Zeitschriftenartikel: „Hypodernic Injections“

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S, Geetha Pushpanjali, Leela Praveena V, and Swamy P V. "NEEDLE FREE INJECTION TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 11, no. 5 (2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1105170.

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Needleless injection systems are novel ways to introduce various medicines into patients without piercing a conventional needle. Needleless injection technology was developed to reduce the number of needle-stick accidents and associated problems; easy to use, disposable and their use is expected to increase considerably. Self-administration is feasible with these devices. This technology is used to deliver not only drugs but also proteins, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, small molecules and vaccines. This review describes pre-requisites, comparison between hypodermic and needle free injections, manufacturing process, components, types and marketed products.

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Gonçalves, Aparecido Carlos, Sidnei Cavassana, Fábio R. Chavarette, Roberto Outa, Samuel J. Casarin, and Adalberto Vieira Corazza. "Variation of the Penetration Effort in an Artificial Tissue by Hypodermic Needles." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8822686.

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Fear of injection-related pain is a drawback to injectable therapy. Hypodermic injections are a cause for great anxiety and reduced adherence to the subcutaneous application of insulin for glycemic control in diabetics or in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, increasing the risk of complications and mortality. Injured or sick people have to undergo several daily injections, forcing them to rotate the veins and regions used to recover from the trauma caused by the perforation of the skin, tissue, muscles, veins, and arteries. People who suffer from type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) need to have their glycemic control 3 to 5 times a day and to take insulin up to 3 times a day. In both cases, the patient needs to perforate the skin. To quantify the pain perceived by the patients depends on the evaluation of each patient and therefore is subjective. This study aims to understand the application and self-application of hypodermic injections and decrease pain during its application and the phobia of the patient, following the reasoning that the lower the effort to penetrate the needle, the less trauma in the tissue and therefore the pain provoked. For that, it was analyzed how some of the characteristics of the needle can influence the sensation of pain in the injection. The needle penetration effort was measured in an artificial tissue (substitute skin model) for different cannula diameters, roughness, depth of penetration, lubrication, and angles of the perforating tip bevel. This study aimed to find alternatives to facilitate the application and self-application of hypodermic injections, increase safety and comfort, and reduce the pain intensity perceived by the patient. To do this, the bevel of needles used repeatedly was analyzed in the profile projector and SEM to verify the loss of the profile or the formation of burrs that could hamper the penetration or traumatize the tissue during the reuse of needles. It has also been mechanically analyzed, which can be done to prevent that the needles used in the subcutaneous application do not inadvertently reach the muscle. The greater penetration effort observed in the needles with greater angle of the bevel is responsible for the patient’s perception of pain.

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Li, Wen, Yi Ming Zhang, and Jing Chen. "Design, Fabrication and Characterization of in-Plane Titanium Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.532.

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Transdermal drug delivery is an alternative way to transport drugs compared with oral route and hypodermic injection. The problem of oral route is the degradation of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract and their elimination through the liver. The hypodermic injection is problematic due to the pain and inconvenient for patients [1]. As a novel device of transdermal drug delivery, microneedles offer several advantages including the painless injection, the precise penetration depth under the skin and the long-term, continuous deliveries

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Ryan, R. P. "Hypodermic injections of brain extract in mental diseases." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 2 (1994): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000050984.

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Landau, Marina. "Using cannulas for dermal filler placement: why, when and how?" Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 8, no. 5 (2019): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/joan.2019.8.5.230.

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Traditionally, dermal fillers have been administered to the face using a hypodermic needle. However, injecting using cannulas has become increasingly popular over the past decade, due to the changing goals of treatment, aims to improve patient experience and attemting to prevent complications. Many dermal filler products are now sold packaged with both a needle and a cannula in order to give the practitioner the choice of injection tool. It is therefore essential that the aesthetic practitioner is well educated on the topic of how to select the best injection tool for a procedure. This article aims to asses why we have seen an increase in the use of cannulas in administering this procedure, with the hope of helping the aesthetic practitioner to make the best decision regarding injection tools.

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Singh, Jagdeep, Anoop Kalia, Ravinder Kumar Banga, and Anshul Dahuja. "Broken needle in gluteal region following an intramuscular injection: a case report." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (2019): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20192229.

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<p class="abstract">Incidence of broken hypodermic needle in patients has been decreased because of superior manufacturing techniques. Breaking of hypodermic needle after intramuscular injection has been rarely reported. We report a case of broken needle in the gluteal region in a 36 years old woman following an intramuscular injection. Patient arrived in the emergency after 2 days of the episode. Patient was taken for surgery for removal of the needle. Initially attempts for removal of needle were made without use of image intensifier under local anaesthesia, but it failed as it was very difficult to locate the needle. Patient was taken up for surgery under spinal anaesthesia with the use of image intensifier. Broken needle was located and removed. The following case describes the management of broken hypodermic needle and suggests valuable guidelines for minimising the chances of undue complications arising due to needle migration.</p>

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Karimi, Kian, Chester F. Griffiths, Alex Reivitis, Austin Davis-Hunter, Elizabeth Zhang, and Dorna Pourang. "Microcannula Utilization for Injectable Facial Fillers: Standard of Care?" American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 35, no. 4 (2018): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748806818781633.

