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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Hot carrier solar cell“

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Veröffentlicht am 11. Januar 2025

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1

Ikeri, H. I., A. I. Onyia, and F. N. Kalu. "Hot carrier exploitation strategies and model for efficient solar cell applications." Chalcogenide Letters 18, no. 11 (2021): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2021.1811.745.

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Hot carriers are electrons or holes that are created in semiconductors upon the absorption of photons with energies greater than the fundamental bandgap. The excess energy of the hot carrier cools to the lattice temperature via carrier–phonon scattering and wasted as heat in [the] picoseconds timescale. The hot-carrier cooling represents a severe loss in the solar cells that have significantly limits their power conversion efficiencies. Hot carrier solar cells aim to mitigate this optical limitation by effective utilization of carriers at elevated energies. However, exploitation of hot carrier energy is extremely challenging as hot carriers rapidly lose their excess energy in phonon emission and therefore requires a substantial delay of carrier cooling in absorber material. In this paper a simple model was formulated to study the kinetic energies and hence the energy levels of the photo excited carriers in the quantum dots (QDs) whereas Schaller model was used to investigate the threshold energies of considered QDs. Results strongly indicate low threshold photon energies within the energy conservation limit for PbSe, PbTe, PbS, InAs, and InAs QDs. These materials seem to be good candidates for efficient carrier multiplication. It is found also that PbSe, PbTe, PbS, InAs, ZnS and InAs QDs exhibit promising potential for possible hot carrier absorber due to their widely spaced energy levels predicted to offer a large phononic gap between the optical and acoustic branches in the phonon dispersion. This in principle enhances phonon bottleneck effect that dramatically slows down hot carrier cooling leading to retention of hot carriers long enough to enable their exploitation. Two novel strategies were employed for the conversion of hot carriers into usable energies. The first approach involves the extraction of the energetic hot carriers while they are ‘hot’ to create higher photo voltage while the second approach uses the hot carrier to produce more carriers through impact ionization to create higher photo current. These mechanisms theoretically give rise to high overall conversion efficiencies of hot carrier energy well above Shockley and Queisser limit of conventional solar cells.

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2

Conibeer, Gavin, Robert Patterson, Lunmei Huang, et al. "Modelling of hot carrier solar cell absorbers." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94, no. 9 (2010): 1516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.01.018.

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3

Konovalov, Igor, and Vitali Emelianov. "Hot carrier solar cell as thermoelectric device." Energy Science & Engineering 5, no. 3 (2017): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.159.

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4

Sogabe, Tomah, Kodai Shiba, and Katsuyoshi Sakamoto. "Hydrodynamic and Energy Transport Model-Based Hot-Carrier Effect in GaAs pin Solar Cell." Electronic Materials 3, no. 2 (2022): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat3020016.

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The hot-carrier effect and hot-carrier dynamics in GaAs solar cell device performance were investigated. Hot-carrier solar cells based on the conventional operation principle were simulated based on the detailed balance thermodynamic model and the hydrodynamic energy transportation model. A quasi-equivalence between these two models was demonstrated for the first time. In the simulation, a specially designed GaAs solar cell was used, and an increase in the open-circuit voltage was observed by increasing the hot-carrier energy relaxation time. A detailed analysis was presented regarding the spatial distribution of hot-carrier temperature and its interplay with the electric field and three hot-carrier recombination processes: Auger, Shockley–Read–Hall, and radiative recombinations.

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5

König, D., Y. Takeda, and B. Puthen-Veettil. "Technology-compatible hot carrier solar cell with energy selective hot carrier absorber and carrier-selective contacts." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 15 (2012): 153901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757979.

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6

Würfel, P., A. S. Brown, T. E. Humphrey, and M. A. Green. "Particle conservation in the hot-carrier solar cell." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 13, no. 4 (2005): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.584.

