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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Global health emergencies“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Global health emergencies"
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The Lancet Digital Health. „Transparency during global health emergencies“. Lancet Digital Health 2, Nr. 9 (September 2020): e441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30198-9.
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Diao, Hong. „Translation in global health emergencies“. Cadernos de Tradução 42, Nr. 01 (24.11.2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2022.e79605.
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The link between translation and global health is an important yet under-researched topic. COVID-19 has opened a significant responsibility and a vast space for translation scholars in approaching this topic. Starting from a brief survey of research on translation and global health, this article examines the roles of translators and interpreters in knowledge translation, and thus in the combat against COVID-19 pandemic by investigating two cases, i.e., Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment and Jin Ji’s interpreting service in Italy. It is revealed that translators and interpreters have functioned as initiators, messengers, and co-producers of COVID-19 knowledge and they, in collaboration with other actors (health practitioners, medical researchers, policymakers, etc.), have contributed to the empowerment of patients and ordinary citizens in the fight. The author argues that translation plays an indispensable part in the transcendence of frontiers (sectorial, disciplinary, cultural, and geographic) in knowledge translation, especially during global health emergencies.
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Venkatapuram, Sridhar. „Ethics and Global Health Emergencies“. Current History 121, Nr. 838 (01.11.2022): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.838.291.
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The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been marred by a widespread failure to embed ethics in policymaking. The consequences have included vaccine hoarding by rich countries and the deaths of millions of people around the world. Governments have followed a simplistic narrative of science and finance teaming up against a virus and delivering a silver bullet in the form of a new vaccine, rather than recognizing that a health emergency reflects patterns of inequality within and across countries and other social factors that need to be addressed. Given the interconnection and interdependency of globalization, ethics must be incorporated in global health policy as a primary consideration, not an afterthought.
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The Lancet. „Preparing for future global health emergencies“. Lancet 389, Nr. 10075 (März 2017): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30813-9.
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Morse, Stephen S. „Commentary: Global Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies“. Journal of Public Health Policy 28, Nr. 2 (Juli 2007): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200128.
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Bennett, Belinda, und Sara E. Davies. „Guest Editorial: Global Health Governance of Public Health Emergencies“. Medical Law Review 25, Nr. 2 (2017): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwx022.
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Burkle, Frederick M. „Current Crises and Potential Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Challenges Facing Global Health or Global Public Health by a Different Name“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, Nr. 6 (14.10.2019): 653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004953.
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AbstractSince 1945, the reasons for major crises and how the world responds to them have changed every 10-15 years or sooner. Whereas these crises vary greatly across global regions, their economic, environmental, ecological, social, and disease aspects are increasingly under the influence of widely integrated global changes and forces arising primarily from: climate extremes; rapid unsustainable urbanization; critical biodiversity losses; and emergencies of scarcity in water, food, and energy. These slow-moving but increasingly severe crises affect larger populations across many borders and lead to the emergence of increasing population-based, preventable public health emergencies related to water, sanitation, food, shelter, energy, and related health illnesses, and ultimately global health security. This report explores the impact of these crises on Asia and the Pacific region, and their potential for regional conflict.
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Standley, C. J., E. M. Sorrell, S. Kornblet, A. Vaught, J. E. Fischer und R. Katz. „Linking funds to actions for global health emergencies“. Science 348, Nr. 6236 (14.05.2015): 762–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5521.
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Brennan, Richard J., und Robin Nandy. „Complex humanitarian emergencies: A major global health challenge“. Emergency Medicine Australasia 13, Nr. 2 (Juni 2001): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00203.x.
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Mugavero, Roberto, Valentina Sabato, Matteo Basso, Wanda D’Amico und Federico Benolli. „Bioterrorism: New Technologies for Global Emergencies and Public Health“. Journal of Information Privacy and Security 11, Nr. 4 (02.10.2015): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15536548.2015.1105658.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Global health emergencies"
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Palazuelos, Prieto Antonio. „The Community-Centered Solution to a Pandemic : Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Co-Production of Knowledge in Health Emergencies and Infodemic Context“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-41514.
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This research explores how community-centered solutions facilitate the success and ownership of the response actions to deal with a public health emergency, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. When an outbreak or a hazard impacts a group of people, there is a strong need for communication in order to be able to access to the right information that takes people to make the correct decision and thus to take a protective action to be safe. This approach, known as Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE)[1], allows the co-production of knowledge needed for a group of people to remain safe. For this approach, social listening tools, such as media monitoring and community feedback collection are critical understand communities’ needs. Its analysis allows to tailor a RCCE strategy that is able to substantially reduce the threat that a public health emergency poses to human lives[2]. Communities need solutions that are adapted to their needs in order to be able to deal with any emergency, including the Covid-19 pandemic. The RCCE approach empowers communities and provides them with the tools to amplify their voices. This participatory approach allows them to co-produce knowledge and get full ownership of the solutions. Nevertheless, in an environment with excess of information, it may not be easy to discern the truth from the false. Unverified information and rumors are frequent and social media channels facilitate their rapid dissemination without borders. ‘Infodemic’ refers to an excessive amount of information concerning a problem such that the solution is made more difficult. (WHO, 2020)[3] Some rumors may encourage people to take wrong decisions and perform actions that exacerbate risks during an emergency. The RCCE approach helps to promote real-time exchange of information to avoid that rumors and disinformation flourish. (WHO, 2018)[4]. It also allows to identify and implement community-centered solutions to communities’ problems. RCCE needs data to monitor and evaluate its activities and reach effectively populations in risk to encourage them to observe the health preventive measures. Lives at risk depends on the right information conveyed through the right channel at the right time. To be able to supply tailored and accurate information to those communities and engage them, evidence-based RCCE strategies are needed, respecting the socio-anthropological and cultural context of the community. This research is based on the findings from five African countries -Cabo Verde, Cameroon, the Gambia, Mozambique and Niger-, all of them seriously affected by current Covid-19 pandemic. Its conclusions help to understand the critical role that RCCE plays in health emergencies resilient recovery. [1] World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) readiness and response to the 2019 novel coronaviruses (2019-nCoV): interim guidance, 26 January 2020. Geneva: WHO. [2] Risk Communication is one of the eight core functions of the International Health Regulations (2005) [3] World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Infodemic management: a key component of the COVID-19 global response. Weekly Epidemiological Record 95 (16), 145 - 148. World Health Organization. [4] World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). Communicating Risk in Public Health Emergencies - A WHO Guideline for Emergency Risk Communication (ERC) policy and practice. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Berends, Thomas. „The effects of preparation and support on the psychological resilience of aid relief workers in complex humanitarian emergencies : A phenomenological study reviewing the needs for and availability of preparation and support and the effects on mental health“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447544.
