Zeitschriftenartikel: „Ilex aquifolium L“

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Majada, Juan Pedro, Ricardo Sánchez-Tamés, Maria Angeles Revilla und Abelardo Casares. „Micropropagation of Ilex aquifolium L.“ In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 36, Nr. 6 (November 2000): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-000-0093-4.

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Karlović, Ksenija, und Aleksandar Mešić. „Upotreba božikovine (Ilex aquifolium L.) u urbanom krajobrazu“. Glasnik zaštite bilja 43, Nr. 6 (14.12.2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.43.6.1.

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Porast gradskog stanovništva uz istovremeno smanjenje zelenih površina ima za posljedicu da se od urbanog zelenila traži da ispuni što veći broj funkcija. Osim ukrasne funkcije, od biljnih vrsta se traži da što više doprinose uslugama koje pruža urbani ekosustav, pokazuju otpornost na biotički i abiotički stres te imaju minimalni negativni utjecaj na čovjeka i okoliš. Zbog dugog životnog vijeka, podnošenja raznolikih okolišnih uvjeta, pridonošenja kvaliteti zraka i tla u gradu te visoke dekorativnosti, božikovina se može ubrojiti u multifunkcionalne biljne vrste pogodne za oblikovanje zelenih urbanih površina. Osim adaptiranosti na lokalne uvjete, kao hrvatska autohtona vrsta s dugom tradicijom primjene u uređenju interijera, privatnih i javnih zelenih površina, božikovina ujedno odražava karakter i običaje okruženja u kojem se koristi. Potencijalno štetni utjecaj vrste ogleda se u emisiji biogenih hlapivih organskih spojeva, otrovnosti te umjerenoj alergenosti muških primjeraka.

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Ruter, John M. „High-temperature-induced Electrolyte Leakage from Excised Leaves and Roots of Three Hollies“. HortScience 28, Nr. 9 (September 1993): 927–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.927.

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Membrane thermostability of `Needlepoint' Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt.), `Albo-marginata' English holly (Ilex aquifolium L.), and `Nellie R. Stevens', an Ilex aquifolium × Ilex cornuta hybrid, was determined by measuring electrolyte leakage in excised leaves and roots. The critical midpoint heat-killing temperature (T,) after a 30-min exposure was 54.4 ± 0.4C for `Nellie R. Stevens' leaves and was ≈ lC higher than that for Chinese (52.9 ± 0.3C) or English holly (52.9 ± 0.4C). The Tm for English holly roots (53.9 ±_ 1.5C) was higher than that for either `Nellie R. Stevens' (51.7 ± 0.3C) or Chinese holly (50.1 ± 0.3C). The results of this study suggest that English holly and `Nellie R. Stevens' leaves and roots can withstand direct heat injury equal to or greater than that of Chinese holly.

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Wachendorf, M., M. Schloz, M. Küppers, A. Güney und M. Veste. „Wintertime photosynthesis and spring recovery of Ilex aquifolium L.“ iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 12, Nr. 4 (31.08.2019): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor2983-012.

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Niemann, G. J. „Biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoids in leaves of Ilex aquifolium L.“ Planta 166, Nr. 1 (1985): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00397385.

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Šilić, Čedomil. „PRILOG POZNAVANJU SPONTANIH MUTACIJA NEKIH ŠUMSKIH VASKULARNIH BILJNIH VRSTA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI“. Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 30, Nr. 1 (01.12.2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2000.v30.i1.234.

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U prirodi su uočeni značajni mutageni oblici autohtonih vaskularnih biljnih vrsta, čime se izražava proces intraspecifične raznolikosti. Ovaj rad se bavi sa: Ilex aquifolium L. f. bacciflava Rehd., Sambucus nigra L. f. laciniata (Mill.) DC., dajući neke opšte karakteristike koje su već poznate u literaturi, i sa Salvia glutinosa L. f. sagittifolia Šilić, f. nov. opisan kao novi oblik.

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Nahrstedt, Adolf, und Victor Wray. „Structural revision of a putative cyanogenic glucoside from Ilex aquifolium“. Phytochemistry 29, Nr. 12 (1990): 3934–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85364-l.