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7

König, Dirk, Yasuhiko Takeda, Binesh Puthen-Veettil, and Gavin Conibeer. "Lattice-Matched Hot Carrier Solar Cell with Energy Selectivity Integrated into Hot Carrier Absorber." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51 (October 22, 2012): 10ND02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.51.10nd02.

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8

König, Dirk, Yasuhiko Takeda, Binesh Puthen-Veettil, and Gavin Conibeer. "Lattice-Matched Hot Carrier Solar Cell with Energy Selectivity Integrated into Hot Carrier Absorber." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51, no. 10S (2012): 10ND02. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.51.10nd02.

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9

Boyer-Richard, Soline, Fei Fan, Nicolas Chevalier, et al. "Preliminary study of selective contacts for hot carrier solar cells." EPJ Photovoltaics 15 (2024): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2024031.

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Hot carrier solar cells are a concept of photovoltaic devices, which offers the opportunity to harvest solar energy beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit. Unlike conventional photovoltaic devices, hot carrier solar cells convert excess kinetic energy into useful electrical power rather than losing it through thermalisation mechanisms. To extract the carriers while they are still “hot”, efficient energy-selective contacts must be developed. In previous studies, the presence of the hot carrier population in a p-i-n solar cell based on a single InGaAsP quantum well on InP substrate at room temperature has been demonstrated by means of complementary optical and electrical measurements, leading to an operating condition for this device beyond the limit for classical device operation. This result allows to design a new generation of devices to increase the hot carrier conversion contribution. In this work, we study InGaAs/AlInAs type II heterojunction as a selective contact for a future hot carrier solar cell device epitaxially grown on (001) oriented InP substrate. Two p-i-n solar cells have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP. The absorber is a 50 nm-thick InGaAs layer surrounded by AlInAs barriers, all lattice-matched to InP. Two architectures are compared, the first with two symmetrical AlInAs barriers and the second with a single InGaAs quantum well in the center of the n-side barrier to allow electron tunneling across the barrier. Electrical characteristics under laser illumination with two different wavelengths have been measured to investigate the effect of the selective contact compared to the barrier. This preliminary study of InGaAs/AlInAs-based selective contacts show that such III–V combination is adapted for a future hot carrier solar cell in the InP technology.

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10

Ferry, D. K. "In search of a true hot carrier solar cell." Semiconductor Science and Technology 34, no. 4 (2019): 044001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ab0bc3.

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11

Konovalov, I., V. Emelianov, and R. Linke. "Hot carrier solar cell with semi infinite energy filtering." Solar Energy 111 (January 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.10.028.

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12

Conibeer, G. J., D. König, M. A. Green, and J. F. Guillemoles. "Slowing of carrier cooling in hot carrier solar cells." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 20 (2008): 6948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.12.102.

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13

Li, Mingjie, Jianhui Fu, Qiang Xu, and Tze Chien Sum. "Slow Hot‐Carrier Cooling in Halide Perovskites: Prospects for Hot‐Carrier Solar Cells." Advanced Materials 31, no. 47 (2019): 1802486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802486.

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14

Piccone, Ashley. "Combining hot-carrier and multijunction solar cells increases efficiency, lowers cost." Scilight 2022, no. 21 (2022): 211106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0009522.

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15

Chung, Simon, Santosh Shrestha, Xiaoming Wen, et al. "Hafnium nitride for hot carrier solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 144 (January 2016): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.10.011.

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16

Hirst, L. C., M. P. Lumb, R. Hoheisel, et al. "Spectral sensitivity of hot carrier solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 120 (January 2014): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.10.003.

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17

König, Dirk, and Yao Yao. "Practical concept of an all-optical hot carrier solar cell." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 54, no. 8S1 (2015): 08KA03. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.54.08ka03.

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18

Farrell, D. J., Y. Takeda, K. Nishikawa, T. Nagashima, T. Motohiro, and N. J. Ekins-Daukes. "A hot-carrier solar cell with optical energy selective contacts." Applied Physics Letters 99, no. 11 (2011): 111102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3636401.