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Aid relief workers active in complex humanitarian emergencies often develop mental health issues, due to the complex context of these settings and several workplace stressors. In order to cope with these problems, aid relief workers rely on organizational preparation and support, and social support. However, there is a gap between the needs for and availability of preparation and support, which has negative effects on their mental health. This qualitative study provides a phenomenological review of the experiences of aid relief workers active in these complex humanitarian emergencies, with regard to mental health issues, levels of preparation, organizational support and social support. For this study, interviews with five aid relief workers in different fields were conducted to research the effects of working in complex humanitarian emergencies on their mental health, and how preparation and support, or the lack thereof, influences their psychological resilience. The results show that organizational preparation and support, and social support have a positive impact on the psychological resilience of aid relief workers. However, the availability of and access to adequate preparation and support often lacks, which has negative consequences for their mental health. Therefore, this study provides recommendations to humanitarian NGO’s to improve their mental health support, and explores how the psychological resilience of aid relief workers in complex humanitarian emergencies can be improved.
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Richards, Douglas Alexander. „'There's always going to be that political filtering' : the emergence of Second Generation Surveillance for HIV/AIDS, data from Uganda, and the relationship between evidence and global health policy“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22875.
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Background: It is widely acknowledged that Uganda was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to experience a significant decline in HIV seroprevalence in the 1990s. Framed as the initial ‘success story’ in the history of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, the behavioural mechanisms and policies accounting for the Ugandan HIV decline have been extensively debated over the past 25 years. With reference to broader debates about the role of evidence in policy, this thesis aims to examine contested explanations for the decline in HIV prevalence in Uganda and the role of evidence in the development of global HIV prevention policy in the 1990s. The thesis examines diverse explanations for Uganda’s HIV decline and how these came to be framed in the context of the emergence of Second Generation Surveillance (SGS), a global HIV/AIDS surveillance framework introduced by UNAIDS/WHO in 2000. Official accounts describe SGS as having been developed on the basis of Ugandan behavioural evidence presented during a key meeting of HIV/AIDS policymakers which took place in Nairobi in 1997. This meeting provides a focal point for examining the role of evidence in global HIV prevention policy and the relationship between evidence and policy pertaining to low income countries in the 1990s. Methods: A review of UNAIDS/WHO documents and 29 in-depth interviews with HIV/AIDS experts from Uganda and international organisations were analysed. Results: UNAIDS documents present SGS as a technocratic, problem-solving response to limitations in established HIV surveillance approaches, developed at a UNAIDS-sponsored workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1997. These official accounts present the emergence of SGS as evidence-based and reflecting a clear consensus that developed during the Nairobi workshop. While interview data suggest agreement around the need for improved HIV surveillance systems, they indicate a more complex picture in terms of the extent to which SGS was evidence-based and highlight contested interpretations of this evidence among HIV experts. Findings from interviews suggest that the introduction of SGS by UNAIDS/WHO may be understood as serving both technical and broader strategic purposes. As indicated in UNAIDS/WHO policy documentation, SGS was intended to improve older global HIV surveillance methodologies via the triangulation of multiple data sources. The introduction of SGS also appears to have served two broader purposes, functioning as something akin to a marketing tool to help promote the institutional identity of UNAIDS, while also signalling a shift towards a ‘multisectoral’ approach that aimed to unify epidemiological and social scientific disciplinary approaches. While interviewees’ accounts coincide in describing a decline in HIV prevalence during the 1990s, they present divergent interpretations of this evidence which became significant in the development of SGS. One interpretation focused on a reduction in multiple partnerships within the Ugandan population as the key change driving the decline in HIV prevalence, while a contrasting explanation focused on increased use of condoms as the primary cause of this decline. Interviewees’ accounts suggest a process of competition, whereby different actors sought to secure the primacy of their interpretation in institutional understandings of Uganda’s HIV decline and in the development of SGS. Claims of disciplinary bias and institutional marginalisation appear to have contributed to the subordination of explanations focused on a decline in multiple sexual partners, while the policy entrepreneurship of one key actor appears influential in explaining the ascendency of explanations focused on increased condom use. Despite these contestations around the evidence used to inform the development of SGS, UNAIDS documents and peer-reviewed publications from this period emphasise one interpretation (that of increased condom uptake) which thus appears as the official explanation for the success of HIV control in Uganda. The transition from the WHO’s Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) to UNAIDS, and the initiation of a multisectoral HIV prevention approach, appear as important contextual and institutional influences in the interpretation of evidence for Uganda’s HIV decline. The failure of the partnership reduction explanation to align with the evolving institutional and political orthodoxy, and the potential for this explanation to challenge UNAIDS’ new focus on multisectoral HIV prevention, may help to explain why it did not inform subsequent HIV/AIDS policy and does not appear in official accounts of SGS’s development. In contrast, explanations focused on increased condom use were consistent with UNAIDS’ HIV prevention policy agenda (including its emphasis on multisectoral approaches) and appeared to reinforce the organisation’s need for increased financial resources to mitigate HIV/AIDS via the distribution and promotion of condoms. Discussion: This study demonstrates that the development of SGS, and the politics of evidence supporting its introduction, are more complex than existing UNAIDS/WHO accounts describe. Official explanations of the development of SGS provide a simplistic account of how evidence informed policy in a linear and rational way. In contrast, findings from this thesis suggest that SGS served multiple policy functions (i.e. marketing, promotion of institutional credibility, and a demonstration of disciplinary integration) in the context of the recently-formed UNAIDS, and that the role and interpretation of evidence in this context were highly contested. Consistent with the work of Kingdon (1995) and more recently Stevens (2007), this study suggests that personal, political and institutional factors play important roles in shaping how evidence is presented and linked with policy. These findings suggest that more nuanced understandings of the relationship between evidence and policy are needed to explain HIV/AIDS policy development within both sub-Saharan African and at a global level.