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Paluch, Emil, Piotr Okińczyc, Anna Zwyrzykowska-Wodzińska, Jakub Szperlik, Barbara Żarowska, Anna Duda-Madej, Przemysław Bąbelewski et al. „Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Ilex Leaves Water Extracts“. Molecules 26, Nr. 24 (08.12.2021): 7442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247442.

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Plants from the Ilex genus are known for properties such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, can act as antiobesity agents and thus can be helpful in medicine. Some holly species, such as Ilex paraguariensis (widely known in the form of popular beverage: yerba mate), have been investigated, while others have been partially researched or remain unknown. Therefore, we performed qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and screened antimicrobial properties of lesser-studied species (I. aquifolium L., I. aquifolium ‘Argentea Marginata’ and I. × meserveae ‘Blue Angel’). I. paraguariensis was used as a standard species for comparison purposes. Investigations were performed on water extracts due to their expected activity and composition. Antimicrobial research included evaluating minimal inhibitory, bactericidal (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and fungicidal concentration (Candida albicans, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillus niger) of extracts. The influence of the extracts on the production, eradication, and viability of bacterial biofilms was also analysed. It was established that Ilex paraguariensis possesses the richest profile of hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives in terms of component concentration and diversity. Ilex spp., especially I. × meserveae, contain a slightly higher amount of flavonoids and more different flavonoid derivatives than I. paraguariensis. However, the strongest antibacterial activity was shown by I. aquifolium L. and its cultivar ‘Argentea Marginata’ in terms of minimal inhibitory, bactericidal and fungicidal concentration, and biofilm assays. Extracts from both species significantly reduced the biofilm viability of S. aureus as well, which may be of use in the production of multicomponent lavaseptics, antiseptics, diuretics (supporting urinary tract infection therapy) and, due to their action on fungi, additives to growth media for specific fungi. The significant content of saponins enables Ilex extracts to be used as natural emulsifiers, for example, in cosmetics. Moreover, relatively high chlorogenic acid and rutin content may suggest use of Ilex spp. to treat obesity, digestive problems, in chemoprevention, and as preservatives in the food industry.

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Arrieta, Sagrario, und Francisco Suárez. „Germination and seed bank depletion of holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) in four microhabitat types“. Seed Science Research 14, Nr. 3 (September 2004): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004180.

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The germination dynamics ofIlex aquifoliumL. were studied in central Spain using a 3-year field sowing experiment. Ten triads of bags (n= 30 seeds per bag) were buried randomly in four different microhabitats: inside the holly woodland, along the forest edge, in open grassland and under isolated shrubs. Bags were harvested annually, and seeds were analysed for seed viability, embryo development changes and germination. Holly seeds did not germinate until the second year. Embryo development and seed germination were faster at the forest edge, with a total germination proportion of 63% of sown seeds. Germination in the holly woodland (48%), under the shrubs (46%) and in grassland (46%) were very similar. Thus, recruitment ofIlexpopulations in this region is not limited by requirements for germination. After the third year, the seed bank was reduced by 80–90% of the initial seeds, so it can be considered as a short-persistent seed bank. Holly seed behaviour can enhance recruitment in semi-open areas, such as forest edges. Linked to the short persistence of its seed bank, this species can be considered an intermediate strategist between mature forest specialists and early successional species. This work contributes to a deeper knowledge of the germination ecology ofI. aquifolium, in an effort to determine the relative importance of germination/ dormancy processes within holly population dynamics.

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Fjeld, T., N. A. Melberg und W. R. Høgetveit. „ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY AND ETHYLENE PRODUCTION IN ENGLISH HOLLY (ILEX AQUIFOLIUM L.)“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 405 (Oktober 1995): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.405.40.

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Mihali, Ciprian Valentin, Constantin Marian Petrescu, Calin Flavius Ciolacu-Ladasiu, Endre Mathe, Cristina Popescu, Viviane Bota, Alexandru Eugeniu Mizeranschi, Daniela Elena Ilie, Radu Ionel Neamț und Violeta Turcus. „Assessing Phenotypic Variability in Some Eastern European Insular Populations of the Climatic Relict Ilex aquifolium L.“ Plants 11, Nr. 15 (03.08.2022): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11152022.

