Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Glass ceilling“

AbstrakSecara kuantitas pertambahan pegawai negeri sipil perempuan mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan, namun belum diikuti dengan terbukanya akses untuk dapat menjadi pejabat struktural dan pejabat publik yang strategis. Artikel ini membahas faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan belum terbukanya akses untuk menjadi pejabat. Penelitian dilakukan di Aceh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan perasaan ambigu, kurang percaya diri, dan kurangnya dukungan lingkungan sosial yang disebabkan karena dominasi dari kultur dan struktur menguatkan fenomena glass ceiling. Rendahnya akses perempuan dalam jabatan strategis akan berdampak pada kualitas kebijakan publik yang dirumuskan menjadi tidak sensitif gender.AbstractThe number of female civil servant has increased significantly nowadays. However, this opportunity yet to be followed by the opening access for women in the structural and strategic position. The research aims to discuss factors that inhibit womens careers. The research was conducted in Nangroe Aceh Darrusalam. The result shows that ambiguous feelings, lack of confidence and social support environment as well as dominance of patriarchal culture and structure inhibit womens career in bureaucracy. The lack of womens access in strategic positions would result in gender insensitive public policies. 2013 Universitas Negeri Semarang

This research takes the title: "The Influence of Individual Perception About Glass Ceilings in Organizational and Social Support Against Organizational Motivation and Commitment (Study at PT Micro Madani Institute)". The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of individual glass on the glass ceiling in the workplace and also to socialize the organization and the company. The method used is a survey with the number of respondents in this study as many as 50 respondents. The analysis used is the test of validity, reliability test, multiple regression, sobel test, and hypothesis testing. Based on the results of research and data analysis using Multiple Regression shows that: (1) Individual Perception about Glass Ceiling have an effect on to Motivation. (2) Social Support affects Motivation. (3) Motivation affects Organizational Commitment. (4) Individual Perceptions of Glass Ceiling Affects Organizational Commitment. (5) Social Support affects Organizational Commitment. (6) Motivation mediates Individual Perceptions of Glass Ceiling on Organizational Commitment. (7) Motivation mediates Social Support to Organizational Commitment. The implications of this research are the work that can be done to change the individual perceptions of glass ceiling to be better in the minds of employees by approaching female employees, providing understanding and motivation, and company policies to better accept the opinions of female employees and provide assistance to the problems faced by female employees so that female employees become more motivated to work. Co-workers who support each other and can work together, and leaders who give appreciation and appreciation will motivate employees to always give the best work of work to the company. Containers to complain of discrimination in the workplace can curb the practice of glass ceiling and enable employees to increase organizational commitment to the company. Social support from colleagues and leaders will keep employees motivated and committed and accountable to their work within the organization.

Cette thèse est structurée autour de deux grandes thématiques indépendantes, chacunearticulée en deux chapitres distincts. La première porte thématique sur l'économie desélites, avec une attention particulière aux mécanismes de rotation des élites dans lesorganisations internationales et les systèmes politiques nationaux.Le premier chapitre se concentre sur le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI), en examinantles déterminants de la rotation des membres de l'administration entre 2009 et 2021.L'analyse montre que les crises économiques, notamment les crises de la dette, ont unimpact significatif sur la durée des mandats de ces élites, mettant en lumière l'importancedes facteurs externes sur leur stabilité, en parallèle avec des facteurs impliqués tels quel'expérience professionnelle ou l'éducation. Cette approche permet de mieux comprendreles pressions systémiques auxquelles sont confrontées ces élites technocratiques dans lesenvironnements de crise.Ce chapitre a été co-écrit avec Etienne FARVAQUE ,Maqsood ASLAM et FranckMALAN.Le deuxième chapitre traite des élites politiques, avec un focus sur l'accès des femmesau pouvoir dans les démocraties modernes. Nous avons appliqué une méthodologiequantitative rigoureuse basée sur une base de données inédite des chefs d'État de 1950 à2015. Les résultats révèlent que les crises économiques et politiques jouent un rôle clé dansl'accession des femmes au pouvoir, confirmant l'existence du phénomène de la "falaise deverre", où les femmes sont plus souvent nommées dans des contextes à haut risque. Cetteanalyse approfondie contribue à la littérature sur le genre et le leadership politique, eniiisoulignant les défis spécifiques auxquels les femmes sont confrontées dans les systèmesdominés par des structures masculines. Ce chapitre, je l'ai écrit seul.La deuxième thématique de cette thèse se concentre sur les cycles politico-économiques.Le troisième chapitre examine les dynamiques spécifiques aux cycles en Haïti, unpays en proie à de fortes instabilités économiques et politiques. L'étude démontre que lesélections en Haïti sont souvent associées à des manipulations économiques considérables,exacerbées par un environnement institutionnel fragile et dominé par des pratiquesclientélistes. L'analyse des données montre que les fluctuations de la masse monétaire etles épisodes d'inflation sont directement corrélés aux périodes électorales, illustrant lesdéfaillances des mécanismes de régulation budgétaire et monétaire du pays. Ce chapitre aété co-écrit avec Etienne FARVAQUE, Maqsood ASLAM et Raulin CADETLe quatrième chapitre se focalise sur le cas du Royaume-Uni, en analysant les cyclespolitico-monétaires avant l'indépendance de la Banque d'Angleterre en 1997. L'étuderévèle que la manipulation de la politique monétaire avant les élections était courante,surtout sous les gouvernements libéraux. Cette analyse démontre l'importance desréformes institutionnelles dans la stabilisation des cycles économiques et souligne lanécessité d'une gestion indépendante des instruments monétaires pour garantir la stabilitéà long terme. Ce chapire a été co-écrit avec Etienne FARVAQUE et Antoine PARENT.Ainsi, cette thèse propose des contributions majeures aux études sur la rotation desélites et les cycles politico-économiques, tout en ouvrant des pistes de rechercheprometteuses
This thesis is structured around two main independent themes, each articulated in twoseparate chapters. The first focuses on the economics of elites, with particular attentionto the mechanisms of elite rotation in international organizations and national politicalsystems.The first chapter focuses on the International Monetary Fund International MonetaryFund (IMF), examining the determinants of Executive Board turnover between 2009 and2021. The analysis shows that economic crises, particularly debt crises, have a significantimpact on the tenure of these elites, highlighting the importance of external factors ontheir stability, alongside implicated factors such as professional experience or education.This approach provides a better understanding of the systemic pressures faced by thesetechnocratic elites in crisis environments.The second chapter deals with political elites, with a focus on women's access topower in modern democracies. We have applied a rigorous quantitative methodologybased on an unpublished database of heads of state from 1950 to 2015. The resultsreveal that economic and political crises play a key role in women's accession to power,confirming the existence of the “glass cliff” phenomenon, where women are more oftenappointed in high-risk contexts. This in-depth analysis contributes to the literature ongender and political leadership, highlighting the specific challenges women face in systemsdominated by male structures.The second theme of this thesis focuses on political-economic cycles.The third chapter examines the specific dynamics of cycles in Haiti, a country besetby economic and political instability. The study shows that elections in Haiti are oftenassociated with considerable economic manipulation, exacerbated by a fragile institutionalvenvironment dominated by clientelistic practices. Data analysis shows that money supplyfluctuations and inflation episodes are directly correlated with election periods, illustratingthe failings of the country's fiscal and monetary regulation mechanisms.The fourth chapter focuses on the United Kingdom, analyzing the politico-monetarycycles prior to the Bank of England's independence in 1997. The study reveals thatpre-election manipulation of monetary policy was commonplace, especially under Liberalgovernments. This analysis demonstrates the importance of institutional reforms instabilizing economic cycles, and underlines the need for independent management ofmonetary instruments to guarantee long-term stability.This thesis makes major contributions to the study of elite rotation and political-economiccycles, while opening up promising avenues of research

