Zeitschriftenartikel: „Holophase“

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Scarpa, Ester Mirian. „O lugar da holófrase nos estudos de aquisição da linguagem“. Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 51, Nr. 2 (14.07.2011): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v51i2.8637211.

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This article revisits the concept of holophrase (the use of a single word to express a complex idea) in early child language and argues that the founding questions posited by the study of oneor single-word utterances are still challenging in the field of Language Acquisition. Holophrases generally imply previous syntactic, semantic or pragmatic knowledge projected onto single-word utterances. Some core issues stemmed from approaches of holophrase and single-word utterance at the onset of child speech still exhibit some loose ends and are still open questions. Some such issues are: pre-verbal knowledge of language as opposed to language development after the production of early words; the relationship between preverbal perception and linguistic production; what is innate and what is acquired in acquisition, single-words and bootstrapping. An alternative view to previous syntactic and semantic knowledge is presented by de Lemos and a prosodic view of the early fragmented utterance on the speech of the child is discussed here.

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Liesack, W., F. Bak, Jan-Ulrich Kreft und E. Stackebrandt. „Holophaga foetida“. Archives of Microbiology 162, Nr. 1 (1994): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050106.

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3

Martin-Mattera, Patrick, und Ly Thanh-Huê. „Pensée opératoire localisée et/ou holophrase ?“ Psychothérapies Vol. 41, Nr. 2 (25.05.2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/psys.212.0105.

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4

Bonneau, Barbara. „L�holophrase, rep�re de diagnostic“. Champ lacanien N�1, Nr. 1 (2004): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/chla.001.0045.

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Seagal, Kirill Ya. „A.M. Shakhnarovich and Theory of Children’s Holophras“. Journal of Psycholinguistic, Nr. 4 (06.12.2019): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2019-42-4-14-25.

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CANTERO, JUAN JOSE, GLORIA E. BARBOZA und GILBERTO OCAMPO. „Rediscovery of a halophytic endemic and rare species of Portulaca (Portulacaceae) from central Argentina: morphology and its phylogenetic position“. Phytotaxa 332, Nr. 1 (15.12.2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.1.4.

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Portulaca ragonesei (Portulacaceae), an extreme holophyte species from Salina de Ambargasta, central Argentina, is here illustrated and re-described based on morphological evidence. In addition, molecular data shows that this endemic species is one of the earliest-divergent lineages of the Oleracea clade. This is a critically endangered species that can be morphologically distinguished by its sprouting geophytes habit, the linear leaves, and the presence of constriction at the apex of the pixidium where only one seed is found.

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Kovyneva, Irina. „THE IDEA OF ONE WAY WORD FORMATION DICTIONARY“. CBU International Conference Proceedings 1 (30.06.2013): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v1.30.

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In the modern word formative theory of neologisms there is practically no description of concrete unusual occasional way of word formation, such as holophrasis, gendiadis, decomposition and others. There is also no dictionary, describing one of these types of word composition. There are two specific questions, which occur with the process of сreation of one way word formation (holophrase) dictionary: 1) how to introduce the holophrastic construction (HC) into the dictionary; 2) the context of usage of HC. Though HC is polycomponental, the introduction should be only one – by the first word in the construction. The context of usage of HC is usually limited by the sentence, in which HC is used. The HC dictionary emphasizes the new opening in the philosophic understanding of the sense of meaning and its connection with the lexicographic semantisation.

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Anderson, Iain, Brittany Held, Alla Lapidus, Matt Nolan, Susan Lucas, Hope Tice, Tijana Glavina Del Rio et al. „Genome sequence of the homoacetogenic bacterium Holophaga foetida type strain (TMBS4T)“. Standards in Genomic Sciences 6, Nr. 2 (04.05.2012): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2746047.

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9

Hackl, Evelyn, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Levente Bodrossy und Angela Sessitsch. „Comparison of Diversities and Compositions of Bacterial Populations Inhabiting Natural Forest Soils“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, Nr. 9 (September 2004): 5057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5057-5065.2004.

