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Thematische Bibliographien / GEOGRID REINFORCED BALLAST / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „GEOGRID REINFORCED BALLAST“

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Veröffentlicht am 11. September 2023

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1

Jing, Guo Qing, Xi Haier Luo und Zi Jie Wang. „Micro-Analysis Ballast-Geogrid Pull out Tests Interaction“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1716.

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The discrete element method was used to simulate geogrid-reinforced ballast by pull out tests. Ballast particle was made of irregular clumps where its size and shape were considered by bonded spheres. The response of the ballast reinforced with geogrid under loading agrees with pull out experimental results. The micro-interaction between ballast particle and geogrid analyzed by microscopic parameters, contact force chain, force-displacement of the pull out tests was presented. It was also proved that the shape of granular particles, geogrid size and friction played an important role in ballast-geogrid system.

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2

Fu, Jianjun, Junfeng Li, Cheng Chen und Rui Rui. „DEM-FDM Coupled Numerical Study on the Reinforcement of Biaxial and Triaxial Geogrid Using Pullout Test“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 19 (27.09.2021): 9001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199001.

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The key to modeling the interlocking of geogrid-reinforced ballast is considering both the continuous deformation characteristics of the geogrid and the discontinuity of the ballast particles. For this purpose, pullout tests using biaxial and triaxial geogrids were simulated using the coupled discrete element method (DEM) and finite difference method (FDM). In this coupled model, two real-shaped geogrid models with square and triangular apertures were established using the solid element in FLAC3D. Meanwhile, simplified shaped clumps were used to represent the ballast using PFC3D. The calibration test simulation showed that the accurately formed geogrid model can reproduce the deformation and strength characteristics of a geogrid. The pullout simulation results show that the DEM-FDM method can well predict the relationship between pullout force and displacement, which is more accurate than the DEM method. For ballast particles of 40 mm in size, both the experiment and simulation results showed that the triaxial geogrid of 75 mm is better than the 65-mm biaxial geogrid. In addition, the DEM-FDM method can study the interaction mechanism between the particles and the geogrid from a microscopic view, and also reveal the similar deformation behavior of the geogrid in the pullout process. Therefore, the DEM-FDM coupled method can not only investigate the interlocking mechanism between the ballast and particles but can also provide a great method for evaluating the performance of different types of geogrids.

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3

Ji, Danyang, Zheng Ma, Junjie Zhou, Yajun Li und Shuai Shao. „A Coupled Discrete-Finite Element Method for Shear Strength Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast“. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (31.12.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3685709.

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This paper presents a coupled discrete-finite element method for the investigation of shear strength of geogrid-reinforced ballast by direct shear tests and pull-out tests. The discrete element method (DEM) and finite element method (FEM) are employed to simulate ballast and geogrid, respectively. Irregularly shaped ballast particles are modeled with clumps, and the nonlinear contact force model is used to calculate contact force between particles. Continuum geogrid is modeled by a two-node beam element with six degrees of freedom. A contact algorithm based on the static equilibrium is proposed at the geogrid-ballast contact surface. The simulation results indicate that shear strengths increase with the installation of geogrid. Moreover, ballast particle displacements and nominal volumetric strains are analyzed to provide a microscopic view on the mechanism of the reinforcement effect of geogrid.

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4

Li, Jing, Ya-Fei Jia, Chen-Xi Miao und Ming-Xing Xie. „Discrete Element Analysis of the Load Transfer Mechanism of Geogrid-Ballast Interface under Pull-Out Load“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (10.10.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8892922.

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Geogrids have been extensively used in subgrade construction for stabilization purposes of unconfined ballast. Based on well-calibrated microparameters, a series of geogrid-reinforced ballast models with different geogrid sizes and particular structures were developed to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the geogrid under pull-out load in this paper. And the rationality of the DEM model is verified by comparing the evolution law pull-out force measured by laboratory tests and numerical simulations under comparable conditions. Moreover, the macro pull-out force and the internal force distribution of the geogrid were analyzed, and the contact force statistical zones of the particle system were divided accurately according to the results. Meanwhile, both the force transfer mechanism in the geogrid-ballast interface and the sectionalized strain of the geogrid were discussed. And results unveil that the pull-out load is transmitted along the longitudinal ribs to the transverse ribs, and nearly 90% of the load is transmitted to the contact network (in statistical zone 1) in front of the first transverse rib, resulting in strong interlocking between the particles occurs in statistical zone 1. And the second transverse rib is the strength dividing line between strong and weak contact forces. Then, additional pull-out tests on the control groups were conducted, and the sectionalized strain of the geogrid and the peak pull-out force, as well as the energy dissipation were systematically analyzed. In addition, the proposed method used in simulation holds much promise for better understanding of the reinforcement mechanism and further optimizing the performance of geogrid-reinforced structures.