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19

Limpert, S., S. Bremner, and H. Linke. "Reversible electron–hole separation in a hot carrier solar cell." New Journal of Physics 17, no. 9 (2015): 095004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/9/095004.

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20

Conibeer, Gavin, Santosh Shrestha, Shujuan Huang, et al. "Hot carrier solar cell absorber prerequisites and candidate material systems." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 135 (April 2015): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.11.015.

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21

Sambur, Justin. "(Invited) Energy Level Alignment and Hot Carrier Extraction in Monolayer Semiconductor Photoelectrochemical Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 13 (2023): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01131300mtgabs.

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The fundamental problem that limits the solar energy conversion efficiency of conventional semiconductors such as Si is that all absorbed photon energy above the band gap is lost as heat. The critical question that our research addresses is: Can we avoid energy losses in semiconductors? Hot-carrier systems that avoid such losses have tremendous potential in photovoltaics and solar fuels production, with theoretical efficiencies of 66% (well above the detailed-balance limit of 33%). Ultrathin 2D semiconductors such as monolayer (ML) MoS2 and WSe2 have unique physical and photophysical properties that could make hot-carrier energy conversion possible. The specific knowledge gap in the field is how the energy levels of 2D semiconductors move with applied potential and/or illumination, making the driving force for charge transfer (DG 0´) unclear. Since DG 0´ governs the hot-carrier extraction rate (k ET), understanding how and why DG 0´ changes under solar fuel generation conditions is critical to controlling k ET relative to the cooling rate. Absence of this critical information is limiting our ability to perform hot-carrier photochemistry. Our research team has employed photocurrent spectroscopy, steady-state absorption spectroscopy, and in situ femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy as a function of applied potential to characterize underlying steps in a ML MoS2 photoelectrochemical cell. The rich data set informs us on the timescales for hot-carrier generation/cooling and exciton formation/recombination, as well as the magnitudes of changes in exciton energy levels, exciton binding energies, and the electronic band gap. These findings open the possibility of tuning the hot-carrier extraction rate relative to the cooling rate to ultimately utilize hot-carriers for solar energy conversion applications.

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22

Cao, Wenkai, Zewen Zhang, Rob Patterson, et al. "Quantification of hot carrier thermalization in PbS colloidal quantum dots by power and temperature dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy." RSC Advances 6, no. 93 (2016): 90846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20165b.

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23

Sambur, Justin, Rachelle Austin, Yusef Farah, and Amber Krummel. "(Invited) Energy Level Alignment at Monolayer MoS₂/Electrolyte Interfaces." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 12 (2022): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0112864mtgabs.

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The fundamental problem that limits the solar energy conversion efficiency of semiconductors such as CdTe and Si is that all excess solar photon energy above the band gap is lost as heat. Avoiding thermalization energy losses is of paramount significance for solar energy conversion because hot-carrier-based systems theoretically achieve 66% efficiency, which breaks the detailed balance limit of 33%.Of all the candidate materials, 2D semiconductors such as monolayer (ML) MoS2 have unique physical and photophysical properties that could make hot-carrier energy conversion possible. The knowledge gap in the field is that the electronic states of 2D materials move with carrier density, due to either light absorption or an applied electrochemical potential. The energy level movements are significant because the real fundamental driving force for charge transfer (ΔG 0´) is unclear for a given reaction and applied potential. In principle, quantifying ΔG 0´ under working conditions opens up the possibility to tune the hot carrier extraction rate relative to the cooling rate. Our research team has employed photocurrent spectroscopy, steady-state absorption spectroscopy, and in situ femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy as a function of applied potential to characterize underlying steps in a ML MoS2 photoelectrochemical cell. The rich data set informs us on the timescales for hot-carrier generation/cooling and exciton formation/recombination, as well as the magnitudes of changes in exciton energy levels, exciton binding energies, and the electronic band gap. These findings open the possibility of tuning the hot-carrier extraction rate relative to the cooling rate to ultimately utilize hot-carriers for solar energy conversion applications.

