontaining compounds in biological samples by ESI-MS through coupling to choline. Methods: Coupling of carboxylic acid derivatives in biological samples was performed by coupling to 2-Fluoro-1, 3 dimethyl –pyridinium (FDMP). The variation in the fatty acid profile of five different plasma samples was studied and was illustrated by using principal components analysis (PCA) to group the samples. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) modelling was then applied to identify the fatty acids that were responsible for the variation. Results: The test results showed that choline coupling reactions were successful in detecting fatty acids, oxidised fatty acids and other compounds containing carboxylic acid groups in biological samples. The PCA results showed loadings of different fatty acids according to the plasma sample allowing identification of the fatty acids responsible for the observed variation. Conclusion: A new and easy tagging method was developed to detect carboxylic acids in plasma samples. The method proved to be precise and reproducible and can quantify fatty acid compounds to 50 ng/ml.
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Witting, Michael. „Suggestions for Standardized Identifiers for Fatty Acyl Compounds in Genome Scale Metabolic Models and Their Application to the WormJam Caenorhabditis elegans Model“. Metabolites 10, Nr. 4 (28.03.2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10040130.
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Genome scale metabolic models (GSMs) are a representation of the current knowledge on the metabolism of a given organism or superorganism. They group metabolites, genes, enzymes and reactions together to form a mathematical model and representation that can be used to analyze metabolic networks in silico or used for analysis of omics data. Beside correct mass and charge balance, correct structural annotation of metabolites represents an important factor for analysis of these metabolic networks. However, several metabolites in different GSMs have no or only partial structural information associated with them. Here, a new systematic nomenclature for acyl-based metabolites such as fatty acids, acyl-carnitines, acyl-coenzymes A or acyl-carrier proteins is presented. This nomenclature enables one to encode structural details in the metabolite identifiers and improves human readability of reactions. As proof of principle, it was applied to the fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation in the Caenorhabditis elegans consensus model WormJam.
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Amet, Y., F. Adas und F. Berthou. „High performance liquid chromatography of fatty acid metabolites“. Analytica Chimica Acta 465, Nr. 1-2 (August 2002): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00466-x.
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Mosblech, Alina, Ivo Feussner und Ingo Heilmann. „Oxylipins: Structurally diverse metabolites from fatty acid oxidation“. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 47, Nr. 6 (Juni 2009): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.011.
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LAPOSATA, MICHAEL. „Fatty acid ethyl esters: nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol“. Addiction Biology 3, Nr. 1 (Januar 1998): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556219872308.
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O’Flaherty, Joseph T., Rhonda E. Wooten, Michael P. Samuel, Michael J. Thomas, Edward A. Levine, L. Douglas Case, Steven A. Akman und Iris J. Edwards. „Fatty Acid Metabolites in Rapidly Proliferating Breast Cancer“. PLoS ONE 8, Nr. 5 (02.05.2013): e63076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063076.
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Massey, Karen A., und Anna Nicolaou. „Lipidomics of polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-derived oxygenated metabolites“. Biochemical Society Transactions 39, Nr. 5 (21.09.2011): 1240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0391240.
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Nutritionally important PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) mediate some of their bioactivities through formation of oxygenated metabolites. These bioactive lipids are formed by COX (cyclo-oxygenase), LOX (lipoxygenase) and cytochrome-P450-catalysed reactions, as well as non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation. These reactions produce numerous species, some of which can be formed through more than one pathway. MS-based lipidomics offers the selectivity and sensitivity required for qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple lipid species, in a variety of biological systems, and can facilitate the study of these mediators.
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Denisenko, Y. K., T. P. Novgorodtseva, N. V. Zhukova, M. V. Antonuk, E. G. Lobanova und E. P. Kalinina. „Association of fatty acid metabolism with systemic inflammatory response in chronic respiratory diseases“. Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 62, Nr. 3 (2016): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20166203341.