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The microcannula technique has become an increasingly popular method for injecting cosmetic fillers. Previous studies have illustrated that the microcannula technique allows filler to be injected with less pain, swelling, and essentially no bruising. This study is a retrospective clinical series examining 247 patients who have undergone dermal filler injections using the microcannula technique from 2011 to 2016 with a single injector, Kian Karimi. The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of adverse events associated with injections such as bruising and swelling. All 666 recorded patient visits from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed using electronic medical records based on the criteria that the patients had cosmetic filler using the microcannula technique by the surgeon investigator. Of the 666 filler treatments using the microcannula technique, 3 treatments (0.5%) produced adverse events on the day of service, and 32 treatments (4.8%) produced adverse events at 2-week follow-up. In total, 5.4% of treatments produced adverse events. At the 2-week follow-up, 5.7% of treatments using the 25-gauge microcannula produced adverse events ( P = .830); 3.9% of treatments using the 27-gauge microcannula produced adverse events ( P = .612]). Only 3 patients were treated with the 30-gauge microcannula, and 1 patient reported adverse events on the day of service. None of the treatments using the 30-gauge microcannula produced adverse events at the 2-week follow-up ( P = .160). The data support that the microcannula technique is a safe and effective alternative to hypodermic needles for the injection of dermal filler to minimize common adverse events.

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Mohammed Bashir, Rabiu, Afeez Abdulrahman, and Zakari Suleiman. "Effectiveness of Bupivacaine Trigger Points Injections in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 1, no. 1 (2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47838/acem.26011977.11162020.asmeda.4.0.

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Background: Myofascial pain syndrome is a regional or widespread muscular pain associated with tenderness localized to linear or nodular hardening, trigger points in one or group of muscles. It is a major cause of time loss from work and low quality of life. Injections of myofascial trigger points either with local anaesthetics, steroid, normal saline or without any agent have been proven to provide pain relief. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of trigger point injection with bupivacaine in treatment of myofascial pain syndrome and improvement in quality of life. Methods: After Institutional Ethical Committee approval, forty one patients aged 16 years and above with myofacial pain syndrome had 0.5mls of 0.25% plain bupivacaine trigger points injections with size 26G 11 /2 inch hypodermic needle. Pain was assessed using Numerical Rating Scale and Pain disability questionnaire was administered to all the patients before the procedures and 1 month post-intervention (follow-up visits) to assessed functional and psychological component of pain disability scale and their response to treatment. Results:

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CHOU, S. M., L. Y. ZHAI, and E. S. H. YEOH. "THE EFFECT OF HYPODERMIC NEEDLE PERFORATIONS ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CHICKEN TENDONS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 06, no. 04 (2006): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519406002011.

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Corticosteroid injection using hypodermic needles is one of the commonly accepted treatments for patients with hand conditions. However, in some cases the needle perforations may cause tendon ruptures. This paper aims to investigate the relationships between a tendon's ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the number of hypodermic needle perforations as well as needle sizes. The UTS was determined for all specimens at the loading rate of 0.4 mm/s. Tendon specimens with perforations punctured by large-sized (19 G) hypodermic needles were found to have significantly lower UTS than those with perforations punctured by medium-sized (23 G) and small-sized (27 G) needles. For specimens punctured by medium- and small-sized needles, no significant difference in UTS was observed between tendons with three perforations and those with one perforation.

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Botwin, Kenneth P. "Electromyographically Guided Trigger Point Injections in the Cervicothoracic Musculature of Obese Patients: A New and Unreported Technique." November 2007 6;10, no. 6;11 (2007): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/753.

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Background: Myofascial pain is defined as pain that originates from myofascial trigger points in skeletal muscle. It is prevalent in regional musculoskeletal pain syndromes, either alone or in combination with other pain generators. The myofascial pain syndrome is one of the largest groups of under-diagnosed and under-treated medical problems encountered in clinical practice. Trigger points are commonly seen in patients with myofascial pain that can be responsible for localized pain in the affected muscles as well as referred pain patterns. Correct needle placement in a myofascial trigger point is vital to prevent complications and improve efficacy of the trigger point injection to help reduce or relieve myofascial pain. In the obese patients, these injections may not reach the target tissue. In the cervicothoracic spine, a misguided or misplaced injection can result in a pneumothorax. Here, we review an electromyographically guided trigger point injection technique to avoid this potential pitfall. Methods: Using a disposable Teflon coated hypodermic injection needle attached to an electromyography (EMG) machine, a trigger point injection can be performed utilizing electromyographic guidance. This guidance by observing motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) on the EMG screen helps confirm the needle placement to be within the muscle tissue and not in an adipose tissue or any other non-musculature structure. Results: The technique is simple when performed by a pain management specialist who has electromyographic training. Conclusion: This technique helps confirm proper needle placement within the cervicothoracic musculature in an obese patient in whom the musculature is not readily palpated. This, thus, reduces the potential for a pneumothorax by an improperly placed injection. Key words: Trigger point injection, myofascial pain, electromyography

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Uppal, Nakul. "Dental root fragment extraction using a hypodermic needle." Tropical Doctor 38, no. 1 (2008): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2007.060172.

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Fracture of dental roots during extraction leads some dentists to refer patients to oral surgeons for surgery, when removal of the root fragment is indicated. Lack of financial resources and unavailability of specialists in some regions of the world forces dentists to attempt the same themselves, occasionally without success. This article highlights how a general practitioner may safely use a simple dental injection needle to remove such fractured root-stumps prior to attempting surgery or referring a case. The benefits to the patient are economic and temporal.

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Anthes, Nils, and Nico K. Michiels. "Precopulatory stabbing, hypodermic injections and unilateral copulations in a hermaphroditic sea slug." Biology Letters 3, no. 2 (2007): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0596.

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Chubb, D., W. M. Rozen, and W. R. Pan. "A Novel Tool for Intralymphatic Injection: The Modified Glass Hypodermic Needle." Lymphatic Research and Biology 7, no. 3 (2009): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2008.1017.

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Sepah, Yasir, Lubna Samad, Arshad Altaf, Nithya Rajagopalan, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?" F1000Research 3 (July 10, 2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.1.