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24

Konovalov, Igor, and Bernd Ploss. "Modeling of hot carrier solar cell with semi-infinite energy filtering." Solar Energy 185 (June 2019): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.04.050.

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25

Kamide, K. "Current–voltage curves and operational stability in hot-carrier solar cell." Journal of Applied Physics 127, no. 18 (2020): 183102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0002934.

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26

Sambur, Justin, Rachelle Austin, Rafael Almaraz, et al. "(Invited) Photoelectrochemistry of Monolayer 2D Semiconductors: Quantifying Band Gap Renormalization Effects and Hot Carrier Extraction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 12 (2024): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01121015mtgabs.

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The fundamental problem that limits the solar energy conversion efficiency of conventional semiconductors such as Si is that all absorbed photon energy above the band gap is lost as heat. The critical question that our research addresses is: Can we avoid energy losses in semiconductors?Hot-carrier systems that avoid such losses have tremendous potential in photovoltaics and solar fuels production, with theoretical efficiencies of 66% (well above the detailed-balance limit of 33%). Ultrathin 2D semiconductors such as monolayer (ML) MoS2 and WSe2 have unique physical and photophysical properties that could make hot-carrier energy conversion possible. The specific knowledge gap in the field is how the energy levels of 2D semiconductors move with applied potential and/or illumination, making the driving force for charge transfer (ΔG 0´) unclear. Since ΔG 0´ governs the hot-carrier extraction rate (k ET), understanding how and why ΔG 0´ changes under solar fuel generation conditions is critical to controlling k ET relative to the cooling rate. Absence of this critical information is limiting our ability to perform hot-carrier photochemistry. Our research team has employed photocurrent spectroscopy, steady-state absorption spectroscopy, and in situ femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy as a function of applied potential to characterize underlying steps in a ML MoS2 photoelectrochemical cell. The rich data set informs us on the timescales for hot-carrier generation/cooling and exciton formation/recombination, as well as the magnitudes of changes in exciton energy levels, exciton binding energies, and the electronic band gap. These findings open the possibility of tuning the hot-carrier extraction rate relative to the cooling rate to ultimately utilize hot-carriers for solar energy conversion applications.

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27

Zhang, Yu, ChiYung Yam, and George C. Schatz. "Fundamental Limitations to Plasmonic Hot-Carrier Solar Cells." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 7, no. 10 (2016): 1852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00879.

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28

Conibeer, G. J., C. W. Jiang, D. König, S. Shrestha, T. Walsh, and M. A. Green. "Selective energy contacts for hot carrier solar cells." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 20 (2008): 6968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.12.031.

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29

König, D., K. Casalenuovo, Y. Takeda, et al. "Hot carrier solar cells: Principles, materials and design." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 42, no. 10 (2010): 2862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2009.12.032.

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30

Shrestha, Santosh K., Pasquale Aliberti, and Gavin J. Conibeer. "Energy selective contacts for hot carrier solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94, no. 9 (2010): 1546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.11.029.

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31

Takeda, Yasuhiko, Tadashi Ito, Tomoyoshi Motohiro, Dirk König, Santosh Shrestha, and Gavin Conibeer. "Hot carrier solar cells operating under practical conditions." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 7 (2009): 074905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3086447.

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32

Takeda, Yasuhiko. "Intermediate‐band effect in hot‐carrier solar cells." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 27, no. 6 (2019): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.3129.

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33

Ašmontas, Steponas, Oleksandr Masalskyi, Ihor Zharchenko, Algirdas Sužiedėlis, and Jonas Gradauskas. "Some Aspects of Hot Carrier Photocurrent across GaAs p-n Junction." Inorganics 12, no. 6 (2024): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060174.

