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1
Kahouadji, Nabil, Niky Kamran, and Keti Tenenblat. "Local isometric immersions of pseudo-spherical surfaces and kth order evolution equations." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 21, no. 04 (2019): 1850025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199718500256.
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We consider the class of evolution equations of the form [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], that describe pseudo-spherical surfaces. These were classified by Chern and Tenenblat in [Pseudospherical surfaces and evolution equations, Stud. Appl. Math 74 (1986) 55–83.]. This class of equations is characterized by the property that to each solution of such an equation, there corresponds a 2-dimensional Riemannian metric of constant curvature [Formula: see text]. Motivated by the special properties of the sine-Gordon equation, we investigate the following problem: given such a metric, is there a local isometric immersion in [Formula: see text] such that the coefficients of the second fundamental form of the immersed surface depend on a jet of finite order of [Formula: see text]? We extend our earlier results for second-order evolution equations [N. Kahouadji, N. Kamran and K. Tenenblat, Local isometric immersions of pseudo-spherical surfaces and evolution equations, Fields Inst. Commun. 75 (2015) 369–381; N. Kahouadji, N. Kamran and K. Tenenblat, Second-order equations and local isometric immersions of pseudo-spherical surfaces, Comm. Anal. Geom. 24(3) (2016) 605–643.] to [Formula: see text]th order equations by proving that there is only one type of equation that admit such an isometric immersion. More precisely, we prove under the condition of finite jet dependency that the coefficients of the second fundamental forms of the local isometric immersion determined by the solutions [Formula: see text] are universal, i.e. they are independent of [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we show that there exists a foliation of the domain of the parameters of the surface by straight lines with the property that the mean curvature of the surface is constant along the images of these straight lines under the isometric immersion.
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Yin, Dawei, Shaojie Chen, Bing Chen, Rui Liu, and Faxin Li. "Experimental Study on Immersion Effects of Pressure Water on the Tensile Characteristics of Sandstone Samples." Geofluids 2021 (February 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6694881.
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In this study, Brazilian splitting tests were conducted on sandstone samples subjected to drying and immersing at water pressures of 0, 1, and 3 MPa (immersion duration of 120 h). Investigation of the immersion effects of pressure water on the tensile characteristics of the samples revealed that their tensile strengths decreased with the immersion water pressure. Relative to a sandstone sample subjected to drying alone, immersing at water pressures of 0, 1, and 3 MPa reduced the tensile strength by 12.96%, 19.03%, and 30.16%, respectively. Although the immersed samples experienced splitting failure indicative of obvious brittle failure characteristics, decreases in the postpeak stress reduction rate with immersion water pressure revealed that the intensity of brittle failure weakened with pressure. Based on the obtained data, the deformation evolution process of the sandstone samples could be divided into five stages: deformation adjustment, formation of local deformation zones, local deformation zone propagation, failure surface formation, and sample failure. The water pressure aggravated the physicochemical reactions between water and the hydrophilic minerals in the sandstone, promoting argillisation, dissolution, and loss of hydrophilic minerals and interparticle cementitious materials. As a result of these immersion micromechanisms, the deterioration of the sandstone samples increased with the immersion water pressure, with the average porosities of the fracture surfaces at 0, 1, and 3 MPa increasing by 142.86%, 368.37%, and 593.88%, respectively, relative to the dried sample. As a result of these morphological changes, the sandstone samples subjected to water pressure immersion failed at small axial stresses with low levels of applied mechanical energy.
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Kotani, Masahiro, Koutarou Nakamichi, Yusuke Yasufuku, and Hiroyuki Kawada. "Damage Evolution of Delayed Fracture in Woven GFRP under Hot Water Environment." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1923.
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Present paper deals with the delayed fracture in woven GFRP underwater at elevated temperature. The tensile test of GFRP after water immersion was conducted to evaluate the residual strength ater immersion at various water temperatures. The residual strength of GFRP decreased with the increase in the water temperature and the immersion time. In fact, the transition in failure mode with water immersion was ascertained from SEM observation of the fracture surface. Additionally, creep test in air and under hot water at 95°C was conducted. The creep rupture time decreased drastically with water immersion, in contrast, creep rupture wasn’t observed from the creep test in air. It was clarified that the water immersion generated the transition in the failure mode of GFRP and therefore led to the acceleration of the strength degradation.