Bücher zum Thema "Global health emergencies"
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Kost, Gerald J. Global point of care: Strategies for disasters, emergencies, and public health resilience. Herausgegeben von American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 2015.
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E, Gibbons Deborah, und Jones L. R, Hrsg. Communication crises: Prevention, response, and recovery in the global arena. Charlotte, NC: IAP, Information Age Pub. Inc., 2007.
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A, Relman David, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Forum on Microbial Threats. und National Academies Press (U.S.), Hrsg. Global climate change and extreme weather events: Understanding the contributions to infectious disease emergence : workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.
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A, Relman David, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Forum on Microbial Threats. und National Academies Press (U.S.), Hrsg. Global climate change and extreme weather events: Understanding the contributions to infectious disease emergence : workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.
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Brazeau, Stéphanie, und Nicholas H. Ogden, Hrsg. Earth observation, public health and one health: activities, challenges and opportunities. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621183.0000.
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Abstract This book contains 4 chapters that discuss in the context of both the One Health concept and the SDG initiative, remote sensing can provide solutions to the priority of assessing and monitoring public health risks, and it can play an important role in supporting decision making to reduce health risks within our shared ecosystems. The growing awareness of complex but causal interactions among these realms has motivated professionals in a wide range of sectors to adopt the One Health approach, which promotes intersectoral collaboration to address health issues at the human-animal-environment interface. In its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations specifically identifies "strengthening the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks" as part of their Good Health and Well-being Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). As examples presented in this book reveal, the risk of infectious disease emergence increases with a wide range of conditions and variables, including those associated with humans, animals, climate, and the environment. This book examines several priority themes to which EO and geomatics can make important contributions: mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases; water-borne diseases; air quality and extreme heat effects; geospatial indicators of vulnerable human populations.
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Fronek, Patricia, und Karen Smith Rotabi-Casares. Social Work in Health Emergencies: Global Perspectives. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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Fronek, Patricia, und Karen Smith Rotabi-Casares. Social Work in Health Emergencies: Global Perspectives. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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Social Work in Health Emergencies: Global Perspectives. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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Congress, United Stat, Committee on Foreign Affairs und United States House of Representatives. Global Health Emergencies Hit Home: The Swine Flu Outbreak. Independently Published, 2019.
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Wenham, Clare. Feminist Global Health Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556931.001.0001.
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Feminist Global Health Security highlights the ways in which women are disadvantaged by global health security policy, through engagement with feminist concepts of visibility; social and stratified reproduction; intersectionality; and structural violence. The book argues that an approach focused on short-term response efforts to health emergencies fails to consider the differential impacts of outbreaks on women. This feminist critique focuses on the policy response to the Zika outbreak, which centred on limiting the spread of the vector through civic participation and asking women to defer pregnancy, actions that are inherently gendered and reveal a distinct lack of consideration of the everyday lives of women. The book argues that because global health security lacks a substantive feminist engagement, policies created to manage an outbreak of disease focus on protecting economies and state security and disproportionately fail to protect women. This state-based structure of global health security provides the fault-line for global health security and women. Women are both differentially infected and affected by epidemics and, the book argues: it was no coincidence that poor, black women living in low quality housing were most affected by the Zika outbreak. More broadly, it poses the question: What would global health policy look like if it were to take gender seriously, and how would this impact global disease control sustainability?
Buchteile zum Thema "Global health emergencies"
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Harman, Sophie, und Andreas Papamichail. „Health Emergencies and Crises“. In Global Health Governance, 163–96. 2. Aufl. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203711613-9.
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Ó Néill, Clayton. „A global right to health amid global health emergencies“. In Routledge Handbook of Global Health Rights, 47–61. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2021]: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297021-5.