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5

Abrashitov, A., A. Sidrakov und A. Zaitsev. „Construction and Current Maintenance of the Reinforced Ballast Layer of the Railway Track“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, Nr. 2 (01.02.2022): 022045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022045.

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Abstract The article presents the ideas for the construction and the current maintenance of the reinforced plastic geogrid top ballast composed of crushed solid rock. Meanwhile, the reinforced ballast material acquires new properties, which lead to the formation of a composite material with new properties. In the reinforced material, only micro-deformations occur under the dynamic load, which is intrinsic to solid rock. In this case, laboratory simulation of reinforced ballast with a cyclic load showed that multilayer stabilization with three geogrids reduces settelment by 67% and does not require cleaning during the entire service life of the reinforced top ballast. The construction and the current maintenance of the composite structure make a real difference from the ballastless structure of the railway track as the work techniques with geosynthetics in the ballast subgrade are properly developed, and they are widely used during the repairs of railway track, because the development of the technology for the creation of reinforced geocomposite will not cause any problem.

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6

Abrashitov, Alexander, und Andrei Sidrakov. „Laboratory study of ballast material reinforced by flat geogrid under the dynamic load“. MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926501006.

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Ballast material suffers from continuous degradation under cyclic load. This leads to rail track settlement and necessitates its constant maintenance. It is serious problem that costs Russia millions of dollars every year. Easily accessible plastic geogrid was proposed to reinforce ballast and to prevent its rapid degradation. However, the optimal parameters of geogrid (its mesh size, geometry and number of layers) remains an open question. In current work effects of number of geogrid layers and geogrid mesh size on ballast settlement are studied by laboratory dynamic load tests.

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7

Li, Lihua, Yanan Fang, Bowen Cheng, Na Chen, Mi Tian und Yiming Liu. „Characterisation of Geogrid and Waste Tyres as Reinforcement Materials in Railway Track Beds“. Materials 14, Nr. 15 (27.07.2021): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154162.

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The engineering behaviour of ballast is an important factor to determine the stability and safety of railway tracks. This paper examines the stress–strain, shear strength, peak deflection stress and reinforcement strength ratio of different reinforcement materials and reinforcement locations in ballast track bed layers based on large scale static triaxial shear tests. The results show that geogrid and waste tyre reinforcement have a significant effect on the peak deviator stress of railway track bed layers and the stress–strain relationship is strain-hardened. The peak deviator stress and shear strength of geogrid reinforcement are greater under the same conditions compared with waste tyres. The reinforcement of geogrid and waste tires increases the shear strength of the track bed significantly. The more layers of geogrid reinforcement, the more energy is required for the deformation of the track bed. The energy required for deformation is greater in the centre of the waste tyre than in the other reinforced forms, and the energy required for deformation is minimal in the fully reinforced form. Excessive tyre reinforcement changes the stiffness of the track bed layer, leading to an increase in the settlement rate. The reinforcement strength ratio between geogrid and waste tyre increases significantly with the increasing of the confining pressure and reinforcement layers. Moreover, the reinforcement strength ratio of the geogrid is significantly higher than that of the waste tyre.

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8

Zhao, Jian-bin, Jie Li, Xiao-hong Bai, Chen-xi Miao und Jun Zhang. „Influence of Particle Orientation on the Performance of Geogrid Reinforced Ballast“. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (27.12.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6758059.

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To explore the initial orientation effect of ballast assembly on the reinforcement performance of the geogrid reinforced ballast, particles with random orientation and five prescribed rotational orientations were developed through particle flow code (PFC3D). The evolution laws of the pullout force and the principal directions of the normal contact force were systematically compared and analyzed. Furthermore, the mechanical responses such as pullout force, distribution of axial force, displacement vectors, force chain, and mesoscopic fabric were discussed. According to the displacement vectors of the ballast particles, the average thickness of the stable shear band is determined. The inherent relationships among the force chain, the rotational angle of the normal contact force, and the mesoscopic fabric parameters are revealed. The results show that the pullout force of specimens with the initial orientation of 45° increases monotonously during the pullout process, and the peak value of pullout force appears at the end of the test. The mesostructural analysis also confirms that the evolution of the principal direction of contact normal force is relatively steady during the pullout process, indicating that the specimen with 45° orientation possesses higher systematic stability and ductility. Moreover, the optimum interval from 56.68° to 57.30° is observed to remain in a self-adapting state for ballast assembly.

