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Thematische Bibliographien / Holocentric / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Holocentric“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 25. Juli 2025

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1

Guerra, Marcelo, and Miguel A. García. "Heterochromatin and rDNA sites distribution in the holocentric chromosomes of Cuscuta approximata Bab. (Convolvulaceae)." Genome 47, no. 1 (2004): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-098.

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Cuscuta is a widely distributed genus of holoparasitic plants. Holocentric chromosomes have been reported only in species of one of its subgenera (Cuscuta subg. Cuscuta). In this work, a representative of this subgenus, Cuscuta approximata, was investigated looking for its mitotic and meiotic chromosome behaviour and the heterochromatin distribution. The mitotic chromosomes showed neither primary constriction nor Rabl orientation whereas the meiotic ones exhibited the typical quadripartite structure characteristic of holocentrics, supporting the assumption of holocentric chromosomes as a synap

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Mandrioli, Mauro, and Gian Carlo Manicardi. "Holocentric chromosomes." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 7 (2020): e1008918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008918.

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Powers, James, Debra J. Rose, Adam Saunders, Steven Dunkelbarger, Susan Strome, and William M. Saxton. "Loss of KLP-19 polar ejection force causes misorientation and missegregation of holocentric chromosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 7 (2004): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200403036.

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Holocentric chromosomes assemble kinetochores along their length instead of at a focused spot. The elongated expanse of an individual holocentric kinetochore and its potential flexibility heighten the risk of stable attachment to microtubules from both poles of the mitotic spindle (merotelic attachment), and hence aberrant segregation of chromosomes. Little is known about the mechanisms that holocentric species have evolved to avoid this type of error. Our studies of the influence of KLP-19, an essential microtubule motor, on the behavior of holocentric Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomes sugge

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Schubert, Veit, Mateusz Zelkowski, Sonja Klemme, and Andreas Houben. "Similar Sister Chromatid Arrangement in Mono- and Holocentric Plant Chromosomes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 149, no. 3 (2016): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447681.

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Due to the X-shape formation at somatic metaphase, the arrangement of the sister chromatids is obvious in monocentric chromosomes. In contrast, the sister chromatids of holocentric chromosomes cannot be distinguished even at mitotic metaphase. To clarify their organization, we differentially labelled the sister chromatids of holocentric Luzula and monocentric rye chromosomes by incorporating the base analogue EdU during replication. Using super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and 3D rendering, we found that holocentric sister chromatids attach to each other at their contact

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Zedek, František, Jakub Šmerda, Pavel Veselý, Lucie Horová, Jana Kocmanová, and Petr Bureš. "Elevation-dependent endopolyploid response suggests that plants with holocentric chromosomes are less stressed by UV-B." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 195, no. 1 (2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa054.

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Abstract Previous studies suggested that holocentric chromosomes may confer a selective advantage under high ionizing or UV-B radiation due to their tolerance of fragmentation, and that the first plant and animal colonizers of land in the Palaeozoic were or may have been holocentric. Holocentric chromosomes could have, therefore, aided terrestrialization of Earth’s biota half a billion years ago, because leaving water meant facing a sharp increase of UV-B. Because we cannot go back in time, the hypothesis needs to be tested with present-day species using an indicator of UV-B stress. We took ad

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Marques, André, Tiago Ribeiro, Pavel Neumann, et al. "Holocentromeres in Rhynchospora are associated with genome-wide centromere-specific repeat arrays interspersed among euchromatin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (2015): 13633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512255112.

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Holocentric chromosomes lack a primary constriction, in contrast to monocentrics. They form kinetochores distributed along almost the entire poleward surface of the chromatids, to which spindle fibers attach. No centromere-specific DNA sequence has been found for any holocentric organism studied so far. It was proposed that centromeric repeats, typical for many monocentric species, could not occur in holocentrics, most likely because of differences in the centromere organization. Here we show that the holokinetic centromeres of the Cyperaceae Rhynchospora pubera are highly enriched by a centro

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HÅKANSSON, ARTUR. "HOLOCENTRIC CHROMOSOMES IN ELEOCHARIS." Hereditas 44, no. 4 (2010): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1958.tb03498.x.