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Charmantier, G., M. Charmantier-Daures, S. L. Waddy, and D. E. Aiken. "Salinity Tolerance and Osmoregulation in the Nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari, an Egg Predator of American Lobster, Homarus americanus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 2 (1991): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-028.
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The salinity tolerance and osmoregulation of Pseudocarcinonemertes homari were determined to develop a method for elimination of this nemertean from egg masses of American lobster, Homarus americanus. The lower and upper lethal salinities (LS50) for nemerteans are 11 and 45‰ at 7 °C and 19 and 37‰ at 14.5 °C. Immersion in freshwater was lethal in 4 min or less, depending on temperature. The nemerteans hyperosmoconformed over the range 10–1600 mosm∙kg−1. Lobster eggs (eye index [Formula: see text]) survived for 2–8 h when immersed in freshwater. Ovigerous lobster were not affected by a 5-min immersion in freshwater and were able to withstand at least 30 min if only the abdomen was immersed. Lobster eggs hatched and larvae developed normally up to at least stage IV, even after a 30-min freshwater immersion. These results suggest that nemerteans could be eliminated from American lobster by immersing their abdomen and attached eggs in freshwater for 5 min and immersing the entire lobster for an additional 5 min.
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Ge, Yongxiang, Congrui Zhang, Gaofeng Ren, and Luwei Zhang. "Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior and Damage Evolution Mechanism of Oil-Impregnated Gypsum Rock." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (2022): 11172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811172.
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In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of the underground space formed by gypsum mining, with the core goal of building an oil storage depot in the gypsum mine goaf, the designed rock infiltration loading device was used to prepare gypsum rock samples immersed in oil for 0, 15, and 30 days for rock mechanics experiments. The influence of oil immersion on the mechanical behavior of the gypsum ore rock mass was studied, and the damage evolution mechanism of gypsum ore rock was explored through statistical fitting and normalized quantitative evaluation. The results show that, with the increase in oil immersion time, the peak stress and elastic modulus of gypsum rock both tend to decrease, and the decrease degree of each parameter is smaller when the confining pressure is higher. The normalized expression of each parameter of gypsum ore and rock with the oil immersion time was established, the deterioration coefficient of each parameter was defined, and the influence law of the oil immersion time on each parameter was analyzed. With the increase in oil immersion time, the internal friction angle of gypsum ore rock exhibited an increasing trend, while the other parameters exhibited a decreasing trend. The oil immersion time had the greatest influence on the cohesion of gypsum ore rock, followed by peak stress, internal friction angle, and elastic modulus. Moreover, it was further demonstrated that high confining pressure conditions weaken the deterioration effect of oil immersion on gypsum rock, i.e., high confining pressure conditions are more conducive to crude oil storage. The research results herein provide theoretical support for the improvement of the theory of “treatment and utilization synergy” in gypsum mine goaf.
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Sun, Yu Jie, Qing Chun Cui, Chun Ming Shi, and Suo Huai Zhang. "Finite Element Modeling of Quenching Process Coupled with Phase Transformation Effect." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.522.
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This paper presents a sequential coupled thermo-metallurgical-mechanical finite element model for low alloy steel quenching which can be used to predict temperature history, evolution of microstructure, internal stress and distortion. The main efforts are to develop a series of subroutines which consider the latent heat released due to phase transformation and numerical implementation of a thermo-metallurgical-mechanical constitute equation. The effectiveness of developed computational method is confirmed by a immersion quenching. Simulations of immersion quenching demonstrate that transformation induce plasticity has significant effect of the evolution of residual stress, distortion and can not be neglected for low alloy steel during immersion quenching.
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Wu, Xue Feng, Zu Quan Jin, Tie Jun Zhao, and Song Gao. "Damage of Cement Paste in Sulfate Environment with Different Temperature and Drying-Immersion Cycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2088.
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Damage of cement paste under attack of sodium sulfate solution with different temperature and regime were carried out in this paper. Experimental study was executed on cement paste admixed by fly ash and GGBS. Sulfate concentration is 33.8g/l SO42- solution (5% by mass of Na2SO4). Two exposure regimes are employed in this study including immersion and drying-immersion cycles. In immersion regime, the temperature of sulfate solution is room temperature, 50°C and 80°C. Physical properties and sulfate ion distribution of paste were systematically tested during 150 days of sulfate exposure. And effects of raised temperature and drying-immersion cycles on deterioration of paste were also determined. The experimental results show that the strength, mass and expansion rate of paste improves initially and then progressively degrade until failure in sulfate environment. Beside chemical attack, which is major damage factor to paste in immersion regime, crystallized thenardite results in surface scaling of paste in drying-immersion cycles. Raised temperature and drying-immersion cycles accelerate the physical properties evolution process and increase the effective sulfate diffusion coefficient.