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9

Fischer, Sz, und F. Horvát. „Investigation of the reinforcement and stabilisation effect of geogrid layers under railway ballast“. Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 19, Nr. 3 (01.09.2011): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-011-0015-y.

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Investigation of the reinforcement and stabilisation effect of geogrid layers under railway ballastThis paper deals with the issue of the stabilization of railway track geometry. It details the published results in numerous international journals. Having analysed the cited publications the paper deals with a new research topic related to geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. A research team of the Department of Transport Infrastructure and Municipal Engineering at the Szechenyi Istvan University would like to continue working on this research topic.

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10

Hussaini, Syed Khaja Karimullah, Buddhima Indraratna und Jayan S. Vinod. „Performance assessment of geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast during cyclic loading“. Transportation Geotechnics 2 (März 2015): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.11.002.

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11

Ngo, Ngoc Trung, Buddhima Indraratna und Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. „Modelling geogrid-reinforced railway ballast using the discrete element method“. Transportation Geotechnics 8 (September 2016): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.04.005.

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12

Indraratna, Buddhima, Ngoc Trung Ngo und Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. „Behavior of geogrid-reinforced ballast under various levels of fouling“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 29, Nr. 3 (Juni 2011): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2011.01.015.

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13

Sweta, Kumari, und Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. „Performance of the geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast in direct shear mode“. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 172, Nr. 4 (November 2019): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.18.00107.

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14

Indraratna, Buddhima, Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini und J. S. Vinod. „The lateral displacement response of geogrid-reinforced ballast under cyclic loading“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 39 (August 2013): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.07.007.

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15

Sweta, Kumari, und Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. „Behavior evaluation of geogrid-reinforced ballast-subballast interface under shear condition“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 47, Nr. 1 (Februar 2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.09.002.

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16

Sadeghi, Javad, Ali Reza Tolou Kian, Ali Khanmoradi und Mohammad Chopani. „Behavior of sand-contaminated ballast reinforced with geogrid under cyclic loading“. Construction and Building Materials 362 (Januar 2023): 129654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129654.

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17

Chen, Cheng, G. R. McDowell und N. H. Thom. „Investigating geogrid-reinforced ballast: Experimental pull-out tests and discrete element modelling“. Soils and Foundations 54, Nr. 1 (Februar 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.12.001.

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18

Fattah, Mohammed Y., Mahmood R. Mahmood und Mohammed F. Aswad. „Stress distribution from railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast underlain by clay“. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 18, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0491-z.

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19

Guadagnin Moravia, Marcus, Pascal Villard und Delma De Mattos Vidal. „Geogrid pull-out modelling using DEM“. E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 13015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199213015.

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With the advancement of the use of synthetic reinforcements in geotechnics, a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in soil-reinforcement interaction is the focus of major research centres on the subject. The topic of this study is the shearing behaviour at interfaces between granular materials and geogrids. The main objective is to provide a more fundamental understanding of some micromechanisms present in this type of interface, which in turn are important to optimize the design of such reinforcement. The numerical modelling of these reinforced structures must deal with the complexity of the material-reinforcement interaction problem; therefore, it requires specific numerical models whose formulations admit localized behaviours in the contacts as well as the granular nature of the material (e.g., soil, gravel, ballast). A robust and flexible way of modelling this problem is through the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The DEM proposes to model this granular nature by representing the soil as interacting constituent particles, whose behaviour is ruled by physical laws defined at the contact points. The numerical approach is desirable since it allows, in an articulated and relatively fast way, studying closely different regions of the interface, in order to identify factors and variables that are important for the problem. The purpose involves the DEM for a 3D modelling of a geogrid pull-out test to calculate the magnitude of forces in different elements of the geogrid (i.e., nodes, longitudinal and transverse members). Preparation of numerical samples has a particular importance in the final results of simulations. Thus, the numerical techniques used to obtain better geometry for the geogrid and a granular assembly with a representative grain rolling effect are also presented in this paper.

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20

Schwerdt, Sven, Dominik Mirschel, Tobias Hildebrandt, Max Wilke und Petra Schneider. „Substitute Building Materials in Geogrid-Reinforced Soil Structures“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 22 (12.11.2021): 12519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212519.