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ABSTRACT The diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities were compared among six Austrian natural forests, including oak-hornbeam, spruce-fir-beech, and Austrian pine forests, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP, or TRF) analysis and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes. The forests studied differ greatly in soil chemical characteristics, microbial biomass, and nutrient turnover rates. The aim of this study was to relate these differences to the composition of the bacterial communities inhabiting the individual forest soils. Both TRF profiling and clone sequence analysis revealed that the bacterial communities in soils under Austrian pine forests, representing azonal forest types, were distinct from those in soils under zonal oak-hornbeam and spruce-fir-beech forests, which were more similar in community composition. Clones derived from an Austrian pine forest soil were mostly affiliated with high-G+C gram-positive bacteria (49%), followed by members of the α-Proteobacteria (20%) and the Holophaga/Acidobacterium group (12%). Clones in libraries from oak-hornbeam and spruce-fir-beech forest soils were mainly related to the Holophaga/Acidobacterium group (28 and 35%), followed by members of the Verrucomicrobia (24%) and the α-Proteobacteria (27%), respectively. The soil bacterial communities in forests with distinct vegetational and soil chemical properties appeared to be well differentiated based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. In particular, the outstanding position of the Austrian pine forests, which are determined by specific soil conditions, was reflected in the bacterial community composition.

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Idris, Rughia, Radoslava Trifonova, Markus Puschenreiter, Walter W. Wenzel und Angela Sessitsch. „Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, Nr. 5 (Mai 2004): 2667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.2667-2677.2004.

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ABSTRACT Thlaspi goesingense is able to hyperaccumulate extremely high concentrations of Ni when grown in ultramafic soils. Recently it has been shown that rhizosphere bacteria may increase the heavy metal concentrations in hyperaccumulator plants significantly, whereas the role of endophytes has not been investigated yet. In this study the rhizosphere and shoot-associated (endophytic) bacteria colonizing T. goesingense were characterized in detail by using both cultivation and cultivation-independent techniques. Bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and isolates were further characterized regarding characteristics that may be relevant for a beneficial plant-microbe interaction—Ni tolerance, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase and siderophore production. In the rhizosphere a high percentage of bacteria belonging to the Holophaga/Acidobacterium division and α-Proteobacteria were found. In addition, high-G+C gram-positive bacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and microbes of the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides division colonized the rhizosphere. The community structure of shoot-associated bacteria was highly different. The majority of clones affiliated with the Proteobacteria, but also bacteria belonging to the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides division, the Holophaga/Acidobacterium division, and the low-G+C gram-positive bacteria, were frequently found. A high number of highly related Sphingomonas 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected, which were also obtained by the cultivation of endophytes. Rhizosphere isolates belonged mainly to the genera Methylobacterium, Rhodococcus, and Okibacterium, whereas the majority of endophytes showed high levels of similarity to Methylobacterium mesophilicum. Additionally, Sphingomonas spp. were abundant. Isolates were resistant to Ni concentrations between 5 and 12 mM; however, endophytes generally tolerated higher Ni levels than rhizosphere bacteria. Almost all bacteria were able to produce siderophores. Various strains, particularly endophytes, were able to grow on ACC as the sole nitrogen source.

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Liesack, Werner, Friedhelm Bak, Jan-Ulrich Kreft und E. Stackebrandt. „Holophaga foetida gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, homoacetogenic bacterium degrading methoxylated aromatic compounds“. Archives of Microbiology 162, Nr. 1-2 (Juli 1994): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00264378.

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Qiu, Yi, Yude Li, Yonggen Xu, Fuxing Fu und Wei Guo. „The influence of misaligned holophote of the axisymmetric-fold-combination CO2 laser on phase locking“. Optics & Laser Technology 41, Nr. 1 (Februar 2009): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2008.04.001.

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Kappler, O., P. H. Janssen, J. U. Kreft und B. Schink. „Effects of alternative methyl group acceptors on the growth energetics of the O-demethylating anaerobe Holophaga foetida“. Microbiology 143, Nr. 4 (01.04.1997): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-143-4-1105.

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Xu, Yonggen, Yude Li, Bin Zhang, Ting Feng und Yi Qiu. „Theoretical study of misalignment analysis of the holophote and self-phase locking of axisymmetrical-structural CO2 laser“. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 47, Nr. 7-8 (Juli 2009): 782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.02.007.

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15

Лаврентьев, В. А. „Review of K. Ya. Sigal’s Syntax and speech studies (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kantzler Publ., 2023, 194 p.)“. Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, Nr. 2(79) (07.08.2023): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2023.79.2.020.