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia
Porque persistem as desigualdades salariais? Enfrentam as mulheres tetos de vidro? Embora estas questões sejam basilares para a Economia do Trabalho, os estudos existentes dispõem de evidência empírica limitada para o caso português. Esta investigação propõe analisar o papel da diferença de dotações entre trabalhadores e da discriminação na explicação das disparidades salariais entre homens e mulheres na economia portuguesa. Contanto com os dados dos Quadros de Pessoa/de 2006, 2008, e 2012, a diferença é calculada na média e nos quantis da distribuição salarial, com base na metodologia de decomposição salarial de Oaxaca (1973) e Blinder(1973), de Neumark (1973) e de Machado e Mata (2005). Os principais, resultados revelam que uma parte substancial das disparidades salariais no mercado de trabalho português derivam de práticas laborais discriminatórias e que as mulheres que auferem salários baixos são mais discriminadas. Adicionalmente, os resultados apontam para o efeito do glass ceillng em Portugal. Por fim, a análise do diferencial salarial entre homens e mulheres por salário médio da profissão vem revelar que os níveis de desigualdade diferem entre profissões.
Why wage inequalities persist? Are women facing glass ceilings? Although these questions are central for Labour Economics, the existents studies show a limited empirical evidence concerning the Portuguese case. This research proposes to analyse the role of the difference between endowments among workers and discrimination on the explanation of wage disparities between men and women in the Portuguese economy. Relying on the data of Quadros de Pessoal from 2006, 2008 and 2012, the difference is measured in the mean and in the salary distribution quantiles, regarding the methodology of wage decomposition of Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973), Neumark (1973) and Machado e Mata (2005). The main findings reveal that a substantial part of wage disparities on the Portuguese labour market derive from discriminatory labour practices and that women who earn lower wages are more discriminated. Additionally, the results indicate for the glass ceiling effect in Portugal. Lastly, the wage differential analysis between men and women by occupation average salary reveals that inequalities levels differs amongst professions.

O objetivo do presente artigo foi caracterizar o mercado de trabalho formal em Mato Grosso, com dados da Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações (CBO), bem como verificar se há diferenciação nos salários dos trabalhadores do gênero masculino e feminino em Mato Grosso. Foram utilizados dados do Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) referentes às faixas salariais dos trabalhadores mato-grossenses e anos de escolaridade. Apesar da similaridade no grau de escolarização entre os gêneros, os resultados indicam que dentre as 581 ocupações possíveis na CBO, cerca de 12% delas as mulheres não estavam presentes no mercado de trabalho, contra apenas 0,3% da ausência masculina. Os salários médios masculinos apresentaram-se 20% superior aos femininos, com destaque para os cargos de menor escolaridade. Os homens ganham salário superior em 81% das ocupações e as mulheres em apenas 18%. Em 78% dos municípios os salários masculinos foram superiores aos femininos. OS resultados sugerem a presença dos fenômenos de glass ceilling e sticky floor no mercado de trabalho mato-grossense, pois tanto na base quanto no topo das ocupações existem diferenças salariais entre os gêneros. Ao final, sugerem-se possibilidades de enfrentamento dos diferenciais salariais entre gêneros.