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Aspiration during any kind of injection is meant to ensure that the needle tip is at the desired location during this blind procedure. While aspiration appears to be a simple procedure, it has generated a lot of controversy concerning the perceived benefits and indications. Advocates and opponents of aspiration both make logically sound claims. However, due to scarcity of available data, there is no evidence that this procedure is truly beneficial or unwarranted. Keeping in view the huge number of injections given worldwide, it is important that we draw attention to key questions regarding aspiration that, up till now, remain unanswered. In this review, we have attempted to gather and present literature on aspiration both from published and non-published sources in order to provide not only an exhaustive review of the subject, but also a starting point for further studies on more specific areas requiring clarification. A literature review was conducted using the US National Institute of Health’s PubMed service (including Medline), Google Scholar and Scopus. Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, Safe Injection Global Network, International Council of Nursing, Center for Disease Control, US Federal Drug Agency, UK National Health Services, British Medical Association, Europe Nursing and Midwifery Council, Public Health Agency Canada, Pakistan Medical Association and International Organization of Standardization recommendations 7886 parts 1-4 for sterile hypodermics were reviewed for relevant information. In addition, curricula of several medical/-nursing schools from India, Nigeria and Pakistan, the US pharmacopeia Data from the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring network in regard to adverse events as a result of not aspirating prior to injection delivery were reviewed. Curricula of selected major medical/nursing schools in India, Nigeria and Pakistan, national therapeutic formularies, product inserts of most commonly used drugs and other possible sources of information regarding aspiration and injections were consulted as well.

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Sepah, Yasir, Lubna Samad, Arshad Altaf, Muhammad Sohail Halim, Nithya Rajagopalan, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?" F1000Research 3 (February 1, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.2.

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Aspiration during any kind of injection is meant to ensure that the needle tip is at the desired location during this blind procedure. While aspiration appears to be a simple procedure, it has generated a lot of controversy concerning the perceived benefits and indications. Advocates and opponents of aspiration both make logically sound claims. However, due to scarcity of available data, there is no evidence that this procedure is truly beneficial or unwarranted. Keeping in view the huge number of injections given worldwide, it is important that we draw attention to key questions regarding aspiration that, up till now, remain unanswered. In this review, we have attempted to gather and present literature on aspiration both from published and non-published sources in order to provide not only an exhaustive review of the subject, but also a starting point for further studies on more specific areas requiring clarification. A literature review was conducted using the US National Institute of Health’s PubMed service (including Medline), Google Scholar and Scopus. Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, Safe Injection Global Network, International Council of Nursing, Center for Disease Control, US Federal Drug Agency, UK National Health Services, British Medical Association, Europe Nursing and Midwifery Council, Public Health Agency Canada, Pakistan Medical Association and International Organization of Standardization recommendations 7886 parts 1-4 for sterile hypodermics were reviewed for relevant information. In addition, curricula of several medical/-nursing schools from India, Nigeria and Pakistan, the US pharmacopeia Data from the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring network in regard to adverse events as a result of not aspirating prior to injection delivery were reviewed. Curricula of selected major medical/nursing schools in India, Nigeria and Pakistan, national therapeutic formularies, product inserts of most commonly used drugs and other possible sources of information regarding aspiration and injections were consulted as well.

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Sepah, Yasir, Lubna Samad, Arshad Altaf, Muhammad Sohail Halim, Nithya Rajagopalan, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?" F1000Research 3 (March 1, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.3.

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Aspiration during any kind of injection is meant to ensure that the needle tip is at the desired location during this blind procedure. While aspiration appears to be a simple procedure, it has generated a lot of controversy concerning the perceived benefits and indications. Advocates and opponents of aspiration both make logically sound claims. However, due to scarcity of available data, there is no evidence that this procedure is truly beneficial or unwarranted. Keeping in view the huge number of injections given worldwide, it is important that we draw attention to key questions regarding aspiration that, up till now, remain unanswered. In this review, we have attempted to gather and present literature on aspiration both from published and non-published sources in order to provide not only an exhaustive review of the subject, but also a starting point for further studies on more specific areas requiring clarification. A literature review was conducted using the US National Institute of Health’s PubMed service (including Medline), Google Scholar and Scopus. Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, Safe Injection Global Network, International Council of Nursing, Center for Disease Control, US Federal Drug Agency, UK National Health Services, British Medical Association, Europe Nursing and Midwifery Council, Public Health Agency Canada, Pakistan Medical Association and International Organization of Standardization recommendations 7886 parts 1-4 for sterile hypodermics were reviewed for relevant information. In addition, curricula of several medical/nursing schools from India, Nigeria and Pakistan, the US pharmacopeia Data from the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring network in regard to adverse events as a result of not aspirating prior to injection delivery were reviewed. Curricula of selected major medical/nursing schools in India, Nigeria and Pakistan, national therapeutic formularies, product inserts of most commonly used drugs and other possible sources of information regarding aspiration and injections were consulted as well.

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Li, J., L. Yu, R. Xia, F. Gao, W. Luo, and Y. Jing. "Postauricular hypodermic injection to treat inner ear disorders: experimental feasibility study using magnetic resonance imaging and pharmacokinetic comparison." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 3 (2013): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113000017.

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AbstractBackground:To investigate the feasibility of postauricular hypodermic injection for treating inner ear disorders, we compared perilymph pharmacokinetics for postauricular versus intravenous injection, using magnetic resonance imaging, in an animal model.Methods:Twelve albino guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups and administered gadopentetate dimeglumine via either a postauricular or an intravenous bolus injection. A 7.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system was used to assess the signal intensities of gadolinium-enhanced images of the cochlea, as a biomarker for changes in gadopentetate dimeglumine concentration in the perilymph. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on these signal intensity values.Results:Guinea pigs receiving postauricular injection showed longer times to peak signal intensity, longer elimination half-life, longer mean residence time and a greater area under the signal–time curve (from pre-injection to the last time point) (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Postauricular injection shows potential as an efficient drug delivery route for the treatment of inner ear disorders.

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Prashant, SDhanke, PUgane Subodh, RDhumal Prakash, and TQazi Hamza. "Emergency intraoperative construction of a suture needle from a hypodermic/injection needle." Nigerian Journal of Surgical Sciences 28, no. 2 (2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njss.njss_27_14.