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Bernal, Raul Niño. "Evolutionary Immersion, Digital Arts, Science and Technology." ARJ – Art Research Journal / Revista de Pesquisa em Artes 2, no. 2 (2015): 11–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36025/arj.v2i2.7287.
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A theoretical defense of aesthetics as an open science, of knowledge from the perspective of computational information and electronic networks. The transformation of technologies vis-à-vis the evolutionary creation and immersion of digital arts and the use of computing poses a wider conception about interaction, participation and visual concepts in terms of an event horizon. Artists and scientists who use the digital medium face two transformation processes in the creative milieu: in the first place, understanding the transformation of the matter used in the past to represent objects and works of art, now with information bytes, computing codes and algorithms. On the other hand, computational technologies used in order to share and transfer knowledge on the Internet, establishing social, academic and scientific ties leading to the creation of immersive relationships that explain a technological and creative evolution. Revision: Leslie H. Damasceno
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Ftiti, Sondes, Sandra C. Cifuentes, Awatef Guidara, Joaquín Rams, Hassib Tounsi та Juan P. Fernández-Blázquez. "The Structural, Thermal and Morphological Characterization of Polylactic Acid/Β-Tricalcium Phosphate (PLA/Β-TCP) Composites upon Immersion in SBF: A Comprehensive Analysis". Polymers 16, № 5 (2024): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050719.
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Biocomposite films based on PLA reinforced with different β-TCP contents (10%, 20%, and 25%wt.) were fabricated via solvent casting and immersed in SBF for 7, 14, and 21 days. The bioactivity, morphological, and thermal behavior of composites with immersion were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, weight loss (WL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This broad analysis leads to a deeper understanding of the evolution of the polymer–filler interaction with the degradation of the biocomposites. The results showed that β-TCP gradually evolved into carbonated hydroxyapatite as the immersion time increased. This evolution affected the interaction of β-TCP with PLA. PLA and β-TCP interactions differed from PLA and carbonated hydroxyapatite interactions. It was observed that β-TCP inhibited PLA hydrolysis but accelerated the thermal degradation of the polymer. β-TCP retarded the cold crystallization of PLA and hindered its crystallinity. However, after immersion in SBF, particles accelerated the cold crystallization of PLA. Therefore, considering the evolution of β-TCP with immersion in SBF is crucial for an accurate analysis of the biocomposites’ degradation. These findings enhance the comprehension of the degradation mechanism in PLA/β-TCP, which is valuable for predicting the degradation performance of PLA/β-TCP in medical applications.
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Beeman, Chris, and Eric B. Walton. "Wilderness Immersion Tuning: Education with Evolution and Neuroscience in Mind." Encounters in Theory and History of Education 17 (November 29, 2016): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/eoe-ese-rse.v17i0.6345.
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These combined two papers make the case that certain kinds of learning in relatively less human-directed environments, which we call wilderness immersion tuning, not only make good evolutionary and neuroscience sense, but are needed for the optimal growth and learning of young people. The paper is presented in two parts. Part One makes a neuroscience-based case for learning in certain ways in wild spaces. It considers the philosophical idea of humans as embodied learners. It provides a connection between recent neuroscience discoveries and empirical studies highlighting the effectiveness of learning in nature. Part Two extends these neuroscience discoveries and particularly explores psycho-social maturation through learning in less human-controlled places. It calls for learning in wild places for early adolescent students. While the two parts are separated in order to meet editorial guidelines, they are necessarily intertwined and ought to be read as parts of a whole.
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Wang, Min, Yakun Tian, Zhijun Zhang, Qifeng Guo, and Lingling Wu. "Dynamic Evolution of Coal Pore-Fracture Structure and Its Fractal Characteristics under the Action of Salty Solution." Mathematics 12, no. 1 (2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12010072.