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Рецензируется монография главного научного сотрудника Института языкознания РАН Кирилла Яковлевича Сигала «Синтаксис и речеведение». В 12 главах книги на конкретном языковом материале анализируются разнообразные синтаксические структуры (атрибутивные словосочетания, ряды с намеренно созданным силлепсисом, конструкции с приложением, с обособленными членами, сложноподчиненные предложения с последовательным подчинением придаточных частей и др.) с опорой на теорию установки Д. Н. Узнадзе; раскрывается творческий процесс синтаксического оформления мысли (и чувства), связанный с ведущим эстетическим целеполаганием, с жанром, с композиционной организацией, с общей стилевой манерой и с языковой личностью; рассматривается проблема голофразы как однословного предложения-высказывания в детской речи в связи с общей проблемой речеведения. The work under review is a monograph Syntax and Speech Studies, by Chief Researcher of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kirill Yakovlevich Sigal. The 12 chapters of the book analyze various syntactic structures on specific language material (attributive phrases, cases of intended syllepsis, appositive constructions, detached parts of a sentence, complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, etc.), based on D. N. Uznadze’s theory of set; the process of the syntactic formulation of thought (and feeling), associated with the priority aesthetic goal-setting, with genre specifics, with the compositional organization, with the general stylistic manner and with the linguistic personality; the problem of a holophrase as a one-word sentence-statement in children’s speech in connection with the general problem of speech studies.

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Tomasello, Michael. „Learning to use prepositions: a case study“. Journal of Child Language 14, Nr. 1 (Februar 1987): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012745.

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ABSTRACTThe current study documented one child's earliest use of prepositions during her second year of life. The spatial oppositions up-down, on-off, in—out and over—under were first to be learned. These words were all used initially in non-prepositional senses (mostly as holophrastic, verb-like requests for activities) prior to prepositional usage. They were seldom omitted or misused. The prepositions with, by, to, for, at and of were learned later. Four of these were used to express at least two distinct case relationships, and some case relationships (instrumental and dative) were indicated by more than one of these words. These later learned prepositions were not used by adults or learned by the child as holophrases, but rather they were acquired as distinct lexical items by means of analytic learning strategies that employed some form of ‘extraction’ from adult phrases. These words were omitted and misused much more often than the spatial oppositions. Differences in the acquisition pattern of these two groups of prepositions were attributed to linguistic rather than to cognitive factors.

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Lumentut, Yuliana, und Fergina Lengkoan. „THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHOLINGUISTICS IN ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE LEARNING“. Journal of English Culture, Language, Literature and Education 9, Nr. 1 (04.09.2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/eclue.v9i1.1894.

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Through psychology we can learn about how students ' attitudes and behaviors in acquiring and learning languages while through linguistics we can learn about language concepts and structures. At the stage of language acquisition, there are four phases of language acquisition in the child (1) the level of the (starting from age 0 sampai1 years), (2) period of holophrase (starting at the age of 1 to 2 years), (3) The two-word greeting period (starting at 2 to 2 years 6 months) (4) The starting period of grammar (starting at 2 years 6 months – up to 3 years and above). And the four advanced stages are; 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth up to age 2 – 3 years), (2) Pre-operational stage (3 to 6 or 7 years old) (3) concrete operational stage (aged 6/7 years to 11 or 12 years), (4) Formal operational stage (12 years old to adulthood). While language learning is done formally in formal settings, For example language learning in the classroom. It is not important to learn anywhere while not in the classroom as long as the process of learning is directed at the mastery of the rules of the language consciously by educators as well as learners, the process is called learning. During the formal and informal learning process, the psycholinguistic process works to acquire language knowledge through a study. So this interdisciplinary can lead educators to understand the process that happens in every student who is faced with when they are trying to understand and identify the material understanding in language learning presented in the classroom.

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He, Yuanhao, Xiaojun Deng und Feng Che. „Genetic diversity and community structure of soil bacteria in Chinese fir plantations“. Soil and Water Research 14, No. 1 (23.01.2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2018-swr.