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The feasibility of substitute building materials (SBMs) in engineering applications was investigated within the project. A geogrid-reinforced soil structure (GRSS) was built using SBM as the fill material as well as vegetated soil for facing and on top of the construction. Four different SBMs were used as fill material, namely blast furnace slag (BFS), electric furnace slag (EFS), track ballast (TB), and recycled concrete (RC). For the vegetated soil facing, a mixture of either recycled brick (RB) material or crushed lightweight concrete (LC) mixed with organic soil was used. The soil mechanical and chemical parameters for all materials were determined and assessed. In the next step, a GRSS was built as a pilot application consisting of three geogrid layers with a total height of 1.5 m and a slope angle of 60°. The results of the soil mechanical tests indicate that the used fill materials are similar or even better than primary materials, such as gravel. The results of the chemical tests show that some materials are qualified to be used in engineering constructions without or with minor restrictions. Other materials need a special sealing layer to prevent the material from leakage. The vegetation on the mixed SBM material grew successfully. Several ruderal and pioneer plants could be found even in the first year of the construction. The porous material (RB and LC) provide additional water storage capacity for plants especially during summer and/or heat periods. With regard to the results of the chemical analyses of the greening layers, they are usable under restricted conditions. Here special treatment is necessary. Finally, it can be stated that SBMs are feasible in GRSS, particularly as fill material but also as a mixture for the greenable soil.

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21

Miao, Chen-xi, Jun-jie Zheng, Rong-jun Zhang und Lan Cui. „DEM modeling of pullout behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast: The effect of particle shape“. Computers and Geotechnics 81 (Januar 2017): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.08.028.

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22

Chen, Cheng, G. R. McDowell und N. H. Thom. „A study of geogrid-reinforced ballast using laboratory pull-out tests and discrete element modelling“. Geomechanics and Geoengineering 8, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2013): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.805253.

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23

Chen, Cheng, G. R. McDowell und N. H. Thom. „Discrete element modelling of cyclic loads of geogrid-reinforced ballast under confined and unconfined conditions“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 35 (Dezember 2012): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.07.004.

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24

Mishra, Debakanta, Yu Qian, Hasan Kazmee und Erol Tutumluer. „Investigation of Geogrid-Reinforced Railroad Ballast Behavior Using Large-Scale Triaxial Testing and Discrete Element Modeling“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2462, Nr. 1 (Januar 2014): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2462-12.

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25

Esmaeili, Morteza, Jabbar Ali Zakeri und Mohammad Babaei. „Laboratory and field investigation of the effect of geogrid-reinforced ballast on railway track lateral resistance“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45, Nr. 2 (April 2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.11.003.

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26

Sweta, Kumari, und Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. „Effect of shearing rate on the behavior of geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast under direct shear conditions“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 46, Nr. 3 (Juni 2018): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.12.001.

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27

Qian, Yu, Debakanta Mishra, Erol Tutumluer und Hasan A. Kazmee. „Characterization of geogrid reinforced ballast behavior at different levels of degradation through triaxial shear strength test and discrete element modeling“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 43, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2015): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.04.012.

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28

Petriaev, Andrei, und Anastasia Konon. „Tests of geosynthetics-reinforced ballast stressed state under heavy trains“. MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926501004.

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Nowadays requirements for strength and stability of railway subgrade are increased. It occurs due to raising of train speed and axle load. Some sections of subgrade that were previously considered stable do not satisfy safety requirements. In this regard, superstructure reinforcing solutions need to be developed. This paper highlights ballast and subgrade reinforcement applications of geogrids in railway infrastructure. In recent years, geosynthetics are widely used for this purpose. The paper describes recent studies, which helped to identify geosynthetics reinforcement influence on ballast layer and subgrade. Influence of axial load on stress in ballast and subgrade was determined. Obtained data showed that design solutions are required to provide subgrade top bearing capacity in terms of operation with axle loads over 220 kN. Design solution is protective layers installation of polystyrene or geogrids. Five types of geosynthetic materials were placed on the top of subgrade to study vertical stresses distribution in ballast under freight train.

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29

Siddiqui, A. R., B. Indraratna, T. Ngo und C. Rujikiatkamjorn. „Laboratory assessment of rubber grids reinforced ballast under impact testing“. Géotechnique Letters 13, Nr. 2 (01.06.2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.22.00145.

