Dissertationen: „Grapes Composition“

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McCarthy, Michael G. "Effect of timing of water deficit on fruit development and composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1233.pdf.

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Gray, John D. "The basis of variation in the size and composition of grape berries." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg7794.pdf.

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"Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond S.A." Bibliography: leaves 136-149 This investigated focussed on selected aspects of berry development and ripening that were subject to variation. Shiraz and Chardonnay were chosen as experimental varieties because these cultivars presented a large range of variability in the field. The extent of the variation within each of the recorded berry parameters was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV), a unitless measure of sample variability relative to the sample mean, ideally suited to comparative studies.

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Phelan, Patrick G. "INFLUENCE OF CROP LOAD ON FRUIT COMPOSITION USING PINOT NOIR GRAPES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/206.

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ABSTRACT Influence of Crop Load on Fruit Composition Using Pinot Noir Grapes Patrick G. Phelan November 2009 The two seasons for this trial were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Bien Nacido Vineyard in Santa Maria, California. The trial consisted of pinot noir wine grapes clone 2a, grown on 101-14 rootstock. There were eight treatments with a control consisting of 25 vines per treatment, and 50 vines for the control. The primary objective of this research experiment was to conduct different vine balance procedures and compare them to the amount of wine phenolics. The vines were altered with two procedures. First was crop yield; fruit thinning altered the treatments by providing four different crop loads and a control. The treatment levels were signified as one ton, two ton, three ton, four ton, and control. The second procedure was timing of fruit thinning. Four different crop loads were split in half giving rise to eight treatments and a control. With four of the treatments the fruit was dropped post-bloom, and the other four treatments were dropped at seventy five percent veraison. Equal amounts of early and late thinning were combined and made into wine which gave four different crop load wines and a control wine. This process was done in 2002 and repeated in 2003. Additionally, other vine growth parameters were analyzed to determine the role that crop load and timing of thinning had in their development. Seven variables were analyzed from prunings, clusters, juice, and wine samples. They consisted of berry size, cluster weight, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, phenolic profile (consisting of eleven components), and shoot weight. The results indicated that the following were statistically significant: (1) titratable acidity was significantly different between the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons, (2) total soluble solids showed a significant difference between the early fruit thinning versus the late thinning, (3) berry size in 2002 showed a statistically significant effect of drop date on the mean caliper size, (4) in 2002 the berry size also showed a statistically significant interaction between drop level and drop date, (5) berry size in 2003 showed a statistically significant effect of drop level on the mean caliper size, (6) in 2003 there is also a statistically significant effect of drop date on the mean caliper size, (7) again in 2003 there is a statistically significant interaction between drop level and drop date, (8) cluster weights in 2002 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average cluster weight, (9) in 2002 cluster weights also showed an effect of the time of fruit drop on the average cluster weight, (10) cluster weights in 2003 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and the average cluster weight, (11) pruning weights in 2002 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average shoot weight, (12) pruning weights in 2003 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average shoot weight and finally, (13) of the eleven phenolic components measured, five differed significantly by year but not across the five treatments. Information derived from this experiment suggests that the site is a high vigour location according to Robinson and Smart’s yield to pruning weight ratio. With this in mind we find that TA and pH were not a significant factor, but soluble solids (brix) ascertained a higher degree of brix with the late drop treatment. We conclude this to be an effect of both the high vigour site and more uniform fruit drop. In 2002 and 2003, we find a significant interaction between drop date and berry size with a late drop producing the smallest berries on average. Cluster weights varied between 2002 and 2003 and the results were inconclusive. Shoot weights along with harvest totals concluded a high vigour site. The one ton level in 2002 had a significantly higher average shoot weight than the three ton level (p<.001), four ton level (p=.006), and no fruit drop control (p<.001). There is also a significant relationship between drop time and average shoot weight in 2002 (p<.001), and 2003 (p=.049) with the late fruit drop being followed by a lower shoot weight. This significant relationship expressed that an early drop increased the shoot weight which contributed only more vigour to an already high vigour site. The ratio of yield to pruning weight for 2002 gave us a range of .39 to 1.78, and in 2003 the range was .32 to 1.36 concluding a high vigour site. The phenolic profile expressed a statistical difference by year, but was most likely caused by a varying fermentation temperature or different climatic conditions in 2002 and 2003.

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Cloete, Hanle. "The effect of shoot heterogeneity on the physiology and grape composition of Shiraz/Richter 99 grapevines." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50145.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effect of shoot heterogeneity on vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, vine physiology and grape composition was investigated in a ShirazlRichter 99 vineyard. Comparisons between underdeveloped (typically shorter and less ripened at véraison) and normally developed shoots in both shaded (non-manipulated) and well-exposed (manipulated) canopies were made. Compared to underdeveloped shoots, normal shoots had a larger total leaf area, due to the higher occurrence of secondary shoots as well as larger leaves on primary and secondary shoots. Since the photosynthetic activity of the leaves from normal shoots was higher than those from underdeveloped shoots, higher levels of carbohydrates were produced and stored in the former. Starch was more evenly distributed over the length of the whole shoot in normally developed shoots compared to underdeveloped shoots. Normally developed shoots were longer and thicker in diameter than underdeveloped shoots. The larger clusters of the normally developed shoots are evidence of their more favourable total leaf area per gram berry mass. Berries from the normally developed shoots were smaller at five weeks after véraison than those from underdeveloped shoots, displaying a higher skin to pulp ratio and therefore higher anthocyanin and total phenolic extraction potential for winemaking. The smaller clusters and fewer berries per cluster found for the underdeveloped shoots indicate an imbalance between vegetative and reproductive growth initiated during the vegetative growth phase and continued during the ripening period. The peculiar absence of statistically significant differences in grape composition between normally and underdeveloped shoots indicates that assimilates needed for berry ripening of the latter originated in organs other than the leaves [e.g. from adjacent normal shoots and the rest of the permanent structure of the vine (cordon, trunk, roots)]. The larger differences in berry size that occurred between shoot types in the shaded compared to the well-exposed canopies may be evidence for this. The photosynthetic activity of shoots was lower in shaded than in exposed canopies. The total carbohydrate production of the normal shoots in shaded canopies seemed insufficient to supply in the ripening needs of the shoot itself, their own clusters as well as the ripening of stem tissue and clusters of the underdeveloped shoots in the canopy. This is illustrated by the lower levels of starch that accumulated in the normal shoots from shaded compared to that of exposed canopies. Vine shoot heterogeneity clearly leads to visible and physiological imbalances that would impact negatively on grape and wine quality as well as production costs and should therefore be avoided on any terroir. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die effek van heterogene lootontwikkeling in die lower van 'n ShirazlRichter 99 wingerd ondersoek. Vergelykings is getref tussen normale en onderontwikkelde lote in beskadude en blootgestelde lowers ten opsigte van hul vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groeieienskappe, fisiologiese aktiwiteit en druifsamestelling en -gehalte. 'n Groter totale blaaroppervlak het by die normaalontwikkelde lote voorgekom as gevolg van die groter aantal sekondêre lote en groter primêre en sekondêre blare. Aangesien die blare van die normaal ontwikkelde lote fotosinteties meer aktief was as dié van onderontwikkelde lote, het die eersgenoemde lote groter hoeveelhede koolhidrate geproduseer en gestoor. Styselopberging het meer eweredig oor die lengte van die normale lote plaasgevind. Laasgenoemde lote was ook heelwat langer en dikker in deursnee as die onderontwikkelde lote. Die gunstiger totale blaaroppervlak per korrelmassa verhouding van die normale lote is duidelik weerspieêl in die groter trosse, terwyl die kleiner korrels (en dus die groter dop:pulp verhouding) op 'n groter potensiaal vir kleur- en fenolekstraksie tydens die wynbereidingsproses dui. Die kleiner trosse en kleiner aantal korrels per tros wat by die onderontwikkelde lote gevind is, dui op 'n wanbalans tussen die vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groei van die loot wat tydens die vegetatiewe groeifase van die wingerdstok geïnisieer is en tydens die rypwordingsperiode voortgesit is. Die vreemde afwesigheid van enige statisties betekenisvolle verskille in druifsamestelling tussen die normale en onderontwikkelde lote dui daarop dat die verbindings wat vir die rypmaking van trosse op onderontwikkelde lote aangewend is, waarskynlik van ander wingerdorgane (bv. naasliggende lote, kordonarms, stam, wortels) as die spesifieke loot se blare afkomstig was. Die waarneming dat die korrelgroottes van normale en onderontwikkelde lote meer van mekaar verskil het in die beskadude as blootgestelde lowers, kan moontlik as bewys hiervoor dien. Die fotosintetiese aktiwiteit van beide loottipes was laer in die skaduryke lowers. Die koolhidrate wat deur normaalontwikkelde lote in skadu-Iowers geproduseer is, was oênskynlik onvoldoende vir die rypmaking van die loot self, die spesifieke loot se trosse, asook die trosse en lootweefsel van naasliggende onderontwikkelde lote. Hierdie bewerings word gerugsteun deur die laer vlakke van styselakkumulasie wat by die normale lote in beskadude lowers gevind is. Aangesien heterogene lootontwikkeling en -groei duidelike sigbare en fisiologiese wanbalanse in die wingerdstok tot gevolg het wat negatief op druifsamestelling, wyngehalte en produksiekoste inwerk, behoort dit in kommersiêle wingerde vermy te word.

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Van, Noordwyk Marelize. "Interaction of water deficit, canopy modification and ripening : effect on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz grapes & subsequent wine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71763.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phenolic compounds are important quality indicators of a red wine, as they can contribute to the colour of a young red wine, colour stability during ageing as well as astringency, bitterness, body and overall mouthfeel properties. Wine composition is commonly influenced by winemaking and viticultural practices. In South Africa it often happens that vines are excessively vigorous, resulting in canopies that are too dense, which in turn could have a negative effect on the quantity and quality of the grapes produced. Viticultural practices such as judicious canopy management and irrigation are designed to control vine vigour and yield, thus improving fruit ripening and colour development. Artificial shading and water deficit have been reported to have an influence on the sensory properties of red wine as well as on the flavonoid composition. These effects are dependent on a number of factors, however, including the season, cultivar, light intensity, and the extent and timing of water deficit. There is limited research on the possible interactive effects of grapevine water deficits and canopy manipulation on grape and wine flavonoid composition in Shiraz, as well as the relationships between berry and wine composition. We thus investigated the effect of canopy reduction in combination with water deficit on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz grapes at different levels of ripeness, and in their corresponding wines after alcoholic and malolactic fermentation as well as after six months’ ageing. This study found that it is possible to improve the phenolic composition of grapes and wine by shoot removal, and some of the tendencies in the wines were also observed after the ageing period. If the shoot removal is not performed at a very early stage, sunburn damage can occur and this will result in berries with a lower mass and volume at harvest due to excessive exposure without the berry having adapted to the imposed conditions. Harvesting at different ripeness levels also affected the chemical and phenolic composition of the grapes and resulting wines. The water deficit effect on most phenolic parameters measured in the grapes and wine was not as prominent as that of the canopy manipulation treatment. This study improved our understanding of how an improvement in the canopy microclimate of Shiraz could be reflected in the phenolic composition of wines, along with a potentially important effect of harvesting date. On this basis it may be possible to attain a specific wine style. Harvesting at a ripe stage, for example, could result in the production of wines with higher colour density and astringency, while unripe grapes could result in wines with higher levels of perceivable fresh berry attributes. In particular, canopy reduction could increase the astringency and body of wines made from grapes subjected to water deficit. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fenoliese verbindings is belangrike kwaliteitsparameters van rooiwyn, aangesien dit kan bydra tot die kleur van ‘n rooiwyn, kleurstabiliteit tydens veroudering sowel as frankheid, bitterigheid en mondgevoel. ‘n Wyn se fenoliese samestelling word algemeen bepaal deur wynmaak- en wingerdkundige praktyke. In Suid-Afrika gebeur dit gereeld dat wingerde uitermatig groeikragtig is, wat lei tot te digte lower wat sodoende ‘n negatiewe effek op kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die druiwe wat geproduseer word, het. Wingerdkundige praktyke soos oordeelkundige lowerbestuur en besproeiing is ontwerp om wingerdstokke se groeikrag en opbrengs te beheer, en sodoende vrugrypwording en kleurontwikkeling te verbeter. Kunsmatige beskaduwing en waterstres is gerapporteer om ‘n invloed te hê op die sensoriese eienskappe van rooiwyn sowel as op die flavonoïedsamestelling. Hierdie effekte is egter afhanklik van ‘n verskeidenheid faktore, insluitende die seisoen, kultivar, ligintensiteit en die mate en tyd van waterstres toegepas. Daar is beperkte navorsing op die moontlike interaktiewe effekte van waterstres en lowermanipulasie op die druif en wyn flavonoïedsamestelling in Shiraz, sowel as die verhoudings tussen druif en wyn samestelling. Ons het dus die effekte van lowerbestuur in kombinasie met waterstres op die fenoliese en kleursamestelling van Shiraz druiwe by verskillende rypheidsvlakke ondersoek, asook in hul ooreenstemmende wyne na alkoholieseen appelmelksuurfermentasie sowel as na ses maande veroudering. Hierdie studie het gevind dat dit moontlik is om die fenoliese samestelling van druiwe en wyn deur lootverwydering te verbeter, en sommige van die tendense is ook waargeneem in die wyn na die verouderingsperiode. Indien lootverwydering nie toegepas word by ‘n baie vroeë stadium nie, kan sonbrand voorkom en dit kan lei tot korrels met ‘n laer massa en volume by oes as gevolg van oormatige blootstelling sonder dat die korrel aangepas het by die spesifieke kondisies. Oes by verskillende rypheidsvlakke affekteer ook die chemiese en fenoliese samestelling van die druiwe en ooreenstemmende wyne. Die waterstreseffek op meeste van die fenoliese parameters gemeet in druiwe en wyn was nie so prominent soos dié van die lowermanipulasie behandeling nie. Hierdie studie het ons begrip verbeter van hoe ‘n verbetering van die lower mikroklimaat van Shiraz gereflekteer kan word op die fenoliese samestelling van die wyn, saam met ‘n potensiële belangrike effek van oesdatum. Op grond van hierdie basis is dit dus moontlik om ‘n spesifieke wynstyl te verkry. Oes by ‘n ryp stadium, byvoorbeeld, kan die produksie van wyn met ‘n hoër kleurdigtheid en frankheid tot gevolg hê, terwyl onryp druiwe wyne met hoër vlakke van waarneembare vars bessiekenmerke tot gevolg kan hê. Verlaging van lowerdigtheid kan veral die frankheid en mondgevoel van wyne gemaak van druiwe blootgestel aan waterstres, verbeter.

