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1
Javitch, Daniel. "The Imitation of Imitations in Orlando Furioso." Renaissance Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1985): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2861663.
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Recent commentary on poetic imitation in the Renaissance has tended to emphasize competition, to value kinds of imitation that strive to surpass their models, and therefore to disregard or even deprecate modes of imitation that seem to consist of little more than respectful duplications. It has too readily assumed that imitative poets can only achieve originality by defying or somehow asserting their difference from their models. In the following essay I seek to challenge such assumptions by examining the practice of a major Renaissance poet who managed to assert his modern voice through imitatio while refusing to engage in competitive struggle. I do not mean to suggest that Renaissance poets were not given to competitive imitation. For purposes of subsequent contrast it is worth considering rapidly why emulation frequently did characterize the imitative practice of some of these poets.
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Solli, Mattias, Erling Aksdal, and John Pål Inderberg. "Learning Jazz Language by Aural Imitation: A Usage-Based Communicative Jazz Theory (Part 1)." Journal of Aesthetic Education 55, no. 4 (2021): 82–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jaesteduc.55.4.0082.
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Abstract How can imitation lead to free musical expression? This article explores the role of auditory imitation in jazz. Even though many renowned jazz musicians have assessed the method of imitating recorded music, no systematic study has hitherto explored how the method prepares for aural jazz improvisation. The article picks up an assumption presented by Berliner (1994), suggesting that learning jazz by aural imitation is “just like” learning a mother tongue. The article studies three potential stages in the method, comparing with imitative, rhythmic, multimodal, and protosymbolic behavior of infant perception (building on the works of Stern, Trevarthen, and Merleau-Ponty). The demonstrations of the aural-imitation method draw on pedagogic experiences accumulated since 1979 in the Jazz Program at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. By analyzing structures of behavior suggested by the method, the article indicates key traits that render aural jazz improvisation possible, such as a fundamental sense of rhythm, formation of symbolic behavior, joint musical attention, and the facility to “hear via the other.” In conclusion, we critically address a frequent theoretical model describing musical improvisation as a synthesis of discrete elements or building blocks.
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Solli, Mattias, Erling Aksdal, and John Pål Inderberg. "Learning Jazz Language by Aural Imitation: A Usage-Based Communicative Jazz Theory (Part 2)." Journal of Aesthetic Education 56, no. 1 (2022): 94–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/15437809.56.1.06.
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Abstract How can imitation lead to free musical expression? This article explores the role of auditory imitation in jazz. Even though many renowned jazz musicians have assessed the method of imitating recorded music, no systematic study has hitherto explored how the method prepares for aural jazz improvisation. The article uses Berliner's assumption that learning jazz by aural imitation is “just like” learning a mother tongue. The article studies three potential stages in the method, comparing them to the imitative, rhythmic, multimodal, and protosymbolic behavior of infant perception (building on the works of Stern, Trevarthen, and Merleau-Ponty). The demonstrations of the aural imitation method draw on pedagogic experiences accumulated since 1979 at the Jazz Program at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. By analyzing structures of behavior suggested by the method, the article indicates key traits that render aural jazz improvisation possible, such as a fundamental sense of rhythm, formation of symbolic behavior, joint musical attention, and the facility to “hear via the other.” In conclusion, we critically address a frequent theoretical model describing musical improvisation as a synthesis of discrete elements or building blocks.
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Jackson, Tony. "The Fascination of Imitation: What Social Neuroscience Reveals about Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" Style 57, no. 3 (2023): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/style.57.3.0273.
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ABSTRACT Since the 1990s, social neuroscience has established imitation as an unconscious, constitutive element of human identity; to the point that one may reasonably say that human identity is imitative identity. This research has profound implications for the human fascination with imitation in general, as well as with specific kinds of imitation. For the imitative identity, imitation human beings are uniquely, but strangely fascinating. This may readily be seen from the long history of stories about humanly made imitation humans. Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is a major entry in the history of such stories. This article shows how social-neuroscientific findings about imitative identity can help us understand Dick’s novel.
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Bourkha, Bilal, and Younes Belfellah. "Inter-organizational imitation: Definition and typology." Accounting and Financial Control 1, no. 1 (2017): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/afc.01(1).2017.03.
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The sustained idea of this article is that the concept of imitation has not been sufficiently developed in the field of strategic management and has often been confused with the notion of mimicry. Therefore, the objective of this research is to emphasize the distinction between different types of imitation unlike a lot of research on companies imitative behavior focused on one type as the perfect imitation. This will clarify ambiguities in the literature on imitation, and show that the mobilization of neo institutional theory is not sufficient to explain all the imitative behavior of organizations in a market.
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Steinmüller, Hans. "Shanzhai: Creative Imitation of China in Highland Myanmar." positions: asia critique 30, no. 4 (2022): 895–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-9967409.
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Abstract The Wa State of Myanmar is often called “shanzhai China,” that is, a lesser imitation of China. This essay unpacks the material and symbolic implications of creative imitation at the Chinese periphery, embodied in shanzhai 山寨 practices. Literally “mountain fortress,” shanzhai refers to the provenience of cheap brand imitations, made by mountain dwellers who cannot afford the original. The term is commonly used to describe creative and ironic brand imitation in the People's Republic of China today. Until the 1950s, the inhabitants of the Wa hills did indeed live in mountain fortresses—both a pragmatic necessity as well as a miniature repetition of Chinese imperial rule. The pragmatic limitations and creative potential of imitating China are shown for the cases of Maoism, authoritarian capitalism, and contemporary nationhood. Rather than an essentialized feature of Chinese cultural practice, the practices of shanzhai reveal that material and symbolic recombination are essential to creative imitation.