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This paper presents a study on the use of rubber grids fabricated from end-of-life conveyor belts (i.e., discarded from the mining industry) to improve the performance of ballast tracks. The square apertures of these recycled rubber sheets were cast using a waterjet cutting process. A series of large-scale impact tests were performed on ballast specimens stabilised with three different grids of varied effective area ratios (KA.eff) to evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating the applied impact forces, in relation to both displacement and breakage of the ballast aggregates. Smart Ballast particles with motion-sensing capabilities were adopted to monitor the interaction between the grid and ballast assembly. The impact test results indicate that the inclusion of a rubber grid decreases the deformation and breakage of ballast as well as reduces its vibrations. This study demonstrates that these recycled rubber grids with optimum effective area ratios can be more effective than conventional polymer geogrids, apart from the obvious environmental benefits.

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30

Nanthakumar, S., M. Muttharam, Somansh Goyal und Ashish Mishra. „Study on The Performance of Railway Ballasted Track Reinforced With Geogrid“. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, Nr. 23 (01.06.2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i23/114374.

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31

Sweta, Kumari, und Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. „Role of particle breakage on damping, resiliency and service life of geogrid-reinforced ballasted tracks“. Transportation Geotechnics 37 (November 2022): 100828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100828.

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32

Hussaini, Syed Khaja Karimullah, und Kumari Sweta. „Investigation of deformation and degradation response of geogrid-reinforced ballast based on model track tests“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 22.07.2020, 095440972094468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409720944687.

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A series of large-scale cyclic tests was conducted using process simulation test ( PST) apparatus to capture the influence of loading frequency ( f) on the deformation and degradation behavior of ballast with and without geogrids. Fresh granite ballast and subballast having mean particle diameter ( D50) of 42 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively and five geogrids of different aperture shapes and sizes were used in this study. The tests were conducted at f ranging from 10 to 40 Hz and up to 250,000 load cycles. The test results from the laboratory investigations confirmed that the deformation and degradation behavior of ballast is highly influenced by loading frequency ( f). Moreover, the results showed that geogrid reinforcement stabilizes ballast by reducing the extent of lateral spreading ( ld) and vertical settlement ( Sv) and by minimizing particle breakage ( BBI). The inclusion of geogrids also reduces the extent of vertical settlement in subballast layer ( Svsb). In addition, the extent of volumetric ( εv) and shear strains ( εs) including void ratio ( ef) and density ( γbf) were found to be highly influenced by f. It is further seen that lateral spread and vertical settlement reduction index ( LSRI and VSRI) of all the geogrids decreases with the increase in f. Moreover, it is revealed that with the decrease in LSRI, the extent of Sv and BBI increases. A correlation is developed between the deformations ( ld and Sv) and interface efficiency factor ( α). The effectiveness of geogrid in keeping the ballast in place is evaluated in terms of a new parameter ‘geogrid efficiency factor ( Gef)’. The value of Gef for geogrids used is found to vary from 0.02 to 0.27. It is further shown that Gef under cyclic loading conditions is a function of the interface efficiency factor ( α) evaluated under direct shear conditions.

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33

Chan, Chee-Ming. „RELATING THE BREAKAGE INDEX AND SETTLEMENT OF GEOGRID-REINFORCED BALLAST“. International Journal of Geomate, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21660/2016.19.150801.

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34

Alam, Md Naquib, und Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. „Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions“. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 35, Nr. 9 (September 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-15461.

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35

Ferro, Edgar, Louis Le Pen, Antonis Zervos und William Powrie. „Fibre-reinforcement of railway ballast to reduce track settlement“. Géotechnique, 30.09.2022, 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.21.00421.

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Most of the world's railways run on ballasted track. However, ballast accumulates differential settlement with trafficking, hence the correct track level must be restored periodically, typically by tamping which is costly. To reduce the cost of maintenance, several interventions have been proposed with the objective of increasing the interval between tamps by reducing the rate of differential settlement. These include broader ballast gradings, geogrids and under sleeper pads. A possible alternative is the addition of unbound random fibres to the ballast. Fibres formed from polymer materials, randomly mixed with sands and gravels, have been shown to increase their shear resistance owing to the additional effective confinement associated with the mobilisation of tension in the fibres. However, the effect of the fibres on the permanent strain accumulated under cyclic loading has not been extensively investigated. This paper presents the results of an experimental programme carried out to assess the performance of full-size ballast reinforced with different proportions of polyethylene strip fibres of different lengths and widths. It shows that the addition of a moderate amount (0.6-0.7% of the volume of solids) of narrow fibres has negligible influence on grain packing and can reduce ballast plastic settlement without affecting track resilient stiffness.

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