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McCarthy, Michael G. "Influence of irrigation, crop thinning and canopy manipulation on composition and aroma of riesling grapes /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09am123.pdf.

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Human, Michael Adriaan. "Effect of shading and ethephon on the anthocyanin composition of ‘Crimson seedless’ (Vitis vinifera L.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5337.

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Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: ‘Crimson Seedless’ is currently one of the most important and popular table grape cultivars produced in South Africa, and as such it is of great economic value for table grape producers. Major concerns with ‘Crimson Seedless’ is that it is prone to inadequate colouring, and with increased yields the berry size decreases. An additional difficulty is that methods used to increase berry size, further impede berry colouring. A plant growth regulator (PGR) commonly used in table grape production, to enhance colour formation, is ethephon (2-chloro-ethyl-phosphonic acid, 2-CEPA). In recent years significant research has been done on the effect of sunlight on anthocyanin production in grapes, although this has primarily been on wine grape cultivars. Currently, there is limited knowledge on the effect of sunlight on table grapes, and how this might influence their anthocyanin composition and content. The effect of ethephon on colour of grapes and other fruit have been extensively researched and well documented. However, the effect of ethephon on the anthocyanin composition of ‘Crimson Seedless’ is not well known. The current study aimed to explore the effect of sunlight (by matter of exclusion) and management practices, namely defoliation and ethephon application, on the anthocyanin profile and content of ‘Crimson Seedless’. Four different treatments were applied to two ‘Crimson Seedless’ vineyards, the first site located in Paarl, and the second in De Doorns. The treatments were: 1. Naturally exposed bunches, 2. Exposed bunches treated with ethephon, 3. Bunches kept in shade boxes, 4. Shaded bunches treated with ethephon. At the De Doorns site an additional defoliation treatment was superimposed over the above treatments. An HPLC technique was modified for the separation and detailed profiling of ‘Crimson Seedless’ anthocyanins and was used to analyse the effect of the reported treatments on the anthocyanin profile of berry skins. The predominant anthocyanin in ‘Crimson Seedless’ is peonidin-3-glucoside (Pn-gluc), and this was found to be significantly increased only by ethephon application, and was not altered by sunlight or leaf removal. The responses of the other anthocyanin types varied according to the respective treatments applied. However, a general observation was that ethephon application more consistently increased the concentration of anthocyanins in berry skins than did sunlight. Leaf removal had the least significant effect on anthocyanin concentration. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMIMG: ‘Crimson Seedless’ is tans een van die belangrikste en gewildste tafeldruif cultivars wat in Suid-Afrika verbou word en daarom is dit van groot ekonomiese waarde vir tafeldruifprodusente. ‘Crimson Seedless’ is egter daarvoor bekend dat dit te swak kleur (volgens uitvoer spesifikasies) en tweedens is die cultivar geneig om kleiner korrels te ontwikkel wanneer die oeslading vermeerder word. ‘n Addisionele probleem is dat die praktyke wat in die industrie gebruik word om korrels te vergroot ‘n verdere negatiewe impak op ‘Crimson Seedless’ se kleur ontwikkeling kan veroorsaak. Die plant-groei-reguleerder wat algemeen in tafeldruif verbouing gebruik word, ten einde beter gekleurde druiwe te produseer, is ethephon (2-chloro-ethyl-phosphonic acid, 2-CEPA). In die laaste paar jaar was daar baie navorsing gedoen oor die effek wat sonlig het op die antosianien produksie van druiwe, maar navorsing was gefokus op wyndruif cultivars. Huidiglik is daar beperkte tegniese kennis oor die effek wat sonlig op tafeldruiwe het, en hoe dit moontlik die antosianien samestelling en inhoud kan beïnvloed. Daar is ook reeds verskeie studies gedoen en data gepubliseer oor die invloed wat ethephon op die kleur het van druiwe en ander vrugte, maar die invloed wat ethephon op die antosianien samestelling van ‘Crimson Seedless’ het, is nie wel bekend nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van sonlig (deur uitsluiting) en bestuurspraktyke (blaarverwydering en ethephon toediening) te bestudeer en hoe dit die antosianien samestelling van ‘Crimson Seedless’ beïnvloed. Vier verskillende behandelings is toegedien in twee ‘Crimson Seedless’ wingerde, die eerste proefperseel in die Paarl en die tweede proefperseel in De Doorns. Die behandelings was: 1. Natuurlik blootgestelde trosse, 2. blootgestelde trosse met ethephon, 3. Trosse met skadubokse omhul, 4. Skaduboks trosse met ethephon. By De Doorns is ‘n addisionele blaarverwydering proef bygebring. ‘n HPLC tegniek was aangepas om die antosianien samestelling en inhoud van ‘Crimson Seedless’ te bepaal, en om die effek van die behandelings te ondersoek. Die HPLC data het getoon dat peonodien-3-glukosied (Pn-gluc) die primêre antosianien in ‘Crimson Seedless’ is met die hoogste inhoud van al die antosianiene. Pn-gluc was betekenisvol beïnvloed deur ethephon toediening, terwyl die ander behandelings geen betekenisvolle effekte daarop gehad het nie. Die effekte wat die ander antosianiene gehad het, het gevarieer volgens die behandelings wat toegedien was. ‘n Algemene observasie was dat ethephon toediening die antosianien konsentrasie in ‘Crimson Seedless’ druiwe skille meer konsekwent vermeerder het as die sonlig blootstelling. Die blaarverwydering het die minste betekenisvolle effek op die antosianien inhoud van ‘Crimson Seedless’ gehad.

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Iland, Patrick. "A study of Glycosides in grapes and wines of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz." Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phI27.pdf.

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Includes a list of publications co-authored by the author during the preparation of this thesis. Bibliography: leaves 103-111. Studies the links between grape composition, wine composition and wine sensory properties. Developed a new method of measuring glycoside concentration in grapes (glycosyl-glucose assay) and a modified measurement of wine colour density in red wine. These were used to analyse samples of Shiraz grapes and wines from a comprehensive vineyard irrigation trial. Glycosyl-glucose concentrations shows promise for the prediction of wine composition and flavor intensity.

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Morsi, Taher Hussein. "Effects of vine architecture on water use, microclimate, fruit composition, and yield of Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185700.

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Effects of trellising on water use, absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm wavelength) by foliage and potentially by fruit, fruit composition, and yield were studied in 1988 under semi-arid conditions on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines in a mature vineyard. The positioning of shoots on trellises resulted in canopies that were (1) positioned vertically (vertical canopy), (2) positioned in a "V" pattern with sides inclined 60° from horizontal (inclined canopy), and (3) inclined toward the vineyard floor (standard canopy). Seasonal water use values determined from neutron scattering data were 393 ± 61, 554 ± 73, and 455 ± 57 mm for the standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. On average, about 50% of seasonal water consumption occurred between fruit set and filling stages for each type of canopy. Average crop factors (ratio of actual to reference crop evapotranspiration) of 0.383, 0.540 and 0.444 were for the period bud burst to harvest for standard, vertical and inclined canopy systems, respectively. The diurnal water use patterns of the three trellising canopies were very similar when measured by either the heat pulse technique or by porometer. The average daily heat pulse velocity (HPV) for selected vertical, inclined and standard canopies for 6 days were 8.77, 7.58 and 6.85 cm h⁻¹, respectively. The HPV technique indicated that the average daily water use of the whole plant was 0.227, 0.192 and 0.137 kg/m² leaf area/d for standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. The daily average transpiration rates as measured by the HPV technique were 32, 31, and 25% higher than the average transpiration rates estimated from porometer data for standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. Stomatal conductances of the vertical and inclined canopies were 20 and 40%, respectively, below that of standard canopy. PAR absorption by foliage during mid-day was highest in the standard trellis, and lowest in the inclined trellis. PAR potentially available for absorption by fruits was lowest in the standard trellis, and highest in the inclined trellis. In both inclined and vertical canopies, the average sunfleck values were 26%, but was only 2% in the standard canopy. Analysis of fruit composition at harvest revealed that total dissolved solids (°Brix) was significantly higher in the inclined trellis than for the vertical trellis or the standard trellis. The inclined trellis resulted in the highest alcohol content of wine. Per vine yields did not differ significantly among the three trellis systems. Overall, the standard trellis was optimum because grapevines consumed less water and produced a shading which protected the fruit from direct solar radiation.

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Strever, Albert (Albert Erasmus). "Non-destructive assessment of leaf composition as related to growth of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19963.

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Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012 ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Field spectroscopy was used to study leaf composition and selected factors (including canopy growth manipulation and water status changes) that may impact on it in a Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz vineyard, showing considerable variability in vigour. Temporal and spatial variability in leaf composition were incorporated into measurements by analysing leaves in different shoot positions and at different developmental stages during three different growing seasons. Irrigation and canopy manipulation treatments were also imposed in order to provide new insights into assessing the grapevine leaf and possibly also the canopy growth and ageing dynamics as well as pigment content, as a basis of executing a generally non-destructive measurement approach. Despite large climatic differences between the seasons, canopy size seemed of crucial importance in determining grapevine water relations in the grapevines from the different canopy manipulation treatments. Drastic compensation effects in terms of secondary shoot growth also followed the canopy reduction treatment. Despite this, canopy microclimate was apparently improved, considering the results from light measurements as well as the ripening dynamics in the reduced canopies. Reduced canopies also seemed to display a different canopy composition, in favour of secondary growth. This could have impacted positively on water use efficiency as well as ripening, due to higher photosynthetic efficiency of these leaves during the ripening stages. The reduced canopy treatments offered the possibility of attaining technological ripeness at an earlier stage and at comparatively lower potential alcohol levels. This study illustrated the relevance of considering the vegetative development of the grapevine, along with leaf ageing in the canopy, when conducting calibrated non-destructive measurements of leaf pigments, structure and water content. The relevance of using multivariate techniques in leaf spectroscopy was shown. This can be applied and simplified to aid in non-destructive leaf pigment, structure and water content estimation in future studies. Even with the general variation encountered in this vineyard, predictions of the major pigments in grapevine leaves were within acceptable error margins. Further work is required to improve the modelling of xanthophylls, which may require non-linear multivariate techniques. Logistical shoot growth modelling was used in leaf age estimation and classification, which made it possible to simplify statistical analysis of the leaf parameters mentioned. Practical application of the modelled and predicted parameters was shown for a specific period in season two by comparing the reaction of different treatments to developing water deficits. The results indicated that several parameters, with special mention of the carotenoid:chlorophyll ratio and chlorophyll a:b ratio, can be monitored on young and old leaves in the canopy in order to monitor developing water deficit stress. The modelled parameters, however, did not seem to be sensitive enough to allow specific prediction of predawn leaf water potential values. Specific leaf mass, equivalent water thickness, total specific leaf mass as well as leaf chronological age were successfully predicted from leaf spectral absorbance data, and this may be useful in future work on quantifying leaf adaptation to the micro-environment within the canopy. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Veldspektroskopie is gebruik om blaarsamestelling en spesifieke faktore (insluitend lowergroei manipulasie en waterstatus veranderinge) wat ‘n impak kan hê in ‘n Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz wingerd, met beduidende variasie in groeikrag, te ondersoek. Ruimtelike, asook tydsgebonde, variasie in blaarsamestelling is geïnkorporeer in die metings deur blare van verskillende lootposisies en vir verskillende ontwikkelingstadia gedurende drie verskillende groeiseisoene te meet. Besproeiings- en lowermanipulasie behandelings is ook uitgevoer om die dinamiek van blaar- en lowergroei, veroudering, asook pigmentinhoud te bestudeer binne die konteks van die uitvoering van ‘n nie-destruktiewe meetstrategie. Ondanks groot klimaatsverskille tussen die seisoene, blyk lowergrootteverskille belangrik te wees in die bepaling van wingerdstok-waterverhoudings in die verskillende lowermanipulasie behandelings. Drastiese kompensasiereaksies ten opsigte van sylootgroei is waargeneem in reaksie op die gereduseerde lowerbehandeling. Indien die resultate van ligmetings en druifrypwording in die gereduseerde lowerbehandeling in ag geneem word, is lowermikroklimaat egter steeds verbeter. Hierdie behandeling het oënskynlik ook veranderde lowersamestelling gehad, tot voordeel van sylootgroei. Dit kon moontlik ‘n positiewe invloed gehad het op waterverbruikseffektiwiteit asook druifrypwording, as gevolg van moontlike hoër fotosintetiese effektiwiteit van die blare gedurende die rypwordingstadia. Die gereduseerde lowerbehandeling het die moontlikheid gebied om tegnologiese rypheid by ‘n vroeër datum te bereik, met moontlike laer alkoholvlakke in die wyn. Hierdie studie het die belangrikheid beklemtoon om die vegetatiewe ontwikkeling van die wingerdstok in ag te neem wanneer gekalibreerde nie-destruktiewe metings van blaarpigmente, blaarstruktuur asook waterinhoud onderneem word. Die belang van multi-variant meettegnieke in blaarspektroskopie is aangetoon. Dit kan verder vereenvoudig word ter ondersteuning van niedestruktiewe meting van blaarpigment, -struktuur en -waterinhoudsbepaling in toekomstige studies. Selfs met die variasie wat in die wingerd voorgekom het, was die voorspellings van die vlakke van die belangrikste pigmente wat in wingerdblare aangetref word binne aanvaanbare foutgrense. Opvolgwerk is nodig om die modellering van xanthofil te verbeter, aangesien dit moontlik nielineêre multi-variant analise mag benodig. Logistiese groeimodellering is gebruik om blaarouderdom te bepaal en te klassifiseer, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om statistiese analise te vereenvoudig vir die genoemde blaarparameters. Die praktiese toepassing van die gemodelleerde en voorspelde parameters is aangetoon vir ‘n spesifieke gedeelte in seisoen twee, deur die reaksie van verskillende behandelings op toenemende watertekorte te bestudeer. Resultate het aangetoon dat verskeie parameters, met spesifieke klem op die karotenoïed:chlorofil verhouding, asook die chlorofil a:b verhouding, gemoniteer kan word op jong en ouer blare in die lower ten einde ontwikkelende waterstrestoestande te identifiseer. Die gemodelleerde parameters was egter klaarblyklik nie sensitief genoeg vir akkurate voorspelling van voorsonsopkoms-waterpotensiaalvlakke nie. Spesifieke blaarmassa, ekwivalente waterdikte, totale spesifieke blaarmassa, sowel as blaarouderdom kon suksesvol voorspel word deur gebruik te maak van absorpsieblaarspektroskopie, wat nuttig kan wees in toekomstige studies wat handel oor die kwantifisering van blaaraanpassing by die mikro-omgewing binne ‘n wingerdlower.