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To explore the diversity of soil bacteria and changes in the bacterial community structure of Chinese fir plantations of different generations and developmental stages, the genetic diversity of soil bacteria was studied using the 454 sequencing technology. The results showed that the bacterial genetic diversity and community structure of Chinese fir plantation plots under monoculture planting and rotation planting practices were as follows: the Shannon diversity indices of first-generation young plantation of Chinese fir plantations (FYC), second-generation young plantation (SYC), and third-generation young plantation (TYC) initially decreased and then increased to 8.45, 8.1, and 8.43, respectively. Due to different management and tending measures, the phyla showing considerable differences in relative abundance were Cyanobacteria, Nitrospirae, Fibrobacteres, Thermotogae, and Planctomycetes. The bacterial genetic diversity and community structure of Chinese fir plantations at different developmental stages were as follows: the bacterial diversity and the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) decreased with increasing forest age; with the increasing forest age of Chinese fir, the bacteria with considerable differences in the relative abundance were Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, Ktedonobacteria, Nitrosomonadales, Anaerolineae, and Holophagae. The predominant bacteria of the Chinese fir plantations were Acidothermus, Bradyrhizobium, Lactococcus, Planctomyces, Sorangium, and Bryobacter.

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da Rocha, Ulisses Nunes, Jan Dirk van Elsas und Leonard Simon van Overbeek. „Real-time PCR detection of Holophagae (Acidobacteria) and Verrucomicrobia subdivision 1 groups in bulk and leek (Allium porrum) rhizosphere soils“. Journal of Microbiological Methods 83, Nr. 2 (November 2010): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.08.003.

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Kreft, Jan-Ulrich, und B. Schink. „Specificity of O -demethylation in extracts of the homoacetogenic Holophaga foetida and demethylation kinetics measured by a coupled photometric assay“. Archives of Microbiology 167, Nr. 6 (20.05.1997): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050456.

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Rosenzweig, N., J. M. Bradeen, Z. J. Tu, S. J. McKay und L. L. Kinkel. „Rhizosphere bacterial communities associated with long-lived perennial prairie plants vary in diversity, composition, and structure“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, Nr. 7 (Juli 2013): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2012-0661.

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The goal of this research was to investigate the variation in rhizosphere microbial community composition, diversity, and structure among individual Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem) and Lespedeza capitata Michx. (bush clover). Bacterial communities from the rhizosphere of 10 plants of each species (n = 20 plants total) were explored using a culture-independent pipeline. Microbial communities associated with both host plants had high bacterial diversity within individual plant rhizosphere and taxa unique to individual rhizospheres. Bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of A. gerardii were consistently more diverse than those associated with L. capitata, and there were significant differences between plant species in rhizosphere bacterial community composition. Differences included microbial taxa with no known functional relationship with their preferred host species, including sulfide-methylating obligate anaerobes (Holophaga), complete denitrifiers (Rhodoplanes), sludge inhabitants (Ktedonobacter), and nitrate oxidizers (Nitrospira). These results suggest the potential for plant species to have significant impacts on a broad array of ecosystem functions (e.g., cycling of carbon, nitrogen sulfurs, metals, and trace elements) via their selective impacts on soil microbes. However, sequence-based community analysis and the corresponding lack of intact microbial cultures limits understanding of the potential influences of enriched microbial taxa on plant hosts and their roles in ecosystem functioning.

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Kreft, Jan-Ulrich, und Bernhard Schink. „O -Demethylation by the Homoacetogenic Anaerobe Holophaga Foetida Studied by a New Photometric Methylation Assay Using Electrochemically Produced Cob(I)Alamin“. European Journal of Biochemistry 226, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1994): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00945.x.

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Gilbride, Kimberley A., und Roberta R. Fulthorpe. „A survey of the composition and diversity of bacterial populations in bleached kraft pulp-mill wastewater secondary treatment systems“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, Nr. 8 (01.08.2004): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-031.

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Bacterial community compositions from 10 pulp- and paper-mill treatment systems were compared using both traditional and molecular techniques. 16S-RFLP (Random Fragment Length Polymorphisms) analysis was used to examine the genotypic profiles of the whole bacterial community of each treatment system. Although all the communities shared approximately 60% of their DNA band pattern, as determined by computer-assisted cluster analysis, each community displayed a unique profile that was stable over time under normal operating parameters. Reverse Sample Genome Probing (RSGP) and 16S-RFLP were used to compare the culturable bacterial communities of several geographically separated pulp-mill biotreatment system communities. There was little overlap in the composition of the culturable community between mills at the genus level. Furthermore, RSGP variation was almost as high within a mill as between mills. Partial sequences of the 16S rRNA genes from culturable isolates identified Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Xanthobacter as some of the dominant species. Finally, several 16S rRNA genes from two whole community 16S RNA gene libraries were partially sequenced and identified as similar to unknown α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, Ralstonia, Alcaligenes, Nitrospira, Firmicutes, and clones representing the new Holophaga/Acidobacterium phylum. These findings suggest that although these pulp- and paper-mill biotreatment communities perform similar functions, they are populated by unique mixtures of species.Key words: biodiversity, 16S-RFLP, secondary treatment, pulp mills.