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The photocurrent across crystalline GaAs p-n junction induced by Nd:YAG laser radiation was investigated experimentally. It is established that the displacement current is dominant at reverse and low forward bias voltages in the case of pulsed excitation. This indicates that hot carriers do not have enough energy to overcome the p-n junction until the forward bias significantly reduces the potential barrier. At a sufficiently high forward bias, the photocurrent is determined by the diffusion of hot carriers across the p-n junction. The current–voltage (I-V) characteristics measured at different crystal lattice temperatures show that the heating of carriers by laser radiation increases with a drop in crystal lattice temperature. This study proposes a novel model for evaluating carrier temperature based on the temperature coefficient of the I-V characteristic. It is demonstrated that the heating of carriers by light diminishes the conversion efficiency of a solar cell, not only through thermalisation but also because of the conflicting interactions between the hot carrier and conventional photocurrents, which exhibit opposite polarities. These findings contribute to an understanding of hot carrier phenomena in photovoltaic devices and may prompt a revision of the intrinsic losses in solar cells.

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34

Limpert, Steven C., and Stephen P. Bremner. "Hot carrier extraction using energy selective contacts and its impact on the limiting efficiency of a hot carrier solar cell." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 7 (2015): 073902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4928750.

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35

Behaghel, B., R. Tamaki, H.-L. Chen, et al. "A hot-carrier assisted InAs/AlGaAs quantum-dot intermediate-band solar cell." Semiconductor Science and Technology 34, no. 8 (2019): 084001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ab23d0.

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36

Wang, Gang, Li Ping Liao, Ahmed Mourtada Elseman, et al. "An internally photoemitted hot carrier solar cell based on organic-inorganic perovskite." Nano Energy 68 (February 2020): 104383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104383.

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37

Farrell, Daniel J., Hassanet Sodabanlu, Yunpeng Wang, Masakazu Sugiyama, and Yoshitaka Okada. "Can a Hot-Carrier Solar Cell also be an Efficient Up-converter?" IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 5, no. 2 (2015): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2014.2373817.

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38

Calderón-Muñoz, Williams R., and Cristian Jara-Bravo. "Hydrodynamic modeling of hot-carrier effects in a PN junction solar cell." Acta Mechanica 227, no. 11 (2016): 3247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00707-015-1538-5.

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39

Gupta, Ritesh Kant, Rabindranath Garai, Mohammad Adil Afroz, and Parameswar Krishnan Iyer. "Regulating active layer thickness and morphology for high performance hot-casted polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 24 (2020): 8191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00822b.

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Fabrication of high performance polymer solar cells through the hot-casting technique, which modulates the thickness and roughness of the active layer and also the carrier mobility of the solar cell devices.

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40

Wang, Junyi, Youlin Wang, Xiaohang Chen, Jincan Chen, and Shanhe Su. "Hot carrier-based near-field thermophotovoltaics with energy selective contacts." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 12 (2023): 122203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0143300.

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A model of the thermophotovoltaic device combining a near-field thermal emitter and a hot-carrier solar cell is established. The fluctuating electromagnetic near-field theory for the radiative thermal transport and Landauer's formula for the carrier extraction are introduced. Expressions for the efficiency and the power output of the device are derived. How the voltage and the extraction energy of the energy selective contacts affect the performance of the device is revealed. The results show that the efficiency of the proposed device can be greatly enhanced by exploiting the radiation between the emitter and the cell and extracting carriers through electron tunneling effects.

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41

Ašmontas, S., J. Gradauskas, A. Sužiedėlis, et al. "Hot carrier impact on photovoltage formation in solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 113, no. 7 (2018): 071103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5043155.

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42

Ferry, D. K., S. M. Goodnick, V. R. Whiteside, and I. R. Sellers. "Challenges, myths, and opportunities in hot carrier solar cells." Journal of Applied Physics 128, no. 22 (2020): 220903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0028981.