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Kaps, Martin L. "The influence of leaf, cluster, and berry thinning, and leaf position and shading on yield, juice composition and vine vigor of hybrid grapes /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260531956664.

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Tattersall, David Bruce. "Identification and characterisation of Vitis vinifera pathogenesis-related proteins that accumulate during berry ripening." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHP/09ahpt147.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 138-158. This study identified and investigated the properties, functions and patterns of accumulation of prominent berry proteins associated with white wine haze. Detailed analysis was conducted on two PR-like proteins of V. vinifera, VVPR-4a and VVTL1. In vitro fungal growth inhibition assays suggested that berry PR-like proteins may play an important role in plant defence, particularly against fungal attack. Results of this study also have future implications for controlling the ripening process of grapes.

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Allamy, Lucile. "Recherches sur les marqueurs moléculaires de l’arôme de « fruits cuits » des raisins et des vins rouges issus des cépages Merlot et Cabernet-Sauvignon : Approches sensorielle, analytique et agronomique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0362/document.

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Depuis les années 2000, les odeurs de fruits cuits, évoquant le pruneau, la figue, ou encore la pêche cuite sont de plus en plus fréquemment retrouvées dans les vins rouges de la région bordelaise. Les marqueurs responsables de ces nuances associés à l’état de maturité des raisins sont inconnus. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que ces nuances, qui étaient jadis très rarement rencontrées dans les vins d’une appellation que nous avons appelée A, figurent aujourd’hui parmi les arômes considérés comme typiques de ces vins. Cependant, les dégustateurs qui assimilent ce caractère au type de cette appellation tendent à confondre l’arôme de fruits cuits du vin jeune à celui du caractère oxydé des vins prématurément vieillis. Les analyses par CPG-O, CPG-SM et CPG-CPG-SM de moûts et de vins marqués par des nuances de fruits cuits ont permis de valider l’existence de zones odorantes rappelant l’odeur de ces échantillons. L’analyse par GC-MS de nombreux échantillons de moût et de vin montrent que le furanéol (caramel), la γ-nonalactone (coco, pêche cuite), la (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (géranium) contribuent à cet arôme. Nous révélons également l’existence d’un composé à odeur de fruits cuits, de type lactone et non identifié à ce jour. L’impact de la (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one est clarifiée pour la première fois dans les moûts. Nous précisons également l’incidence de la date de récolte des raisins de Merlot et Cabernet-Sauvignon sur l’arôme et la composition fine des moûts et des vins. La vinification de raisins récoltés tardivement voire flétris produit des vins marqués par des nuances de fruits cuits accompagnées de teneurs élevées en furaneol et γ-nonalactone In the 2000s, aromas of dried fruits, referring to prune, fig or cooked peach are found more and more often in Bordeaux red wines. The markers responsible for these aromas related to the grape maturity are unknown. Firstly, we show that these shades, which were rarely encountered in wines from an appellation named A in this study, are now part of the distinctive aromas of these wines. However, the tasters that assimilate these characteristics to the distinctive aromas and the type of the appellation tend to get mistaken between the cooked fruit aromas from young wines and the ones from the oxidized character of prematurely aged wines. The GC-O, GC-MS and GC-GC-MS analysis of musts and wines, that had shades of cooked fruits aromas, allowed to confirm the realness of a scented area reminding of the scent of the samples. The analysis by GC-MS of number of must and wine samples show that the furaneol (caramel), the γ-nonalactone (coconut, cooked peach), the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (geranium) take part in this aroma. We also reveal the presence of a lactone type compound having a cooked fruit aroma, but not identified so far. The influence of the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one has been identified for the first time in musts. The influence of the harvest date of Merlot and Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes on the aromas and fine composition of musts and wines is also specified. Winemaking processing of grapes that have been late harvested, even with a withered appearance produces wines with shades of cooked fruits aromas and high content of furaneol and γ-nonalactone

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Panzeri, Valeria. "Influence of vineyard posts type on the chemical and sensorial composition of Sauvignon blanc and Merlot noir wines." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80197.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years South African wines have been under the spotlight due to references in the international wine media to a distinctive ‘burnt rubber’ character. Many winemakers and wine experts argued that the peculiar character could be ascribed to winemaking errors linked to mismanaged fermentation. An alternative possible source of the taint was identified in the coal tar creosote used as a wood preservative in vineyard trellis systems. South African regulations allow for the use of creosoted utility poles in agricultural land, but in Europe and USA their usage has been highly regulated and even banned for certain applications. Contamination of foodstuff by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of the major motives for the banning of creosote in Europe and USA. Some of the compounds in the creosote mixture display very strong odour characteristics and for this reason it became the focus of attention for the present study. The overall aim of this study was to determine if vines trellised with creosoted posts could accumulate or absorb the various malodorous compounds deriving from the wood treatment onto the grape berries. These compounds could then be extracted from the grape berries into the wine during alcoholic fermentation, creating quality and sensory problems. Chapter 2 of this thesis gives an overview of the extensive literature that deals with methods of analysis of PAHs and malodorous phenols using both Gas Chromatography (GC), as well as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). New methods for sample preparation, as well as analysis of PAHs using HPLC-Diode Array Detector (DAD), were developed and the results reported in Chapter 3. It was demonstrated that Sauvignon blanc experimental wines contained only chrysene at very low levels. The concentrations of chrysene found in the experimental wines are within the prescribed parameters as established by The Commission of the European Communities. Since no other PAH compounds were found in the samples analysed, it was concluded that the experimental wines were safe for human consumption and complied with EU regulations. The effect of vineyard posts on the sensorial characteristics of wine is discussed in Chapter 4. Creosoted poles were found to be responsible for an off-flavour described as ‘burnt rubber’ and ‘tarry’ in Merlot wines produced from grapes grown in close proximity to the posts. Following some of the reported findings, new guidelines have been introduced in the Integrated Production of Wine certification, which advise against the use of creosoted poles for vineyard trellising. This preliminary but important guideline will bring the South African wine industry a step closer to the fulfilling the obligations for food safety as required by the legislation of our major export partners. Future investigations are recommended to completely understand and evaluate the cumulative effect of creosoted posts in a fully trellised vineyard. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope paar jaar is Suid-Afrikaanse wyne onder die soeklig geplaas as gevolg van verwysings in die internasionale wynmedia na ‘n duidelike ‘gebrande rubber’-karakter. Baie wynmakers en wyndeskundiges het aangedui dat hierdie besonderse karakter toegeskryf kan word aan wynbereidingsfoute wat verband hou met gisting wat wanbestuur is. ‘n Alternatiewe moontlike oorsprong van die smaak is geïdentifiseer in die koolteer wat as ‘n houtpreserveermiddel in wingerdopleistelsels gebruik word. Suid-Afrikaanse regulasies maak voorsiening vir die gebruik van kreosoteerde nutspale in landbougrond, hoewel hulle gebruik in Europa en die VSA hoogs gereguleerd en in sommige gevalle selfs verbied is. Die besmetting van kossoorte deur polisikliese aromatiese koolwaterstowwe (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) is een van die vernaamste redes vir die verbanning van kreosoot in Europa en die VSA. Sommige van die verbindings in die kreosootmengsel het baie sterk geurkenmerke en daarom is dit die fokus van die huidige studie. Die oorhoofse doelwit van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of wingerde wat op kreosoteerde pale opgelei is, die verskillende onwelriekende verbindings afkomstig van die houtbehandeling in die druiwekorrels kan akkumuleer of absorbeer. Hierdie verbindings sou dan tydens alkoholiese gisting uit die druiwekorrels in die wyn geëkstraheer kon word, wat aanleiding sou gee tot kwaliteits- en sensoriese probleme. Hoofstuk 2 van hierdie tesis verskaf ‘n oorsig van die breedvoerige literatuur wat handel oor metodes om PAH’s en onwelriekende fenole met behulp van beide gaschromatografie (GC) en hoëdrukvloeistofchromatografie (HPLC) te analiseer. Nuwe metodes is ontwikkel om monsters voor te berei en om PAH’s met behulp van ‘n HPLC-diode array detector (DAD) te analiseer. Die resultate word in Hoofstuk 3 gerapporteer. Daar is aangetoon dat die eksperimentele Sauvignon blanc-wyne chriseen teen baie lae vlakke bevat het. Die konsentrasies van chriseen wat in die eksperimentele wyne gevind is, is binne die voorgeskrewe parameters van die Kommissie van die Europese Gemeenskap. Aangesien daar nie ander PAHverbindings in die geanaliseerde monsters gevind kon word nie, is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die eksperimentele wyne veilig is vir menslike verbruik en aan die EG-regulasies voldoen. Die effek van wingerdpale op die sensoriese kenmerke van wyn word in Hoofstuk 4 bespreek. Kreosoteerde pale is gevind wat verantwoordelik is vir ‘n wangeur in Merlot-wyne afkomstig van druiwe wat naby die pale gegroei het en wat as ‘gebrande rubber’ en ‘teeragtig’ beskryf is. Op grond van sommige van die gerapporteerde bevindings, is nuwe riglyne ingesluit in die sertifisering vir die Geïntegreerde Produksie van Wyn, wat aanbeveel dat kreosoteerde pale nie vir wingerdoplei gebruik word nie. Hierdie voorlopige, maar belangrike riglyn sal die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf al beter in staat stel om te voldoen aan die voedselveiligheid regulasies wat vereis word deur die wetgewing van ons belangrikste uitvoervennote. Toekomstige ondersoeke moet aangewend word om die kumulatiewe effek van kreosoteerde pale in volledig opgeleide wingerde ten volle te verstaan en te evalueer. Indaba Scholarship and Winetech for their financial support

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Pasquier, Grégory. "Etude de l’impact de l’Esca sur la qualité des raisins par une approche protéomique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21909/document.