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Through its natural or cultivated insular population distribution, Ilex aquifolium L. is a paramount species which is exceptionally suitable for studying phenotypic variability and plasticity through the assessment of morphological, physiological, biochemical and genomic features with respect to acclimation and/or adaptation efficiency. The current study is focused on four insular populations of Ilex aquifolium from Eastern Europe (i.e., in Romania, Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria), and presents an initial evaluation of phenotypic variability in order to conclude our research on phylogenetic relationships and phytochemical profiles, including several descriptive and quantitative morphological traits. Taken together, the data from different methods in this paper indicate that the Bulgarian and Romanian populations can be distinguished from each other and from Serbian and Hungarian populations, while the latter show a higher level of resemblance with regards to their quantitative morphological traits. It is likely that these morphological traits are determined through some quantitative trait loci implicated in stress responses generated by light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility and salinity conditions that will need to be analysed in terms of their physiological, genomic and metabolomics traits in future studies.

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Ranney, Thomas G., und John M. Ruter. „Foliar Heat Tolerance of Three Holly Species (Ilex spp.): Responses of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Leaf Gas Exchange to Supraoptimal Leaf Temperatures“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, Nr. 4 (Juli 1997): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.4.499.

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Temperature sensitivity of CO2 assimilation (ACO2), dark respiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated among three taxa of hollies including I. aquifolium L., I. cornuta Lindl. & Paxt., and I. rugosa Friedr. Schmidt. Variations in foliar heat tolerance among these species were manifested in temperature responses for ACO2. Temperature optima of ACO2 for I. rugosa, I. cornuta, and I. aquifolium were 22.0, 26.3, and 27.9 °C, respectively (LSD0.05 = 2.9). Temperature responses of respiration were similar among taxa and did not appear to be contributing factors to variations in ACO2. At 40 °C, potential photosynthetic capacity, measured under saturating CO2, was 4.1, 9.4, and 14.8 μmol·m-2·s-1 for I. rugosa, I. aquifolium, and I. cornuta, respectively (LSD0.05 = 5.1). Variations in the relative dark-acclimated fluorescence temperature curves were used to assess thresholds for irreversible heat injury. The critical fluorescence temperature threshold (TC) was similar (48.0 °C) for all taxa. The fluorescence temperature peaks (TP) were 52.0, 52.8, and 53.5 °C for I. rugosa, I. cornuta, and I. aquifolium, respectively (LSD0.05 = 0.9). Based on these results, I. rugosa was the most heat-sensitive species, followed by I. aquifolium and I. cornuta. Ilex cornuta also had substantially greater potential photosynthetic capacity than the other species at 40 °C, indicating superior metabolic tolerance to high temperatures.

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Palu, Doreen, Ange Bighelli, Joseph Casanova und Mathieu Paoli. „Identification and Quantitation of Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids in Ilex aquifolium L. Leaf Extracts Using 13C and 1H-NMR Spectroscopy“. Molecules 24, Nr. 23 (03.12.2019): 4413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234413.

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Leaves of Ilex aquifolium L. have been used for their therapeutic properties. In previous studies, components contained in the leaves were first isolated by various chromatographic techniques. Then, quantitation of oleanolic and ursolic acids, which are responsible for the biological and therapeutic activities of the plant, was performed by HPLC, HPTLC, and somewhat by GC-MS. Our objective was to develop a simple method that allows the identification of compounds contained in the leaves of Corsican I. aquifolium and to quantify ursolic and oleanolic acids. Leaves were successively extracted with hexane and dichloromethane. The extracts were chromatographed on silica gel and the fractions of column chromatography submitted to 13C-NMR analysis, following a computerized method developed in the laboratory. 13C-NMR allowed the identification of various triterpenes including ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. Quantitation of both acids was achieved, for the first time, by 1H-NMR after validation of the method (accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation). Ursolic and oleanolic acids accounted for 55.3% and 20.8% of the dichloromethane extract, respectively. This represents 1.3% and 0.5% of the mass of dried leaves. 1H-NMR spectroscopy appeared as a powerful tool for a rapid quantitation of biologically active compounds from I. aquifolium.