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Olu, Olushayo Oluseun, Dick Chamla und Joseph Francis Wamala. „Management of Complex Emergencies in Global Health“. In Handbook of Global Health, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_104-2.
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Olu, Olushayo Oluseun, Dick Chamla und Joseph Francis Wamala. „Management of Complex Emergencies in Global Health“. In Handbook of Global Health, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_104-1.
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Heymann, David L. „Dealing with Global Infectious Disease Emergencies“. In Understanding the Global Dimensions of Health, 169–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24103-5_12.
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Laverack, Glenn. „The global Ebola virus disease response“. In Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies, 81–96. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315106885-6.
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Lee, Justin S., und Carmen Monico. „Impacts of Global Pandemics on People on the Move“. In Social Work in Health Emergencies, 216–32. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003111214-13.
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Essink, Dirk R. „Public Health Emergencies, Pandemics and Human Rights“. In Global Health and Human Rights, 179–200. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003408765-15.
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Schmid, Benjamin, und Emmanuel Raju. „Humanitarian Crisis and Complex Emergencies – Burden of Disease, Response, and Opportunities for Global Health“. In Handbook of Global Health, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_128-1.
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Bennett, Belinda, und Jon Iredell. „Global Health Governance and Antimicrobial Resistance“. In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 389–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_24.
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Abstract This chapter analyses the challenges and the adequacy of existing frameworks to provide a strong foundation to support global responses to antimicrobial resistance. Calls for global responses are indicative of a growing global commitment to seeking practical means of tackling the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. While antimicrobial resistance is often conceptualised as an emergency, the application of the International Health Regulations, designed to govern responses to public health emergencies of international concern, remains unclear. Furthermore, there may be challenges for countries in developing and resourcing national approaches to address antimicrobial resistance. Clarity and agreement around definitions of key concepts related to antimicrobial resistance will also be essential to antibiotic stewardship and development of policy in this area. Finally, improvements to health systems as a result of the Sustainable Development Goals may help to support improvements in public health and may play a role in global strategies to address antimicrobial resistance.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Global health emergencies"
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Li, Zeyu, Ying Liu, Muran Yu und Sijia Zhao. „Policy Perception During Global Health Emergencies: Text Analysis Based on Weibo Data“. In 2024 11th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing (BESC), 1–7. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/besc64747.2024.10780496.
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KAMAL, AHMAD. „CREATING CHANGE IN GLOBAL HEALTH“. In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 36th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812709233_0022.
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GRIFFIN, DALE W. „AIRBORNE DESERT DUST: IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL HEALTH“. In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 40th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814289139_0017.
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MCMAHON, FRANCIS J. „GENETICS AND THE GLOBAL HEALTH BURDEN OF MOOD DISORDERS“. In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 27th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705150_0068.
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He, Ruijie. „Research on response mechanism for public health emergencies: COVID-19 and SARS“. In International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health (ICMMGH 2023), herausgegeben von Sheiladevi Sukumaran. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2692870.
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SOBEL, ANNETTE. „STRIVING FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND WATER SECURITY: ACHIEVABLE OR NOT?“ In Proceedings of the 45th Session of the International Seminars on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814531788_0033.
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Jones, Bianca Montes, und Marwan Omar. „Measuring the Impact of Global Health Emergencies on Self-Disclosure Using Language Models“. In 2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing (CSCE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csce60160.2023.00299.
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Kilibarda, Biljana. „Global challenges and opportunities in health promotion“. In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges, 58–60. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24022k.
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Introduction Health promotion interventions at the community and population levels are among others, crucial for tackling non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and infectious diseases, enhancing mental health, and addressing the social determinants of health and health equity. As a key aspect of public health, it is not only aimed at developing individual skills and capabilities, but also to improvement of the political, social, environmental, and economic factors of importance for public and individual health. (1) To achieve long-term change, it is of great importance that health promotion is evidence-based, integrated, sustained, and adequately address the wide-ranging challenges. The Shanghai Declaration on Promoting Health in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes the need to address health determinants, ensure good governance, improve health literacy, create healthy cities and environments, and foster social mobilization and equity. (2) Addressing the structural determinants of health demands changes in social policies and systems to reduce poverty, improve living and working conditions, ensure equitable access to resources and services, and address societal norms and values to combat discrimination while promoting social justice. Past and Current state of Health Promotion The roles of public health, health education, and health promotion have evolved significantly over time. In the 19th century, improvements in nutrition, and hygiene contributed to better health. The introduction of vaccines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and antibiotics in the 1930s enabled effective control of infectious diseases. Increasing awareness of the effects of risk factors on health underscored the importance of disease prevention in reducing noncommunicable diseases. The 1974 Lalonde Report (3) and the 1986 Ottawa Charter (4) marked the start of a significant era in health promotion, leading to a focus on population health. The health promotion paradigm also changed over time. The preventive paradigm is risk-focused, aiming at preventing health issues within populations and communities. It facilitates early diagnosis and access to reliable health information. On the other hand, the health-promotion paradigm emphasizes societal factors, health determinants, and the empowerment of individuals and communities, advocating for access to rights and equity. As stated in Minsk declaration, a life-course approach, focusing on health across different stages of life stress the importance of a healthy start and individuals' needs throughout their daily lives and during pivotal moments. By targeting the root causes of ill health rather than just the symptoms, it encourages early investments that can deliver significant advantages for both public health and economic outcomes. (5) The changes and challenges that the world is increasingly facing highlight the need for evidence-based health promotion utilizing the best available research, practice, and evaluation data to design, implement, and assess health promotion interventions, ensuring they are effective, efficient, and tailored to population needs. Challenges