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43

Watanabe, Daiki, Naofumi Kasamatsu, Yukihiro Harada, and Takashi Kita. "Hot-carrier solar cells using low-dimensional quantum structures." Applied Physics Letters 105, no. 17 (2014): 171904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4900947.

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44

Luque, Antonio, and Antonio Martí. "Electron–phonon energy transfer in hot-carrier solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94, no. 2 (2010): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.10.001.

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45

Le Bris, Arthur, Jean Rodiere, Clément Colin, et al. "Hot Carrier Solar Cells: Controlling Thermalization in Ultrathin Devices." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2, no. 4 (2012): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2207376.

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46

Giteau, Maxime, Daniel Suchet, Stéphane Collin, Jean-François Guillemoles, and Yoshitaka Okada. "Detailed balance calculations for hot-carrier solar cells: coupling high absorptivity with low thermalization through light trapping." EPJ Photovoltaics 10 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2019001.

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Hot-carrier solar cells could enable an efficiency gain compared to conventional cells, provided that a high current can be achieved, together with a hot-carrier population. Because the thermalization rate is proportional to the volume of the absorber, a fundamental requirement is to maximize the density of carriers generated per volume unit. In this work, we focus on the crucial role of light trapping to meet this objective. Using a detailed balance model taking into account losses through a thermalization factor, we obtained parameters of the hot-carrier population generated under continuous illumination. Different absorptions corresponding to different light path enhancements were compared. Results are presented for open-circuit voltage, at maximum power point and as a function of the applied voltage. The relation between the parameters of the cell (thermalization rate and absorptivity) and its characteristics (temperature, chemical potential, and efficiency) is explained. In particular, we clarify the link between absorbed light intensity and chemical potential. Overall, the results give quantitative values for the thermalization coefficient to be achieved and show that in the hot-carrier regime, absorptivity enhancement leads to an important increase in the carrier temperature and efficiency.

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47

Chen, Yuzhong, Yujie Li, Yida Zhao, Hongzhi Zhou, and Haiming Zhu. "Highly efficient hot electron harvesting from graphene before electron-hole thermalization." Science Advances 5, no. 11 (2019): eaax9958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9958.

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Although the unique hot carrier characteristics in graphene suggest a new paradigm for hot carrier–based energy harvesting, the reported efficiencies with conventional photothermoelectric and photothermionic emission pathways are quite low because of inevitable hot carrier thermalization and cooling loss. Here, we proposed and demonstrated the possibility of efficiently extracting hot electrons from graphene after carrier intraband scattering but before electron-hole interband thermalization, a new regime that has never been reached before. Using various layered semiconductors as model electron-accepting components, we generally observe ultrafast injection of energetic hot electrons from graphene over a very broad photon energy range (visible to mid-infrared). The injection quantum yield reaches as high as ~50%, depending on excitation energy but remarkably, not on fluence, in notable contrast with conventional pathways with nonlinear behavior. Hot electron harvesting in this regime prevails over energy and carrier loss and closely resembles the concept of hot carrier solar cell.

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Chen Shuhan, 陈舒涵, 刘晓春 Liu Xiaochun, 王丽娜 Wang Lina та 弓爵 Gong Jue. "钙钛矿材料在热载流子太阳能电池中的研究进展". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 60, № 13 (2023): 1316021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop230819.

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Kahmann, Simon, and Maria A. Loi. "Hot carrier solar cells and the potential of perovskites for breaking the Shockley–Queisser limit." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 9 (2019): 2471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04641g.

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Gradauskas, J., O. Masalskyi, S. Asmontas, A. Suziedelis, A. Rodin, and I. Zharchenko. "HOT CARRIER PHOTOCURRENT AS AN INTRINSIC LOSS IN A SINGLE JUNCTION SOLAR CELL." Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics 25, no. 1 (2024): 01106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/ukr.j.phys.opt.2024.01106.

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