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We examined composition of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NFAs), erythrocyte fatty acids, levels of eicosanoids in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with different type of the inflammatory response. The results of our study show that asthma and COPD in remission are associated with changes in the composition NFAs of plasma, FA of erythrocytes, level eicosanoid despite the difference in the regulation of immunological mechanisms of systemic inflammation. These changes are characterized by excessive production of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites (thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4) and deficiency of their functional antagonist, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). The recognized association between altered fatty acid composition and disorders of the immune mechanisms of regulation of systemic inflammation in COPD and asthma demonstrated the important role of fatty acids and their metabolites in persistence of inflammatory processes in diseases of the respiratory system in the condition of remission.
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Pirzadah, Tanveer Bilal, Bisma Malik, Inayatullah Tahir und Reiaz Ul Rehman. „Metabolite profiling of tartary buckwheat-an underutilized neutraceutical crop of Kashmir Himalaya“. Journal of Phytology 8 (24.01.2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jp.2016.v8.3106.
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<p>The aim of the present study was to explore the possible metabolites in the methanolic extract of root, stem, groat and hull of the neutraceutical crop, <em>Fagopyrum tataricum</em> using GC-MS technique. From GC-MS metabolite profiling, over 90 different metabolites were identified among root, stem, groat and hull extract. The most prevailing compounds were 3, 3’, 4’, 5, 7-pentahydroflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside (71.94%) in groat, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (49.38%) in root, 6-octadecanoic acid, a steric acid (70.46%) in hull and Cis-9-hexadecanal (13.38%) in stem. Present investigation reveals that <em>F. tataricum</em> is an excellent source of many metabolites such as, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, steroids, terpenoids, esters, organic acids and aldehydes with excellent pharmaceutical properties. These results suggest that tartary buckwheat could be a promising alternative in the functional food sector and neutraceutical to improve social well-being and diminish malnutrition.</p>
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Bunse, Marek, Peter Lorenz, Florian C. Stintzing und Dietmar R. Kammerer. „Insight into the Secondary Metabolites of Geum urbanum L. and Geum rivale L. Seeds (Rosaceae)“. Plants 10, Nr. 6 (15.06.2021): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061219.
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The present study aimed at the identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and further characteristic substances in the seeds of Geum urbanum L. and Geum rivale L. For this purpose, individual components of extracts recovered with MeOH, CH2Cl2, and by cold-pressing, respectively, were characterized by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MSn and GC/MS and compared with reference compounds. For both Geum species, phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives, and triterpenes, such as saponins and their aglycones, were detected. Surprisingly, both Geum species revealed the presence of derivatives of the triterpenoid aglycons asiatic acid and madecassic acid, which were characterized for the first time in the genus Geum. Furthermore, the fatty acids of both species were characterized by GC–MS after derivatization. Both species showed a promising fatty-acid profile in terms of nutritional properties because of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were most abundant, among other compounds such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. In summary, the present study demonstrates the seeds of G. urbanum and G. rivale to be a valuable source of unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolics, which might be exploited for nutritional and cosmetic products and for phytotherapeutic purposes.
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Tzakou, Olga, Konstantinos Lempesis und Anargyros Loukis. „Secondary Metabolites from Asperula lutea subsp. rigidula“. Natural Product Communications 6, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600220.
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From the aerial parts of Asperula lutea subsp. rigidula (Halacsy) Ehrend., an endemic plant of southeastern Greece, nine known compounds, β-sitosterol, geniposidic acid, deacetyl-asperuloside, scandoside, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, hyperin, isoquercitrin and rutin, were isolated. From the analysis of a non polar fraction of the methanolic extract by means of GC and GC-MS, eighteen compounds were identified, mainly esters of fatty acids. The major components were the ethyl esters of palmitic acid (32.7%), linolenic acid (20.1%) and linoleic acid (10.5%).
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Saghir, M., J. Werner und M. Laposata. „Rapid in vivo hydrolysis of fatty acid ethyl esters, toxic nonoxidative ethanol metabolites“. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, Nr. 1 (01.07.1997): G184—G190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.1.g184.