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Sandler, Wendy. „Vive la différence: Sign language and spoken language in language evolution“. Language and Cognition 5, Nr. 2-3 (September 2013): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog-2013-0013.

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AbstractMichael Arbib's book proposes a scenario of language evolution that begins with pantomime, progresses to proto-sign, and then develops together with proto-speech in an “expanding spiral” to create a language-ready brain. The richness of detail in Arbib's hypothesis makes serious appraisal of each of its aspects possible. Here I describe findings about established and emerging sign languages that bear specifically upon the interaction between sign and speech proposed in the Mirror System Hypothesis. While supporting the central role that Arbib attributes to gestural/visual communication in understanding language and its evolution, I point out some kinks in the spiral that potentially disrupt its smooth expansion. One is the fact that each modality relies on an entirely different motor system. Another is the type of relation that holds between the articulators and grammatical structure, which is radically different in each system as well. A third kink disrupts the proposed continuity between holistic pantomime (gestural holophrases) and signs. Given such differences, instead of a scenario in which speech grew out of sign, it seems more likely that the two modalities complemented each other symbiotically throughout evolution as they do today. If so, then the modern ability to spontaneously create sign languages reveals the extraordinary richness and plasticity of human cognition, and not an evolutionary stepping stone to speech.

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Abed, Raeid M. M., Nimer M. D. Safi, Jürgen Köster, Dirk de Beer, Yasser El-Nahhal, Jürgen Rullkötter und Ferran Garcia-Pichel. „Microbial Diversity of a Heavily Polluted Microbial Mat and Its Community Changes following Degradation of Petroleum Compounds“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, Nr. 4 (April 2002): 1674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.4.1674-1683.2002.

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ABSTRACT We studied the microbial diversity of benthic cyanobacterial mats inhabiting a heavily polluted site in a coastal stream (Wadi Gaza) and monitored the microbial community response induced by exposure to and degradation of four model petroleum compounds in the laboratory. Phormidium- and Oscillatoria-like cyanobacterial morphotypes were dominant in the field. Bacteria belonging to different groups, mainly the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteriodes group, the γ and β subclasses of the class Proteobacteria, and the green nonsulfur bacteria, were also detected. In slurry experiments, these communities efficiently degraded phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene completely in 7 days both in the light and in the dark. n-Octadecane and pristane were degraded to 25 and 34% of their original levels, respectively, within 7 days, but there was no further degradation until 40 days. Both cyanobacterial and bacterial communities exhibited noticeable changes concomitant with degradation of the compounds. The populations enriched by exposure to petroleum compounds included a cyanobacterium affiliated phylogenetically with Halomicronema. Bacteria enriched both in the light and in the dark, but not bacteria enriched in any of the controls, belonged to the newly described Holophaga-Geothrix-Acidobacterium phylum. In addition, another bacterial population, found to be a member of green nonsulfur bacteria, was detected only in the bacteria treated in the light. All or some of the populations may play a significant role in metabolizing the petroleum compounds. We concluded that the microbial mats from Wadi Gaza are rich in microorganisms with high biodegradative potential.

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Shkreli, Zamira, und Karmen Lazri. „Discourse Act Contributing to the Linguistic Formulation from Word to Sentence: Albanian Children“. European Journal of Language and Literature 7, Nr. 2 (01.10.2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/382ywt95e.

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In this argument, based in concrete observation for toddlers 2-4 years old, will be treated the case of lexical input of this age, used in the act of speech from the communication through special words- accompanied with extra-linguistic means,- from holophrases, to generating simple sentences, as special constructs of syntax. Primal phases of owning the language have already slowly started in the first years of their lives. The child follows the unstoppable road to understanding and enriching knowledge. As helping to our material will be included, except for their group and family life, didactic materials as well, in which part of our study were “Open and Find out” books, which are made of secret windows and puzzle books, which contain plenty of material that serves to the children’s speech-gaining act. The theory treating of the problem above will be mostly supported by Albanian language data, or by Albanian children – as native speakers of that mother language. The principal phases of owning the language have slowly started during the first years of his life. Now the child follows the unstoppable way to gaining and enriching his knowledge. The methodology followed in this material includes preschool children. During this phase the child articulates more lexical words than grammatical words. We noticed the phenomena when observing 14 children, who were selected from two age groups. The conversations of the different aged and gendered subjects were analyzed, as well as the vocabularies they owned. During this treatment will be shown linguistic features that children are prone to change from one phase of life to another. It’s also interesting to emphasize how even in the word and sentence producing phase, children are developed and skilled by using didactic books on them.