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Wohlschläger, Andreas, Merideth Gattis, and Harold Bekkering. "Action generation and action perception in imitation: an instance of the ideomotor principle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1431 (2003): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1257.
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We review a series of behavioural experiments on imitation in children and adults that test the predictions of a new theory of imitation. Most of the recent theories of imitation assume a direct visual–to–motor mapping between perceived and imitated movements. Based on our findings of systematic errors in imitation, the new theory of goal–directed imitation (GOADI) instead assumes that imitation is guided by cognitively specified goals. According to GOADI, the imitator does not imitate the observed movement as a whole, but rather decomposes it into its separate aspects. These aspects are hierarchically ordered, and the highest aspect becomes the imitator's main goal. Other aspects become sub–goals. In accordance with the ideomotor principle, the main goal activates the motor programme that is most strongly associated with the achievement of that goal. When executed, this motor programme sometimes matches, and sometimes does not, the model's movement. However, the main goal extracted from the model movement is almost always imitated correctly.
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Lacca, Emanuele. "L’azione retta come mezzo di salvezza. Il De Imitatione Christi e la storia come profezia." Revista Portuguesa de Humanidades 25, no. 1 (2021): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rph/2021_25_1_043.
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This paper analyzes the theory of the right action proposed in De Imitatione Christi by its alleged author, Thomas of Kempis, through a close comparison with the earthly experience of Christ, to understand what is the right action for men, between oboedientia Dei and negotia mundi. Following these guidelines, it will be possible to reconstruct the anthropology in the background of the theology of imitatio, in order to understand how the text does not intend to suggest only a mere imitation of the experience of Christ, but also helps to establish an authentic one in its immanence, the Christian one.
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Aczel, Balazs, Bence Bago, and Andrei Foldes. "Is there evidence for automatic imitation in a strategic context?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1741 (2012): 3231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0500.
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Over the past decade, a compelling number of studies reported that observing an action makes the imitation of that action more likely. The automatic character of human imitative behaviour was often claimed, but rarely tested. The demonstration of the absence of conscious control has been attempted in a recent report claiming that imitation can occur in the rock–paper–scissors (RPS) game, where strategic players should avoid imitating their opponents. This surprising result could serve as strong evidence that humans imitate each other unconsciously. We find, however, that this conclusion is problematic. In addition to reviewing the original methods, in this work, we also replicated the experiment with double the sample size. Thorough examination of the original analyses and the results of the present replication do not support the original conclusion. In our view, testing the theory of automatic imitation in RPS games is a potentially promising avenue of exploration, yet the interpretation of the data requires further understanding of the subsidiary effects controlling the behaviour of the players.
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Guijarro Lasheras, Rodrigo. "Graphic analogies in the imitation of music in literature." Semiotica 2020, no. 236-237 (2020): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0107.
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AbstractMusic may have a strong influence on literature. Many novels have reflected this by thematizing music in many different ways. However, this engagement can also adopt the form of an imitation or a formal presence that does not actually require the text to say anything about music. This paper aims to explore some aspects of musical imitation in literature that have not been analyzed in depth. Departing from the approach developed by Werner Wolf, I propose a distinction between imitating and imitated elements that applies to any case of study. Furthermore, at the core of this article, I advocate for a fourth dimension that the imitation of music in literature may have and that should be added to word music, formal and structural analogies, and imaginary content analogies. I call this fourth category “graphic analogies.” It implies an imitation whose imitating element is the graphic, written aspect of the linguistic signifier. Finally, this leads to the idea that, in the case of the imitation of music in literature, there is not a necessary correlation between imitating and imitated elements.
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YAMAMOTO, RYUICHI. "WHAT CAUSES PERSISTENCE OF STOCK RETURN VOLATILITY? ONE POSSIBLE EXPLANATION WITH AN ARTIFICIAL STOCK MARKET." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 02, no. 03 (2006): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005706000555.
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This paper explores a possible cause of persistence in stock return volatility. Artificial stock markets are examined with different learning mechanisms, i.e. imitative and experiential learning. The simulation result shows that an economy with imitative learning gives rise to persistence of return volatility while an experiential learning economy does not. We find that volatility becomes persistent as investors learn through imitating the prediction methods of others. Imitation is crucial to producing the persistence in stock return volatility.
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Cook, Richard, Geoffrey Bird, Gabriele Lünser, Steffen Huck, and Cecilia Heyes. "Automatic imitation in a strategic context: players of rock–paper–scissors imitate opponents' gestures." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (2011): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1024.
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A compelling body of evidence indicates that observing a task-irrelevant action makes the execution of that action more likely. However, it remains unclear whether this ‘automatic imitation’ effect is indeed automatic or whether the imitative action is voluntary. The present study tested the automaticity of automatic imitation by asking whether it occurs in a strategic context where it reduces payoffs. Participants were required to play rock–paper–scissors, with the aim of achieving as many wins as possible, while either one or both players were blindfolded. While the frequency of draws in the blind–blind condition was precisely that expected at chance, the frequency of draws in the blind–sighted condition was significantly elevated. Specifically, the execution of either a rock or scissors gesture by the blind player was predictive of an imitative response by the sighted player. That automatic imitation emerges in a context where imitation reduces payoffs accords with its ‘automatic’ description, and implies that these effects are more akin to involuntary than to voluntary actions. These data represent the first evidence of automatic imitation in a strategic context, and challenge the abstraction from physical aspects of social interaction typical in economic and game theory.
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Pan, Yunpeng, Ching-An Cheng, Kamil Saigol, et al. "Imitation learning for agile autonomous driving." International Journal of Robotics Research 39, no. 2-3 (2019): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364919880273.