and Opportunities While advancements in science and living standards have improved longevity and reduced infectious disease rates, challenges such as pandemics, obesity, malnutrition, antimicrobial resistance, and NCDs remain significant. Such challenges remain, among other, due to of unhealthy lifestyles, growing pollution, and a focus on reactive rather than preventive medicine. Health-related behaviors, such as inadequate vaccination and low cancer screening rates, are often rooted in human behavior and impose a heavy burden on health systems and individual well-being. To effectively address them, the cultural contexts in which they occur, and the engagement of those affected are needed as well as application of models, and methods from behavioral and cultural sciences. Challenges also include the effects of global disruptions like climate change, armed conflicts, irresponsible business practices, corruption, and unsustainable production on health. These events highlight the critical importance of strong health systems and further strengthening of health promotion focus on promoting overall well-being, not just treating diseases. One of the opportunities for health promotions is people's increased awareness of their rights and responsibilities. Citizen participation in social mobilization can be a powerful tool to shape sustainable development policies and shall play an important role in health promotion. Social movements are gaining momentum worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines social participation as the empowerment of individuals, communities, and civil society by ensuring inclusive involvement in decision-making across all stages of policy development and at every level of the health system. Building upon previous intergovernmental agreements at the Seventy-seventh World Health Assembly, Member States endorsed a resolution aimed at establishment, enhancing, and sustaining meaningful social participation in health-related decision-making processes. Another, still persisting challenge is achieving effective intersectoral action for health, as it demands political will, coordinated efforts, and structures to support cross-sectoral policy development and implementation. A 'Health in All Policies' (HiAP) approach promotes intersectoral collaboration across government and society, advocating for new working models, including effective intersectoral structures, participatory processes, and partnerships. However, HiAP has been fully implemented in only a few countries, and many countries lack the necessary intersectoral policy systems and structures. Sustainable financing is essential for health promotion, as consistent funding is needed to maintain efforts over time. According to a study by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), less than 3% of total healthcare expenditure is usually allocated to prevention and health promotion, with spending often decreasing significantly during economic recessions. (6) Future Directions in Health Promotion Global health concerns will change in the future, and health promotion will need to continuously adapt to the social and political changes such as globalization, emergencies, wars, economic crises, and periods of growth. Being strategically prepared for the future boosts the ability to navigate upcoming trends and uncertainties. To assess the megatrends, driving forces, and unpredictable factors that might profoundly impact people's well-being in future, in 2020, WHO team conducted strategic foresight that provides an analysis of health-promotion system capacity models and a horizon-scanning of global trends. The key findings on the future of health promotion suggest expanding the capacity of health-promotion and call for the paradigm shifts needed to progress the agenda on planetary health, One Health and well-being. Some practices are expected to endure, as they are vital for the sustainability of future systems, but current paradigms will evolve and shift significantly. Essentially, the future health model will blend elements of medical care, preventive measures, and health promotion, along with the planetary health paradigm. (7) To effectively implement comprehensive health promotion interventions, robust infrastructures are necessary to support delivery within the health system and across various sectors. This involves developing organizational capacity and structures with a clear mandate to support intersectoral health promotion at both national and local levels. In addition, mechanisms for cross-sectoral collaboration are essential and leadership and governance must broaden their thinking and adapt quickly to handle emergencies and uncertainties. Focus should be also on adopting a visionary approach, understanding people's willingness to act, and evaluating how much bureaucracy should be challenged. (8) Conclusion Despite achievements and developments, often there's a general lack of understanding about where health promotion fits within public health and the broader health system. The complexity of contemporary health threats, which disproportionately impact the most disadvantaged, underscores the need for immediate and transformative action to achieve measurable progress. Although understanding the past is crucial, relying on it alone is insufficient for effective decision-making in a in a rapidly changing world. Being strategically prepared for the future enhance the capability to manage emerging trends and uncertainties. It is crucial for governments to create responsive health policies and programs, ensuring broad stakeholder involvement and progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC) without leaving anyone behind.
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Bino, Silvia. „Partnerships and public health“. In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges, 33. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24011b.
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Introduction: Partnerships in public health play a critical role for effectively addressing public health issues and challenges, improving outcomes, ensuring preparedness and responding to emergencies and pandemics. A partnership is a collaboration that brings together different stakeholders and partners, various sectors within the government and outside it with academic institutions, private industry, international and national agencies and civil society and community groups that combine expertise, resources, and reach different groups to address complex public health issues. Objectives and Methods: The aim of work is to present the work of key partnerships in South East European region and their role in public health in this region. Results: The main stakeholders in the region are governement with ministries of health and social affairs or welfares and public health institutes, ministries of agriculture and veteranry issues and veterianry or food safety institutes and other emergency operation agencies that set health policies, lead public health initiatives, and coordinate responses to health crises. Internationaonal public health agencies such as WHO, ECDC, HERA or others such as CDC, USA, SEEHN or SECID are part of global health partnerships governments partner with to combat global health threats such as infectious diseases, pandemicsm coordinate research, and share resources. Universities and research institutions are also at the forefront of public health research, contributing to the development of diagnostic tools, vaccines, therapies, and health policy or strategic solutions. Academic institutions often collaborate with health agencies to analyze epidemiological data and inform policy decisions or prepare policy documents. Others such as NGOs, civil societies and grass rootes organisations play a critical role in providing healthcare services, advocacy, and capacity-building, especially in under-resourced areas. They also help to bridge gaps in public health systems. Conclusions: Government agencies have enforced public health measures, allocated funding, and mobilized resources during emergencies (e.g., COVID-19 and the vaccination efforts). Academic partnerships have provided evidence-based guidance, developed new technologies, and trained future public health professionals. While international partnerships have helped to face crisis and further develop our public health surveillance systems. Collaboration between governments, NGOs, research institutions, industries, private sector and communities enables a more comprehensive and effective approach to addressing public health challenges. These partnerships are particularly critical in times of crisis, such as during pandemics, when a coordinated, multi-sector response is essential to save lives and mitigate health risks. But we need to establish them before the crisis is going on.