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The instability and failure of coal pillars is one of the important factors leading to the catastrophic consequences of coal mine goaf collapse. Coal mine water has the characteristics of high salinity. Long-term mine water erosion can easily deform the coal pillar structure, eventually leading to instability and damage. This study carried out tests on coal samples soaked in salt solutions with different concentrations, and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was used to obtain the dynamic evolution of the pore-fracture structure of coal. On the basis of fractal theory, the changes in fractal dimension of pore structure during the soaking process were discussed. The damage variable based on the pore fractal dimension was defined and the evolution relationship between the damage variable and immersion time was characterized. The findings demonstrated that the porosity change rate has an exponentially increasing relationship with the immersion time, and with the increasement of concentration of salt solution, the porosity change rate also shows increasing trends. The number of seepage pores and total pores increased with the immersion time. While, with the extension of soaking time, the number of adsorption pores first increased and then decreased. The connectivity between pores was enhanced. The relationship between the fractal dimension and the immersion time is linearly decreasing. The damage variable showed an increasing trend with the immersion time. As the concentration of salt solution increased, the damage of coal increased. The research results are of great significance for rationally evaluating the stability of coal pillars and ensuring the safe operation of underground engineering.
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Wang, Shunfeng, Long Yu, Linglin Xu, Kai Wu, and Zhenghong Yang. "The Failure Mechanisms of Precast Geopolymer after Water Immersion." Materials 14, no. 18 (2021): 5299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185299.
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Precast geopolymers with lower water/binder (0.14), which mainly consists of alkali solution, fly ash (FA) and steel slag (SS), were manufactured through molding pressing technology. The failure mechanisms of precast geopolymers after water immersion were studied by testing the loss of compressive strength, the pH of the leaching solution, the concentration of ions (Na+, Ca2+, Si4+ and Al3+), the evolution of phases, pore structure and morphology, and further discussion of the regulation evolution was performed. The results show that the harmful pores (>50 nm) of geopolymers progressively decrease from 70% to 50% after 28 days of water immersion when the content of steel slag increases from 0 to 80 wt.%. Compressive strength of geopolymers sharply reduces in the first 3 days and then increases during the water immersion process, but the phase composition varies slightly. Furthermore, increasing the content of steel slag could decrease the total porosity and further prevent the water resistance.
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de Braux, Emmanuel, Fletcher Warren-Myers, Tim Dempster, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, Tom Hansen, and Stephen E. Swearer. "Osmotic induction improves batch marking of larval fish otoliths with enriched stable isotopes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 9 (2014): 2530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu091.
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Abstract Otolith marking with enriched stable isotopes via immersion is a recent method of batch marking larval fish for a range of research and industrial applications. However, current immersion times and isotope concentrations required to successfully mark an otolith limit the utility of this technique. Osmotic induction improves incorporation and reduces immersion time for some chemical markers, but its effects on isotope incorporation into otoliths are unknown. Here, we tested the effects of osmotic induction over a range of different isotope concentrations and immersion times on relative mark success and strength for 26Mg:24Mg, 86Sr:88Sr and 137Ba:138Ba on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) larvae. 71% and 100% mark success were achieved after 1 h of immersion for 86Sr (75 µg L−1) and 137Ba (30 µg L−1) isotopes, respectively. Compared with conventional immersion, osmotic induction improved overall mark strength for 86Sr and 137Ba isotopes by 26–116%, although this effect was only observed after 12 h of immersion and predominately for 86Sr. The results demonstrate that osmotic induction reduces immersion times and the concentrations of isotope required to achieve successful marks. Osmotically induced isotope labels via larval immersion may prove a rapid and cost-effective way of batch marking fish larvae across a range of potential applications.
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Stickel, W., H. C. Pfeiffer, S. D. Golladay, and M. S. Gordon. "Evolution of electron projection optics from variable axis immersion lenses to projection reduction exposure with variable axis immersion lenses." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 20, no. 6 (2002): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1515303.
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Ma, Ling, Wei Zhang, ManJin Lv, and JingNing Li. "The Study of Immersive Physiology Courses Based on Intelligent Network through Virtual Reality Technology in the Context of 5G." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 14, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6234883.