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We present an end-to-end imitation learning system for agile, off-road autonomous driving using only low-cost on-board sensors. By imitating a model predictive controller equipped with advanced sensors, we train a deep neural network control policy to map raw, high-dimensional observations to continuous steering and throttle commands. Compared with recent approaches to similar tasks, our method requires neither state estimation nor on-the-fly planning to navigate the vehicle. Our approach relies on, and experimentally validates, recent imitation learning theory. Empirically, we show that policies trained with online imitation learning overcome well-known challenges related to covariate shift and generalize better than policies trained with batch imitation learning. Built on these insights, our autonomous driving system demonstrates successful high-speed off-road driving, matching the state-of-the-art performance.
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Jakobsen, Martin. "A Christological Critique of Divine Command Theory." Religions 14, no. 4 (2023): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14040558.
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This paper presents a theological critique of divine command theory, a metaethical theory stating that moral wrongness is constituted by God’s command. First, I argue that this theory does not qualify as a Christian moral theory because it lacks connections to central parts of Christian theology, such as Christology. This argument does not imply that the theory is wrong nor that it is inconsistent with Christianity—only that it is not Christian as such. Second, I argue that divine command theory does not fit well with the New Testament’s vision of the moral life, in which being conformed to the image of Christ has primacy over adherence to law. This argument implies that the Christian ethicist should look elsewhere for a metaethical theory. I next argue in favour of a moral theory of imitation, in which the moral life consists of imitating God, the prime exemplar of goodness, which is made possible through an imitation of Christ.
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Sacheli, L. M., C. Verga, E. Arcangeli, G. Banfi, M. Tettamanti, and E. Paulesu. "How Task Interactivity Shapes Action Observation." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 12 (2019): 5302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz205.
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Abstract Action observation triggers imitation, a powerful mechanism permitting interpersonal coordination. Coordination, however, also occurs when the partners’ actions are nonimitative and physically incongruent. One influential theory postulates that this is achieved via top-down modulation of imitation exerted by prefrontal regions. Here, we rather argue that coordination depends on sharing a goal with the interacting partner: this shapes action observation, overriding involuntary imitation, through the predictive activity of the left ventral premotor cortex (lvPMc). During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants played music in turn with a virtual partner in interactive and noninteractive conditions requiring 50% of imitative/nonimitative responses. In a full-factorial design, both perceptual features and low-level motor requirements were kept constant throughout the experiment. Behaviorally, the interactive context minimized visuomotor interference due to the involuntary imitation of physically incongruent movements. This was paralleled by modulation of neural activity in the lvPMc, which was specifically recruited during the interactive task independently of the imitative/nonimitative nature of the social exchange. This lvPMc activity reflected the predictive decoding of the partner’s actions, as revealed by multivariate pattern analysis. This demonstrates that, during interactions, we process our partners’ behavior to prospectively infer their contribution to the shared goal achievement, generating motor predictions for cooperation beyond low-level imitation.
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Meltzoff, Andrew N., and Jean Decety. "What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1431 (2003): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1261.
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Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of newborn human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are ‘like me’ and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neurophysiological substrate of imitation in adults. We marshal evidence that imitation recruits not only shared neural representations between the self and the other but also cortical regions in the parietal cortex that are crucial for distinguishing between the perspective of self and other. Imitation is doubly revealing: it is used by infants to learn about adults, and by scientists to understand the organization and functioning of the brain.
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Apesteguia, Jose, Steffen Huck, and Jörg Oechssler. "Imitation—theory and experimental evidence." Journal of Economic Theory 136, no. 1 (2007): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2006.07.006.
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Charman, Tony, and Simon Baron-Cohen. "Another look at imitation in autism." Development and Psychopathology 6, no. 3 (1994): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400006015.
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AbstractSeveral authors have recently suggested that imitation may be a developmental “precursor” of a theory of mind and have linked impaired imitation in children with autism to their failure to develop a theory of mind. The present study investigated early-emerging procedural and gestural imitation abilities in children with autism. Children with autism were found to have intact basic-level gestural and procedural imitation. We discuss these results in terms of their relation to a specific developmental delay hypothesis of autism and re-assess the status of imitation as a developmental precursor of a theory of mind.
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Blankenship, J. David. "Education and the Arts in Plato's Republic." Journal of Education 178, no. 3 (1996): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749617800306.
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The education in ‘music’ described in Books II-III of the Republic combines the content and the manner of presentation of stories so that moral substance and formal beauty work together to inculcate the opinions and virtues required in the children who are to become guardians of the ideal city. The principles which underlie this section constitute a theory of the role of the arts in moral education that can be applied in others contexts. Plato's view of how such education works depends upon his view of the way in which imitation affects the soul, and can be understood thoroughly only after the parts of the soul have been distinguished and the epistemological and ontological groundwork has been laid for a full discussion of imitation. These requirements having been met in the course of Books IV through IX, Plato returns to imitation in Book X, using painting as a foil to mount ontological, epistemological, and psychological criticisms of imitative poetry, now focussing upon its effect on adults, not children. His attack tacitly exempts the kind of imitations exemplified by Socrates' own frequent image making and by the philosophical poetry of the Republic itself. Socrates imagines, but rejects, a certain defense of popular poetry, the very one which Aristotle developed in his doctrine of ‘catharsis.’ But that defense rests upon views of practical knowledge and of the psychological resources of the average person that Plato would be unlikely to have accepted.
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Blankenship, J. David. "Education and the Arts in Plato's Republic." Journal of Education 179, no. 3 (1997): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749717900306.