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La vigne est sensible à de nombreuses maladies cryptogamiques qui vont altérer la qualité des raisins et des vins. Depuis plusieurs années, l’Esca est devenue un fléau pour la viticulture moderne, car elle est responsable de la mort des pieds de vigne lorsqu’elle se présente sous forme apoplectique. Sa forme chronique est liée à la présence d’un cortège de champignons pathogènes dans le tronc et les bras, qui vont provoquer le plus souvent des symptômes foliaires. L’altération de la photosynthèse que cela provoque, va avoir des conséquences sur la maturation du fruit. Cependant, peu de travaux de recherche ont été menés pour caractériser précisément l’impact de cette maladie sur le métabolisme et la composition chimique des baies de raisin. Notre étude avait pour but d’apprécier, grâce à une approche protéomique, les conséquences de cette maladie sur la qualité des raisins. Nos travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’expression de symptômes foliaires d’Esca provoque une modification d’abondance des protéines liées aux mécanismes de défense et de stress oxydatif de la pellicule du raisin. Il est également observé un changement de capacité antioxydante par modulation des teneurs en peroxyde d’hydrogène, en glutathion ou en pyridoxine. Les concentrations en molécules d’intérêt œnologique comme les acides aminés, les amines biogènes ou les tannins sont également modifiées en présence de symptômes foliaires d’Esca The vine is susceptible to many fungal diseases that will affect the quality of grapes and wines. For several years, Esca has become the bane of modern viticulture because it is responsible for the death of the vines when presented in the form apoplectic. Its chronic form is associated with the presence of a procession of pathogenic fungi in the trunk and arms that will most often cause leaf symptoms. The alteration of photosynthesis that this causes will affect fruit ripening. However, little research has been conducted to characterize precisely the impact of this disease on the metabolism and chemical composition of grape berries. Our study aimed to assess, using a proteomic approach the disease's impact on the quality of grapes and get specific markers. Our work allowed us to demonstrate that the expression of foliar symptoms of Esca causes a change in abundance of proteins related to defense mechanisms and oxidative stress in the grape skin. It is also observed a change in antioxidant capacity by modulating levels of hydrogen peroxide, glutathione or pyridoxine. The concentrations of molecules of oenological interest such as amino acids, biogenic amines or tannins are also modified in the presence of foliar symptoms of Esca

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Sutherland, M. J. "The influence of vine vigour and canopy ideotype on fruit composition and aroma of Sauvignon Blanc." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1270.

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The influence of soil texture on canopy growth, vine yield, and fruit composition of Sauvignon blanc were assessed on a mature vineyard from the Rapaura area in Marlborough. The subject vines were mature Sauvignon blanc in a commercial vineyard trained to four cane VSP and planted with a north south orientation. Row and vine spacings were typical of the area at 3m x 1.8m. Four areas of different soil texture were identified using trunk circumference measurements, visual assessment of the surface soil and aerial photographs to identify changes in vine growth. Soil pits were excavated at a later date to determine root numbers and record the soil texture in the different areas. Two crop treatments were imposed on half of the plots at approximately 50% veraison: unthinned crop and 50% crop. A shading treatment was also imposed at 50% veraison where three sets of tagged shoots had bunches that were exposed to sunlight, bunches that had some natural shading from leaves or bunches that had paper bags fastened over each to provide a completely shaded environment. Vine vegetative vigour for each plot was assessed during the growing season using the Point Quadrat method and at pruning using bud counts and pruning weights. Thirty berry samples were collected from the 32 plots and analysed weekly for soluble solids and berry weight. Harvest of bunches from the tagged shoots occurred on two different dates with the first harvest picked when fruit from one soil and crop treatment had reached 21 °Brix. The second picking took place just before the commercial harvest, which coincided with last soil and crop treatment reaching 21 °Brix. Bunches from each tagged shoot were weighed, frozen and later analysed for soluble solids, pH, organic acids, and methoxypyrazines. Vines on very stony textured soils had small trunk circumferences with a high root density and yield to pruning weight ratio compared to those growing on deep silt soils. Vines on deep silt soils had more vigorous canopies with large shoots and a higher leaf layer number. The target soluble solids was reached first by the vines on the very stony plots despite the higher crop load with soil texture appearing to be a dominant factor by influencing the time of flowering. Cluster shading decreased soluble solids, consistent with other studies, whilst crop thinning resulted in an earlier harvest. This was contrary to popular opinion that crop thinning at veraison would have no impact on sugar accumulation. pH and organic acids were unaffected by shading or bunch thinning. Vines growing on deep silt soils had a significantly higher level of total acidity and malic acid than those on the stony soils. At harvest, methoxypyrazine levels were very low compared to previously reported figures for Marlborough, which may have been a result of sample preparation. IBMP was significantly higher on deep silt soils, however, with no impact from the shading or crop treatment. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that IBMP synthesis may be increased by the number of leaves surrounding bunches (Roujou de Boubee, 2003). The results suggest that soil texture plays a dominant role in influencing Sauvignon blanc flavour and aroma and due consideration should be given to vineyard layout and site selection prior to new plantings taking place.

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Hall, Geoffrey Earle. "Berry shrivel physiological, compositional and anatomical consequences affecting berry development in Vitis vinifera L. /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/G_Hall_042310.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in horticulture)--Washington State University, May 2010. Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 7, 2010). "Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture." Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-119).

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Martinsen, Thor. "Refinement composition using doubly labeled transition graphs." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Sep%5FMartinsen.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science and M.S. in Applied Mathematics)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007. Thesis Advisor(s): Dinolt, George ; Fredricksen, Harold. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 23, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p.49-51). Also available in print.

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Luciano, Rodrigo Vieira. "Variabilidade espacial e temporal de atributos do solo e sua relação com a composição da uva para vinificação no Planalto Catarinense." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/589.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS12DA010.pdf: 3217381 bytes, checksum: 345dcfe3caa8168fae0e2fe64e17df72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The wine industry has been expanding its participation in the economy of the Planalto Sul Santa Catarina. The soil and climate are two important factors in defining the composition of grapes for winemaking. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of the chemical, physical and soil water storage elevation and assess what are the conditions that foster productivity and composition of wine grapes. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard, located in São Joaquim (SC), Cfb type climate, subtropical (mesothermal) in a Pachic Humudepts and a Typic Dystrudepts in yields between 2008 and 2011. The variety was Cabernet Sauvignon, established in 2003, grafted on Paulsen in 1103 and conducted cordon training system, shady. Each soil in a grid with 37 points, samples were collected for determination of physical and chemical properties of soil. Soil moisture was measured periodically in two seasons. At each point were collected bunches of grapes to determine their physical, physico-chemical and phenolic compounds. Data were submitted to exploratory analysis, geostatistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson linear correlation. Means were compared by "t" test. The soil type and its position in the landscape influence the spatial variability of physical and chemical properties of soils in the vineyards of altitude. There is spatial variability of chemical and physical attributes in the two Inceptisols, classified as medium to high for the physical attributes and high and very high for the chemical. In Pachic Humudepts variability water storage is less than the Typic Dystrudepts, and is more water available to the vines. The Typic Dystrudepts, with better drainage produces grapes with the most suitable composition to the making of fine wines, while the Pachic Humudepts in years with higher rainfall has negatively affected the composition of the grape. The physical and physico-chemical properties of the grape are dependent on soil and climate, with more pronounced effect of climate A vitivinicultura vem expandindo a sua participação na economia da região do Planalto Sul Catarinense. O solo e o clima são dois fatores importantes na definição da composição da uva para vinificação. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal de atributos químicos, físicos e o armazenamento de água de solos de altitude e avaliar quais são as condições que favorecem a produtividade e a composição das uvas viniferas. O experimento foi realizado em um vinhedo comercial, localizado em São Joaquim (SC), com clima do tipo Cfb, subtropical (mesotérmico), em um Cambissolo Húmico e um Cambissolo Háplico, nas safras entre 2008 a 2011. A variedade foi a Cabernet Sauvignon, implantada em 2003, enxertada sobre Paulsen 1103 e conduzida no sistema de condução espaldeira, sob sombrite. Em cada solo, em uma malha com 37 pontos, amostras foram coletadas para a determinação dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. A umidade do solo foi determinada periodicamente, em duas safras. Em cada ponto foram coletados cachos de uvas para a determinação de suas características físicas, físico-químicas e compostos fenólicos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise exploratória, geoestatística, análise de variância (ANOVA) e correlação linear de Pearson. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste t . O tipo de solo e sua posição na paisagem influenciam a variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos e químicos dos solos nos vinhedos de altitude. Há variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos e físicos nos dois Cambissolos, classificada em média a alta para os atributos físicos e alta e muito alta para os atributos químicos. No Cambissolo Húmico a variabilidade do armazenamento de água é menor do que no Cambissolo Háplico, e tem mais água disponível para as videiras. O Cambissolo Háplico, com melhor drenagem produz uva com composição mais adequada à elaboração de vinhos finos, enquanto o Cambissolo Húmico em anos de maior pluviosidade tem a composição da uva afetada negativamente. As características físicas e físico-químicas da uva são dependentes do solo e do clima, com efeito mais pronunciado do clima

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Fathallah, Sana. "Résolution des interférences pour la composition dynamique de services en informatique ambiante." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937707.

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Comme dans de nombreux autres domaines, la construction des applications en Informatique Ambiantes (IAm) se fait par réutilisation d'entités logicielles disponibles. Pour des raisons de conductivités, de pannes, de charge de batterie mais aussi de nombreuses autres, la disponibilité de ces entités est imprévisible ce qui implique que l'auto-adaptation dynamique des applications est une nécessité. Cela passe par la spécification en parallèle des adaptations par des experts de divers domaines. Ce parallélisme de construction, peut amener des problèmes d'interférences lors de la composition dynamique de plusieurs adaptations. Dans cette thèse, par l'utilisation de graphes, nous contribuons à la définition d'un cadre formel pour la détection et la résolution de ces interférences. L'assemblage des entités logicielles repose sur des connecteurs d'assemblage qui sont utilisés dans la spécification des adaptations. Des règles de réécriture de graphe permettront de résoudre les interférences détectées, cette résolution étant guidée par la connaissance de connecteurs définis. De plus, pour pouvoir étendre dynamiquement et automatiquement notre mécanisme de gestion des interférences, nous proposons la modélisation comportementale de ces connecteurs. Ceci permet de ne pas reposer sur une connaissance à priori des connecteurs et autorise par la même d'étendre dynamiquement l'ensemble des connecteurs disponibles pour la spécification des adaptations.

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Cherifi, Chantal. "Classification et Composition de Services Web : Une Perspective Réseaux Complexes." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652852.

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Les services Web sont des briques de bases logicielles s‟affranchissant de toute contrainte de compatibilité logicielle ou matérielle. Ils sont mis en oeuvre dans une architecture orientée service. A l‟heure actuelle, les travaux de recherche se concentrent principalement sur la découverte et la composition. Cependant, la complexité de la structure de l‟espace des services Web et son évolution doivent nécessairement être prises en compte. Ceci ne peut se concevoir sans faire appel à la science des systèmes complexes, et notamment à la théorie des réseaux complexes. Dans cette thèse, nous définissons un ensemble de réseaux pour la composition sur la base de services décrits dans des langages syntaxique (WSDL) et sémantique (SAWSDL). L‟exploration expérimentale de ces réseaux permet de mettre en évidence les propriétés caractéristiques des grands graphes de terrain (la propriété petit monde et la distribution sans échelle). On montre par ailleurs que ces réseaux possèdent une structure communautaire. Ce résultat permet d‟apporter une réponse alternative à la problématique de la classification de services selon les domaines d‟intérêts. En effet, les communautés regroupent non pas des services aux fonctionnalités similaires, mais des services qui ont en commun de nombreuses relations d‟interaction. Cette organisation peut être utilisée entre autres, afin de guider les algorithmes de recherche de compositions. De plus, en ce qui concerne la classification des services aux fonctionnalités similaires en vue de la découverte ou de la substitution, nous proposons un ensemble de modèles de réseaux pour les représentations syntaxique et sémantique des services, traduisant divers degrés de similitude. L‟analyse topologique de ces réseaux fait apparaître une structuration en composantes et une organisation interne des composantes autour de motifs élémentaires. Cette propriété permet une caractérisation à deux niveaux de la notion de communauté de services similaires, mettant ainsi en avant la souplesse de ce nouveau modèle d‟organisation. Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans les problématiques de l‟architecture orientée service.

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McNamara, Michelle. "Content area writing in grades 5 through 8." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/820.

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23

Darné, Gérard. "Recherches sur la composition en anthocyanes des grappes et des feuilles de vigne." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10543.

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Les variations des glucosides de cyanidine, paeonidine, petunidine, delphinidine et malvidine, libres et estérifiés, des baies de deux cépages noirs de vitis vinifera ont été étudiées par c. L. H. P. Dans les pellicules, leur synthèse débute avant la véraison et leur évolution est comparable, la teneur maximale étant atteinte a une date proche de celle de la maturité. Pendant la même période, l'évolution des tanins des péricarpes et des pépins se traduit au contraire par une diminution. A la maturité, toutes les grappes n'ont pas la même composition anthocyanique et plusieurs facteurs susceptibles d'expliquer ces différences sont étudiés: conditions climatiques, rang d'insertion, diamètre des baies. . . Dans les feuilles, des anthocyanes apparaissent dès la véraison et leur teneur augmente jusqu'a la maturité. A ce stade, le profil anthocyanique des feuilles rouges est constant d'une année a l'autre pour un cépage donne, mais il diffère profondément de celui des baies. Il permet de différencier les vignes asiatiques des vignes américaines et de vitis vinifera, et de distinguer dans cette espèce deux groupes de cépages. Les rougissements précoces d'origine pathologique sont particuliers et varient selon la nature de l'agression (insectes, champignons, virus). La modification expérimentale du déroulement de la véraison montre qu'une substance d'origine foliaire est nécessaire à la synthèse des anthocyanes dans les baies. Les précurseurs du métabolisme anthocyanique des feuilles et des baies semblent différents, et les variations constatées conduisent à envisager l'hypothèse d'une relation entre l'accumulation des tanins dans les pépins et celle des anthocyanes dans les pellicules

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Ba, Cheikh. "Composition de services web avec PEWS : approche par la théorie des traces." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4044.