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Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), esterification products of fatty acids and ethanol, are in use as fatty acid supplements, but they also have been implicated as toxic mediators of ethanol ingestion. We hypothesized that hydrolysis of orally ingested FAEE occurs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in the blood to explain their apparent lack of toxicity. To study the in vivo inactivation of FAEE by hydrolysis to free fatty acids and ethanol, we assessed the hydrolysis of FAEE administered as an oil directly into the rat stomach and when injected within the core of low-density lipoprotein particles into the circulation of rats. Our studies demonstrate that FAEE are rapidly degraded to free fatty acids and ethanol in the GI tract at the level of the duodenum with limited hydrolysis in the stomach. In addition, FAEE are rapidly degraded in the circulation, with a half-life of only 58 s. Thus the degradation of FAEE in the GI tract and in the blood provides an explanation for the apparent lack of toxicity of orally ingested FAEE.
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Bustamam, Muhammad Safwan Ahamad, Hamza Ahmed Pantami, Awanis Azizan, Khozirah Shaari, Chong Chou Min, Faridah Abas, Norio Nagao et al. „Complementary Analytical Platforms of NMR Spectroscopy and LCMS Analysis in the Metabolite Profiling of Isochrysis galbana“. Marine Drugs 19, Nr. 3 (02.03.2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19030139.
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This study was designed to profile the metabolites of Isochrysis galbana, an indigenous and less explored microalgae species. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) were used to establish the metabolite profiles of five different extracts of this microalga, which are hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), absolute ethanol (EtOH), EtOH:water 1:1 (AqE), and 100% water (Aq). Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS–DA) of the generated profiles revealed that EtOAc and Aq extracts contain a diverse range of metabolites as compared to the other extracts with a total of twenty-one metabolites, comprising carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids, that were putatively identified from the NMR spectra. Meanwhile, thirty-two metabolites were successfully annotated from the LCMS/MS data, ten of which (palmitic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidic acid, cholesterol, DHA, DPA, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, and pheophytin) were similar to those present in the NMR profile. Another eleven glycerophospholipids were discovered using MS/MS-based molecular network (MN) platform. The results of this study, besides providing a better understanding of I.galbana’s chemical make-up, will be of importance in exploring this species potential as a feed ingredient in the aquaculture industry.
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Suzumura, Ayana, Ryo Terao und Hiroki Kaneko. „Protective Effects and Molecular Signaling of n-3 Fatty Acids on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Retinal Diseases“. Antioxidants 9, Nr. 10 (26.09.2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100920.
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Oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the development and progression of retinal diseases. Retinal damage by various etiologies can result in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). n-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids and are necessary for homeostasis. They are important retinal membrane components and are involved in energy storage. n-3 fatty acids also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and their suppressive effects against ROP, DR, and AMD have been previously evaluated. α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and their metabolites have been shown to alleviate retinal oxidative stress and inflammation involving various biological signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the n-3 fatty acids effects on the mechanisms of these retinal diseases and how they exert their therapeutic effects, focusing on ALA, EPA, DHA, and their metabolites. This knowledge may provide new remedial strategies for n-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Wangchuk, Phurpa, Constantin Constantinoiu, Ramon M. Eichenberger, Matt Field und Alex Loukas. „Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities“. Molecules 24, Nr. 8 (15.04.2019): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081480.
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Parasitic helminths infect billions of people, livestock, and companion animals worldwide. Recently, they have been explored as a novel therapeutic modality to treat autoimmune diseases due to their potent immunoregulatory properties. While feeding in the gut/organs/tissues, the parasitic helminths actively release excretory-secretory products (ESP) to modify their environment and promote their survival. The ESP proteins of helminths have been widely studied. However, there are only limited studies characterizing the non-protein small molecule (SM) components of helminth ESP. In this study, using GC-MS and LC-MS, we have investigated the SM ESP of tapeworm Dipylidium caninum (isolated from dogs) which accidentally infects humans via ingestion of infected cat and dog fleas that harbor the larval stage of the parasite. From this D. caninum ESP, we have identified a total of 49 SM (35 polar metabolites and 14 fatty acids) belonging to 12 different chemotaxonomic groups including amino acids, amino sugars, amino acid lactams, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar phosphates, glycerophosphates, phosphate esters, disaccharides, fatty acids, and fatty acid derivatives. Succinic acid was the major small molecule present in the D. caninum ESP. Based on the literature and databases searches, we found that of 49 metabolites identified, only 12 possessed known bioactivities.