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The education in ‘music’ described in Books II-III of the Republic combines the content and the manner of presentation of stories so that moral substance and formal beauty work together to inculcate the opinions and virtues required in the children who are to become guardians of the ideal city. The principles which underlie this section constitute a theory of the role of the arts in moral education that can be applied in others contexts. Plato's view of how such education works depends upon his view of the way in which imitation affects the soul, and can be understood thoroughly only after the parts of the soul have been distinguished and the epistemological and ontological groundwork has been laid for a full discussion of imitation. These requirements having been met in the course of Books IV through IX, Plato returns to imitation in Book X, using painting as a foil to mount ontological, epistemological, and psychological criticisms of imitative poetry, now focussing upon its effect on adults, not children. His attack tacitly exempts the kind of imitations exemplified by Socrates' own frequent image making and by the philosophical poetry of the Republic itself. Socrates imagines, but rejects, a certain defense of popular poetry, the very one which Aristotle developed in his doctrine of ‘catharsis.’ But that defense rests upon views of practical knowledge and of the psychological resources of the average person that Plato would be unlikely to have accepted.
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Indra Darmawan, Ruly. "EXPLORING THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF INTERNAL COLONIZATION AND MIMICRY IN GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM: A POST-COLONIAL ANALYSIS." Celtic : A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2023): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v10i2.29004.
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In Animal Farm, George Orwell introduces mimicry and internal colonisation. Mimicry, a basic notion in human imitation, is used to study Napoleon and his porcine companions. Homi K. Bhabha's ambivalence and “same but not quite” theory examines mimicry. The pigs' behaviour is explained by these post-colonial theories. This study also shows how internal colonisation underlies narrative mimicry. This study claims that the story's copying indicates colonization's lasting effects and is a strategy for internal colonisation. Old Major's clear speech inspires Animal Farm residents to imitate humans, making them feel inadequate. This study reveals how internal or external colonisation divides colonised people. In this approach, people may adopt the conquering entity's cultural norms and values as superior. Another group may be indigenous. Internal colonisation by another party or associated group could result through imitation rivalry. This level requires imitation to demonstrate power. Animal Farm exemplifies colonised people imitating colonisers. This detailed analysis of Animal Farm by George Orwell shows how imitation and internal colonisation are interconnected.
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KAWAUCHI, AKIO. "TOPOLOGICAL IMITATION, MUTATION AND THE QUANTUM SU(2) INVARIANTS." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 03, no. 01 (1994): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216594000058.
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It is proved that any two mutative closed oriented 3-manifolds have the same quantum SU(2) invariant. By a constructive argument of topological imitation, we construct finitely many mutative hyperbolic imitations of any given closed oriented 3-manifold with certain arbitrariness of isometry groups whose quantum SU(2) invariants are close to the original one.
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Markova, Yana. "Can Imitation Emancipate." Philosophical Literary Journal Logos 34, no. 5 (2024): 41–61. https://doi.org/10.17323/0869-5377-2024-5-41-61.
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The article undertakes a review of contemporary feminist theory regarding its relationship to the question of the use of the given: whether existing models of femininity can be a resource for subversive imitation in the process of emancipation, or should they be rejected as ideological constructs. These strategies lead up to a broader philosophical opposition between historicism and immanentism (Michel Foucault and the field of cultural studies) on the one hand, and theories that put their stakes on the subject and the event (Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek) on the other. The author analyzes the trajectory of the development of the first strategy in the feminist theory of the third wave in its opposition to the revolutionary-minded radical feminism of the second wave, and comes to the conclusion about the fundamentally melancholic affectation of Foucauldian feminism of Judith Butler and the like. From the Butlerian parodic repetition, the author moves to a more positive idea of mimesis in the theory of sexual difference by Luce Irigaray and her followers Rosi Braidotti and Elizabeth Grosz, and then criticizes the latter from the point of view of the late Irigaray and her concept of real sexual difference. The article argues that Irigaray is not a post-structuralist philosopher of plurality, and that her early concept of mimesis should be understood in conjunction with her later ideas about creating feminine ideals that could allow real sexual difference to unfold culturally. Ultimately, the question of the emancipatory use of the given is resolved by synthesizing Irigaray’s ideas with Jacques Lacan’s theory of sublimation. Imitation is understood as being able to elevate existing objects, practices and images to the rank of sublime, and thus create a rupture in the given, inventing new signifiers in art, love and politics.
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Oh, Won-Yong, and Vincent L. Barker. "Not All Ties Are Equal: CEO Outside Directorships and Strategic Imitation in R&D Investment." Journal of Management 44, no. 4 (2015): 1312–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206315614371.
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Prior research has identified two different sources of strategic imitation—through perceived organizational cluster similarity (cluster effects) and direct social connections (tied-to effects). In the research on tied-to effects, top executives’ social ties, such as outside directorships, have long been studied as a mechanism through which strategic imitation develops. However, are all ties the same? There has been little examination of whether some social ties have more influence than others. Using the attention-based view of the firm, we argue that certain social ties garner more attention by being salient to top executives. We empirically test this assertion by examining the effects of CEO outside directorships on R&D spending. Using panel data from large U.S. manufacturing firms, we find that CEOs imitate the R&D intensity of tied-to firms (i.e., a firm in which the CEO serves as an outside board member) in their own firm’s R&D decisions. Consistent with attention-based arguments, our results show evidence of selective imitation, as imitating relationships are stronger when the CEO has longer tenure as a director of a tied-to firm and the tied-to firm is performing well. In contrast to conventional institutional theory, our findings also show that CEOs imitate relatively smaller tied-to firms when they make R&D investment decisions. Not all social ties have equal influence on imitative strategic decision making; thus, they have different strategic implications.
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Ammonides, Alexandra Papaditsas, and Kent Johnson. "On Imitation." Chicago Review 48, no. 4 (2002): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25305012.
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Mclnerny, Ralph M. "On Imitation." Renascence 37, no. 3 (1985): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/renascence198537321.