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Zedek, František, Klára Plačková, Pavel Veselý, et al. "Endopolyploidy is a common response to UV-B stress in natural plant populations, but its magnitude may be affected by chromosome type." Annals of Botany 126, no. 5 (2020): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa109.

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Abstract Background and Aims Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) radiation damages the DNA, cells and photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Plants commonly prevent this damage by synthetizing UV-B-protective compounds. Recent laboratory experiments in Arabidopsis and cucumber have indicated that plants can also respond to UV-B stress with endopolyploidy. Here we test the generality of this response in natural plant populations, considering their monocentric or holocentric chromosomal structure. Methods We measured the endopolyploidy index (flow cytometry) and the concentration of UV-B-protective comp

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Vanzela, André L. L., and Marcelo Guerra. "Heterochromatin differentiation in holocentric chromosomes of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 2 (2000): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000200034.

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Holocentric chromosomes of six species of Rhynchospora, R. ciliata, R. pubera, R. riparia and R. barbata (2n = 10), R. nervosa (2n = 30) and R. globosa (2n = 36), were stained with CMA3/DAPI fluorochromes or treated with C-banding and sequentially stained with Giemsa or CMA3/DAPI. Variability in banding pattern was found among the species studied. Heterochromatin was observed on terminal and interstitial chromosome regions, indicating that the holocentric chromosomes of Rhynchospora show a heterochromatin distribution pattern similar to those plant monocentric chromosomes.

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Pazy, Batia, and Uzi Plitmann. "Holocentric chromosome behaviour inCuscuta (Cuscutaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 191, no. 1-2 (1994): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00985345.

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Zhang, Bing, Camilo Ayra-Pardo, Xiaoning Liu, Meiting Song, Dandan Li, and Yunchao Kan. "siRNA-Mediated BmAurora B Depletion Impedes the Formation of Holocentric Square Spindles in Silkworm Metaphase BmN4 Cells." Insects 15, no. 1 (2024): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15010072.

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Silkworm ovary-derived BmN4 cells rely on chromatin-induced spindle assembly to form microtubule-based square mitotic spindles that ensure accurate segregation of holocentric chromosomes during cell division. The chromosome passenger protein Aurora B regulates chromosomal condensation and segregation, spindle assembly checkpoint activation, and cytokinesis; however, its role in holocentric organisms needs further clarification. This study examined the architecture and dynamics of spindle microtubules during prophase and metaphase in BmN4 cells and those with siRNA-mediated BmAurora B knockdown

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Manicardi, G. C., D. C. Gautam, D. Bizzaro, E. Guicciardi, A. M. Bonvicini Pagliai, and U. Bianchi. "Chromosome banding in aphids: G, C, AluI, and HaeIII banding patterns in Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae)." Genome 34, no. 4 (1991): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-101.

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The holocentric mitotic chromosomes of Megoura viciae, a species that has been little studied cytogenetically to date, have been characterized by applying G, C, AluI, and HaeIII banding techniques. C bands have shown the best defined patterns, particularly on the X chromosome. This chromosome, on the other hand, behaved as the most reactive to the various treatments. Uncondensed, prometaphase X chromosomes showed a number of heterochromatic bands, interspersed among the euchromatin, which fused together during metaphase condensation. AluI and HaeIII treatments also produced reproducible bandin

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Manicardi, G. C., D. Bizzaro, E. Galli, and U. Bianchi. "Heterochromatin heterogeneity in the holocentric X chromatin of Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae)." Genome 39, no. 2 (1996): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-059.

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Holocentric chromosomes, prepared by spreading embryo cells obtained from Megoura viciae parthenogenetic females, have been C-banded, enzymatically digested in situ using the specific endonucleases DdeI (C↓TNAG), DraI (TTT↓AAA), Tru9I (TT↓AA), and CfoI (GCG↓C), and subsequently stained with Giemsa, DAPI, CMA3, and AgNO3. We observed that the X chromosome had the best defined banding patterns. In the M. viciae X chromosome there is a certain amount of heterogeneity in heterochromatic DNA composition. In fact, the GC-rich NOR-associated heterochromatin differs from other heterochromatic bands th

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Shanahan, Catherine M. "Cytogenetics of Australian scorpions. I. Interchange polymorphism in the family Buthidae." Genome 32, no. 5 (1989): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-525.