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Les services Web sont des composant accessibles via internet. Dans cette thèse nous présentons une plateforme d'aide à la conception de services Web basée sur le langage PEWS (Path Expressions for Web Services ). PEWS peut être vu comme une extension du langage WSDL permettant la description de l'interface comportementale d'un service. Notre plateforme propose des mécanismes pour analyser la correction (faculté qu'ont des services à communiquer) et la possibilité de remplacer un service par un autre dans une composition. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la théorie des traces introduite par Mazurkiewicz. Les traces représentent le comportement non séquentiel de systèmes concurrents via une observation séquentielle. Nous travaillons sur les graphes de dépendance, qui sont la représentation des traces la plus intéressante pour l'implémentation de nos propositions Web services are software components accessible via Internet. The present work introduce a PEWS- based platform conceived to help web service designers. PEWS (Path Expressions for Web Services ) is a new language that can be seen as an extension of the language WSDL enabling the description of Web services behavioural interfaces. Our platform provide mechanisms to analyse the correctness (the assurance that two or more services can communicate) and the substitutability (the assurance that a given service can be replaced by another one in a given composition). For this purpose, we use traces theory (introduced by Mazurkiewicz). Traces represent the non-sequential behaviour of concurrent systems via a sequential observation. We work with the dependance graphs representation of traces, wich is more efficient for the implementation of our proposal

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Nagle, Colleen M. "Five-step writing process: A project for grades two through six." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/379.

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26

Thomson, C. C. "Rootstock and canopy density effects on grape berry composition : organic acid composition, potassium content and pH." Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/772.

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The influence of rootstock and canopy density on grape berry composition was investigated over the summer of 2003-2004 on a commercial vineyard at Waipara, North Canterbury. This experiment was designed to investigate the influence of rootstock and canopy density on the acid composition, potassium (K) content and final pH of harvested fruit (Pinot Noir AM 10/5 Lincoln Selection). The trial block consisted of eight rootstocks laid out to an 8 x 8 latin square, each plot consisting of five vines of the same rootstock. Two canopy treatments were overlaid the block (down whole rows, assigned randomly, four rows to each treatment); one treatment allowed to grow naturally, in the other treatment the canopy was thinned removing double burst shoots and laterals. The bunch numbers were adjusted in the Unthinned canopy treatment (UCT) to match the Thinned canopy treatment (TCT). Information was gathered to assess: the canopy size and density (Pinot Quadrat Leaf Layer and Percent Gaps and canopy porosity), the plant yield (and berry size, berries per cluster, cluster weight, clusters per plant), plant K levels at flowering and veraison (from petioles and leaf blades) and berry composition at harvest (soluble solids (as brix), K, titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid concentration, malic acid concentration and pH). The trial area was non-irrigated on clay loam soils and viticultural management was to best commercial practice. It was found that although rootstock influenced the levels of K in the plant and in the juice at harvest, the level of K in the juice did not influence pH in this experiment (range of rootstock juice K: 808 ppm to 928 ppm, l.s.d. = 75 ppm). The level of tartaric acid concentration in the juice was found to be the dominant influence on the level of pH in this experiment (rootstock pH range: 3.21 to 3.39, l.s.d. = 0.05). The juice concentration of tartaric acid was influenced by both rootstock (rootstock range 4.0 to 4.7 g/L, l.s.d = 0.4) and canopy density (UCT = 4.1, TCT = 4.7, l.s.d. = 0.4), decreased shading positively increasing the level of tartaric acid. The malic acid concentration in the juice was positively influenced by increasing canopy density (UCT = 4.7 g/L, TCT = 4.1 g/L, l.s.d = 0.4) and this played a minor role in the determination of pH in this experiment; an influence of rootstock on the level of malic acid concentration was found. The malic acid concentration strongly influenced the determination of TA (UCT = 11.0 g/L, TCT = 10.2 g/L, l.s.d = 0.5); tartaric acid concentration had a minor influence on the recorded TA. Attempts to characterise the influence of rootstock on malic acid, tartaric acid and pH were inconclusive. Rootstock was found to influence the canopy variables measured in this experiment and the recorded average plant yield. Crosses of Vitis rupestris were found to exhibit the most canopy vigour and those derived from Vitis berlandieri and Vitis riparia the least. The Canopy treatment did not show an influence over yield but the rootstock was found to influence plant yield, through the numbers of berries set in a cluster and the final harvest cluster weight. The influence of rootstock on pH may be described by the influence it exerts on canopy growth and yield but this was thought unlikely. Further research is required to describe the nature of the rootstock influence on K, malic acid, tartaric acid and pH.

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Senecal, Lynn. "The idea structure of students' written stories in Grades 3, 4, and 5." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/NQ44577.pdf.

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28

Drira, Khalil. "Transformation et composition de graphes de refus : analyse de la testabilité." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30142.

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Les techniques de description formelle (tdf) pour la specification de systemes communicants sont utilisees pour valider et tester des implementations de ces systemes. Dans le cas de systemes constitues de modules, il est interessant de savoir evaluer la testabilite de chacun des composants a travers l'environnement de test que constitue les autres composants interconnectes. Cette these presente deux contributions principales aux approches de validation et de test dans le cadre des tdf: 1) une caracterisation operationnelle des relations de conformite, avec derivation automatique de tests de conformite; 2) une approche d'analyse de la testabilite des systemes partiellement observables et commandables. Les deux contributions sont basees sur une structure de graphe doublement etiquete: le graphe de refus. La verification automatique de conformite est basee sur un calcul de bissimulation adapte a cette structure. L'analyse de testabilite est basee sur l'ordonnancement de modeles d'implementations erronees. La definition des operateurs de composition et restriction sur les graphes de refus permet d'ameliorer l'efficacite de la recherche des limites de testabilite. Un environnement logiciel a ete developpe sous environnement unix pour (1) la verification des relations de conformite dans le cas des systemes a etats finis; 2) la generation de tests de conformite, et pour; 3) la mise en uvre de l'analyse de testabilite d'un systeme a travers un environnement

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Kontoudakis, Nikolaos. "Grape phenolic maturity; determination methods and consequences on wine phenolic composition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8687.

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El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido abordar un estudio sobre la madurez fenólica de las uvas tintas, su influencia sobre la composición fenólica de los vinos y sus implicaciones sensoriales, así como sobre la aplicación de algunos sistemas para compensar la falta o exceso de madurez de las uvas. Se comparó la eficacia de 3 métodos para determinar la madurez fenólica (Glories, ITV, Cromoenos) y la influencia de la heterogeneidad en la madurez fenólica de la uva en el momento óptimo de cosecha. Una vez obtenidos estos objetivos se estudió la posibilidad de aprovechamiento de uva verde procedente de los aclareos para disminuir simultáneamente el grado alcohólico y pH. Finalmente, se estudió la influencia del pH sobre la eficacia de la micro-oxigenación. Los resultados presentan que la medición correcta de la madurez fenólica es útil para adaptar las técnicas de vinificación a las condiciones que permitan obtener vinos equilibrados. The objective of this thesis was to study the phenolic maturity of the red grapes, their influence on wine phenolic composition and sensory implications, as well as on the implementation of some winemaking techniques to compensate the lack or excess of grapes maturity. We compared the effectiveness of three methods to determine the phenolic maturity (Glories, ITV, Cromoenos) and the influence of heterogeneity on the phenolic maturity degree of the grapes at the optimum time of harvest. Once we reached those objectives, we studied the possibility of using unripe grapes harvested during cluster thinning to reduce simultaneously both alcohol content and pH. Finally, we studied the influence of pH on the effectiveness of micro-oxygenation. The results show that the correct measurement of phenolic ripeness is useful to adapt winemaking techniques for obtaining well balanced wines.

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Berdeja, Aramayo Mariam. "Effects of water stress and rootstock genotype on grape berry composition." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22103/document.

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Au cours des prochaines années, il est prédit que le changement climatique va influencer la production des cultures et impacter négativement le secteur agricole. Parmi les cultures mondiales majeures, la vigne est cultivée pour ses baies, qui sont la base de produits à forte valeur ajoutée (vin, liqueurs, et métabolites secondaires utilisés dans les industries pharmaceutiques et cosmétologiques) et dont le métabolisme est fortement sensible au climat. Cependant, la réponse au niveau de la composition de la baie ainsi que les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents mettant en évidence la capacité de l’interaction porte-greffe/greffon à influencer le métabolisme de la baie dans des conditions de stress hydrique est encore très peu étudiée et compris. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a eu pour objectifs de répondre à ces questionnements en combinant des approches ecophysiologique, biochimique et transcriptomique. Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir greffé soit sur le porte greffe 110R (tolérance à la sécheresse, vigueur conférée moyenne à forte) ou 125AA (sensible à la sécheresse, forte vigueur conférée) ont été étudié au cours de 3 années (2009, 2010 et 2011), au vignoble et dans des conditions témoin (pluviométrie normale) ou de stress hydrique provoqué. Différents paramètres physiologiques (statut hydrique et rendement) ainsi que le profil métabolique de la baie (sucres, acides organiques, acides aminés et anthocyanes) ont été caractérisés à quatre stades de développement (E-L 33, E-L 35, E-L 36, E-L 38). D’autre part, une analyse microarray sur génome complet a également été réalisée pour deux années (2009 et 2010) et deux stades de développement critiques et représentatifs (E-L 35 et E-L 36). Dans son ensemble, cette thèse fournit des nouveaux éléments concernant la réponse métabolique de la baie au porte-greffe et à la contrainte hydrique, et met en évidence des possibles mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans cette réponse Climate change is expected to influence crop production and to impact negatively the agricultural sector in the future. Among the major crops cultivated worldwide, grapevine provides berries that are the basis of high added value products (wines, liquors, and secondary metabolites used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetological industry) and whose metabolism is strongly sensitive to climate (vintage effect). However, the response of berry composition and the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of rootstock/scion interaction to influence grape berry metabolism under drought stress are still poorly understood. In this context, this work aimed to fill the gaps on the aforementioned questions by combining comprehensive ecophysiological measurements, detailed metabolite analysis, and whole-genome transcriptome analysis. Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir grafted on either rootstock 110R (drought tolerant, mid- to high vigor) or 125AA (drought sensitive, high vigor) were studied during three growing seasons (2009, 2010, and 2011) in the field under normal rainfall or water shortage conditions. We characterized different physiological parameters (water status and yield components) and berry metabolomic profiles (sugars, organic acids, free amino acids and anthocyanins) during four developmental stages (E-L 33, E-L 35, E-L 36, E-L 38). Besides we also performed a microarray analysis in two years (2009 and 2010) at two critical and representative developmental stages (E-L 35 and E-L 36). Overall, this work provides novel insights into the response of grape berry metabolites to rootstock and to drought and uncovers some possible molecular mechanisms underlying the berry response to different rootstock/water status combinations

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Ribeiro, Leila. "Parallel composition and unfolding semantics of graph grammars." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17618.

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Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Ansatz fur die parallele Komposition von Graph- Grammatiken und eine Unfolding-Semantik genannte Semantik fiir Graph-Grammatiken bereitzustcllen, in der die Aspekte Nebenlaufigkeit und Kompositionalitat bzgl. der parallelen Komposition eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen. Die parallele Komposition von Graph-Grammatiken erlaubt die Komposition von Grammatiken bzgl. eines gemeinsamen (moglicherweise leeren) Anteils und basiert auf der parallelen und amalgamierten Komposition von Regeln der komponierten Grammtiken. Dariiber hinaus ist das Kompositionsergebnis syntaktisch und semantisch in geeigneter Weise mit den komponierten Grammatiken verkniipft. Die Unfolding-Semantik einer Graph-Grammatik ist eine echt nebenldufige, verzweigende Semantik, in der sowohl Zustande (Graphen) als auch Zustandsanderungen (Ableitungen) reprasentiert sind. Das Unfolding kann inkrementell konstruiert werden und es wird gezeigt, daß dies das gleiche Result liefert wie die Verklebung der deterministischen Berechnungen einer Grammatik Dartiberhinaus ist das Unfolding einer Graph-Grammatik selbst eine Graph- Grammatik, die einer speziellen Klasse von Graph-Grammatiken angehOrt: den Occurrence- Grammatiken. Hier wird diese Klasse axiomatisch definiert und die Elemente dieser Klasse kOnnen als Grammatiken gesehen werden, die (deterministische und nicht-deterministische) Berechnungen einer anderen Grammatik reprdsentieren. Die Semantik einer Grammatik, die aus der parallelen Komposition anderer Grammatiken entstanden ist, ist isomorph zur Komposition der Semantiken der komponierten Grammatiken. Dieses Kompatibilitatsresultat verbindet die parallele Komposition und die Unfolding Semantik in enger Weise. Da der Zweck der parallelen Komposition die Komposition nebenldufiger Systeme ist, stellt die Kompatibiliat von Komposition und Nebenlaufigkeitssemantik ein attraktives Ergebnis dar. The main aims of this thesis are to provide an approach to the parallel composition of graph grammars and a semantics for graph grammars, called the unfolding semantics, in which the aspects of concurrency and compositionality with respect to the parallel composition play a central role. The parallel composition of graph grammar allows the composition of grammars with respect to a shared part (that may be empty), and is based on parallel and amalgamated composition of the rules of the component grammars. Moreover, the result of the composition is suitably syntactically and semantically related to the component grammars. The unfolding semantics of a graph grammar is a true concurrent, branching structure semantics in which states (graphs) as well as changes of states (derivations) are represented. The unfolding can be constructed incrementally, and we show that this yields the same result as a construction based on gluing of the deterministic computations of a grammar. Moreover, the unfolding of a graph grammar is itself a graph grammar that belong to a special class of graph grammars: the occurrence graph grammars. Here this class is defined axiomatically, and the members of this class can be seen as grammars that represent (deterministic and non-deterministic) computations of another grammars. The semantics of a grammar obtained as the parallel composition of other grammars is isomorphic to the composition of the semantics of the component grammars. As the purpose of the parallel composition is to be a composition for concurrent and reactive systems, the fact that this composition is compatible with a true concurrency semantics is an attractive result.