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Rendell, S., und R. A. Ennos. „Chloroplast DNA diversity of the dioecious European tree Ilex aquifolium L. (English holly)“. Molecular Ecology 12, Nr. 10 (05.09.2003): 2681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01934.x.

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Joyce, Daryl C., Michael S. Reid und Richard Y. Evans. „Silver Thiosulfate Prevents Ethylene-induced Abscission in Holly and Mistletoe“. HortScience 25, Nr. 1 (Januar 1990): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.1.90.

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Low concentrations of ethylene induced abscission of leaves and berries from cut branchlets of English holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) and American mistletoe [Phoradendron tomentosum (DC.) Engelm. ex Gray ssp. macrophyllum (Engelm.) Wiens]. Application of 1 μmol of Ag+ per branchlet (as the anionic silver thiosulfate complex, STS) via the transpiration stream was found to retard this abscission. A higher application rate (4 μmol Ag+ per branchlet) stimulated leaf abscission in mistletoe. There were marked differences in sensitivity to ethylene among various types of holly.

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Van Genderen, H. H., und J. Jaarsma. „Triterpenes and alkanes in developing variegated and albino leaves of Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae)“. Plant Science 72, Nr. 2 (Januar 1990): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(90)90079-4.

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Vega, Clara, Victoria Fernández, Luis Gil und María Valbuena-Carabaña. „Clonal Diversity and Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of a Keystone Species: Ilex aquifolium“. Forests 13, Nr. 9 (06.09.2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091431.

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Resprouting species, such as English holly (Ilex aquifolium L.), can be severely affected by long-lasting forest management. In the present study, the clonal and fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) of English holly are evaluated in a sub-Mediterranean mixed forest of Central Spain, where this species was subjected to different and intense human interventions for centuries, including coppicing in dense structures and in open woody pastures. Using seven microsatellite loci, we assessed the contribution of clonal and sexual reproduction to the diversity of holly in both areas and the fine-scale genetic structure was evaluated. For the dense coppiced area, the results showed high clonal diversity derived mainly from stem resprouting. Stems were separated an average of 3 m and up to 10 m, and dense aggregations of stems sometimes included various genotypes. The results also showed recent seed recruitment leading to small unique and isolated genotypes. Furthermore, FSGS was detected at close distances as being stronger in the coppiced area than in the open woody pasture area, especially for individuals of greater diameter at breast height. The results obtained suggest that current management strategies are not negatively affecting the genetic diversity of this species.

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Al-Habsi, Sulaiman, und Glynn Percival. „Sucrose-Induced Tolerance to and Recovery from Deicing Salt Damage in Containerized Ilex aquifolium L. and Quercus robur L.“ Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32, Nr. 6 (01.11.2006): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.035.

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Two outdoor experiments were conducted using containerized trees of the species holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.) to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of sucrose to improve tolerance to and recovery from deicing salt (sodium chloride [NaCl]) damage. In experiment one, sucrose plus a water-only control was applied as a root drench to containerized stock. Seventy-two hours later, NaCl was applied to both tree species as a root drench. At day 15 after NaCl application, effects on leaf chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid (lutein, β-carotene, neoxanthin, α-carotene), xanthophyll (zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin) concentration, leaf necrosis, and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were measured. In experiment 2, NaCl was applied as a root drench. At day 14 after NaCl application, plants were root drenched with sucrose plus a water-only control and recovery rates monitored by recording leaf necrosis, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence over the proceeding 8 weeks. At week 8 after sucrose application, effects on tree growth were recorded. Sucrose was found to confer to both tree species a useful degree to tolerance to NaCl and improve recovery from salt-induced damage with promotion of photoxidative antioxidant pigments (carotenoids, xanthophylls) and chlorophylls strongly indicated as significantly contributing to the induction of NaCl tolerance.

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Arrieta, S., und F. Suárez. „Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations contribute to the regeneration of holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) in mediterranean central Spain“. European Journal of Forest Research 125, Nr. 3 (09.03.2006): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0121-y.