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Neuman, Justin. "Imitation Games." Novel 49, no. 1 (2016): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-3458389.
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Terrill, Robert E. "Rhetorical Imitation and Civic Diversity." Journal for the History of Rhetoric 22, no. 2 (2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.22.2.0167.
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ABSTRACT The value of imitatio as a pedagogical tactic in rhetorical education has been attested to for millennia. But within the context of a culture of diversity, imitation becomes potentially problematic. This essay describes two attitudes toward imitatio that may contribute to modifying the practice in ways that enable it to be recovered for use in contemporary classrooms. The first entails reimagining the relationships between students and their model texts as multivalent conversations rather than dyadic exchanges; the second entails challenging the hierarchies that are implied when students are expected to model their work on texts that are considered superior. These two attitudes encourage the integration of imitatio into a rhetorical education that is essential for the cultivation of a just and engaged twenty-first century citizenship.
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Rossano, Matt J. "Cognitive Fluidity and Acheulean Over-imitation." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, no. 3 (2017): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774317000208.
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This paper analyses recently discussed evidence of over-imitation in Acheulean biface construction. First, it evaluates the argument for over-imitation using the available archaeological and cognitive science evidence. Next, it applies the four major theories of over-imitation, (1) Copy and Correct (C&C), (2) Automatic Causal Encoding (ACE), (3) social affiliation and (4) normative theory, as potential explanations for Acheulean over-imitation. ACE theory is the most likely explanation for early biface over-imitation (before 500,000 years bp), with social affiliation becoming increasingly likely after that. Normative over-imitation probably did not occur until around 300,000 years bp, when both the necessary hominin cognitive capacities and social conditions were present. An important conclusion emerging from this analysis is that over-imitation requires an integration of social and technical intelligence. Thus, the origins of cognitive fluidity may date back to as early as a million years ago, well before material evidence of fluidity is present.
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Cestari, Luiz Artur dos Santos. "GABRIEL TARDE AND THE CIRCULATING OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL BELIEF IN BRAZILIAN EDUCATIONAL FIELD." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 2 (2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss2.2166.
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This work is not only an outline of Tarde’s theory of imitation; furthermore, its objective is to present an understanding of the circulating ideas based on the appropriation of autobiographies in the educational field in Brazil. At first, it will give a comprehension of Gabriel Tarde’s sociology of imitation, showing that under the imitations the belief and desire are the substance and force that will find at profound of all sensorial qualities where they combine and involve all social life. Second, it will study the appropriation of the autobiographical idea under the Research/Formation Movement, and it wants to show the assimilation of the autobiographical belief in papers published at yearbooks of the CIPA (International Conferences of Autobiographical Research). Then, it will affirm the importance of Gabriel Tarde’s thought to understand the circulating ideas.
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Wu, Jie, Xinhe Zhang, Shuaihe Zhuo, Martin Meyer, Bin Li, and Haifeng Yan. "The imitation-innovation link, external knowledge search and China's innovation system." Journal of Intellectual Capital 21, no. 5 (2020): 727–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-05-2019-0092.
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PurposeThe authors attempt to answer the basic questions: How is imitation tied to innovation? This question is addressed in the context of China's innovation system in the 2000s where Chinese industrial firms simultaneously implement innovation and imitation strategies in their new product developments.Design/methodology/approachThe authors first build on lattice theory and supermodularity theory to provide a rigorous and careful mathematical proof. The authors further conduct the empirical analyses using an original data on Chinese manufacturing firms' innovation and imitation strategies in the development of new products in 2002.FindingsThis article reveals the complementarity relation between imitation and innovation strategies and identifies external knowledge search as the boundary condition that influences the extent to which two strategies reinforce each other.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of the imitation-innovation complementarity suggest that imitation is not only an indispensable strategy independent of innovation, but also is vital to the effectiveness of innovation itself.Practical implicationsThe imitation-innovation complementarity finding provides some evidence for the contention that Chinese latecomers exploit the synergies of imitation and innovation, transforming themselves from imitators to innovators and vibrant competitors in the global market (Wu et al., 2016) and, as a result, national innovation system has evolved from a state-sponsored imitation program to the imitation-innovation mixture.Originality/valueIn contrast to earlier innovation studies in which innovation and imitation are unrelated, this study reveals that imitation complements innovation, and the extent of Chinese firms' external knowledge search affects the complementary relationship between imitation and innovation. These findings add important insights to the innovation management literature and contribute empirical evidence to the interplay of innovation and imitation enhancing national innovation system.
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Niranjan, Goswami. "Bembo's 'Antique Sandal': The Idea of Imitation in Speroni and Du Bellay." Trivium A multi disciplinary journal of humanities of Chandernagore College 2, no. 2 (2018): 47–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13826338.
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This essay begins with the debate in the Italian Renaissance on the question of the primacy of Latin vis-à-vis Italian. Whereas Imitation theory in writing Latin was well established, the pioneers in vernacular Italian like Giovan Francesco Pico and Pietro Bembo debated the pros and cons of imitation of Latin writers in Italian. Sperone Speroni in a dialogue formulated the various opinions on the question. French Renaissance poet Joachim du Bellay, faced with a similar task of forging the vernacular in France, took a leaf from Speroni and Bembo. Both Bembo and Du Bellay conceived of their theory of imitation as the principal instrument of reformation of the contemporary culture of poetry. Both of them took upon themselves the task of steering the poetic practice and its theory out of confusion and chaos into a deliberate, premeditated and enthusiastic course of action. The paper by following the trajectories of the Imitation theory in Renaissance Italy and France, attempts to demonstrate the connected nature of European discourse on the influence of the classics in the formation of the vernaculars.Keywords: Renaissance Imitation theory, Latin and vernacular debate, Renaissance prose styles, Ciceronianism, Giovan Francesco Pico, Pietro Bembo, Joachim du Bellay, Renaissance Italian prose, Sperone Speroni.