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Grapov, Dmitry, Oliver Fiehn, Caitlin Campbell, Carol J. Chandler, Dustin J. Burnett, Elaine C. Souza, Gretchen A. Casazza et al. „Exercise plasma metabolomics and xenometabolomics in obese, sedentary, insulin-resistant women: impact of a fitness and weight loss intervention“. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 317, Nr. 6 (01.12.2019): E999—E1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2019.
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Insulin resistance has wide-ranging effects on metabolism, but there are knowledge gaps regarding the tissue origins of systemic metabolite patterns and how patterns are altered by fitness and metabolic health. To address these questions, plasma metabolite patterns were determined every 5 min during exercise (30 min, ∼45% of V̇o2peak, ∼63 W) and recovery in overnight-fasted sedentary, obese, insulin-resistant women under controlled conditions of diet and physical activity. We hypothesized that improved fitness and insulin sensitivity following a ∼14-wk training and weight loss intervention would lead to fixed workload plasma metabolomics signatures reflective of metabolic health and muscle metabolism. Pattern analysis over the first 15 min of exercise, regardless of pre- versus postintervention status, highlighted anticipated increases in fatty acid tissue uptake and oxidation (e.g., reduced long-chain fatty acids), diminution of nonoxidative fates of glucose [e.g., lowered sorbitol-pathway metabolites and glycerol-3-galactoside (possible glycerolipid synthesis metabolite)], and enhanced tissue amino acid use (e.g., drops in amino acids; modest increase in urea). A novel observation was that exercise significantly increased several xenometabolites (“non-self” molecules, from microbes or foods), including benzoic acid-salicylic acid-salicylaldehyde, hexadecanol-octadecanol-dodecanol, and chlorogenic acid. In addition, many nonannotated metabolites changed with exercise. Although exercise itself strongly impacted the global metabolome, there were surprisingly few intervention-associated differences despite marked improvements in insulin sensitivity, fitness, and adiposity. These results and previously reported plasma acylcarnitine profiles support the principle that most metabolic changes during submaximal aerobic exercise are closely tethered to absolute ATP turnover rate (workload), regardless of fitness or metabolic health status.
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Chen, Chuck T., Marc-Olivier Trépanier, Kathryn E. Hopperton, Anthony F. Domenichiello, Mojgan Masoodi und Richard P. Bazinet. „Inhibiting Mitochondrial β-Oxidation Selectively Reduces Levels of Nonenzymatic Oxidative Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolites in the Brain“. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 34, Nr. 3 (11.12.2013): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.221.
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Schönfeld and Reiser recently hypothesized that fatty acid β-oxidation is a source of oxidative stress in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we inhibited brain mitochondrial β-oxidation with methyl palmoxirate (MEP) and measured oxidative polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites in the rat brain. Upon MEP treatment, levels of several nonenzymatic auto-oxidative PUFA metabolites were reduced with few effects on enzymatically derived metabolites. Our finding confirms the hypothesis that reduced fatty acid β-oxidation decreases oxidative stress in the brain and β-oxidation inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic approach for brain disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Ortsäter, Henrik. „Arachidonic acid fights palmitate: new insights into fatty acid toxicity in β-cells“. Clinical Science 120, Nr. 5 (19.11.2010): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20100521.
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Saturated fatty acids are toxic to pancreatic β-cells. By inducing apoptosis, they contribute to a decrease in β-cell mass, a hallmark of Type 2 diabetes. In the present issue of Clinical Science, Keane and co-workers show that the polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid protects the β-cell against the toxic effects of palmitate. As Type 2 diabetes is characterized by subclinical inflammation, and arachidonic acid and metabolites thereof are produced during states of inflammation, it is possible that pancreatic β-cells use arachidonic acid as a compound for self-protection.