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The current boom in Internet technology has paved the way for the research and evolution of various technologies related to it. One such technology is immersive virtual reality (IVR). Immersive technology is referred to as creating a reality-like experience by combining the physical world with digital reality. There are two main types of immersive technologies. Immersion in virtual reality is the perception of being physically present in an artificially created world. Perception is artificially created by images, videos, sounds, or other stimuli with the help of a virtual reality (VR) system that the user is connected to. VR uses rendered computer-generated simulations and results in a complete sense of immersion. Immersive virtual reality (immersive VR) refers to engaging users in an artificial environment that replaces their natural surroundings and fully engages them with the artificially created environment. In this research, we will research immersive physiology courses based on artificial intelligence combined with wireless network VR technology in the context of 5G. The teaching methodology has been kept up-to-date along with the technology. Teaching physiology courses also incorporate new technologies like immersive technologies. The use of technology in anatomy and physiology courses allows students to view structures and physiological concepts in a realistic environment. Virtual dissection in 3D is available with a life-like artificial environment. Students can attend the classes with VR headsets, laptops, or smartphones to experience immersive and interactive 3D classes. This advanced technology enhances and empowers the students to learn from real-life situations like those available in the classes. In this research, CNN with AI is proposed for effective learning of physiology courses. This algorithm is compared with the existing NNGA, KNN, and Random Forest, and it is observed that the proposed model has obtained an accuracy of 99%.
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Zeng, Diping, Zhiyi Liu, Song Bai, and Juangang Zhao. "Preparation and Characterization of a Silane Sealed PEO Coating on Aluminum Alloy." Coatings 11, no. 5 (2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050549.
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A dense alumina ceramic coating was formed on UNS A97075 Al alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). An efficient and environmentally friendly silane layer was prepared to seal the PEO coating. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the PEO coating was completely sealed by the silane layer. The electrochemical corrosion evolution of the silane sealed PEO composite coating was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the EIS data, the corrosion evolution of the silane sealed composite coating could be divided to three stages during 576 h of immersion test, and the silane coating acted as a good physical barrier in the immersion test, effectively delayed the corrosion process and improved the corrosion resistance.
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Sail, Latefa, Fouad Ghomari, Abdelhafid Khelidj, and Abdelillah Bezzar. "Properties evolution of phosphate film inhibitor as function of immersion time." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (2014): 699–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2014.909336.
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Wang, Jianfeng, Bingbing Zhao, Xiao Chen, Haixia Liu, and Jie Zhang. "Immersion-Driven Structural Evolution of NiFeS Nanosheets for Efficient Water Splitting." Nanomaterials 14, no. 1 (2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14010023.
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The development of low-cost, highly active, and stable electrocatalytic water-splitting catalysts is crucial to solving the current energy crisis and environmental pollution. Herein, a simple two-step conversion strategy is proposed to successfully prepare NiFeS nanosheet structure catalyst through the “immersion-sulfurization” strategy. The self-supported electrode can be prepared in large quantities due to its simple preparation process. As an active substance, NiFeS can grow directly on the NiFe foam substrate, avoiding the use of adhesives or conductive agents, and directly used as electrodes. The as-obtained NiFeS/NFF-300 displays efficient catalytic activity in electrocatalytic water splitting. The overpotential required for OER of the NiFeS/NFF-300 electrode at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is 230 mV. The electrode underwent a stability test at 10 mA cm−2 for 24 h, and the overpotential remained essentially unchanged, demonstrating excellent stability. Moreover, NiFeS/NFF-300 exhibits considerable HER performances compared with NiFeC2O4/NFF and NiFe foam. The unique nanosheet structure and the presence of Niδ+ and Ni2+ formed by NiFe foam substrate on the NiFeS surface are responsible for its excellent electrocatalytic activity.
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Zhang, Chun Yan, Yan Long Ma, and Cheng Long Liu. "Study on Corrosion Property of Fluoride Treated Biodegradable AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1669.
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In order to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys as degradable implant material, fluorine conversion coatings were synthesized on AZ31 magnesium alloy by immersion in hydrofluoric acid (HF) for different time. Potentiodynamic electrochemical technique and hydrogen evolution testing were employed to investigate the corrosion behavior of the coated alloys in Hanks solution. It is indicated that the fluoride conversion coating, which is compact and composed of MgF2, can significantly decrease the degradation rate of Mg alloy AZ31 in Hanks solution. The most improved corrosion protection was achieved by immersion for 10 days. The corrosion current density was 40 times lower than that of the substrate and the hydrogen evolution rate of the coated sample was only one-fiftieth of the substrate.