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Oreti, Loredana, Anna Barbati, Francesco Marini und Diego Giuliarelli. „Very high-resolution true color leaf-off imagery for mapping Taxus baccata L. and Ilex aquifolium L. understory population“. Biodiversity and Conservation 29, Nr. 8 (23.05.2020): 2605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-01991-x.

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Marinković, Slavica, Philipp Chetverikov, Tatjana Cvrković, Biljana Vidović und Radmila Petanović. „Supplementary description of five species from the genus Cecidophyopsis (Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae: Cecidophyinae)“. Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, Nr. 8 (30.08.2019): 1555–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.8.15.

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Supplementary morphological descriptions of five Cecidophyopsis species collected in Europe (Serbia, Austria, Italy and Montenegro) are given: Cecidophyopsis vermiformis from Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), C. hendersoni from Yucca gigantea Lem. (Asparagaceae), C. verilicis from Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae), C. psilaspis from Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae) and C. malpighianus from Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae). Males of C. vermiformis, C. verilicis, C. hendersoni and C. malpighianus, and immatures of C. hendersoni and C. verilicis, are described for the first time. C. verilicis is recorded for the first time in the fauna of Serbia and the European region. Female cuticle-lined internal genitalia of five Cecidophyopsis species are studied under confocal laser scanning microscopy. A several steps of oviposition in cecidophyines is proposed based on CLSM observations on their internal genitalia. Sequences of the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene are given for the following species: C. hendersoni, C. verilicis, C. psilaspis and C. malpighianus.

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Ranford, Jonathan, und Kevin Reiling. „Ozone induced leaf loss and decreased leaf production of European Holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) over multiple seasons“. Environmental Pollution 145, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.02.032.

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Arrieta, S., und F. Suárez. „Marginal holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) populations in Mediterranean central Spain are constrained by a low-seedling recruitment“. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 201, Nr. 2 (Februar 2006): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.05.002.

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Merrill, Lorie E., Kenneth C. Sanderson, John C. Williams und R. Bruce Reed. „Response of Ilex Cultivars to Media and pH on the Incidence of Black Root Rot Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, Nr. 1 (Januar 1986): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.1.102.

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Abstract An isolate of Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris from Ilex crenata Thunb. was highly pathogenic to susceptible hollies while the isolate from Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey was less pathogenic. Various ratios of pine bark and sphagnum peatmoss did not suppress T. basicola on susceptible hollies. Of the cultivars tested, I. crenata ‘Helleri’ and I. pernyi Franch were most susceptible, while I. aquifolium L. × I. cornuta Lindl. and Paxt. ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, I. cornuta ‘Burfordii’ × I. peryni ‘Lydia Morris’, and I. cornuta ‘Burfordii Nana’ were the most resistant to T. basicola. I. crenata ‘Helleri’, grown in a medium with a pH of 5.0 or 6.0, had less black root rot development than similar plants in a medium with a pH of 6.5.

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Trigas, Panayiotis, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Epaminondas Kalogiannis, Anna-Thalassini Valli, Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos Katopodis und Theophanis Constantinidis. „Noteworthy new floristic records from Greece“. Botanica Serbica 45, Nr. 2 (2021): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2102321t.

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This contribution to the Greek flora includes distribution extensions and taxonomic notes for some noteworthy plant taxa. New records for certain phytogeographical regions of Greece are presented for: Arum cylindraceum, Convolvulus pentapetaloides. Cruciata taurica, Galanthus reginae-olgae subsp. vernalis, Ilex aquifolium, Linum decumbens, Lythrum thymifolia, Sedum praesidis, Silene congesta and Trifolium diffusum. Allium karistanum, Helichrysum amorginum, Limonium antipaxorum and L. cephalonicum have been recorded for the first time on some islands. New populations of Allium maniaticum and A. ritsii, previously known only from their loci classici, were discovered in the Peloponnese. Valeriana alliariifolia, Silene auriculata subsp. auriculata and Symphytum creticum were rediscovered in central Evvia, confirming long-lost historical records from previous centuries. The presence of V. alliariifolia in Greece and Europe is confirmed for the first time since the 19th century.