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Lan, Wei, Yifei Ren, Zhen Wang, Jianxin Liu und Hongyun Liu. „Metabolic Profile Reveals the Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Methionyl-Methionine in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell“. Animals 11, Nr. 3 (16.03.2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030833.
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Our previous transcriptomic study found that methionyl-methionine (Met-Met) exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in the bovine mammary epithelial cell (MAC-T) at a molecular level. However, evidence of whether the metabolic production of Met-Met confers protection was scarce. To investigate the inflammatory response and metabolite changes of Met-Met in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of MAC-T, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and qPCR were conducted. The increased levels of IL-8, TNF-α, AP-1, and MCP-1 were reduced by pretreating with 2 mM Met-Met after LPS exposure. Metabolomics profiling analysis demonstrated that LPS induced significant alteration of metabolites, including decreased tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine levels and increased palmitic acid and stearic acid levels as well as purine metabolism disorder, whereas Met-Met reversed these changes significantly. Pathways analysis revealed that overlapping metabolites were mainly enriched in the cysteine and methionine metabolism, fatty acids biosynthesis, and purines degradation. Correlation networks showed that the metabolic profile was significantly altered under the conditions of inflammation and Met-Met treatment. Collectively, Met-Met might relieve MAC-T cell inflammation via hydrolysate methionine, which further changes the processes of amino acid, purine, and fatty acid metabolism.
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Zhang, R. H., A. F. Mustafa und X. Zhao. „Blood metabolites and fatty acid composition of milk and cheese from ewes fed oilseeds“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, Nr. 4 (01.12.2006): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-038.
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Sixteen lactating Dorset ewes were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of oilseed supplementation on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites, cheese yield and composition and fatty acid profile of milk and cheese. Four iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated: a control diet (CT) with no oilseed supplementation, a flaxseed supplemented diet (FS), a sunflower seed supplemented diet (SF), and a canola seed supplemented diet (CS). Oilseed-supplemented diets were formulated to contain 7% fatty acids. Feeding oilseeds had no effect on dry matter intake. Milk yield was similar for ewes fed CT, FS and SF and was higher (P < 0.05) than that of ewes fed CS. Ewes fed oilseed-supplemented diets produced milk with higher (P < 0.05) protein and total solid percentages than those fed CT. However, milk fat percentage was only higher (P < 0.05) in the milk of ewes fed FS and SF relative to those fed CT. Actual cheese yield was higher (P < 0.05) from milk of ewes fed oilseed-supplemented diets relative to those fed CT. However, cheese composition was not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma concentrations of fatty acids and cholesterol were increased (P < 0.05) while plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHBA) was decreased (P < 0.05) by oilseed supplementation. However, plasma concentrations of glucose and mammary extraction rate of plasma metabolites were not influenced by oilseed feeding. Oilseed supplementation increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. The order of increase was SF > FS > CS. Feeding SF, FS and CS increased (P < 0.05) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration in milk by 83.5, 39.2 and 16.5%, respectively. Concentration of linolenic acid in milk was only increased (P < 0.05) by feeding FS. Changes in milk fatty acid profiles were reflected in the cheese. Key words: Ewes, oilseeds, milk, cheese, fatty acids
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Kouidhi, Soumaya, Nessrine Souai, Muhanad Alhujaily, Oumaima Zidi, Ameni Kochbati, Alaeddine Redissi, Tareg M. Belali et al. „Multi-Solvent Extraction Procedure for the Pioneer Fecal Metabolomic Analysis—Identification of Potential Biomarkers in Stable Kidney Transplant Patients“. Diagnostics 11, Nr. 6 (26.05.2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11060962.