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Hayne, Harlene. "Out of the mouths of babes: A hierarchical view of imitation by human infants." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 5 (1998): 692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98311747.
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Byrne & Russon have argued that imitation is not an all-or-none phenomenon but may instead occur at different levels. Although I applaud their theoretical framework, their data provide little empirical support for the theory. Data from studies of human infants, however, are consistent with the view that imitation may occur at different levels. These data may provide better support for Byrne & Russon's hierarchical view of imitation than the nonhuman primate data that their theory was developed to explain.
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Dolven, Jeff. "Critique and Imitation." English Language Notes 51, no. 2 (2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-51.2.123.
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Pavel, T. "Fiction and Imitation." Poetics Today 21, no. 3 (2000): 521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-21-3-521.
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Song, Zhi-hong. "Organizational learning, absorptive capacity, imitation and innovation." Chinese Management Studies 9, no. 1 (2015): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-05-2014-0092.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among organizational learning, absorptive capacity, imitation and innovation in the Chinese context. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the organizational learning theory and innovation theory, the paper presents a framework linking organizational learning, absorptive capacity, imitation and innovation. Using a key informant technique, a survey questionnaire was designed and sent to the middle or top management managers of 115 firms located in Peking, People’s Republic (PR) of China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation procedures was applied to test the hypotheses developed in the research. Findings – The empirical results show that both organizational learning and absorptive capacity have positive impacts on innovation; imitation has a positive impact on absorptive capacity; absorptive capacity mediates the relationship between imitation and innovation. Practical implications – This study has implications for firms aiming to enhance innovation by organizational learning, absorptive capacity and imitation. Originality/value – Despite the number of studies concerning organizational learning, absorptive capacity, imitation and innovation, research that encompasses the interrelationships between the four concepts simultaneously remains scarce. The paper provides a framework linking organizational learning, imitation, absorptive capacity and innovation, and it advances the argument that absorptive capacity is an important factor in predicting the Chinese firms’ transition from imitation to innovation.
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Приходько, И. М. "Theory of Imitation in a Historical Context." OPERA MUSICOLOGICA, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26156/om.2020.12.5.001.
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Теория имитации создавалась Танеевым в определенном историческом контексте и опиралась на методологические принципы современного ему гуманитарного знания. Со времени публикации «Учения о каноне» прошло почти сто лет, на протяжении которых идеи Танеева остаются незыблемым фундаментом отечественной теории имитации. Однако методология гуманитарного знания претерпела существенные изменения. Оно уже не оперирует «вечными формами», поскольку понятно, что в культуре нет ничего похожего на физические константы. Действие универсальных принципов музыкальной организации опосредовано историческими условиями. Имитация реализует универсальный принцип повторения в разных исторических формах. Первоначально имитация была орнаментальной, изредка вплетаясь в полифоническую ткань. Канон же был широко распространенной техникой письма. Затем имитация примерно на полтора века стала ведущим фактором формообразования и сблизилась с каноном. Позднее, одновременно с возрастанием роли подвижного контрапункта, значение имитации вновь уменьшилось. Менялся и мелодический синтаксис. В период расцвета имитационной техники мелодическая линия развертывалась непрерывно, цезуры были малозаметными и распределялись неравномерно. Под влиянием изменений метроритмической организации в мелодиях появились более глубокие регулярные цезуры. Это позволяет при анализе имитационной полифонии эпохи барокко членить мелодию на отделы, однако при анализе полифонии строгого письма такое членение представляется искусственным. Современная методология требует обозначить границы, за которыми теория утрачивает объяснительные возможности. Отсюда вытекает необходимость переосмыслить некоторые положения танеевской теории. The theory of imitation was created by Sergey I. Taneyev in a certain historical context and was based on the methodological principles of contemporaneous humanities. Almost a hundred years have passed since the publication of “The Teaching on The Canon”, and throughout this time, Taneyev’s ideas remain the unshakable foundation of the domestic theory of imitation. However, the methodology of the humanities has undergone significant changes — particularly in the aspect of the relationship between theoretical and historical knowledge. Also, analysis and description prevail over prescriptions in present-day musicology. Therefore it is reasonable to reconsider some aspects of Taneyev’s theory. Modern musicologists understand that music does not have anything like fundamental and unchangeable physical constants. Accordingly, there are no “eternal forms” in music. There are some general principles of musical organization, similar to linguistic universals, but they are implemented in multiple ways on different levels under different historical/ stylistic conditions. The principle of repetition is realized through transmission of a melodic phrase from one voice part to another — that is, through imitation. Forms of imitation depend on how melodic phrases are built — that is, on the features of the melodic syntax. In the vocal polyphony of the 16th century, the flow of the melody is uninterrupted; caesuras are irregular and shallow, whereas in the instrumental polyphony of the 18th century they divide melody into commensurable sections. This difference affects the way in which imitation is used in these styles.
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Péri, Benedek. "Yavuz Sultan Selïm (1512-1520) and his imitation strategies." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 2 (2020): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00010.
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AbstractUnlike his Ottoman contemporaries, Yavuz Sultan Selïm composed his poems almost exclusively in Persian. A great part of his poetic output consists of poetic replies inspired by the classics of the Persian poetic canon as it was perceived by Ottomans. Through an in depth analysis of four imitation poems inspired by four ghazals by Häfiẓ the present paper aims at highlighting the poetic strategies Selïm used when he composed poetic imitations.