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Marinov, Rusi. „THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COGNITIVE DOMAINS IN EMERGENCIES“. In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.259.
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This report discusses the role of information domain and cognitive technologies in emergency management in the context of the global pandemic problems, which is also caused by a lack of leader’s capacity, knowledge transfer, lack of major investments in the security and health systems. Global emergency response plans should be based on the “artificial” reality of our planetary condition and used as a starting point for planning. Innovative companies are trying to take advantage of cognitive technologies to automate processes to solve a wide range of problems that require specific knowledge. The main aspects of knowledge are related to the so-called „P” categories (Perceive, Perception, Predict) of our critical environment and data input to such systems coming from sensors and smart elements. The new model for effective reactions in crisis refers to cognitive technologies, which, if available use an aesthetic language, generate unstructured texts, process information, used sensors for data in real-time, reading signals, access to “smart objects” and other algorithmic approaches for searching of solutions in extreme situations. The cognitive technologies used during contingency planning is oriented towards the further development of AI in order to improve the performance of machines in terms of intuition, sensitivity, emotions, and other factors that enhance the planning and decision-making tasks.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Global health emergencies"
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Banda, Tikulirekuti, Hanna Woldemeskel, Rachel James und Ginger A. Johnson. From data to action: How findings from an interagency rapid qualitative assessment are stimulating action to support drought-affected communities in Zambia. Institute of Development Studies, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.043.
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The Republic of Zambia is one of several countries in the Eastern and Southern Africa region that has been grappling with multiple concurrent emergencies that have affected the health and safety of the population. In February 2024, a national state of emergency was declared in Zambia due to a severe and prolonged drought affecting over half of the country. These emergencies have adversely affected women and children who are especially vulnerable to diseases, malnutrition and violence. In response, the Collective Service – an interagency partnership between UNICEF, the World Health Organization and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies – has been providing technical surge support on cholera and drought emergencies. This support has been to UNICEF Zambia and its partners from the Ministry of Health, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU), the University of Zambia School of Public Health, Public Private Dialogue Forum and the Zambia Red Cross Society. The support has been in collaboration with global partners, including UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, SSHAP and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct people-centred, rapid qualitative assessments (RQAs) to inform community engagement strategies and hold response actors accountable to affected populations. Since November 2023, the Collective Service has supported the coordination of the Zambia Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) cluster through strengthened community feedback mechanisms, operational social science training and support, and shared data intelligence and analysis. The Collective Service has also supported the implementation of RQAs to highlight important issues emerging in Zambia. Four RQAs, conducted in 2023 and 2024, focused on cholera; and two RQAs, conducted in 2024, focused on the impact of the drought across nutrition; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); and health and social protection. This brief summarises and shares information from the RQA, conducted from 28 May to 2 June 2024, of drought-related community perceptions and behaviours in Zambia.
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Kaleagasi, Bartu, Sean McCarthy und Peter Beaumont. Geospatial Public Policy: Global Best Practices for Harnessing the Potential of Satellite Technologies and Applications. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004484.
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This publication presents six case studies of public policies that promote the development and use of geospatial technologies and applications, which can be categorized in five layers: institutions, tools, data, skills and industry. The evolution of these technologies and applications over the past decade has been driven by the understanding that where people and things are located is central to smart decision making. As a result of low-cost launch vehicles, increasing numbers of satellites in orbit, new sensor technologies, machine learning algorithms, advances in cloud computing, and the emergence of other technologies such as drones and high-altitude platforms, the geospatial economy is now expanding into many new geographies and sectors. This expansion calls for the development of innovative applications that benefit government in areas such as agriculture, environment, energy, aviation, maritime, transport, health, education, business, and society.
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Matenga, Chrispin, und Munguzwe Hichaambwa. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Zambia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Dezember 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.039.
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COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The speed with which the pandemic spread geographically, and the high rate of mortality of its victims prompted many countries around the world to institute ‘lockdowns’ of various sorts to contain it. While the global concern in the early months following the emergence of COVID-19 was with health impacts, the ‘lockdown’ measures put in place by governments triggered global socioeconomic shocks as economies entered recessions due to disruption of economic activity that the ‘lockdown’ measures entailed. Data suggests that the socioeconomic shocks arising from ‘lockdowns’ have been more severe in sub-Saharan Africa countries, generating dire livelihood consequences for most citizens who depend on the informal economy for survival. In Zambia, the effects of COVID-19 combined with a severe drought, and a decline in mining activity to contribute to a downward spiral in Zambia’s economy. This report aims to gain real-time insights into how the COVID-19 crisis was unfolding in Zambia and how rural people and food and livelihood systems were responding. The study focused on documenting and understanding the differential impacts of the pandemic at the household level in terms of changes in participation in farming activities, availability of services for agricultural production, labour and employment, marketing and transport services, food and nutrition security and poverty and wellbeing.