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Rył, Anna, and Piotr Owczarz. "Injectability of Thermosensitive, Low-Concentrated Chitosan Colloids as Flow Phenomenon through the Capillary under High Shear Rate Conditions." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102260.

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Low-concentrated colloidal chitosan systems undergoing a thermally induced sol–gel phase transition are willingly studied due to their potential use as minimally invasive injectable scaffolds. Nevertheless, instrumental injectability tests to determine their clinical utility are rarely performed. The aim of this work was to analyze the flow phenomenon of thermosensitive chitosan systems with the addition of disodium β-glycerophosphate through hypodermic needles. Injectability tests were performed using a texture analyzer and hypodermic needles in the sizes 14G–25G. The rheological properties were determined by the flow curve, three-interval thixotropy test (3ITT), and Cox–Merz rule. It was found that reducing the needle diameter and increasing its length and the crosshead speed increased the injection forces. It was claimed that under the considered flow conditions, there was no need to take into account the viscoelastic properties of the medium, and the model used to predict the injection force, based solely on the shear-thinning nature of the experimental material, showed very good agreement with the experimental data in the shear rate range of 200–55,000 s−1. It was observed that the increase in the shear rate value led to macroscopic structural changes of the chitosan sol caused by the disentangling and ordering of the polysaccharide chains along the shear field.

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Sandrakov, Gennadiy. "Approximations for the optimization problem for medical microneedle systems." Physico-mathematical modelling and informational technologies, no. 32 (July 1, 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fmmit2021.32.029.

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Microneedle systems are used for transdermal (hypodermic) medicine injections at the treatment of different diseases. The efficiency of using such systems depends significantly on the size and parameters of microneedles. The problem of determining such dependencies and optimal parameters is considered as the problem of optimizing the interaction of microneedle systems with an elastic surface. Minimization problems for integral functional, whose solutions are approximations for solutions to the interaction problem, are obtained by the homogenization theory methods. Such problems are formulated in the form of classical problems with obstacles .

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Schorn, Lara, Christoph Sproll, Rita Depprich, et al. "Navigated Recovery of Fractured Dental Injection Needles: Case Report and Suggestions for Management during Pandemic Crises." Case Reports in Dentistry 2021 (January 16, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8820381.

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Dislocation of a fractured hypodermic needle is a complication requiring immediate and adequate emergency treatment. In this case report, 3D navigation is evaluated for its use to recover a quickly moving fractured needle. The needle was recovered safely, but it could be demonstrated that navigational planning has to be conducted right before surgery and other navigational tools, such as ultrasound, should be considered as well. Furthermore, an approach is suggested for treatment during pandemic crises such as COVID-19.

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Sachuk, R. N. "ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ «МАЗІ ДЛЯ РАН» У КОМПЛЕКСНІЙ ТЕРАПІЇ ПРИ ЛІКУВАННІ РВАНИХ РАН ДІЙОК ВИМЕНІ КОРІВ". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, № 3(71) (2016): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7121.

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In the study of cows’ mammary glands pathologies it was determined that the udder wounds constitute 1.2% in the overall structure of diseases. The peak of traumatism on cows’ breast wounds falls on summer (pasture–range period) – 77.3%, resulting from offences of sanitary requirements for cattle pasture and grazing. While testing new treatment regimens it was set the high efficiency of «Ointments for wounds» based on essential oils of Siberian Cedar, Eucalyptus, Clove, Cedar, Tea Tree and chlorophyllipt oil solution for treatment of avulsive wounds of cows’ udder teats. It has been proven the reducing of time for treatment compared with traditional drugs «Oxytetracycline Ointment 5%» containing oxytetracycline – a semisynthetic antibiotic of a tetracycline series. Complex therapy, including application of preparation for external use «Ointment for wounds» and hypodermic injection of NSAID «Celecoxib», together with the wound defects closing by sutures with polyglycolide, promotes rapid correction of the clinical condition of cows. It was observed upregulating of hemoglobin by 6.1%, the number of erythrocytes – 11.4%, leukocytes – 9% in the blood, compared with the traditional method of treatment («Oxytetracycline Ointment 5%» and nonsteroidal drug «Kefen»). Local application of phytopreparation «Ointments for wounds» and hypodermic injection of NSAID «Celecoxib» promotes acceleration of inflammatory reactions cancellation in 1,3 times, reduce udder edema – 1.2 times and enhance regenerative processes, thereby reducing treatment time 5 – 6 days compared to control animals.

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Li, Yan, Feng Hao, Xiao Ou Li, et al. "Anti-Fibrotic Roles of Oviductus Ranae in Rats with Hepatic Fibrosis." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1794.

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In this paper, we focus on the role of Oviductus ranae in protecting the liver against fibrogenesis caused by chemical model in rats and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. Rat models of experimental hepatic fibrosis were established by injection with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Optical injection, the denaturation and necrosis level of hepatocytes and the distribution of collagen fibrosis increased obviously after hypodermic injection of CCl4 for 9 weeks. Electron microscope, the shape and structure of cell organells were destroyed obviously. Fat storing cells and kuppfer.s cells increased. Collagen fibrosis distributed extensively in the model groups. After 8 weeks treated with Oviductus ranae. The pathological changes and the collagen fibrosis related with hepatic fibrosis decreased significantly. Conclusions: Oviductus ranae can decrease the pathological changes of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4, and prevent the development of hepatic fibrosis.

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Lehmann, Ashton E., George A. Scangas, Aria Jafari, and Ralph Metson. "Endoscopic Transoral Image-Guided Retrieval of Infratemporal Fossa Foreign Bodies." OTO Open 4, no. 3 (2020): 2473974X2094702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x20947026.