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Castro Silva, Tarcísio, and Niky Kamran. "Third-order differential equations and local isometric immersions of pseudospherical surfaces." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 18, no. 06 (2016): 1650021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199716500218.
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The class of differential equations describing pseudospherical surfaces enjoys important integrability properties which manifest themselves by the existence of infinite hierarchies of conservation laws (both local and nonlocal) and the presence of associated linear problems. It thus contains many important known examples of integrable equations, like the sine-Gordon, Liouville, KdV, mKdV, Camassa–Holm and Degasperis–Procesi equations, and is also home to many new families of integrable equations. Our paper is concerned with the question of the local isometric immersion in E3 of the pseudospherical surfaces defined by the solutions of equations belonging to the class introduced by Chern and Tenenblat [Pseudospherical surfaces and evolution equations, Stud. Appl. Math. 74 (1986) 55–83]. In the case of the sine-Gordon equation, it is a classical result that the second fundamental form of the immersion depends only on a jet of finite order of the solution of the partial differential equation. A natural question is therefore to know if this remarkable property extends to equations other than the sine-Gordon equation within the class of differential equations describing pseudospherical surfaces. In a pair of earlier papers [N. Kahouadji, N. Kamran and K. Tenenblat, Second-order equations and local isometric immersions of pseudo-spherical surfaces, to appear in Comm. Anal. Geom., arXiv: 1308.6545; Local isometric immersions of pseudo-spherical surfaces and evolution equations, in Hamiltonian Partial Differential Equations and Applications, eds. P. Guyenne, D. Nichols and C. Sulem, Fields Institute Communications, Vol. 75 (Springer-Verlag, 2015), pp. 369–381], it was shown that this property fails to hold for all [Formula: see text]th-order evolution equations [Formula: see text] and all other second-order equations of the form [Formula: see text], except for the sine-Gordon equation and a special class of equations for which the coefficients of the second fundamental form are universal, that is functions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] which are independent of the choice of solution [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we consider third-order equations of the form [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], which describe pseudospherical surfaces with the Riemannian metric given in [T. Castro Silva and K. Tenenblat, Third order differential equations describing pseudospherical surfaces, J. Differential Equations 259 (2015) 4897–4923]. This class contains the Camassa–Holm and Degasperis–Procesi equations as special cases. We show that whenever there exists a local isometric immersion in E3 for which the coefficients of the second fundamental form depend on a jet of finite order of [Formula: see text], then these coefficients are universal in the sense of being independent on the choice of solution [Formula: see text]. This result further underscores the special place that the sine-Gordon equations seem to occupy amongst integrable partial differential equations in one space variable.
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Luo, Ji’an, and Liangliang Wang. "Segmentary Damage Constitutive Model and Evolution Law of Rock under Water-Force Coupling Action of Pumped Storage in Deep Mine." Energies 16, no. 11 (2023): 4322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114322.
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The deformation and failure of surrounding rock mass under different water environments is a basic mechanical problem encountered in the safe operation of ground pumped storage power station and abandoned mine pumped storage power station. According to the influence of different water environments on the failure characteristics of deep surrounding rock mass, it is necessary to summarize the damage evolution law of deep rock mass under different water environments and construct the constitutive model. In this paper, the loading mechanical test is carried out after the natural immersion of the rock in different water environments. The influence of the change of the geological water environment on the damage evolution characteristics of the rock is analyzed from the perspective of the deterioration of the mechanical parameters. On this basis, the damage statistical constitutive model is constructed, and the damage evolution analysis is carried out. The results show that the degradation degree of mechanical parameters such as compressive strength and elastic modulus of sandstone is in the order of distilled water immersion, simulated groundwater immersion and natural state. The damage evolution of sandstone under water–rock interaction is divided into four stages: no damage, rapid damage, deceleration damage and failure. The theoretical curve of the model is in good agreement with the uniaxial test curve of rock under different water environments. The segmented damage constitutive model based on the long compaction stage of sandstone under water–rock interaction reasonably reflects the change of stress–strain relationship of damage failure, and the physical meaning of parameters is clear.
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Gimenez, Juliana Iassia, Amanda Cristina Esteves Amaro, Silvia Rodrigues Machado, and Gisela Ferreira. "Slow imbibition of Annona emarginata (Annonaceae) seeds: metabolic and ultrastructural evaluations." Botany 95, no. 11 (2017): 1033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0110.