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Tilt, Kenneth M., und T. E. Bilderback. „Physical Properties of Propagation Media and Their Effects on Rooting of Three Woody Ornamentals“. HortScience 22, Nr. 2 (April 1987): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.2.245.

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Abstract Cuttings of three ornamental species [Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, (I. aquifolium × I. cornuta) Van Lennep, × Cupressocyparis leylandii Jacks & Dall. ‘Haggerston Grey’, and Lagerstroemia indica L.] were inserted in 11 media to determine the effects of physical properties of propagation media on rooting response. The physical properties of seven propagation media were altered by manipulating particle size distribution of a 1 aged pine bark : 1 composted hardwood bark (v/v) medium. Four other propagation media were used for comparison. Container capacity air space ranged from 12% to 40%, and water held after drainage in the root zone ranged from 35% to 55%. Variation in rooting response of cuttings occurred, but differences could not be attributed to the physical properties of the various media. In addition, no relationship between rooting response and engineered combinations of hardwood bark and pine bark were detected.

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Vitasse, Yann, Sylvain Delzon, Caroline C. Bresson, Richard Michalet und Antoine Kremer. „Altitudinal differentiation in growth and phenology among populations of temperate-zone tree species growing in a common garden“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, Nr. 7 (Juli 2009): 1259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-054.

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The aim of the study was to determine whether there are genetic variations in growth and leaf phenology (flushing and senescence) among populations of six woody species ( Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ilex aquifolium L., and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) along altitudinal gradients, using a common-garden experiment. We found (i) significant differences in phenology and growth among provenances for most species and (ii) evidence that these among-population differences in phenology were related to the annual temperature at the provenance sites for ash, beech, and oak. It is noteworthy that along the same climatic gradient, species can exhibit opposing genetic clines: beech populations from high elevations flushed earlier than those from low elevations, whereas we observed the opposite trend for ash and oak. For most species, significant altitudinal clines for growth were also revealed. Finally, we highlighted the fact that both phenology timing and growth rate were highly consistent from year to year. The results demonstrated that despite the proximity of the populations in their natural area, differences in altitude led to genetic differentiation in their phenology and growth. These adaptive capacities acting along a natural climatic gradient could allow populations to cope with current climate change.

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Moresi, Federico Valerio, Mauro Maesano, Giorgio Matteucci, Manuela Romagnoli, Roy C. Sidle und Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza. „Root Biomechanical Traits in a Montane Mediterranean Forest Watershed: Variations with Species Diversity and Soil Depth“. Forests 10, Nr. 4 (17.04.2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040341.

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Plant roots play a key role in stabilizing slopes, particularly in the Mediterranean region, characterized by rough and unstable terrain. However, forest species differ in their stabilizing capacities. The purpose of this study is to fill the gap of knowledge on root biomechanical properties of relevant Mediterranean trees and shrubs in relation to slope stability. Root specimens of typical montane Mediterranean tree and shrub species were sampled in Southern Italy. Root characteristics, such as tensile strength (Tr) and root area ratio (RAR), were assessed from live roots sampled in trenches, while root cohesion was calculated. Power law functions yielded the best fit for the relationship of Tr versus root diameter; however, no significant relationship was found between root strength and root moisture content. RAR varied amongst different tree and shrub species. Roots of Quercus cerris L. were the most resistant to breaking under tension, while roots of Ilex aquifolium L. had the highest tensile strength among all shrub species. Results provide quantitative information on the role of root systems of montane Mediterranean forest species in stabilizing soils and will improve modeling of landslide susceptibility to the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards in mountain environments.

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Arrieta, S., und F. Suárez. „Spatial patterns of seedling emergence and survival as a critical phase in holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) woodland recruitment in Central Spain“. Forest Ecology and Management 205, Nr. 1-3 (Februar 2005): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.009.

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Niemann, Gerard J., und Wim J. Baas. „The Composition of the Lipid Constituents of Ilex aquifolium L. {Aquifoliaceae) in Relation to the Age of the Leaf. I. The Leaf Wax“. Journal of Plant Physiology 118, Nr. 3 (März 1985): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(85)80223-6.