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Metabolic alteration plays a functional role in kidney allograft complications. Metabolomics is a promising high-throughput approach in nephrology but is still limited by the lack of overlap in metabolite coverage. We performed an untargeted fecal metabolomic analysis of forty stable kidney allograft recipients and twenty non-transplant controls. First, we applied the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis coupled with the Diod Array detector. The potential biomarkers were then collected and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). In order to allow for complete coverage of the fecal polar and non-polar metabolites, the performance of five organic solvents with increasing polarity was investigated successively. UHPLC analysis revealed that the fecal metabolite profiles following the five extractions were significantly different between controls and kidney allografts. GC-MS analysis showed that the best predictors’ metabolites belonged mainly to long-chain fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and amino acids. Collectively, our results showed the efficiency of our pioneer method to successfully discriminate stable kidney-transplant recipients from controls. These findings suggest that distinct metabolic profiles mainly affect fatty acid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. In such a context, the novel insights into metabolomic investigation may be a valuable tool that could provide useful new relevant biomarkers for preventing kidney transplant complications.
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Shrestha, Nirajan, Steven D. Melvin, Daniel R. McKeating, Olivia J. Holland, James S. M. Cuffe, Anthony V. Perkins, Andrew J. McAinch und Deanne H. Hryciw. „Sex-Specific Differences in Lysine, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Acetic Acid in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet, Independent of Diet“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 19 (23.09.2021): 10223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910223.
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Background: Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is required for foetal growth and development. Excess intake of LA can be detrimental for metabolic health due to its pro-inflammatory properties; however, the effect of a diet high in LA on offspring metabolites is unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of maternal or postnatal high linoleic acid (HLA) diet on plasma metabolites in adult offspring. Methods: Female Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed with either low LA (LLA) or HLA diet for 10 weeks prior to conception and during gestation/lactation. Offspring were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25), treated with either LLA or HLA diets and sacrificed at PN180. Metabolite analysis was performed in plasma samples using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Results: Maternal and postnatal HLA diet did not alter plasma metabolites in male and female adult offspring. There was no specific clustering among different treatment groups as demonstrated by principal component analysis. Interestingly, there was clustering among male and female offspring independent of maternal and postnatal dietary intervention. Lysine was higher in female offspring, while 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetic acid were significantly higher in male offspring. Conclusion: In summary, maternal or postnatal HLA diet did not alter the plasma metabolites in the adult rat offspring; however, differences in metabolites between male and female offspring occurred independently of dietary intervention.
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Laposata, M., Z. M. Szczepiorkowski und J. E. Brown. „Fatty acid ethyl esters: Non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol“. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 52, Nr. 2-3 (Februar 1995): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(95)90003-9.
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Wu, Wenhui, Huiqing Lin, Ailing Yin, Cunsi Shen, Hongliang Zhou, Majie Wang, Heming Yu, Haidan Wang, Zhihao Zhang und Wei Zhou. „GC-MS Based Metabolomics Reveals the Synergistic Mechanism of Gardeniae Fructus-Forsythiae Fructus Herb Pair in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Mouse Model“. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (27.07.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8064557.
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Compatibility remains among the crucial and significant characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines. The Gardeniae Fructus (FG)-Forsythiae Fructus (FF) herb pair, an epitome of formulations for heat-clearing and detoxification, is extensively used to treat bacterial pneumonia in clinical settings. However, there are few reports on their synergistic effects. This study thus investigated their compatibility by GC-MS based metabolomics using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. Differential metabolites were identified by both variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1 in orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) mode and P < 0.05 . Results of biochemistry and histopathology indicated that FG-FF herb pair exerted more promising lung protective effect than its individual decoction against the LPS-induced ALI model. From the metabolomics study, 32 differential metabolites in vehicle vs. model groups, 21 differential metabolites in FF vs. model groups, 21 differential metabolites in FG vs. model groups, and 20 differential metabolites in FG-FF herb pair vs. model groups were found. Among them, the levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, alanine, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid were restored significantly in the FF group, while silanol and cholesterol were restored significantly in the FG group. For FG-FF treatment, the amount of behenic acid, a metabolite with anti-inflammatory properties, was increased, while palmitic acid, a proinflammatory metabolite, was decreased. Meanwhile, the two biomarkers were restored more significantly than that by FG or FF treatment, which indicated that the synergistic effects by FF coupled with FG might be attributed to restoring fatty acids metabolic pathway.