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Bonner, Chantal. "Classification et composition de services Web : une perspective réseaux complexes." Corte, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CORT0008.

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Les services Web sont des briques de bases logicielles s’affranchissant de toute contrainte de compatibilité logicielle ou matérielle. Ils sont mis en œuvre dans une architecture orientée service. A l’heure actuelle, les travaux de recherche se concentrent principalement sur la découverte et la composition. Cependant, la complexité de la structure de l’espace des services Web et son évolution doivent nécessairement être prises en compte. Ceci ne peut se concevoir sans faire appel à la science des systèmes complexes, et notamment à la théorie des réseaux complexes. Dans cette thèse, nous définissons un ensemble de réseaux pour la composition sur la base de services décrits dans des langages syntaxique (WSDL) et sémantique (SAWSDL). L’exploration expérimentale de ces réseaux permet de mettre en évidence les propriétés caractéristiques des grands graphes de terrain (la propriété petit monde et la distribution sans échelle). On montre par ailleurs que ces réseaux possèdent une structure communautaire. Ce résultat permet d’apporter une réponse alternative à la problématique de la classification de services selon les domaines d’intérêts. En effet, les communautés regroupent non pas des services aux fonctionnalités similaires, mais des services qui ont en commun de nombreuses relations d’interaction. Cette organisation peut être utilisée entre autres, afin de guider les algorithmes de recherche de compositions. De plus, en ce qui concerne la classification des services aux fonctionnalités similaires en vue de la découverte ou de la substitution, nous proposons un ensemble de modèles de réseaux pour les représentations syntaxique et sémantique des services, traduisant divers degrés de similitude. L’analyse topologique de ces réseaux fait apparaître une structuration en composantes et une organisation interne des composantes autour de motifs élémentaires. Cette propriété permet une caractérisation à deux niveaux de la notion de communauté de services similaires, mettant ainsi en avant la souplesse de ce nouveau modèle d’organisation. Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans les problématiques de l’architecture orientée service Web services are building blocks for modular applications independent of any software or hardware platforms. They implement the service oriented architecture (SOA). Research on Web services mainly focuses on discovery and composition. However, complexity of the Web services space structure and its development must necessarily be taken into account. This cannot be done without using the complex systems science, including the theory of complex networks. In this thesis, we define a set of networks based on Web services composition when Web services are syntactically (WSDL) and semantically (SAWSDL) described. The experimental exploration of these networks can reveal characteristic properties of complex networks (small world property and scale-free distribution). It also shows that these networks have a community structure. This result provides an alternative answer to the problem of Web services classification by domain of interest. Indeed, communities don’t gather Web services with similar functionalities, but Web services that share many interaction relationships. This organization can be used among others, to guide compositions search algorithms. Furthermore, with respect to the classification based on Web services functional similarity for discovery or substitution, we propose a set of network models for syntactic and semantic representations of Web services, reflecting various similarity degrees. The topological analysis of these networks reveals a component structure and internal organization of thecomponents around elementary patterns. This property allows a two-level characterization of the notion of community of similar Web services that highlight the flexibility of this new organizational model. This work opens new perspectives in the issues of service-oriented architecture

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Pastore, Chiara <1979&gt. "Researches on berry composition in red grape: agronomical, biochemical and molecular approaches." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2714/.

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It is well known that the best grape quality can occur only through the achievement of optimal source/sink ratio. Vine balance is in fact a key parameter in controlling berry sugar, acidity and secondary metabolites content (Howell, 2001; Vanden Heuvel et al., 2004). Despite yield reduction and quality improvement are not always strictly related, cluster thinning is considered a technique which could lead to improvement in grape sugar and anthocyanin composition (Dokoozlian and Hirschfelt, 1995; Guidoni et al., 2002). Among several microclimatic variables which may impact grape composition, the effect of cluster light exposure and temperature, which probably act in synergistic and complex way, has been widely explored showing positive even sometimes contradictory results (Spayd et al., 2001; Tarara et al., 2008). Pre-bloom and véraison defoliation are very efficient techniques in inducing cluster microclimatic modification. Furthermore pre-bloom defoliation inducing a lower berry set percentage On these basis the aim of the first experiment of the thesis was to verify in cv Sangiovese the effects on ripening and berry composition of management techniques which may increase source/sink ratio and /or promote light incidence on berries throughout grape ripening. An integrated agronomic, biochemical and microarray approach, aims to understand which mechanisms are involved in berry composition and may be conditioned in the berries during ripening in vines submitted to three treatments. In particular the treatments compared were: a) cluster thinning (increasing in source/sink ratio) b) leaf removal at véraison (increasing cluster light exposure) c) pre-bloom defoliation (increasing source sink ratio and cluster light exposure). Vine response to leaf removal at véraison was further evaluated in the second experiment on three different varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Nero d’Avola, Raboso Piave) chosen for their different genetic traits in terms of anthocyanin amount and composition. The integrated agronomic, biochemical and microarray approach, employed in order to understand those mechanisms involved in berry composition of Sangiovese vines submitted to management techniques which may increase source/sink ratio and induce microclimatic changes, bring to interesting results. This research confirmed the main role of source/sink ratio in conditioning sugars metabolism and revealed also that carbohydrates availability is a crucial issue in triggering anthocyanin biosynthesis. More complex is the situation of pre-bloom defoliation, where source/sink and cluster light increase effects are associated to determine final berry composition. It results that the application of pre-bloom defoliation may be risky, as too much dependent on seasonal conditions (rain and temperature) and physiological vine response (leaf area recovery, photosynthetic compensation, laterals regrowth). Early induced stress conditions could bring cluster at véraison in disadvantage to trigger optimal berry ripening processes compared to untreated vines. This conditions could be maintained until harvest, if no previously described physiological recovery occurs. Certainly, light exposure increase linked to defoliation treatments, showed a positive and solid effect on flavonol biosynthesis, as in our conditions temperature was not so different among treatments. Except the last aspects, that could be confirmed also for véraison defoliation, microclimatic changes by themselves seemed not able to induce any modification in berry composition. Further studies are necessary to understand if the peculiar anthocyanic and flavonols composition detected in véraison defoliation could play important role in both color intensity and stability of wines.

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Sonnekus, Nastassja. "Development and change that occurs in table grape berry composition during growth." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96871.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grape quality is important for the producer, exporter and the consumer. Consumers judge table grapes according to their size, colour, taste and shelf life. The consumer’s prerequisites will influence the producer. Therefore, it is essential to know how the table grape berry develops so that it can be manipulated, favouring the postharvest quality and shelf life. This study was performed on Prime and Crimson Seedless, both grafted onto Ramsey, in the Paarl district of South Africa. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify table grape berry development and compositional changes taking place throughout growth and ripening. The effect of sugar:acid ratio on postharvest shelf life was also evaluated. To evaluate whether berry size influenced the measured development parameters, three berry sizes were induced for both cultivars by using plant bioregulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfenuron – synthetic cytokinin (CPPU) or girdling. The following sizes were obtained for Prime: (i) small berries (<20 mm) with no treatment, which acted as the control; (ii) medium berries (20-24 mm) obtained by 15 ppm GA3 application at 8 mm berry size; (iii) large berries (>24 mm) obtained by combination of 15 ppm GA3 and 1 ppm CPPU application at 8 mm berry size. Crimson Seedless berry sizes were as follows: (i) small berries (<18 mm) with no treatment, which acted as the control; (ii) medium berries (18-22 mm) treated with 10 ppm GA3 at 7 mm berry size; (iii) large berries (>22 mm) treated with 10 ppm GA3 and vines were girdled at 7 mm berry size. To evaluate the effect of sugar:acid ratio on postharvest shelf life, grapes were stored for five weeks at -0.5 ˚C and another week at 7.5˚C. The bunches were evaluated for loose berries, browning, soft tissue breakdown, decay and berry split. The following components were analysed for both cultivars to determine changes in berry composition throughout the season: berry fresh weight, total soluble solids (TSS), glucose, fructose, titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid, malic acid, abscisic acid (ABA) and total phenols. Total and individual anthocyanins were analysed for Crimson Seedless. Differences were obtained for the three berry sizes for both cultivars. Véraison, representing the start of ripening, started at the same time in successive seasons: 21 days after pea size berry (5 mm berry diameter) for Prime and 28 days after pea size berry (5 mm berry diameter) for Crimson Seedless. A lag stage was not observed, at seven day sampling intervals, for either of the cultivars. Components such as TSS, glucose, fructose and TA content per berry were influenced by berry size in either one or in both seasons for both cultivars. Significant changes in component concentration were detected at the start of, or around véraison. Sugar concentrations (TSS) already started to increase for both cultivars before the start of véraison. At véraison, concentrations of glucose, fructose and ABA increased while concentrations of TA, tartaric acid, malic acid and total phenols decreased. Total anthocyanins in Crimson Seedless started to increase one week after véraison commenced. The main anthocyanin found in Crimson Seedless was peonidin-3-glucoside. During ripening a 1:1 glucose:fructose ratio was detected in both cultivars. Prime tartaric:malic acid ratio was lower than Crimson Seedless tartaric:malic acid ratio in both seasons. Tartaric acid was the main organic acid found in Prime, while malic acid was the main organic acid found in Crimson Seedless. No significant differences were found in the postharvest defects between the different berry sizes. However, tendencies for differences were observed which led to the assumption that medium size berries were more prone to loose berries in both cultivars. Large berries showed a higher percentage berry split for both cultivars. Crimson Seedless second harvest date took place 24 hours after rainfall which could have very likely led to the higher percentages berry defects compared to the first season. Greater berry decay was found with later harvest dates for both cultivars. No significant differences were found for the TSS:TA ratio between the three berry sizes for both cultivars. Postharvest defects were therefore found not only to be influenced by TSS:TA ratio but rather by harvest date and packing procedures. Environmental conditions prior to harvest also had an impact on postharvest shelf life. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Druif kwaliteit is belangrik vir die produsent, uitvoerder en verbruiker. Tafeldruiwe word gekeur deur die verbruiker volgens grootte, kleur, smaak en raklewe. Die verbruiker se voorkeure sal dus die produsent beïnvloed. Daarom is dit belangrik om te weet hoe tafeldruiwe ontwikkel ten einde korrelsamestelling te manipuleer om na-oes kwaliteit en raklewe te kan bevoordeel. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer op Prime en Crimson Seedless, beide geënt op Ramsey, in die Paarl distrik van Suid Afrika. Die doel van die studie is om vas te stel hoe korrelsamestelling gedurende groei en rypwording verander. Die effek van suiker:suurverhouding op na-oes raklewe is ook geëvalueer. Om te kan meet of korrel grootte die gemete parameter beïnvloed is drie korrelgroottes verkry vir albei kultivars deur die gebruik van plant bioreguleerders, te wete gibbereliensuur (GA3) en sintetiese sitokiniene (CPPU), of ringelering. Die volgende korrelgroottes is verkry vir Prime: (i) klein korrels (<20 mm) d.m.v. geen behandeling, geklassifiseerd as kontrole; (ii) medium korrels (20-24 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 15 dpm GA3 behandeling by 8 mm korrelgrootte; (iii) groot korrels (>24 mm) d.m.v. ‘n kombinasie van 15 dpm GA3 en 1 dpm CPPU by 8 mm korrelgrootte. Crimson Seedless korrelgroottes was soos volg: (i) klein korrels (<18 mm) d.m.v. geen behandeling, wat as kontrole gedien het; (ii) medium korrels (18-22 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 10 dpm GA3 behandeling by 7 mm korrelgrootte; (iii) groot korrels (>22 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 10 dpm GA3 behandeling en gelyktydige ringelering by 7 mm korrelgrootte. Om die effek van suiker:suur verhouding op na-oes houvermoë te kon evalueer was druiwe gestoor vir vyf weke by -0.5˚C en ‘n verdere week by 7˚C. Die trosse is geëvalueer vir loskorrels, verbruining, sagte weefsel afbreek, verval en korrelbars. Die volgende komponente is geanaliseer vir albei kultivars om veranderinge in korrelsamestelling gedurende die seisoen te bepaal: vars korrelgewig, totale oplosbare vaste stowwe (suikerinhoud), glukose, fruktose, titreerbare sure, wynsteensuur, appelsuur, absisiensuur en totale fenole. Die totale en individuele antosianiene is ook vir Crimson Seedless gemeet. Beduidende verskille tussen die drie korrelgroottes vir albei kultivars is verkry. Deurslaan, naamlik die begin van rypwording, het op dieselfde dag in opeenvolgende seisoene plaasgevind: 21 dae na ertjiekorrel grootte (5 mm korrel deursnee) vir Prime en 28 dae na ertjiekorrel grootte (5 mm korrel deursnee) vir Crimson Seedless. In teenstelling met die tipiese korrel ontwikkelingspatroon is ‘n rusfase nie waargeneem by beide kultivars nie. Komponente soos suikerinhoud, glukose, fruktose en titreerbare suur inhoud per korrel is deur korrelgrootte beïnvloed in een of albei seisoene vir beide kultivars. Suiker konsentrasie van albei kultivars het reeds voor deurslaan begin toeneem. By deurslaan het die konsentrasies van glukose, fruktose en absisiensuur inhoud toegeneem, terwyl die konsentraies van titreerbare sure, wynsteensuur, appelsuur en totale fenole gedaal het. Totale antosianiene in Crimson Seedless het ‘n week na deurslaan begin toeneem. Die hoof antosianien in Crimson Seedless is peonidien-3-glukosied. Gedurende rypwording was daar ‘n 1:1 glukose:fruktose verhouding gevind vir beide kultivars. In terme van sure is Prime se wynsteensuur:appelsuur verhouding laer as in Crimson Seedless vir albei seisoene. Wynsteensuur is die hoof organiese suur in Prime terwyl appelsuur die hoof organiese suur in Crimson Seedless is. Geen betekenisvolle verskille vir na-oes houvermoë tussen korrelgroottes is waargeneem vir beide kultivars nie. Daar was egter tendense wat aanleiding gegee het in die aanname dat medium grootte korrels geneig is tot loskorrels in albei kultivars. Groot korrels het ‘n hoër korrelbars persentasie getoon vir beide kultivars. Crimson Seedless se tweede oes het plaasgevind 24 uur na reënval, wat aanleiding gegee het tot hoër persentasies korrelbederf. Hoër persentasie korrelbederf was ook gevind met later oesdatums. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind vir suiker:suur verhouding tussen die drie korrelgroottes vir beide kultivars nie. Dus word na-oes houvermoë nie net deur suiker:suur verhouding beïnvloed nie, maar ook deur oestyd en verpakkingsprodsedures. Omgewingsomstandighede voor oes kan ook na-oes houvermoë beïnvloed.