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Barker, M. G., und T. W. Ashenden. „Foliar injury in young Betula pendula roth., Salix purpurea L. and Ilex aquifolium L. trees and in propagated Taxus baccata L. shoots exposed to intermittent fog at a range of acidities“. Environmental Pollution 80, Nr. 2 (1993): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90137-d.

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PYE, DANIEL R. L. „New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) in Britain: one new genus, four new species, 19 new records and two incursions“. Zootaxa 3578, Nr. 1 (10.12.2012): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3578.1.3.

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One new genus and four new species of eriophyoid mites from Britain are described and illustrated: Novophytoptus acu-leatus n. sp. (Phytoptidae) from Juncus squarrosus L. (Juncaceae); Tegnacus unicornutus n. gen. & n. sp. (Eriophyidae)from Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae); Calacarus pusillus n. sp. (Eriophyidae) from Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (Ericace-ae); and Brevulacus extensus n. sp. (Diptilomiopidae) from Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae). Digital micrographs are alsoprovided for each new taxon. Furthermore, 19 eriophyoid species are confirmed or recorded in Britain for the first time:one species in the family Phytoptidae, Trisetacus ehmanni Keifer from Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae); 13 species belong-ing in the family Eriophyidae, Abacarus acutatus Sukhareva and Aceria eximia Sukhareva from Calamagrostis epigeios(L.) Roth (Poaceae), Acaricalus hydrophylli Keifer from Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae), Aceria exigua (Liro) from C.vulgaris, Acaricalus rubrifoliae Labanowski and Glyptacus fagineae Carmona from Q. robur, Aculus cytisi Labanowskifrom Cytisus scoparius (L.) (Fabaceae), Anthocoptes transitionalis Hodgkiss from Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Sapindaceae),Calepitrimerus buxi Petanović from Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae), Calepitrimerus crataegi Malandraki, Petanović& Emmanouel from Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae), Neotegonotus fastigatus (Nalepa) from Acer campestre L.(Sapindaceae), Phyllocoptes abaenus Keifer from Prunus spinosa L., and Platyphytoptus sabinianae Keifer from Pinusnigra J.F. Arnold; five species belonging in the family Diptilomiopidae, Brevulacus reticulatus Manson from Q. robur andQuercus cerris L., Cheiracus ornatus (Farkas) from Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae), Quadracus urticarius (Canestrini &Massalongo) from Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), Rhinophytoptus bagdasariani Shevtchenko & Pogosova from Ulmusprocera Salisb. (Ulmaceae), and Rhyncaphytoptus amplus Keifer from Acer pseudoplatanus L. Two species are also re-corded here in Britain as incursions, Tumescoptes trachycarpi Keifer on Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. (Are-caceae) from a commercial plant nursery site, and Aceria gilloglii on Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Nakai[=Arundinaria pygmaea (Miq.) Asch. & Graebn. var. disticha (Mitford) C.S. Chao & Renvoize] (Poaceae) from a botan-ical garden. Collection details, distribution records and host symptoms are given for each species. The practice of publishing records solely identified from gall morphology and host association is also discussed.

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Arrieta, S., und F. Suárez. „Seedling diversity and spatially related regenaration dynamics in holly woodlands and surrounding habitats“. Web Ecology 2, Nr. 1 (06.06.2001): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-2-38-2001.