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LaPara, Timothy M., Cindy H. Nakatsu, Lisa Pantea und James E. Alleman. „Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Mesophilic and Thermophilic Bioreactors Treating Pharmaceutical Wastewater“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, Nr. 9 (01.09.2000): 3951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3951-3959.2000.

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ABSTRACT The phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial communities supported by a seven-stage, full-scale biological wastewater treatment plant was studied. These reactors were operated at both mesophilic (28 to 32Ã¯Â¿Â½C) and thermophilic (50 to 58Ã¯Â¿Â½C) temperatures. Community fingerprint analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the PCR-amplified V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene from the domainBacteria revealed that these seven reactors supported three distinct microbial communities. A band-counting analysis of the PCR-DGGE results suggested that elevated reactor temperatures corresponded with reduced species richness. Cloning of nearly complete 16S rRNA genes also suggested a reduced species richness in the thermophilic reactors by comparing the number of clones with different nucleotide inserts versus the total number of clones screened. While these results imply that elevated temperature can reduce species richness, other factors also could have impacted the number of populations that were detected. Nearly complete 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the thermophilic reactors were dominated by members from the β subdivision of the divisionProteobacteria (β-proteobacteria) in addition to anaerobic phylotypes from the low-G+C gram-positive andSynergistes divisions. The mesophilic reactors, however, included at least six bacterial divisions, includingCytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides,Synergistes, Planctomycetes, low-G+C gram-positives, Holophaga-Acidobacterium, andProteobacteria (α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria and δ-proteobacteria subdivisions). The two PCR-based techniques detected the presence of similar bacterial populations but failed to coincide on the relative distribution of these phylotypes. This suggested that at least one of these methods is insufficiently quantitative to determine total community biodiversity—a function of both the total number of species present (richness) and their relative distribution (evenness).

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Sessitsch, Angela, Alexandra Weilharter, Martin H. Gerzabek, Holger Kirchmann und Ellen Kandeler. „Microbial Population Structures in Soil Particle Size Fractions of a Long-Term Fertilizer Field Experiment“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, Nr. 9 (01.09.2001): 4215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.4215-4224.2001.

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ABSTRACT Soil structure depends on the association between mineral soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) and organic matter, in which aggregates of different size and stability are formed. Although the chemistry of organic materials, total microbial biomass, and different enzyme activities in different soil particle size fractions have been well studied, little information is available on the structure of microbial populations in microhabitats. In this study, topsoil samples of different fertilizer treatments of a long-term field experiment were analyzed. Size fractions of 200 to 63 μm (fine sand fraction), 63 to 2 μm (silt fraction), and 2 to 0.1 μm (clay fraction) were obtained by a combination of low-energy sonication, wet sieving, and repeated centrifugation. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes were used to compare bacterial community structures in different particle size fractions. The microbial community structure was significantly affected by particle size, yielding higher diversity of microbes in small size fractions than in coarse size fractions. The higher biomass previously found in silt and clay fractions could be attributed to higher diversity rather than to better colonization of particular species. Low nutrient availability, protozoan grazing, and competition with fungal organisms may have been responsible for reduced diversities in larger size fractions. Furthermore, larger particle sizes were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, whereas high abundance and diversity of bacteria belonging to the Holophaga/Acidobacteriumdivision were found in smaller size fractions. Although very contrasting organic amendments (green manure, animal manure, sewage sludge, and peat) were examined, our results demonstrated that the bacterial community structure was affected to a greater extent by the particle size fraction than by the kind of fertilizer applied. Therefore, our results demonstrate specific microbe-particle associations that are affected to only a small extent by external factors.

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Nocker, Andreas, Joe E. Lepo und Richard A. Snyder. „Influence of an Oyster Reef on Development of the Microbial Heterotrophic Community of an Estuarine Biofilm“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, Nr. 11 (November 2004): 6834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6834-6845.2004.