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Removal of foreign bodies from the infratemporal fossa is surgically challenging and fraught with risks. This report describes our experience with a minimally invasive transoral technique, utilizing endoscopic and image guidance technology, for retrieval of infratemporal fossa foreign bodies in 6 patients. The technique was successfully applied in all cases with identification and retrieval of the foreign bodies, which included 4 hypodermic needles broken off during dental injections, a cottonoid surgical sponge lost during a facial fracture repair, and a maxillary molar displaced during attempted extraction. Complications were limited to transient postoperative lingual and inferior alveolar nerve sensory deficits in 1 patient.

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Sarmadi, Morteza, Adam M. Behrens, Kevin J. McHugh, et al. "Modeling, design, and machine learning-based framework for optimal injectability of microparticle-based drug formulations." Science Advances 6, no. 28 (2020): eabb6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6594.

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Inefficient injection of microparticles through conventional hypodermic needles can impose serious challenges on clinical translation of biopharmaceutical drugs and microparticle-based drug formulations. This study aims to determine the important factors affecting microparticle injectability and establish a predictive framework using computational fluid dynamics, design of experiments, and machine learning. A numerical multiphysics model was developed to examine microparticle flow and needle blockage in a syringe-needle system. Using experimental data, a simple empirical mathematical model was introduced. Results from injection experiments were subsequently incorporated into an artificial neural network to establish a predictive framework for injectability. Last, simulations and experimental results contributed to the design of a syringe that maximizes injectability in vitro and in vivo. The custom injection system enabled a sixfold increase in injectability of large microparticles compared to a commercial syringe. This study highlights the importance of the proposed framework for optimal injection of microparticle-based drugs by parenteral routes.

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Kim, Abbasi, Kim, Park, and Cho. "Lock-in Amplifier-Based Impedance Detection of Tissue Type Using a Monopolar Injection Needle." Sensors 19, no. 21 (2019): 4614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214614.

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For successful intra-articular injection therapy, it is essential to accurately position the tip of the injection needle into the target joint area while administering the drug into the affected tissue. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a monopolar injection needle and lock-in amplifier (LIA)-based impedance measurement system for detecting the tissue type where the needle tip is located. After positioning the monopolar injection needle tip into the dermis, hypodermis, or muscle layer of pork tissue, the electrical impedance was measured in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 10 kHz. We observed a difference in the results based on the tissue type where the needle was positioned (p-value < 0.01). Therefore, the monopolar injection needle with electrical impedance measurement can be used to improve intra-articular injection therapy through non-destructive and real-time monitoring of the needle position in the tissues.

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Aitzaz, Abbasi, Junsub Kim, Taehee Kim, Ki Park, and Sungbo Cho. "Electrical Characterization of Pork Tissue Measured by a Monopolar Injection Needle and Discrete Fourier Transform based Impedance Measurement." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (2019): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194049.

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Ultrasonography or fluoroscopy-guided needle injection has been used for intra-articular injection therapy against adhesive capsulitis and joint diseases. To improve the image-guided intra-articular injection therapy, electrical impedance measurement based positioning of the needle tip in the target tissue can be applied. The feasibility of the discrimination for the tissue layer at which the disposable monopolar injection needle tip position was investigated using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based impedance measurement system and the ultrasound imaging device. The electrical impedance spectra of the pork tissue measured in the frequency range of 200 Hz to 50 kHz were characterized by designed equivalent circuit modeling analysis. The normalized impedance data of the tissue layers (dermis, hypodermis, and muscle) were significantly different from each other (p-value < 0.001). The DFT-based impedance measurement system with a monopolar injection needle can be complementary to the image-guided intra-articular injection therapy.

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Duffy, L. "Incorporations hypodermiques et épistémologiques chez Zola." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 44, no. 2 (2009): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.44.2.05duf.

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This article, starting from an identification of key differences between realism and naturalism, develops an argument premised on the implicit metaphorical relationship between body and text expressed in Le Docteur Pascal, the last novel in Émile Zola’s Rougon-Macquart series. It examines aspects of the metaphorical problematics surrounding the incorporation of documentary material into nineteenth-century French fiction, arguing that the documentary novel’s representation of the human body, and of medical practices concerned with the body’s ingestion of substances — specifically, Le Docteur Pascal’s representation of hypodermic injections — functions self-referentially as a way of representing the naturalist text and its incorporation of documentary, extraliterary material.

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Vecchione, Raffaele, Sara Coppola, Eliana Esposito, et al. "Electro-Drawn Drug-Loaded Biodegradable Polymer Microneedles as a Viable Route to Hypodermic Injection." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 23 (2014): 3515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303679.

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Zheng, Fengrong, Xiuqin Sun, Xing'an Wu, et al. "Immune Efficacy of a Genetically Engineered Vaccine against Lymphocystis Disease Virus: Analysis of Different Immunization Strategies." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/729216.

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Here, we report the construction of a vaccine against lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) using nucleic acid vaccination technology. A fragment of the major capsid protein encoding gene from an LCDV isolated from China (LCDV-cn) was cloned into an eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N2, yielding a recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N2-LCDV-cn0.6 kb. This plasmid was immediately expressed after liposomal transfer into the Japanese flounder embryo cell line. The recombinant plasmid was inoculated into Japanese flounder via two routes (intramuscular injection and hypodermic injection) at three doses (0.1, 5, and 15 μg), and then T-lymphopoiesis in different tissues and antibodies raised against LCDV were evaluated. The results indicated that this recombinant plasmid induced unique humoral or cell-mediated immune responses depending on the inoculation route and conferred immune protection. Furthermore, the humoral immune responses and protective effects were significantly increased at higher vaccine doses via the two injection routes. Plasmid pEGFP-N2-LCDV0.6 kb is therefore a promising vaccine candidate against LCDV in Japanese flounder.

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Alexeeva, E. I., T. V. Sleptsova, S. I. Valieva, et al. "RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF HYPODERMIC METHOTREXATE INJECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS." Current pediatrics 12, no. 4 (2013): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v12i4.729.