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Triolo, Roberta. "Hierarchy of factors impacting grape berry mass at different scales and its direct and indirect effects on grape and wine composition." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0336/document.

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La masse de la baie est le résultat de l’effet intégré de plusieurs facteurs. La recherche a été dessinée afin d’étudier l’effet simultané des facteurs majeurs influençant la masse et la composition de la baie, de les hiérarchiser selon leur degré d’impact à des échelles différentes, de séparer leur effet direct et indirect sur la composition du raisin et de comparer le profil de vins élaborés à partir de petites et grosses baies. L’étude a été conduite sur deux sites expérimentaux, localisés dans les régions de Saint-Emilion (France) et Alcamo (Italie), pendant les années 2014 et 2015. Sur le premier site, les vignes sont plantées sur deux types de sols, tandis que sur le deuxième, deux traitements hydriques étaient appliqués. A l’échelle intra-parcellaire, l’état hydrique de la vigne représente le facteur le plus important, tandis que l’effet du nombre de pépins par baie n’est pas significatif. Des résultats opposés sont obtenus lorsque les relations sont étudiées à l’échelle de la grappe et de la plante. A large échelle, les facteurs impactent directement et indirectement la composition du raisin et les petites baies produisent des moûts et des vins plus concentrés. A l’inverse, à l’échelle de la grappe et de la plante, la masse de la baie n’influence pas la composition du raisin. Seule la concentration en anthocyanes est significativement liée à la masse à toutes les échelles. Cette relation est particulièrement évidente sous conditions hydriques limitantes. Un déficit hydrique augmente le ratio pellicule/pulpe, indépendamment de la masse de la baie. Petites et grosses baies d’une parcelle ayant une condition hydrique homogène, tendent à avoir un profil similaire Final berry mass is the result of the integrated effect of several factors. They also influence berry composition. The present work was designed to study the simultaneous effect of major factors influencing berry mass and composition, to hierarchize their impact at different scales, to distinguish their direct and indirect effect on berry composition and to compare the profile of wines made from large and small berries. The study was carried out simultaneously on two vineyards located in the Saint Emil ion (France) and Alcamo (Sicily) areas, during 2014 and 2015. On the first site, vines were planted on two soil types, while on the second site two different irrigation treatments were applied. Depending on the scale, some factors homogeneously impacted the berry mass and composition. At the intra-parcel scale, vine water status represented the most impacting factor, while berry seed number did not have significant effect. Opposite results were obtained when the investigation was carried out at the intra-bunch and intra-plant scales. At large scale, factors impacted directly and indirectly berry compounds and grape juices and wines produced from smaller berries were more concentrated. Neither at intra-bunch, nor at intra-plant scales, berry size effect on juice composition was significant. Only anthocyanin concentration was related to berry size at all scales. This fact was particularly obvious in berries produced under limited water conditions. Water deficit increased the skin to flesh ratio, independently of berry size. This means that small and large berries, produced from a single parcel with homogenous water uptake conditions, tend to have similar enological profiles

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Ahn, Yun-Kang. "L'analyse musicale computationnelle : rapport avec la composition, la segmentation et la représentation à l'aide des graphes." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447778.

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Ce travail est axé autour de l'analyse assistée par ordinateur, dans un cadre musicologique ciblant la musique contemporaine. Une approche computationnelle de l'analyse musicale pose la question de sa modélisation et de sa formalisation, puisque touchant à une activité souvent empirique et dont la pratique n'est pas définie à l'aide de normes communes. Cette question implique la mesure de l'importance de la représentation graphique dans l'interprétation analytique. Face au rôle croissant de la représentation, nous nous intéressons d'une part à la manière dont elle relie l'analyse et la composition en proposant, à partir d'une analyse connue des Structures IA de Piere Boulez réalisée par le compositeur György Ligeti, des modèles de machinerie informatique en vue de générer des pièces musicales sous deux interfaces, OpenMusic et Rubato. Parmi ces deux environnements de programmation visuelle, le second se base sur un puissant paradigme mathématique reposant sur la théorie des catégories. Ce paradigme constitue également une base pour modéliser les K-réseaux, outil d'analyse reposant sur des graphes décrivant les relations entre les notes. Ces relations sont formalisées dans la Set Theory d'Allen Forte qui propose une méthode de classification des structures musicales à partir des douze hauteurs de la gamme chromatique occidentale. Une application de ces réseaux et plus généralement l'apport des structures de graphe est abordée ensuite dans la modélisation de l'analyse d'une autre pièce, le Klavierstück III de Karlheinz Stockhausen : cette analyse a été faite par le théoricien David Lewin en deux étapes que nous étudierons dans leurs aspects à la fois computationnel et d'interface-homme machine. En premier lieu, la segmentation, non expliquée par l'analyste, fait l'objet d'une reconstitution dans laquelle nous tentons de la retrouver par le biais d'une exploration dans un ensemble de segmentations possibles. Il s'agit ainsi non seulement de reconstituer mais également de voir s'il est possible de la dépasser et l'améliorer selon des critères comme la couverture de la partition. Nous verrons dans ce cadre si les K-réseaux peuvent affiner cette analyse et en constituer un angle d'attaque pertinent. En second lieu, Lewin organise ses segments selon un réseau qui ne suit plus un quelconque agencement chronologique mais une disposition spatiale qui offre un nouveau parcours de la pièce. Cette difficulté s'inscrit dans le contexte plus général de la sélection et de la formation d'un graphe décrivant la structure d'une oeuvre musicale, que nous envisageons à l'intérieur du problème de l'utilisation d'un réseau en analyse computationnelle.

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Abbott, Nerida Anne. "Study of shiraz grape berry composition in relation to the quality of table wine." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21641.

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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1991

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Bingham-Scott, Robyn Eileen. "Strategies for improving the writing of elementary students in the intermediate grades." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/660.

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Nolli, Giulia. "Grape quality assessment by chemical markers, prototyping a quality index from multivariable analysis." Master's thesis, ISA, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19565.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Viticultura e Enologia - Instituto Superior de Agronomia Grape-Wine quality is a very complex concept that depends on the interaction of different factors such as the maturity of the grape and the management of the operations in the vineyard and in the cellar. Grape composition is critical to achieving a quality wine. A hundred and sexteen grape samples from Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards were collected in Chile. Chemical grape composition through traditional analyses such as °Brix, pH and nitrogen, GC-MSMS aroma anlyses and spectrophotometric and HPLC polyphenolic compounds analyses were measured. A sensorial evaluation of wines produced in standard conditions from the grapes in analysis was carried out by a panel-taste of experts selected by Concha y Toro company. The data were compared and correlation analyses of Pearson and Spearman and regression analyses were carried out using statistical instruments such as Excel, Rstudio and Statgraphics. Several chemical parameters (assimilable nitrogen, tannins, anthocyanins, isobutil-methoxypirazines) were relevant for the overall quality assessment and the influence of external factors (valley of provenance, trellis system, vines age) and productivity on the concentration of these parameters was significant. The chemical composition of the grape (focused on the significant parameters) was revealed as an objective tool able to predict the correct harvest time and the quality of the grapes N/A

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Tchougong, Ngongang Rodrigue. "Grammaires attribuées comme transducteurs d'arbres et leur composition descriptionnelle." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S006.

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Attribute coupled grammars and their descriptional composition were advocated by Ganzinger and Giegerich as a modular variant of attribute grammars, a model of syntax-directed semantics orginally introduced by Knuth. Descriptional composition has been related to various techniques of program optimization, in particular to "deforestation", a technique for eliminating intermediate data structures in function composition, In this work, we present a higher-order functional approach to attribute evaluation w. R. T. An attribute grammar based on local dependencies of the synthezised attributes on inherited attributes described by functions. This higher-order functional approach leads to efficient implementations in a higher-order lazy functional language like Haskell, but it fails to achieve deforestation. We present an alternative first-order functional interpretation of attribute grammars where the input tree is replaced by an extended cyclic tree corresponding to cyclic representations of zippers (trees with their context). Then we show that, up to that representation, descriptional composition reduces to the composition of trees transducers Les grammaires attribuées introduites à l'origine par Knuth pour décrire les sémantiques dirigées parla syntaxe ont été présentées de façon modulaire par Ganzinger et Giegerich sous la forme de grammaires couplées par attributs. La composition de ces grammaires, appelée composition descriptionnelle, s'apparente aux techniques d'optimisation des programmes fonctionnels, telles que la déforestation qui consiste à éliminer des structures de données intermédiaires lors de la composition des fonctions. Dans ce travail, nous présentons une approche fonctionnelle d'ordre supérieure pour l'évaluation des attributs basée sur les dépendances locales entre les attributs synthétisés et les attributs hérités. Cette traduction, de nature non syntaxique et à ce titre non compatible avec les techniques de déforestation, procure néanmoins une implémentation directe des grammaires attribuées dans un langage fonctionnel paresseux d'ordre supérieur. Nous présentons alternativement une traduction fonctionnelle du premier ordre dans laquelle l'arbre d'entrée et son contexte sont représentés simultanéement par un arbre sur une signature étendue. Nous montrons que la composition descriptionnelle des grammaires attribuées se ramène, par cette traduction, en une simple composition de transducteurs d'arbres

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Smithson, Andrew Todd. "The Effect of Supplemental Grape Seed Extract on Pig Growth Performance and Body Composition During Heat Stress." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71764.

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Prolonged exposure to high ambient temperature without cooling causes heat stress (HS) resulting in altered growth, body composition and metabolic dysfunction in pigs. Grape seed extract (GSE) has been shown to reduce inflammation, and improve glucose transport and metabolism. Thus, GSE may be an effective supplement to combat the consequences of heat stress; however this possibility has not been evaluated in a large animal model. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of GSE supplementation on pig performance and body composition during HS. Twenty-four female pigs (62.3± 8 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2X2 factorial experiment; thermal neutral (TN; 21-22°C) or heat stress conditions (HS; 33-34°C) for 7 days and fed either a control or a GSE supplemented diet (12mg/kg body weight). Body temperature (TB), respiration rate (RR) and feed intake (FI) were measured daily. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Respiration rate and TB increased in the HS control group compared to the TN control group (p<0.05), however GSE did not alter these parameters compared to control for the duration of the 7 day period. HS decreased FI (P < 0.05). Fasting blood glucose concentrations were approximately 1.5-fold greater in the control diet compared to their GSE supplemented counterpart (p=0.067) on day 6 of the HS period, but did not differ between groups at the end of day 7 of HS. Body composition analysis indicated bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and percent change of fat remain unchanged between treatment groups. Percent change in weight was significantly reduced in HS. Lean tissue accretion was 45% greater in TN compared to HS groups (p<0.05). Endotoxin concentrations were approximately 2-fold lower in the HS-GSE group compared to the control (P=0.083). Grape seed extract supplementation does not appear to alter pig growth performance or body composition, but does appear to delay the onset of reduced feed intake by 1 day, reduce intestinal permeability, and improve insulin sensitivity during additional stress. Master of Science in Life Sciences

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de, Carvalho Gomes Pedro. "Sound Modular Extraction of Control Flow Graphs from Java Bytecode." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Teoretisk datalogi, TCS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105275.