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Male scorpions from Australian species of the family Buthidae exhibit a unique combination of cytogenetic features including achiasmate meiosis, holocentric chromosomes, and extensive interchange heterozygosity. Chromosome number is highly conserved, with all species having a basic diploid number of 2n = 14. There is evidence that inbreeding has contributed to the establishment of populations with interchange heterozygotes, some exhibiting rings of up to 12 chromosomes. Although most populations contain both structural homozygotes and interchange heterozygotes, one population may exhibit fixed

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Bardella, Vanessa Bellini, Diogo Milani, and Diogo Cavalcanti Cabral de Mello Cavalcanti Cabral de Mello. "Insigthts about satDNAS organization in holocentric chromosomes using Holhymenia histrio (Heteroptera) as model." Semina: Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde 38, no. 1supl (2018): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0367.2017v38n1suplp190.

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SatDNA are organized in tandem and often distributed in heterochromatic regions, corresponding mainly to centromeres. Evolution for satDNAs is directed by “concerted evolution” that leads to sequence homogenization, frequently generating species-specific patterns. Among insects with holocentric chromosomes, organization of satellite DNAs (satDNAs) is still poorly know in comparison to species with monocentric ones. Here, using of the advantage of genome sequencing and computational analysis we characterized for the first time the entire satellitome of an insect with holocentric chromosomes, Ho

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de Vos, Jurriaan M., Hannah Augustijnen, Livio Bätscher, and Kay Lucek. "Speciation through chromosomal fusion and fission in Lepidoptera." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1806 (2020): 20190539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0539.

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Changes in chromosome numbers may strongly affect reproductive barriers, because individuals heterozygous for distinct karyotypes are typically expected to be at least partially sterile or to show reduced recombination. Therefore, several classic speciation models are based on chromosomal changes. One import mechanism generating variation in chromosome numbers is fusion and fission of existing chromosomes, which is particularly likely in species with holocentric chromosomes, i.e. chromosomes that lack a single centromere. Holocentric chromosomes evolved repeatedly across the tree of life, incl

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Howe, Mary, Kent L. McDonald, Donna G. Albertson, and Barbara J. Meyer. "Him-10 Is Required for Kinetochore Structure and Function on Caenorhabditis elegans Holocentric Chromosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 153, no. 6 (2001): 1227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.153.6.1227.

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Macromolecular structures called kinetochores attach and move chromosomes within the spindle during chromosome segregation. Using electron microscopy, we identified a structure on the holocentric mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of Caenorhabditis elegans that resembles the mammalian kinetochore. This structure faces the poles on mitotic chromosomes but encircles meiotic chromosomes. Worm kinetochores require the evolutionarily conserved HIM-10 protein for their structure and function. HIM-10 localizes to the kinetochores and mediates attachment of chromosomes to the spindle. Depletion of HIM-10

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Heckmann, Stefan, Veit Schubert, and Andreas Houben. "Holocentric plant meiosis: first sisters, then homologues." Cell Cycle 13, no. 23 (2014): 3623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/15384101.2014.986628.

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Guerra, Marcelo, Tiago Ribeiro, and Leonardo P. Felix. "Monocentric chromosomes in Juncus (Juncaceae) and implications for the chromosome evolution of the family." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 191, no. 4 (2019): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz065.

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Abstract Holocentric chromosomes are rare among angiosperms, but have been suggested to be shared by all or most of the species of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. However, no clear demonstration of the centromere type in Juncus, the largest genus of Juncaceae, has so far been published. Thus, we conducted a detailed chromosomal investigation of four Juncus spp. aiming to identify their centromere type. Mitotic chromosomes were analysed using the fluorochromes CMA and DAPI, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probes and immunodetection of histones H3 phosphorylated at serine 10 (H3-S10

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Bowen, B. A., D. Lee, G. P. Creissen, G. E. Marks, and C. A. Cullis. "The ribosomal DNA of Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd, a plant with holocentric chromosomes." Genome 30, no. 6 (1988): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-147.