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Abstract. Spatial patterns of seedling distribution and diversity were analysed in small fragments of holly Ilex aquifolium L. woodlands and in their surrounding areas. Two sampling locations with similar structure were selected for this study: Oncala and Robregordo. They consist of nearly monospecific Ilex stands surrounded by grasslands with high scrub abundance. The seedling appearance of woody species was quantified from March to November 1998. Sampled areas were: 1) closed holly canopy; 2) open holly canopy or small forest gaps; 3) holly woodland edge; 4) surrounding grassland; 5) under isolated fleshy-fruited shrubs scattered over the grassland; 6) under dry-fruited shrubs and 7) the closest forest to the holly woodland. Additionally, a pine forest at a distance of 20 km from Oncala was sampled. In every area ten permanent 50 × 50 cm quadrats were fixed for monthly seedling control. The highest germination density occurs under the holly woodland, especially in closed canopy areas. Nevertheless, these closed woodlands neither maintain a great quantity of surviving seedlings nor a high diversity. Seedling density is considerable in canopy gaps, shrubs and forest edge, and these habitats have greater diversity values than understorey habitats. Fleshy-fruited shrubs maintain higher seedling densities and diversity than dry-fruited shrubs. Woody seedlings are rare over the grassland. The three non-holly forests studied have very similar seedling densities and diversity values, higher than those under closed-canopy holly. Regional differences are important for the numbers of seedlings surviving from previous years, which are scareer in Robregordo. However, little difference is observed in spatial patterns of seedling diversity between the two locations. We discuss a number of processes affecting seed rain density and differential mortality rates that could account for these spatial patterns, namely competition for light inside the woodlands, facilitation under nurse shrubs, or competition escape at the edge. Environmental factors such as moisture stress may play a role in regional differences.

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Rütten, Dorothea, und Uwe J. Santore. „Comparative Ultrastructure of the Photosynthetic Tissuesin Frost-sensitive and Naturally Frost-hardened Leaves of Ilex aquifolium L. and Hedera helix L.1)1.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. H. Meusel on the occasion of his 80th birthday.“ Flora 183, Nr. 3-4 (1989): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31556-6.

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Zwyrzykowska, Anna, Robert Kupczyński, Bogdan Jarosz, Antoni Szumny und Alicja Z. Kucharska. „Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Ilex Sp.“ Open Chemistry 13, Nr. 1 (30.01.2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0142.

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AbstractNatural compounds are an important source of desired biological activity which help to improve nutritional status, enhance productivity and bring many health benefits. The leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae) are used for preparing a beverage known as yerba mate and represent a proven source of natural polyphenols which are known to foster biological activity with the emphasis on antioxidant properties. In present work we focused on the polyphenolic content of air-dried leaves of Ilex aquifolium L., Ilex aquifolium ‘Argentea Mariginata’, Ilex meserveae ‘Blue Angel’, and a commercially available mate as the reference product. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC and LC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC), were used to establish polyphenolic substances content in aqueous methanolic extracts obtained from the biological matter. Up to 20 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, including rutin, quinic acid and its caffeoyl esters, i.e. chlorogenic acid and its isomers as well as dicaffeoyl derivatives. We took chlorogenic acid and rutin as reference compounds to quantify their levels in the extracts. It was determined that in all tested plants, high levels of these antioxidants were present. This led us to the conclusion that their leaves might serve as valuable food additives.

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YİĞİT, Nurcan, Nurcihan Esra GEDİKOĞLU und Ayşe ÖZTÜRK PULATOĞLU. „Leaf Stomatal Characteristics of Some Species in Bush Form Used in Kastamonu Urban Landscape“. Kent Akademisi, 15.06.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35674/kent.1101515.

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Nowadays, the rapidly increasing population has brought along many problems such as concretion, air pollution, and traffic density. It is known that parks and gardens, which are an important element for the urban landscape, not only balance the human-nature relationship in cities, but also improve urban living conditions. Parks and gardens that utilize urban areas from a functional and aesthetic point of view to meet the recreational needs of people, to recover the lost nature and to create healthy living spaces are extremely important. In this study, it was aimed to determine the leaf stomatal characteristics of Buxus microphylla Siebb and Zucc, Prunus laurocerasus L, Ligustrum delavayanum Har., Berberis thunbergii DC., Ilex aquifolium L., Euonymus japonicus var. aureomarginatus Rehder, Cotoneaster lacteus W.W.Sm., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. species, one of the species used in the park, garden and central refuge landscaping studies in Kastamonu province. With micromorphological investigations, stomatal characteristics were determined by SEM on the species used in the study. With respect to stomatal density in the unit area on species, it was determined that Pyracantha coccinea species had the maximum stomatal density (81) while Cotoneaster lacteus species had the minimum stomatal density (10). Furthermore, it was determined that Prunus laurocerasus (34.82 µm) had the mean longest stomatal length and Mahoni aquifolium (7.183 µm) had the mean shortest stomatal length.

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