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Control flow graphs (CFGs) are abstract program models that preserve the control flow information. They have been widely utilized for many static analyses in the past decades. Unfortunately, previous studies about the CFG construction from modern languages, such as Java, have either neglected advanced features that influence the control flow, or do not provide a correctness argument. This is a bearable issue for some program analyses, but not for formal methods, where the soundness of CFGs is a mandatory condition for the verification of safety-critical properties. Moreover, when developing open systems, i.e., systems in which at least one component is missing, one may want to extract CFGs to verify the available components. Soundness is even harder to achieve in this scenario, because of the unknown inter-dependencies involving missing components. In this work we present two variants of a CFG extraction algorithm from Java bytecode considering precise exceptional flow, which are sound w.r.t to the JVM behavior. The first algorithm extracts CFGs from fully-provided (closed) programs only. It proceeds in two phases. Initially the Java bytecode is translated into a stack-less intermediate representation named BIR, which provides explicit representation of exceptions, and is more compact than the original bytecode. Next, we define the transformation from BIR to CFGs, which, among other features, considers the propagation of uncaught exceptions within method calls. We then establish its correctness: the behavior of the extracted CFGs is shown to be a sound over-approximation of the behavior of the original programs. Thus, temporal safety properties that hold for the CFGs also hold for the program. We prove this by suitably combining the properties of the two transformations with those of a previous idealized CFG extraction algorithm, whose correctness has been proven directly. The second variant of the algorithm is defined for open systems. We generalize the extraction algorithm for closed systems for a modular set-up, and resolve inter-dependencies involving missing components by using user-provided interfaces. We establish its correctness by defining a refinement relation between open systems, which constrains the instantiation of missing components. We prove that if the relation holds, then the CFGs extracted from the components of the original open system are sound over-approximations of the CFGs for the same components in the refined system. Thus, temporal safety properties that hold for an open system also hold for closed systems that refine it. We have implemented both algorithms as the ConFlEx tool. It uses Sawja, an external library for the static analysis of Java bytecode, to transform bytecode into BIR, and to resolve virtual method calls. We have extended Sawja to support open systems, and improved its exception type analysis. Experimental results have shown that the algorithm for closed systems generates more precise CFGs than the modular algorithm. This was expected, due to the heavy over-approximations the latter has to perform to be sound. Also, both algorithms are linear in the number of bytecode instructions. Therefore, ConFlEx is efficient for the extraction of CFGs from either open, or closed Java bytecode programs. QC 20121122

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Khairnar, Kaushal. "Effect of different organic amendments on soil quality, vines growth, grape production and wine quality of mechanically pruned vineyards." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8632.

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Mestrado Vinifera EuroMaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia The experiment with an aim to study the effect of pruning types and effect of different types of organic amendments on soil quality, vine growth, grape production and wine quality was conducted in two sites located in Vilar and Sardoal region of Portugal. The pruning treatments included manual spur (MAN) and mechanical hedge (MEC) type of pruning and types of organic amendments applied were biochar (BIOC), municipal solid waste compost (RSUC), cattle manure (ESTR), sewage sludge (ETAR) and control treatment (TEST). The treatment effects were analyzed for chemical composition, mineral content and heavy metals content and sensorial analysis of wine samples. The analysis results show that there was no significant effect of type of pruning on wine composition except pH, total acidity, alcohol content, calcium and total nitrogen content of wine sample. Similar trend was also followed with the application of organic amendments; the composition of wine remained unchanged by the use of organic amendments except some effect on pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, total anthocyanins and potassium content of wine samples. There was no significant increase in the heavy metals content of wine samples after the treatment of organic amendment. The manual pruning generally showed higher content compared to mechanical pruning due to less number of bunches retained per shoots. Wine composition was more influenced by the site specific characters and climatic conditions than the effect of treatment applied. Sensory analysis along with chemical analysis shows that mechanical pruning can be used without having much significant effect on grape composition when sufficient yield compensation is achieved. Treatment which supplied higher amount of nitrogen (ETAR and ESTR) was generally marked by more negative sensory perception such as vegetal characters in wine. On the face of climate change and increased competitive pressure use of mechanical pruning can be good strategy to reduce the cost of grape production and organic amendment can be applied to soil with an aim of increasing organic matter contents of soil. But the care should be taken to avoid excessive supply of nitrogen in order to avoid negative effect on wine composition over longer period of time. So the supply of amendment should be managed according to vine and soil nutritional status

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Ahn, Yun-Kang. "L'analyse musicale computationnelle : rapport avec la composition, la segmentation et la représentation à l'aide de graphes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447778.

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Ce travail est axé autour de l'analyse assistée par ordinateur, dans un cadre musicologique ciblant la musique contemporaine. Une approche computationnelle de l'analyse musicale pose la question de sa modélisation et de sa formalisation, puisque touchant à une activité souvent empirique et dont la pratique n'est pas définie à l'aide de normes communes. Cette question implique la mesure de l'importance de la représentation graphique dans l'interprétation analytique. Face au rôle croissant de la représentation, nous nous intéressons d'une part à la manière dont elle relie l'analyse et la composition en proposant, à partir d'une analyse connue des Structures IA de Pierre Boulez réalisée par le compositeur György Ligeti, des modèles de machinerie informatique en vue de générer des pièces musicales sous deux interfaces, OpenMusic et Rubato. Parmi ces deux environnements de programmation visuelle, le second se base sur un puissant paradigme mathématique reposant sur la théorie des catégories. Ce paradigme constitue également une base pour modéliser les K-réseaux, outil d'analyse reposant sur des graphes décrivant les relations entre les notes. Ces relations sont formalisées dans la Set Theory d'Allen Forte qui propose une méthode de classification des structures musicales à partir des douze hauteurs de la gamme chromatique occidentale. Une application de ces réseaux et plus généralement l'apport des structures de graphe est abordée ensuite dans la modélisation de l'analyse d'une autre pièce, le Klavierstück III de Karlheinz Stockhausen : cette analyse a été faite par le théoricien David Lewin en deux étapes que nous étudierons dans leurs aspects à la fois computationnel et d'interface-homme machine. En premier lieu, la segmentation, non expliquée par l'analyste, fait l'objet d'une reconstitution dans laquelle nous tentons de la retrouver par le biais d'une exploration dans un ensemble de segmentations possibles. Il s'agit ainsi non seulement de reconstituer mais également de voir s'il est possible de la dépasser et l'améliorer selon des critères comme la couverture de la partition. Nous verrons dans ce cadre si les K-réseaux peuvent affiner cette analyse et en constituer un angle d'attaque pertinent. En second lieu, Lewin organise ses segments selon un réseau qui ne suit plus un quelconque agencement chronologique mais une disposition spatiale qui offre un nouveau parcours de la pièce. Cette difficulté s'inscrit dans le contexte plus général de la sélection et de la formation d'un graphe décrivant la structure d'une oeuvre musicale, que nous envisageons à l'intérieur du problème de l'utilisation d'un réseau en analyse computationnelle.

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Pfister, Lucas Federico. "Effect of canopy management practices - hedging vs curling shoot tips - on growth, yield and fruit composition of Merlot grapevines." Master's thesis, ISA, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8583.

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Mestrado Vinifera EuroMaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia A study to compare the effects of hedging and curling the shoot tips (rolling) on the last wire of the trellising system was carried out in Saint Emilion (France) on Merlot grapevines in 2011. Vines were hedged or curled when shoots were 30 – 40 cm longer than the highest wire. The effects of the two canopy management strategies on vine performance, mainly vegetative growth, disease occurrence, phenology, water status, yield components and berry composition were compared. Curled, not hedged vines presented longer main shoots, more lateral shoots and higher potassium values on the petioles. Hedged plants had a higher percentage of shaded clusters and a higher leaf layer number at the cluster zone and ¾ of the canopy. Regarding leaf area, curled plants presented a bigger main leaf area but for lateral leaf area no differences were found. Although berries on hedged plants were prone to have a higher mass, no differences for berry composition were found. Hedging seems to be an appropriated technique for the Sain Emilion region as it is less time consuming, less expensive, possible to be mechanized and it has no detriment regarding quality of berries

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de, Carvalho Gomes Pedro, and Attilio Picoco. "Sound Extraction of Control-Flow Graphs from open Java Bytecode Systems." KTH, Teoretisk datalogi, TCS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104076.

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Formal verification techniques have been widely deployed as means to ensure the quality of software products. Unfortunately, they suffer with the combinatorial explosion of the state space. That is, programs have a large number of states, sometimes infinite. A common approach to alleviate the problem is to perform the verification over abstract models from the program. Control-flow graphs (CFG) are one of the most common models, and have been widely studied in the past decades. Unfortunately, previous works over modern programming languages, such as Java, have either neglected features that influence the control-flow, or do not provide a correctness argument about the CFG construction. This is an unbearable issue for formal verification, where soundness of CFGs is a mandatory condition for the verification of safety-critical properties. Moreover, one may want to extract CFGs from the available components of an open system. I.e., a system whose at least one of the components is missing. Soundness is even harder to achieve in this scenario, because of the unknown inter-dependences between software components. In the current work we present a framework to extract control-flow graphs from open Java Bytecode systems in a modular fashion. Our strategy requires the user to provide interfaces for the missing components. First, we present a formal definition of open Java bytecode systems. Next, we generalize a previous algorithm that performs the extraction of CFGs for closed programs to a modular set-up. The algorithm uses the user-provided interfaces to resolve inter-dependences involving missing components. Eventually the missing components will arrive, and the open system will become closed, and can execute. However, the arrival of a component may affect the soundness of CFGs which have been extracted previously. Thus, we define a refinement relation, which is a set of constraints upon the arrival of components, and prove that the relation guarantees the soundness of CFGs extracted with the modular algorithm. Therefore, the control-flow safety properties verified over the original CFGs still hold in the refined model. We implemented the modular extraction framework in the ConFlEx tool. Also, we have implemented the reusage from previous extractions, to enable the incremental extraction of a newly arrived component. Our technique performs substantial over-approximations to achieve soundness. Despite this, our test cases show that ConFlEx is efficient. Also, the extraction of the CFGs gets considerable speed-up by reusing results from previous analyses. QC 20121029 Verification of Control-Flow Properties of Programs with Procedures(CVPP)

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Sellers, Charlotte P. "An analysis of writing assignments in selected history textbooks for grades seven and eleven." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171929/.

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Miller, Jeffrey Lee II. "An evaluation of quality in compositions for school band (Grades III and IV)| A regional study." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3596545.

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The current study was designed to examine the question of quality as it relates to school band music composed for the performance levels of Grade III and IV. This was accomplished across two concurrent studies. The purpose of the primary study was to: (a) compare state prescribed lists for common compositions, (b) to examine the opinions of expert middle school band directors regarding the quality of those common compositions (grades III & IV), and (c) to identify a select pool of meritorious compositions. The purpose of the secondary study was to: (a) examine the opinions of prominent college band directors regarding the quality of the same list of literature evaluated by middle school band directors, and (b) to identify a select pool of meritorious compositions. The overall purpose of the combined surveys was to establish a select list of compositions known to both expert middle school and college band directors that are recognized for their meritorious quality and may be of use to educators of all levels. Participants (N = 64) were expert middle school ( n = 32) and college (n = 32) band directors who completed an online survey consisting of three sections: (a) Demographic Data, (b) Evaluation of Compositions, and (c) Suggested Compositions for Further Study. Analysis of responses found that all directors rated each of the 189 compositions and that a strong level of agreement of the rated level of quality was present within subjects. However, when compared, there was a statistically significant difference showing a wider range of quality ratings assigned by college band directors. Further analysis revealed a list of 32 compositions which were known by five or more evaluators and possessed a minimum of 79 percent of the total points each composition could receive. As before, analysis of responses found a strong level of agreement of the rated level of quality within subjects and a statistically significant difference in the ratings assigned by each group. This final list establishes a collection of wind band compositions which are among the finest grade III and IV compositions known by the expert panel of evaluators. Works on this list represent many, if not all, compositions which should be familiar to all conductors, instrumental music educators, and their students. Compositions suggested for further study (N = 72) were self-identified by researchers as grade III or IV compositions that were not included as part of the present study. No attempt to state the quality of these works is made by the researcher and therefore should be investigated in future studies. Implications, additional findings, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Dwivedi, Rajeev. "Process planning for rapid manufacturing of parts with complex geometries and functionally graded composition." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3214775.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering)--S.M.U. Title from PDF title page (viewed May 23, 2007). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-04, Section: B, page: 2188. Adviser: Radovan Kovacevic. Includes bibliographical references.

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Roche, Jane Bouniols Andrée. "Composition de la graine de tournesol (Helianthus annuus L,) sous l'effet conjugué des contraintes agri-environnementales et des potentiels variétaux." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000222.

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