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The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd, a plant with holocentric chromosomes, has been cloned and characterized by restriction mapping. The major variant is present in about 730 tandemly arranged copies per haploid genome which occupy nearly an entire chromosome. We propose that much of the rDNA is flanked or interspersed by kinetochores, so that reciprocal interchromatid exchanges in this region would lead to chromosome breakage. Homogenization and amplification of rDNA spacer length variants may occur largely by intrachromatid exchanges and gene conversion. By trying to isolate

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Jonika, Michelle, Johnathan Lo, and Heath Blackmon. "Mode and Tempo of Microsatellite Evolution across 300 Million Years of Insect Evolution." Genes 11, no. 8 (2020): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080945.

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Microsatellites are short, repetitive DNA sequences that can rapidly expand and contract due to slippage during DNA replication. Despite their impacts on transcription, genome structure, and disease, relatively little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of these short sequences across long evolutionary periods. To address this gap in our knowledge, we performed comparative analyses of 304 available insect genomes. We investigated the impact of sequence assembly methods and assembly quality on the inference of microsatellite content, and we explored the influence of chromosome type and num

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Camacho, J. P. M., J. Belda, and J. Cabrero. "Meiotic behaviour of the holocentric chromosomes of Nezara viridula (Insecta, Heteroptera) analysed by C-banding and silver impregnation." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 5 (1985): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-073.

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While silver impregnation reveals the presence of kinetochores in monocentric chromosomes, it does not do so in the holocentric system of Nezara viridula. Here, C-banding and silver impregnation techniques reveal that C-heterochromatin is present in the greater part of the Y chromosome and at the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) of the largest autosome (A 1) and in the extra NOR located in the X chromosome of a single exceptional male. Furthermore, one telomere of each autosome appeared lightly C-banded. The largest, A1, bivalent shows chiasmata almost always located at the chromosome ends. Th

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Luceño, Modesto, André LL Vanzela, and Marcelo Guerra. "Cytotaxonomic studies in Brazilian Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae), a genus exhibiting holocentric chromosomes." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (1998): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-013.

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The genus Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) is a widely distributed Brazilian group, with approximately 150 species. We have studied mitosis and (or) meiosis of 16 species of four sections (Dichromena, Longirostres, Polycephalae, and Pluriflorae). The results showed high frequencies of chromosome number multiples of x = 5, which is the probable basic number. Polyploidy, in contrast to agmatoploidy and (or) symploidy, seems to be the predominant cytogenetic mechanism in the evolution of the karyotype. Primary constrictions were not visible in the chromosomes, suggesting a holocentric condition, as obse

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Kolodin, Pavel, Hana Cempírková, Petr Bureš, et al. "Holocentric chromosomes may be an apomorphy of Droseraceae." Plant Systematics and Evolution 304, no. 10 (2018): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1546-8.

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Manicardi, G. C., D. Bizzaro, P. Azzoni, and U. Bianchi. "Cytological and electrophoretic analysis of DNA methylation in the holocentric chromosomes of Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae)." Genome 37, no. 4 (1994): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-089.

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Chromosomal and purified DNA methylation patterns were determined in the holocentric chromosomes of Megoura viciae by treatment with MspI and HpaII. Both enzymes produced a clear C-like banding pattern but widely digested one telomere of the X chromosome, which appeared as heterochromatic after C-banding treatment and brightly fluorescent after chromomycin A3 staining. Quantitative microfluorometric evaluations of DNA extraction performed on cytological preparations showed that both isoschizomers resulted in the same DNA extraction (about 30%). Contrary to what was found by in situ endonucleas

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Manicardi, Gian Carlo, Mauro Mandrioli, Davide Bizzaro, and Umberto Bianchi. "Patterns of DNase I sensitivity in the holocentric chromosomes of the aphid Megoura viciae." Genome 41, no. 2 (1998): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-112.