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Nathan, John, Lynda Asadourian, and Mark A. Erlich. "A Brief History of Local Anesthesia." International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 1 (2016): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1261.

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ABSTRACT Mankind has, throughout its existence, been engaged in the quest to control the pain associated with disease and trauma. Evidence from over 4500 years ago demonstrates the Egyptians use of methods to compress peripheral nerves. Homer's Iliad relates the use of herbal remedies for pain control. Other early writings describe the use of electricity generated by the Torpedo ray for pain control as well as cold water and ice for pain reduction. These techniques, in their various incarnations, comprised the main armamentarium of local pain control until the early 1800's when the early framework for the hypodermic syringe emerged in America. Cocaine, noted for its stimulant effect as well as numbing properties, was first brought to Europe by Vespucci. The combination of a workable syringe and the purification of Cocaine by Niemann essentially gave birth to modern local anesthesia. Halsted would perform the first injections of cocaine via hypodermic syringe into a proximal nerve for distal pain control, introducing modern conduction local anesthesia. All that remained was the introduction of numerous blockers of nerve depolarization, combined with vasoconstrictors, to minimize systemic toxicity, and we arrive at the modern state of local anesthesia. How to cite this article Nathan J, Asadourian L, Erlich MA. A Brief History of Local Anesthesia. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016; 7(1):29-32.

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Glagoleva, E. N., D. R. Faizillina, G. A. Plisko, et al. "Evaluation of the effect of the combined effects of local anti-inflammatory therapy (Ivermectin) and a pulsed dye laser (595 nm) on LL-37 induced rosacea-like inflammation on mice." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 18, no. 3 (2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2019-18-3-68-77.

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Introduction. Rosacea is a chronic inﬂammatory dermatosis characterized by the presence of pathogenesis of inﬂammation and vascular changes caused by exposure to antimicrobial peptides (LL-37) and toll-like receptors (TLR2). It has been established that the pathogenetic link is a target for a new therapy of rosacea.Objective – to evaluate the potential combined effect of local Ivermectin 1 % cream and a pulsed dye laser (PDL) with a wavelength of 595 nm on a model of rosacea-like inﬂammation on mice after 4-fold introduction of recombinant antimicrobial peptide LL-37.Material and methods. Adult female BALB/c white mice weighing 23.5±0.66 g were used, divided into 4 groups: control; group 2 (biodistillate water was introduced in a volume of 40 μl, within 48 hours); group 3 (without treatment, intracutaneously injected paravertebrally into the lumbar region 40 μl of peptide LL-37 (320 μM), 4 times every 12 hours); group 4 (with treatment, 1 % Ivermectin cream was applied after each peptide injection, 60 hours after the ﬁrst injection, the PDL device with a wavelength of 595 nm was treated, the area irradiated with a surface of 50 mm2).Results. The result indicates that the local injection of LL-37 into the skin of mice caused a dramatic expansion and fullness of the vessels of both the arterial and venous link. The integrity of the walls of the blood vessels of the microcirculatory bed in the dermis and the hypodermis has broken, resulting in multiple small hemorrhages in the tissues. In the remaining vessels, the endothelium was swollen, the adventitia was inﬁltrated with leukocytes. The number of mast cells increased signiﬁcantly, but only some of them degranulated.Conlusions. As a result of the combined local anti-inﬂammatory and laser effects, leukocyte inﬁltration of the dermis and hypodermis decreased, in the dermis a part of the vessels was desolate, the endothelium in them was swollen. Enlarged full blood vessels remained in the hypodermis, the endothelium was absent in them, insigniﬁcant adventitia inﬁltration remained. The proposed combination of effects, taking into account the morphological picture, is promising and requires additional study in patients with rosacea without the use of invasive research methods.

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CAUCANAS, Marie, Francoise HEUREUX, Gebhard MÜLLER, and Olivier VANHOOTEGHEM. "Atypical hypodermic necrosis secondary to insulin injection: A case report and review of the literature." Journal of Diabetes 3, no. 1 (2011): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00103.x.

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Jayaram, Sharan Chakkyath, and Declan Costello. "Technical tip for difficult injection laryngoplasty: The use of a hypodermic needle as a retractor." Laryngoscope 125, no. 9 (2015): 2157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.25016.

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Seago, Jr., James L., Carol A. Peterson, Daryl E. Enstone, and Chris A. Scholey. "Development of the endodermis and hypodermis of Typha glauca Godr. and Typha angustifolia L. roots." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 1 (1999): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-173.

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The development of the endodermis and hypodermis in adventitious roots of Typha angustifolia L. and Typha glauca Godr. was followed from the apical meristem to full maturity. The endodermis was typical, developing a thin Casparian band near the root tip, followed by suberin lamellae and asymmetric, secondary, lignified walls (C-type at maturity). Passage cells were present at an intermediate stage but eventually disappeared when all cells developed lamellae and secondary walls. The hypodermis was multiple (four to six layers at maturity) and began differentiating near the root tip. Here, the radial and transverse walls of the outermost layer did not dissolve in strong acid and the former were wavy in the longitudinal direction, both features characteristic of a Casparian band, but these walls were permeable to berberine. No other indication of a wall modification was seen for 3 weeks, at which time the root had become determinate and aerenchyma was beginning to form in the midcortex. Casparian bands, which were impermeable to berberine, matured in the hypodermis; thus, it proved to be an exodermis. Different forms of Casparian band were detected: one was typical and occupied the radial and transverse walls of the outermost layer, but others were novel and included tangential walls, often forming an H-shaped structure (as seen in cross section of the root). We propose calling the latter type an H-type Casparian band. It functioned as an apoplastic barrier to berberine applied either externally or internally by injection into the cortical aerenchyma. Following maturation of the Casparian band, the outer two layers of the exodermis soon produced suberin lamellae. These continued to be deposited in a centripetal pattern until they were found in all layers of the multiple exodermis. Development of the suberin wall modifications correlates with the development of the aerenchyma and may play a role in preventing gas exchange between the root and the rhizosphere. Later, all exodermal cells produced lignified, secondary walls. These were asymmetric in the outermost and innermost layers of the hypodermis (like the C-type endodermis); eventually, all layers had Casparian wall materials. Thus, the mature hypodermis consisted of two to six layers of exodermis, except at the tips of determinate roots where the exodermis was uniseriate with typical Casparian bands.Key words: cattail, endodermis, exodermis, hypodermis, roots, Typha.