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Chow, Jia Yi, Sock Miang Teo-Koh, Clara Wee Keat Tan, Chris Button, Benjamin Su-Jim Tan, Manu Kapur, Rens Meerhoff und Corliss Zhi Yi Choo. Nonlinear pedagogy and its relevance for the new PE curriculum. National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2020. https://doi.org/10.32658/10497/22686.
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Increasingly, school teachers see the need to recognize the complex and dynamic interactions that occur between the individual, task and environmental constraints during learning. Nonlinear Pedagogy (NP), underpinned by Ecological Dynamics, provides a suitable pedagogical approach to encourage exploratory learning amongst children that is learner-centred and exploratory in nature. This approach is in contrast to a more traditional form of Linear Pedagogy (LP) that is teacher-centred and emphasises repetition in practices to promote movement form consistency in enhancing the acquisition of movement skills. Primarily, NP involves teachers identifying and manipulating constraints on learning to facilitate the emergence of goal-directed behaviours in children (Chow et al., 2016; Davids et al., 2008). Other key pedagogical principles relating to representativeness, awareness of focus of attention instructions, task simplification and the functional role of noise can help learners to develop 21st century competencies (Chow et al., 2016). Given growing concerns that physical inactivity could represent the biggest threat to global health in the 21st century, it is vital that children receive a high quality of education to develop their health and wellbeing.
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Niconchuk, Michael. Whose Vulnerability? Trauma Recovery in the Reintegration of Former Violent Extremists. RESOLVE Network, Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.16.vedr.
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Violent extremism has a trauma problem. Psychological trauma plays a role in the genesis, perpetration, and resolution of violent extremism. Despite evidence attesting to the positive effects of trauma-informed rehabilitation programs and trauma recovery support for armed combatants and criminal offenders, there has been limited donor interest or coordinated policy effort to meaningfully integrate trauma recovery into the design of rehabilitation and reintegration of violent extremists specifically. Research in global mental health confirms trauma is not only relevant to the emergence of violent extremism but is also a consequence of participation in violent extremism. While there is a general dearth of data on the psychobiological markers of trauma among extremist populations specifically, the limited data we have from child recruits, as well as from other conflict-affected populations calls for a more prominent role of psychological rehabilitation and trauma recovery in the reintegration of violent extremists.
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Faverjon, Céline, Angus Cameron und Marco De Nardi. Modelling framework to quantify the risk of AMR exposure via food products - example of chicken and lettuce. Food Standards Agency, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.qum110.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex issue where microorganisms survive antimicrobial treatments, making such infections more difficult to treat. It is a global threat to public health. To increase the evidence base for AMR in the food chain, the FSA has funded several projects to collect data to monitor the trends, prevalence, emergence, spread and decline of AMR bacteria in a range of retail foods in the UK. However, this data and information from the wider literature was yet to be used to create tools to aid in the production of quantitative risk assessment to determine the risk to consumers of AMR in the food chain. To assist with this, there was a need to develop a set of modular templates of risk of AMR within foods. This sought to allow the efficient creation of reproducible risk assessments of AMR to maintain the FSA at the forefront of food safety.
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strauss, Bernhard, Samuel Short und Pantea Lotfian. The Evolution of personalised nutrition. Food Standards Agency, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ean605.
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Health and wellbeing and susceptibility to disease are causally linked to food and nutrition intake, an observation that has informed dietary advice for centuries. However, physiological response to different food types varies greatly by individual, meaning that a “one size fits all” approach to nutritional advice may be inadequate to ensure optimum health outcomes. Personalised nutrition (PN) services, operating at the intersection between health advisory, the wellness sector, and the food system, seek to address this through individualised targeted dietary advice focused on achieving lasting dietary behaviour change that is beneficial for health. In this report we specifically analyse the evolution of personalised nutrition defined as nutritional advice based on personalised analysis of scientific data obtained from the customers’ phenotype and the scientific knowledge base underpinning such advice. We will touch on technologies that enable the personalisation of food more generally only insofar as they might impact PN in the future through wider network effects within the food system. Personalised nutrition as a clinical and academic field of study has existed for at least four decades, however recent investor interest and cheaper direct-to-consumer (D2C) testing devices have enabled a growing commercial PN sector that has evolved over the past ten years. Commercial PN services provide mostly advice, which is claimed to be based on the latest scientific evidence showing the causal connections between certain individual phenotypic traits (genes, lifestyle factors, gut microbe, blood parameters, age, sex, etc.) and the physiological response to food. In addition to advice, providers increasingly offer personalised supplements and vitamins (which are within the FSA remit) as well as personalised, tailored subscription meal plans. The sector in the UK is currently still small but represented by a number of different business models serving increasing consumer interest in health-related offerings. Moreover, there are hopes that commercial PN might, in the longer-term future, contribute to public health. In this report we have analysed the specific input trends that have enabled the emergence of the sector with the drivers and challenges that are shaping its evolution today. This analysis included a thorough assessment of the science that underpins PN services, the role of technology trends and commercial activity including an overview of the current global and UK markets, wider social trends that impact consumer uptake of PN, and the existing regulatory environment that surrounds PN, a currently unregulated commercial activity. The potential impact on public health, food safety and consumer choice as the industry develops over the coming decade were also assessed.