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Egorova, Kseniya Borisovna. "TRANSLATION AND IMITATION OF POLISH POETRY IN RUSSIAN LITERARY CULTURE OF THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY." Russkaya literatura 3 (2022): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2022-3-100-107.
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The article deals with literary imitations of Polish poetry (the works by F. M. Ryndovsky, O. M. Somov, A. V. Sklabovsky), that made an impact on the formation of the language of their times. The works by K. F. Ryleev stand apart in the history of the Polish-Russian literary relations; he had enriched the Russian literature with a new genre of civic poetry, the Russian Duma, which emerged as a literary genre through the imitation of the Historical Songs of the Polish poet Yu. U. Nemtsevich.
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Massen, Cristina, and Wolfgang Prinz. "Movements, actions and tool-use actions: an ideomotor approach to imitation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1528 (2009): 2349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0059.
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In this article we discuss both merits and limitations of the ideomotor approach to action control and action imitation. In the first part, we give a brief outline of ideomotor theory and its functional implications for imitation and related kinds of behaviours. In the subsequent sections, we summarize pertinent experimental studies on action imitation and action induction. These studies show that action perception modulates action planning in a number of ways, of which imitation is but one. In the last part, we move from regular actions to tool-use actions, raising the issue of whether and how watching others' tool-use actions leads to corresponding behaviours in observers. Here, we discuss experiments aimed at dissociating the relative roles of environmental targets, bodily movements and target-to-movement-mappings (action rules) in the observation of tool-use actions. Our findings indicate a strong role for action rules in the observation and imitation of tool-use actions. We argue that, in order to account for these findings, ideomotor theory needs to be extended to take mappings between bodily movements and environmental effects into account.
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Nie, Hongyin. "Chinese radicals as distinctive marks of language." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 3, no. 2 (2019): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850219839224.
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People of the southern ethnic minorities in China used to create their own scripts by imitating Chinese characters, in which some inherent Chinese radicals are borrowed, which indicate how the characters should be read semantically in their native language rather than in Chinese. This method, unexplainable by traditional Chinese theory, may not be regarded as a valid way of character creation, but proves to be an ignored fact existing in the “Southern Scripts of Chinese Imitation”.
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Tánczos, Péter. "Absztrahált szabályok szerint alkotni: Johann Elias Schlegel és Immanuel Kant az utánzásról." Kellék. Filozófiai folyóirat, no. 71 (December 10, 2024): 123–39. https://doi.org/10.61901/kellek.2024.71.08.
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Johann Elias Schlegel is remembered primarily as one of Lessing’s intellectual forerunners, but he made a major contribution to the transformation of German Enlightenment aesthetics with his theorems on similarity and his concept of imitation in art. Although it has been suggested that Immanuel Kant may have been familiar with some of J. E. Schlegel’s early writings, no direct evidence has yet been found; however, he may have been influenced indirectly by some of Schlegel’s ideas. More important than the problematic nexus of influence is the fact that the dramatist made conceptual modifications to the imitation theory that dominated the period, which partly paved the way for the Kantian conception of genius. In this paper I discuss the extent to which J. E. Schlegel’s concept of the limits and framework of imitation contributed to the Kantian theory of imitation, which further restricted imitation and advocated the following of non-conceptual rules abstracted from works. I consider the similarities and differences between Schlegel’s two studies on imitation and Kant’s writings on aesthetics and anthropology, focusing on concepts and themes such as wit, rhyme, genius and imagination. Comparing the two authors may also provide an intermediate, transitional picture of the conceptual shift between Enlightenment and Romantic aesthetics.
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Raser, Timothy. "The Fallacies of Imitation." SubStance 14, no. 1 (1985): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3684955.
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Zhang, Mengke, Yan Huang, Yifan Jin, and Yuan Bao. "Government regulation strategy, leading firms’ innovation strategy, and following firms imitation strategy: An analysis based on evolutionary game theory." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0286730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286730.
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In the innovation ecosystem, the knowledge-based game behavior of each subject not only pertains to its own survival and development but also affects evolution of the innovation ecosystem. The present study investigates the choice of government’s regulation strategy, leading firms’ innovation protection strategy and following firms’ imitation strategy from the perspective of group evolutionary game. Based on the cost-benefit perspective, an asymmetric tripartite evolutionary game model and a simulation model are constructed to analyze the strategies and stability of the evolutionary equilibrium of each subject. We focus mainly on the protection intensity of innovation achievements by leading enterprises and the difficulty of imitation and substitution by following enterprises. The cost of patent operation and maintenance, government subsidies, and the relative difficulty of technology substitution and imitation were identified as the key factors affecting the evolutionary equilibrium of the system. Based on different scenarios resulting from the aforementioned factors, four equilibrium states are observed in the system, namely {no government regulation, technology secrecy, substitution}, {no government regulation, technology secrecy, imitation}, {no government regulation, patent application, imitation}, and {government regulation, patent application, imitation}. Finally, the study suggests corresponding recommendations for the three parties, which can help governments as well as the leading and following firms to choose appropriate behavioral strategies. At the same time, this study offers positive insights to participants in the global innovation ecosystem.
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Gillespie, Stuart. "Imitating the Obscene: Henry Higden's Versions of Horace's Satire 1.2 and Juvenal's Satire 6." Translation and Literature 29, no. 2 (2020): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2020.0418.
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Henry Higden has hitherto been known, if at all, for two works of English classical imitation: of Juvenal's Satire 13 (printed 1686) and Satire 10 (printed 1687), the second an influence on Dryden. Other than a failed stage play, these are Higden's sole recorded works. This article argues that he was also the author of two closely related imitations, probably also composed in the late 1680s but circulated anonymously, and both extant in manuscript copies. Higden's versions tend to make more rather than less emphatic the sexual content of these Latin poems, providing a reason why one who was called to the bar in 1686 and well known in polite circles would not have wished to claim them publicly as his work. A text of the 313-line Horatian imitation is printed for the first time within this contribution.