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Wataradee, S., T. Boonserm, C. Srangaprakon, K. Ajariyakhajorn, and C. Inchaisri. "Use of an automatic needle-free injection device for foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in dairy heifers." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 3 (2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2020-vetmed.

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The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination of Thai dairy cows is routinely conducted to control and prevent the disease. In Thailand, FMD control strategies include a subcutaneous route (s.c.) vaccination with 2 ml of inactivated FMD vaccine 2–3 times a year produced by the Department of Livestock Development (DLD). A new way of vaccination was introduced in the form of an automatic needle-free injection device. This technology has several important advantages, such as requiring less animal restraint, reduced time and labour with high precision, and a consistent delivery system. Here, the effectiveness of an automatic needle-free injection (ANFI) device was evaluated in 30 dairy heifers (randomly divided into three groups, 10 in each group) in the FMD vaccine delivery. The first group was subcutaneously (s.c.) vaccinated using a conventional hypodermic needle with 2 ml of the vaccine, the second group received the same, but using a CO<sub>2</sub>-powered ANFI device, and the third group received the vaccine using the same ANFI device, but administered intradermally (i.d.) with only 1 ml of the vaccine. The blood samples collected up to 120 days post-vaccination revealed that both injection methods resulted in a similar serological response. The results suggest that the i.d. and s.c. ANFI systems are effective and safe. Moreover, the i.d. use of the ANFI enabled the possibility to half the vaccination dose with the same efficacy. Therefore, the ANFI can be used as an alternative approach for FMD vaccination by s.c. or i.d. routes in dairy cows in Thailand. Ultimately, reducing the use of restraint devices and labour will improve the vaccination for the prevention and control of FMD and may improve the cows’ welfare.

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Lu, Cheng-wei, Ji-long Hao, Xiu-fen Liu, Ling-ling Liang, and Dan-dan Zhou. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis caused by accidental iatrogenic ocular injury with a hypodermic needle." Journal of International Medical Research 45, no. 2 (2017): 882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517694570.

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Iatrogenic traumatic endophthalmitis is a rare but serious ocular infection that can lead to severe vision loss. A 44-year-old man presented with pain and decreased vision in the right eye 4 hours after injury with a hypodermic needle during irrigation of his eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed a penetrating corneal puncture and iris hole in the right eye. Twenty hours later, his visual acuity had decreased to hand motion, and severe fibrinoid uveitis was noted. He immediately underwent irrigation of the anterior chamber and intravitreal antibiotic injection. The right eye became painful again, and emergent vitrectomy combined with lensectomy was performed along with intravitreal antibiotic administration. The patient remained stable during the 2-month follow-up. Standard practice should be adopted when irrigating the eye to prevent this type of injury, and emergent surgical intervention is very important to preserve visual function.

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O’Shea, Jesse, Mark R. Prausnitz, and Nadine Rouphael. "Dissolvable Microneedle Patches to Enable Increased Access to Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Future Pandemic Outbreaks." Vaccines 9, no. 4 (2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040320.

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Vaccines are an essential component of pandemic preparedness but can be limited due to challenges in production and logistical implementation. While vaccine candidates were rapidly developed against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), immunization campaigns remain an obstacle to achieving herd immunity. Dissolvable microneedle patches are advantageous for many possible reasons: improved immunogenicity; dose-sparing effects; expected low manufacturing cost; elimination of sharps; reduction of vaccine wastage; no need for reconstitution; simplified supply chain, with reduction of cold chain supply through increased thermostability; ease of use, reducing the need for healthcare providers; and greater acceptability compared to traditional hypodermic injections. When applied to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and future pandemic outbreaks, microneedle patches have great potential to improve vaccination globally and save many lives.

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Ann Praestmark Juul, Kezia, Henrik Bengtsson, Bente Eyving, et al. "Influence of hypodermic needle dimensions on subcutaneous injection delivery - a pig study of injection deposition evaluated by CT scanning, histology, and backflow." Skin Research and Technology 18, no. 4 (2012): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00592.x.

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Zhao, Yan-Jun, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Shouji Aou, and Yutaka Oomura. "Effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor fragments on nocturnal feeding in rats by intracerebroventricular and hypodermic injection." World Chinese Journal of Digestology 17, no. 3 (2009): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v17.i3.259.

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Schmitt, Valerie, Nils Anthes, and Nico K. Michiels. "Mating behaviour in the sea slug Elysia timida (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): hypodermic injection, sperm transfer and balanced reciprocity." Frontiers in Zoology 4, no. 1 (2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-4-17.

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Norman, James J., Jyoti Gupta, Samirkumar R. Patel, et al. "Reliability and accuracy of intradermal injection by Mantoux technique, hypodermic needle adapter, and hollow microneedle in pigs." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 4, no. 2 (2013): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-013-0184-5.

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Gbureck, Uwe, Jake E. Barralet, Kerstin Spatz, Liam M. Grover, and Roger Thull. "Ionic modification of calcium phosphate cement viscosity. Part I: hypodermic injection and strength improvement of apatite cement." Biomaterials 25, no. 11 (2004): 2187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.066.

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Barralet, J. E., L. M. Grover, and U. Gbureck. "Ionic modification of calcium phosphate cement viscosity. Part II: hypodermic injection and strength improvement of brushite cement." Biomaterials 25, no. 11 (2004): 2197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.085.