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ABSTRACT We characterized microbial biofilm communities developed over two very closely located but distinct benthic habitats in the Pensacola Bay estuary using two complementary cultivation-independent molecular techniques. Biofilms were grown for 7 days on glass slides held in racks 10 to 15 cm over an oyster reef and an adjacent muddy sand bottom. Total biomass and optical densities of dried biofilms showed dramatic differences for oyster reef versus non-oyster reef biofilms. This study assessed whether the observed spatial variation was reflected in the heterotrophic prokaryotic species composition. Genomic biofilm DNA from both locations was isolated and served as a template to amplify 16S rRNA genes with universal eubacterial primers. Fluorescently labeled PCR products were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, creating a genetic fingerprint of the composition of the microbial communities. Unlabeled PCR products were cloned in order to construct a clone library of 16S rRNA genes. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis was used to screen and define ribotypes. Partial sequences from unique ribotypes were compared with existing database entries to identify species and to construct phylogenetic trees representative of community structures. A pronounced difference in species richness and evenness was observed at the two sites. The biofilm community structure from the oyster reef setting had greater evenness and species richness than the one from the muddy sand bottom. The vast majority of the bacteria in the oyster reef biofilm were related to members of the γ- and δ-subdivisions of Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium -Bacteroides cluster, and the phyla Planctomyces and Holophaga-Acidobacterium. The same groups were also present in the biofilm harvested at the muddy sand bottom, with the difference that nearly half of the community consisted of representatives of the Planctomyces phylum. Total species richness was estimated to be 417 for the oyster reef and 60 for the muddy sand bottom, with 10.5% of the total unique species identified being shared between habitats. The results suggest dramatic differences in habitat-specific microbial diversity that have implications for overall microbial diversity within estuaries.

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Fukunaga, Y., M. Kurahashi, K. Yanagi, A. Yokota und S. Harayama. „Acanthopleuribacter pedis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a chiton, and description of Acanthopleuribacteraceae fam. nov., Acanthopleuribacterales ord. nov., Holophagaceae fam. nov., Holophagales ord. nov. and Holophagae classis nov. in the phylum 'Acidobacteria'“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 58, Nr. 11 (01.11.2008): 2597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65589-0.

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Brink, Nina. „A usage-based investigation of Afrikaans-speaking children’s holophrases and communicative intentions“. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus 59 (April 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5842/59-0-860.

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Itoh, Hideomi, Yumi Sugisawa, Kazumori Mise, Zhenxing Xu, Miyu Kuniyasu, Natsumi Ushijima, Keisuke Kawano et al. „Mesoterricola silvestris gen. nov., sp. nov., Mesoterricola sediminis sp. nov., Geothrix oryzae sp. nov., Geothrix edaphica sp. nov., Geothrix rubra sp. nov., and Geothrix limicola sp. nov., six novel members of Acidobacteriota isolated from soils“. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 73, Nr. 9 (06.09.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.006073.

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Forty-eight Acidobacteriota strains were isolated from soils and sediments in Japan. Among them, six representative strains, designated W79T, W786T, Red222T, Red802T, Red803T, and Red804T, were subjected to the taxonomic classification. These six strains are Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and facultative anaerobic bacterium that can reduce ferric iron. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic trees based on 16S rRNA genes and multiple single-copy gene sequences showed that strains Red222T, Red802T, Red803T, and Red804T formed a cluster with the type strains of Geothrix species, but strains W79T and W786T created an independent cluster from any other type strains. The former four strains shared 97.95–99.08% similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequence with the type strains of the genus Geothrix , whereas the latter two strains 94.86–95.49% similarities. The average amino acid identity of strains W79T and W786T were <63 % to any other type strains, which were below the genus delineation thresholds. Moreover, colonies of these two strains were white, while those of the other four isolated strains were reddish-yellow as well as the type strain Geothrix fermentans H-5T. Although the known type strains of Geothrix species have been reported to be non-motile, five strains (W79T, W786T, Red222T, Red803T, and Red804T) except for strain Red802T displayed motility. Furthermore, multiple genomic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic features supported the discrimination between these isolated strains. Based on the study evidence, we propose these six isolates as novel members within the Acidobacteriota / Holophagae / Holophagales / Holophagaceae , comprising two novel species of a novel genus, Mesoterricola silvestris gen. nov., sp. nov., and Mesoterricola sediminis sp. nov., and four novel species of the genus Geothrix: Geothrix oryzae sp. nov., Geothrix edaphica sp. nov., Geothrix rubra sp. nov., and Geothrix limicola sp. nov.

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