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Using the in situ nick translation technique, we looked for the presence of DNase I sensitive sites in Megoura viciae chromosomes, to study the distribution of active or potentially active genes in aphids, a group of insects possessing holocentric chromosomes. Cytological preparations obtained by the spreading of embryo cells were treated in situ with increasing concentrations (ranging from 5 to 200 ng/mL) of DNase I. At DNase I concentrations below 50 ng/mL, only one hypersensitive site was observed, and this was located on a telomeric region of the X chromosome that contains transcriptionall

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Schubert, Veit, Pavel Neumann, André Marques, et al. "Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Diversity of Plant Centromere Architecture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (2020): 3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103488.

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Centromeres are essential for proper chromosome segregation to the daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes of most eukaryotes studied so far have regional centromeres that form primary constrictions on metaphase chromosomes. These monocentric chromosomes vary from point centromeres to so-called “meta-polycentromeres”, with multiple centromere domains in an extended primary constriction, as identified in Pisum and Lathyrus species. However, in various animal and plant lineages centromeres are distributed along almost the entire chromosome length. Therefore, they are called holoce

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Escudero, Marcial, J. Ignacio Márquez-Corro, and Andrew L. Hipp. "The Phylogenetic Origins and Evolutionary History of Holocentric Chromosomes." Systematic Botany 41, no. 3 (2016): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364416x692442.

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Subirana, Juan A., and Xavier Messeguer. "A Satellite Explosion in the Genome of Holocentric Nematodes." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (2013): e62221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062221.

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Tartarotti, Ester, and Maria Tercilia Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira. "Meiosis Patterns of Holocentric Chromosomes in Triatomines Genus Panstrongylus." CYTOLOGIA 64, no. 3 (1999): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.64.235.

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MANDRIOLI, MAURO, and GIAN CARLO MANICARDI. "Analysis of insect holocentric chromosomes by atomic force microscopy." Hereditas 138, no. 2 (2003): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01661.x.

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Melters, Daniël P., Leocadia V. Paliulis, Ian F. Korf, and Simon W. L. Chan. "Holocentric chromosomes: convergent evolution, meiotic adaptations, and genomic analysis." Chromosome Research 20, no. 5 (2012): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10577-012-9292-1.

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Moore, Landon L., Mike Morrison, and Mark B. Roth. "Hcp-1, a Protein Involved in Chromosome Segregation, Is Localized to the Centromere of Mitotic Chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Cell Biology 147, no. 3 (1999): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.3.471.

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To learn more about holocentric chromosome structure and function, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 6C4, that recognizes the poleward face of mitotic chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Early in mitosis, mAb 6C4 stains dots throughout the nucleoplasm. Later in prophase, mAb 6C4 stains structures on opposing faces of chromosomes which orient towards the centrosomes at metaphase. Colocalization with an antibody against a centromeric histone H3–like protein and the MPM-2 antibody, which identifies a kinetochore-associated phosphoepitope present in a variety of organisms, shows that th

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Li, Bingqian, Zhiqing Li, Chenchen Lu, et al. "Heat Shock Cognate 70 Functions as A Chaperone for the Stability of Kinetochore Protein CENP-N in Holocentric Insect Silkworms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (2019): 5823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235823.

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The centromere, in which kinetochore proteins are assembled, plays an important role in the accurate congression and segregation of chromosomes during cell mitosis. Although the function of the centromere and kinetochore is conserved from monocentric to holocentric, the DNA sequences of the centromere and components of the kinetochore are varied among different species. Given the lack of core centromere protein A (CENP-A) and CENP-C in the lepidopteran silkworm Bombyx mori, which possesses holocentric chromosomes, here we investigated the role of CENP-N, another important member of the centrom

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Padhy, K. B. "Chromosome aberrations in the holocentric chromosomes of Philosamia ricini (Saturniidae)." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 25, no. 1 (1986): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.266731.

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Mandrioli, Mauro, and Gian Carlo Manicardi. "Unlocking Holocentric Chromosomes: New Perspectives from Comparative and Functional Genomics?" Current Genomics 13, no. 5 (2012): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920212801619250.