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He, Ling, Xiaoyan Miao, Guangyan Lv, Peiman Yang, Wenguo Wu, and Li Jia. "Nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in aplastic anaemia." British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 8 (2010): 1180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510004757.

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Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a disease characterised by bone marrow hypocellularity and peripheral blood pancytopenia. AA is also associated with mitochondrial aberrations. The present study was undertaken primarily to test the hypothesis that a nutrient mixture could affect the nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in AA mice. BALB/c AA mice were induced by a combination of hypodermic injections of acetylphenylhydrazine (100 mg/kg), X-rays (2·0 Gy) and intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg). We treated these mice with nutrient mixture-supplemented diets in a dose-dependent manner (1445·55, 963·7, 674·59 mg/kg per d), and the effects of the nutrient mixture for mitochondrial rehabilitation were analysed in AA mice. Transmission electron microscopy showed that mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities in bone marrow cells, splenocytes and hepatocytes of the nutrient mixture groups were restored markedly, compared with the AA group. Mitochondrial membrane potentials of the nutrient mixture groups were increased remarkably. Western blot analysis also revealed that the nutrient mixture significantly inhibited cytochromecrelease of mitochondria in the AA group. Furthermore, the mitochondrial DNA content of the nutrient mixture groups was also increased. Our data suggest that the nutrient mixture may promote the rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations, and consequently protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in AA mice.

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Symons, D. D. "Inertial liquid loading on the nozzle of a needle-free injection device." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 218, no. 2 (2004): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440604322886973.

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Needle-free injection devices allow delivery of liquid drugs without a hypodermic needle. Advantages include ease of use, patient preference, dose accuracy and elimination of the risk of ‘needle-stick’ injuries. All liquid needle-free devices use the same principle: the liquid drug is pressurized and delivered at high velocity through a small orifice in close proximity to the skin. The liquid jet penetrates the skin and the drug is delivered into the skin tissues. The high pressures within the drug capsule, together with pharmaceutical requirements that restrict material choice, provide a challenging design problem. This problem is further complicated by the possibility of bubbles within the drug liquid. Bubbles may significantly increase peak pressures and lead to capsule failure. In this paper a model is proposed for the inertial response of the liquid in an open conical nozzle. An equation of motion is derived for the liquid displacement, which is used to predict the pressure distribution. The equation for liquid flow in the nozzle is incorporated into a mathematical model of a needle-free injection device; this model is used in numerical simulations to predict the effect of a bubble at the orifice on the pressure in the nozzle.

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Liu, Haofan, Xiaosong Shan, Jiaojiao Yu, Xin Li, and Liandong Hu. "Recent Advances in Inhaled Formulations and Pulmonary Insulin Delivery Systems." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 3 (2020): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666191011152248.

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Insulin (INS) therapy played a great role in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to regulate blood glucose levels. Although hypodermic injection was commonly used for insulin delivery, it had some disadvantages such as pain, needle phobia and the risk of infection. Therefore, pulmonary insulin delivery had been developed as an alternative method to overcome the therapeutic challenges in recent years since pulmonary insulin administration showed great improvements in rapid action and circumvention of first-pass hepatic metabolism. This review described the most recent developments in pulmonary insulin administration. Firstly, the structure and physiology of the lung cavity were introduced. Next, the advantages and disadvantages of pulmonary administration were discussed. Then some new dosage forms for pulmonary insulin were investigated including carriers based on surfactants and carriers based on polymers. Finally, innovate insulin inhalers and formulations were also described.

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Mathews, Leya Meriam. "Management of pain using transdermal patches." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 6 (2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.13775.

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Transdermal delivery is a non-invasive route of drug administration through the skin surface that can deliver the drug at a predetermined rate across the dermis to achieve a local or systemic effect. It is potentially used as an alternative to oral route of drugs and hypodermic injections. Analgesics are mostly used for various diseases as most of them are associated with severe or mild pain .The use of analgesics as a pain relief patch is now being used commonly. A transdermal analgesic or pain relief patch is a medicated adhesive patch used to relieve minor to severe pain. Currently, the patches are available for many Opioids , Non opioids analgesics. Local anesthetics and antianginal drugs. The drugs include Fentanyl, Buprenorphine ketoprofen, diclofenacepolamine , piroxicam , Capsaicin ,Nitroglycerine and Lignocaine . They are available as both matrix and reservoir patches. This review explores the various drugs used to manage pain and their route of administration in terms of frequency, complications and effects

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Jiruedee, S., W. Luangweera, B. Sookyu, et al. "Investigation of Optimal Silk Film Thickness in Silk Microneedle Fabrication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.177.

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Injection is one of the most commonly used methods for delivering drugs or vaccines into human bodies. It is rapid, low-cost and compatible with almost any drugs. However, the major drawbacks of the injection by hypodermic needles are the pain associated with the injection and the disposal of used needles. Microneedles have then received wide attention since they can overcome such drawbacks, especially dissolving microneedles. Recently, silk fibroin has been used to fabricate dissolving silk microneedles for transdermal drug delivery at low temperature. In the fabrication process, the quality of the silk microneedles relies on the solidification of silk fibroin solution. This research aims to study the role of silk fibroin concentration (silk film thickness) in the formation of silk microneedles. In the experiment, silk microneedles were fabricated using various concentrations of silk fibroin solution from 3 to 7% while the volume of the silk fibroin solution was fixed. According to the experimental resuls, it was found that the concentrations of 4-5% were suitable for producing silk microneedles (silk film thickness of 470 μm) while the concentrations of 6-7% caused wrinkles on microneedle patch due to mismatch of upper and lower layers of microneedles. Furthermore, the concentration of 3% had a problem with the demolding step of microneedles since it caused mold damage due to strong adhesion force between microneedles and mold.

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