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Li, Zhongmin, and Andrew-Peter Lian. "Achieving Self-Imitation for English Intonation Learning: The Role of Corrective Feedback." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 45, no. 1 (2022): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2022-0108.
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Abstract Corrective feedback is crucial for pronunciation teaching. However, in current pronunciation teaching practice, the corrective feedback provided usually fails to locate pronunciation problems and inform learners of the differences between their mispronunciations and the correct form. Based on the motor theory, this study attempted to explore a new way of corrective feedback for pronunciation teaching. Specifically, the learners’ speech output was modified and then was played back to them as an input model for learning. In this way, the learners can imitate the pronunciation model of their own voices, achieving self-imitation. This study included two experiments. The first explored the viability of obtaining one’s self-perceived voice through delayed feedback paradigm. The second experiment examined the effectiveness of self-imitation for English intonation learning. Results showed that imitating the pronunciation model of one’s own voice can reduce the learners’ phonological memory load, assist critical listening and facilitate accurate phonetic realizations of the target intonation.
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Chen, Cunying, and Hua Zhang. "Which one is better: Assessment and Locomotion imitation strategies in Changing Environments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, no. 1 (2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012034.
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Abstract Imitation is ubiquitous, yet what self-regulation orientations’ role played in imitation strategies is poorly understood, which is particularly challenging in dynamic and uncertain environments. According to regulatory mode theory, we model two imitation strategies: assessment and locomotion. Assessment pays more attention on comparation among different alternatives, they repeatedly measure, evaluate, and compare desired means and try to find out the ‘best’ one. Contrariwise locomotion refers to ‘keep moving’, once choosing one alternative, they change some choices and learn from the resulting performance feedback. Using a computational model, we explore the performance implications of dynamic environments for these two imitation strategies. Consequently, when environment is stable, assessment is more effective in maintaining the lead, whereas locomotion prevails as environmental changes become more frequent and substantial. We contribute to the literatures on strategy, imitation, and NK studies.
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Palmer, C. Michael. "Instrumental Jazz Improvisation Development." Journal of Research in Music Education 64, no. 3 (2016): 360–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429416664897.
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The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the role aural imitation ability, jazz theory knowledge, and personal background variables play in the development of jazz improvisation achievement. Participants ( N = 70) included 26 high school and 44 college instrumentalists with varying degrees of jazz improvisation experience. Data were collected using four researcher-designed instruments: (a) Participant Improvisation Experience Survey (PIES), (b) Improvisation Achievement Performance Measure (IAPM), (c) Aural Imitation Measure (AIM), and (d) the Jazz Theory Measure (JTM). Results indicate that aural imitation ability and technical facility are fundamental skills supporting jazz improvisation achievement. Other contributing factors include improvisation experience, jazz experience, practicing improvisation, perceived self-confidence, self-assessment, and jazz theory knowledge. Further analysis of results led to improvisation being viewed from a developmental perspective and achievement levels being distinguished on a developmental continuum (i.e., novice, intermediate, advanced) based on performance evaluations within musical categories (i.e., rhythm/time feel, harmony, melody/rhythmic development, style, expressivity, and creativity).
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Nedzinskaitė, Živilė. "A Quest for Originality in Latin Poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Observed in Manuscripts of the Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries." Interlitteraria 23, no. 2 (2019): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2018.23.2.6.
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The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the time when literature in Latin written by professors and students of Jesuit colleges flourished in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This trend was the outcome of the Jesuit educational model. The main disciplines in colleges were poetics and rhetoric. The classes of these two disciplines not only aimed at teaching theoretical rules, acquainting the students with the prevailing literary canon, and pointing out the differences between genres, but also encouraged students’ individual creative work, as it was independent writing that was a proof of students’ ability to apply theory in practice. Student writing was strongly influenced by the theory of imitation, which was very popular at the time. Resorting to manuscript material from the colleges of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the article focuses on varying degrees of influence of the imitation theory on students’ individual creative work: it shows the relation between imitation and the literary tradition, the rules of rhetoric, and imitation of canonical authors; it also places emphasis on the quest for individual expression. The author observes that some texts composed by students are on a par with the best poetic works of the well-known poets of that time.
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Otuya, Robert. "Imitation as an Organizational Competitive Strategy for Growth and Sustainability." Africa Journal of Technical and Vocational Education and Training 3, no. 1 (2018): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.69641/afritvet.2018.3159.
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Institutional theory suggests that firms imitate other firms with ideal traits, whereas the strategic scholars’ literature on imitation suggests firms imitate similar firms. Broadly, Imitation can be described as the drive of a competitor to replicate a company’s successful business model in terms of the introduction of new products and processes, in the adoption of managerial methods and organizational forms, and in market entry and the timing of investment. This paper reviews literature on theories that support imitation strategy, when imitation is the best strategy, how imitation help market leaders to stay ahead and how it affects new market entrants. Findings from literature review suggest that imitation as a strategy has continued to shape the competitiveness in modern corporations. Strategies that are largely based on imitation have seen the shakeout and emergence of new innovations and dominant technologies over time. Imitation of products, process, and technology has also led to improved industry standards. The paper recommends that firms opting for imitation business models should do it innovatively and ethically to attain healthy competition in the market place. It further argues that successful imitation rather than innovation may be a better way to sustain the business in an environment that is uncertain and pervaded with stiff competition. Even better, borrowing ideas from others and combining that with own creativity, can build strong competitive advantages for businesses that would otherwise be pushed out of the play field.