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Zedek, František, and Petr Bureš. "Evidence for Centromere Drive in the Holocentric Chromosomes of Caenorhabditis." PLoS ONE 7, no. 1 (2012): e30496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030496.

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Luceño, Modesto, and Marcelo Guerra. "Numerical variations in species exhibiting holocentric chromosomes: a nomenclatural proposal." Caryologia 49, no. 3-4 (1996): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1996.10797374.

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Haizel, T., Y. K. Lim, A. R. Leitch, and G. Moore. "Molecular analysis of holocentric centromeres of Luzula species." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 109, no. 1-3 (2005): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000082392.

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Marques, André, and Ines A. Drinnenberg. "Same but different: Centromere regulations in holocentric insects and plants." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 93 (April 2025): 102484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2025.102484.

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Panzera, Fco, F. Alvarez, J. Sanchez-Rufas, et al. "C-heterochromatin polymorphism in holocentric chromosomes of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)." Genome 35, no. 6 (1992): 1068–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-164.

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This is the first report of intraspecific variation of C-bands in Heteroptera, described in natural populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the main vector of Chagas disease in Uruguay. Marked variation in number, position, and size of C-heterochromatic bands was found in the three large autosomal pairs. A geographical pattern of this chromosomal polymorphism was observed. Evolutionary importance and epidemiological relevance are discussed.Key words: Triatoma infestans, cytogenetics, C-band polymorphism, holocentric chromosomes, Chagas disease.

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42

Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Vlad Dincă, Magne Friberg, et al. "Versatility of multivalent orientation, inverted meiosis, and rescued fitness in holocentric chromosomal hybrids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 41 (2018): E9610—E9619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802610115.

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Chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., fusions/fissions) have the potential to drive speciation. However, their accumulation in a population is generally viewed as unlikely, because chromosomal heterozygosity should lead to meiotic problems and aneuploid gametes. Canonical meiosis involves segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and sister chromatid segregation during meiosis II. In organisms with holocentric chromosomes, which are characterized by kinetic activity distributed along almost the entire chromosome length, this order may be inverted depending on their metaphase I orientation

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43

Márquez-Corro, José Ignacio, Marcial Escudero, and Modesto Luceño. "Do holocentric chromosomes represent an evolutionary advantage? A study of paired analyses of diversification rates of lineages with holocentric chromosomes and their monocentric closest relatives." Chromosome Research 26, no. 3 (2017): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10577-017-9566-8.

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Marques, A., V. Schubert, A. Houben, and A. Pedrosa-Harand. "Restructuring of Holocentric Centromeres During Meiosis in the Plant Rhynchospora pubera." Genetics 204, no. 2 (2016): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.191213.

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45

Zedek, František, and Petr Bureš. "Holocentric chromosomes: from tolerance to fragmentation to colonization of the land." Annals of Botany 121, no. 1 (2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx118.

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46

Ruckman, Sarah N., Michelle M. Jonika, Claudio Casola, and Heath Blackmon. "Chromosome number evolves at equal rates in holocentric and monocentric clades." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 10 (2020): e1009076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009076.

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47

Dey, S. K., and T. Wangdi. "Banding patterns of the holocentric chromosomes in some species of Heteroptera." CYTOLOGIA 55, no. 2 (1990): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.55.181.

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48

Albertson, Donna G., and J. Nichol Thomson. "Segregation of holocentric chromosomes at meiosis in the nematode,Caenorhabditis elegans." Chromosome Research 1, no. 1 (1993): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00710603.

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49

Manicardi, G. C., and D. C. Gautam. "Cytogenetic investigations on the holocentric chromosomes ofTetraneurella akinire(Sasaki) (Homoptera, Pemphigidae)." Caryologia 47, no. 2 (1994): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1994.10797293.

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50

Zedek, František, and Petr Bureš. "Correction: Evidence for Centromere Drive in the Holocentric Chromosomes of Caenorhabditis." PLOS ONE 11, no. 1 (2016): e0147889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147889.

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