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Brown, Charlotte, und Costanza Torre. Key Considerations: Food Assistance Prioritisation in Refugee Settlements in Uganda and its Impacts. Institute of Development Studies, Oktober 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.054.
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This brief provides considerations around the humanitarian and policy implications of the general food and cash assistance (GFA) prioritisation strategy in Uganda’s refugee settlements. In light of ongoing cuts to humanitarian funding, the considerations in this brief are relevant to refugee-hosting countries in and beyond East Africa. Globally, protracted emergencies and displacement situations are increasingly undergoing severe and chronic underfunding.1 In the face of ever-shrinking funding, humanitarian settings have recently seen the introduction of ‘prioritisation exercises’. These exercises often involve reductions to food assistance, implemented within pre-existing conditions of high economic vulnerability and based on specific framings and categorisations of this vulnerability. They aim to direct limited humanitarian resources towards those international institutions identify as most ‘in need’.2,3 This brief outlines the prioritisation strategy in Uganda, a country that currently hosts 1.7 million refugees. The brief shows that the strategy’s implementation, against high baseline levels of malnutrition and household vulnerability, has had wide-ranging consequences, including undermining the viability of Uganda’s much-celebrated self-reliance model. The brief builds on research conducted in 2024 to examine the processes that inform the prioritisation exercise in Uganda, its effects on food security for refugees and the viability of Uganda’s self-reliance strategy. It draws on data collected through ethnographic methods, interviews and focus group discussions with South Sudanese refugees in Palabek Refugee Settlement and Rhino Camp Refugee Settlement over eight months. It also builds on both authors’ expertise on the Ugandan refugee emergency, discussions with government employees and humanitarian and health workers engaged in the Ugandan refugee response and academic and grey literature.
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Langlais, Pierre-Carl. Economics of open science. Comité pour la science ouverte, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52949/63.
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Open science has significantly reduced the costs of scholarly publication. A 2021 study estimates the expenses of a commercial open access publisher at 55% of the price of a standard subscription article: this proportion is significantly lower for non-commercial open access publication which can be as low as 10% of the price. Numerous activities associated with publishing like commercial service, pricing or marketing are no longer necessary. The development of shared services and free software have also helped to curtailed technical costs. Open science involves a plurality of economic models that are not limited to commercial publishing: public infrastructures, common resources, self-governing communities or learned societies are all key actors of the open science ecosystem. Journals and other academic institutions (like scientific societies) have historically favored a ”knowledge club” model where publications are managed as a community service for the selected benefits of its authors. During the second half of the 20th century, nonprofits’ structures have been absorbed or outcompeted by very large commercial publishers such as Elsevier, Springer or Wiley. The development of open science challenged the domination of the publisher models. Leading publishers have started to flip to author-pay models. More recently, ”transformative deals” have created a large private market for open science. In parallel the emergence of a global open science movement, has entailed the development of open science commons, with journals, platforms, infrastructures and repositories increasingly structured around a shared ecosystem of services and self-governance principles. Open science brings significant economic and social benefits, as 65-90% of the audience of open platforms is made of non-academic users. Numerous economic activities depend on scholarly literature and scientific data. It has been estimated that the Human Genome project brought nearly 800$ billions in global revenue, that is 200 times its initial costs. Surveys of English and Nordic businesses in 2011 showed that open science as a whole had a positive impact on R&D and accelerated the development of new products and projects. Beyond commercial sectors, open science has positively contributed to a large and diverse range of social actors, from NGOs to citizen scientists or health advocates.
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James, Christian, Stephen J. James, Bukola A. Onarinde, Ronald A. Dixon und Nicola Williams. Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ich936.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent (a substance that kills or stops the growth of microorganisms) that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. As a result standard antimicrobial drug treatments may become ineffective, lead to infections persisting, increasing the risk of spread to others, and negative clinical outcomes. AMR is a major public health issue worldwide and it is estimated that unless action is taken to tackle AMR, the global impact of AMR could be 10 million deaths annually from drug-resistant infections by 2050 and cost up to US $100 trillion in terms of cumulative lost global production (O’Neill, 2016). Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK and led to the Government publishing both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window) and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP) (Opens in a new window), which sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This review was carried out to help increase our understanding of whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and heavy metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain (a subject highlighted in the NAP). Whether this could potentially lead to greater consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present in our food, either directly through consumption of foods derived from animals that have undergone treatment (for example from the use of heavy metals in animal feed) or indirectly (for example from exposure of crops to contaminated soil or ground water) is not known. Focused searching of three literature databases (Web of Science (Opens in a new window), Scopus (Opens in a new window), and MEDLINE (Opens in a new window)) was undertaken, supplemented by additional records identified through other sources. Due to the range of publications identified and different laboratory methodologies used in these studies no statistical analysis was possible, so instead, a narrative approach was taken to their review and to the review of supplementary materials. We conclude that there is published evidence that the release of chemicals like biocides (in particular disinfectants) and/or heavy metals from food animal production have the potential to contribute to the selection, emergence, and spread of AMR (as bacteria or genes) that could be acquired by consumers, and that this could present a potential risk to the consumer as a result. The published evidence is sparse and there are significant knowledge gaps (as detailed in this report). Currently there are insufficient data for a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of risk, and a need for focussed in-field studies (as detailed in this report) to be carried out to fill these knowledge gaps and confirm whether there is an actual risk.