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Germination pattern may be affected when seeds are dispersed under flooded conditions or subjected to pre-germination treatments such as immersion in plant growth regulators and priming. We evaluated the metabolic and ultrastructural changes in the seeds of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer seeds caused by immersion in water (0 MPa) during the imbibition phase (phase I). The immersion time necessary for initially dry seeds (10% water content) to reach a water content of 15%, 20%, and 35% was recorded. The seeds were also immersed in a polyethylene glycol 6000 solution (–1.2 MPa) to decrease the rate of water uptake and increase the immersion times required for the seeds to reach the selected water contents. With shorter immersion times, seed damage did not decrease germinability. Seeds immersed for 122 h sustained damage to the cell membrane system and organelles, resulting in a decreased percentage and rate of germination. Decreasing the rate of water uptake increased the time required to finish imbibition phase to 317 h and resulted in more ultrastructural damages and a decreased germination index. We conclude that in seeds with slower imbibition, longer immersion times may cause severe metabolic damage if the seeds are immersed until the end of the imbibition phase, resulting in reduced germination.
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Panaghie, Catalin, Ramona Cimpoeșu, Bogdan Istrate, et al. "New Zn3Mg-xY Alloys: Characteristics, Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Behavior." Materials 14, no. 10 (2021): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102505.
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Zinc biodegradable alloys attracted an increased interest in the last few years in the medical field among Mg and Fe-based materials. Knowing that the Mg element has a strengthening influence on Zn alloys, we analyze the effect of the third element, namely, Y with expected results in mechanical properties improvement. Ternary ZnMgY samples were obtained through induction melting in Argon atmosphere from high purity (Zn, Mg, and Y) materials and MgY (70/30 wt%) master alloys with different percentages of Y and keeping the same percentage of Mg (3 wt%). The corrosion resistance and microhardness of ZnMgY alloys were compared with those of pure Zn and ZnMg binary alloy. Materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), linear and cyclic potentiometry, and immersion tests. All samples present generalized corrosion after immersion and electro-corrosion experiments in Dulbecco solution. The experimental results show an increase in microhardness and indentation Young Modulus following the addition of Y. The formation of YZn12 intermetallic phase elements with a more noble potential than pure Zinc is established. A correlation is obtained between the appearance of new Y phases and aggressive galvanic corrosion.
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Warren-Myers, Fletcher, Tim Dempster, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, Tom Hansen, and Stephen E. Swearer. "Immersion during egg swelling results in rapid uptake of stable isotope markers in salmonid otoliths." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 5 (2015): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0390.
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Determining the value of restocking wild fisheries with hatchery-reared fish requires the ability to identify and quantify the survival of hatchery fish after release. However, to obtain accurate estimates of survival rates, multiple fish identification techniques are often used, making the monitoring of restocking inefficient and costly. Here we test a new immersion marking method to determine its efficiency and cost effectiveness for marking millions of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Salmon eggs were marked during the egg swelling stage by immersing eggs in a solution containing seven enriched stable isotopes (134Ba, 135Ba, 136Ba, 137Ba, 86Sr, 87Sr, and 26Mg) for 2 h immediately after fertilisation. One hundred percent successful marks were detected in the otoliths of resulting larvae at a concentration of 1000 μg·L−1 for 136Ba and 100 μg·L−1 for 135Ba and 137Ba, with no detrimental effects on survival or health of egg and yolk sac larvae. We estimate that seven unique mark combinations can be made at a cost of $0.0001 to $0.0017 (US) per egg and conclude that marking via egg immersion is suitable for low cost, accurate marking of hatchery-reared salmonids destined for restocking purposes.
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Steiner Petrovič, Darja, Djordje Mandrino, Božidar Šarler, et al. "Surface Analysis of Biodegradable Mg-Alloys after Immersion in Simulated Body Fluid." Materials 13, no. 7 (2020): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071740.
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Two binary biodegradable Mg-alloys and one ternary biodegradable Mg-alloy (Mg-0.3Ca, Mg-5Zn and Mg-5Zn-0.3Ca, all in wt%) were investigated. Surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses (XPS) of the alloy surfaces before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) were performed. The XPS analysis of the samples before the immersion in SBF revealed that the top layer of the alloy might have a non-homogeneous composition relative to the bulk. Degradation during the SBF immersion testing was monitored by measuring the evolution of H2. It was possible to evaluate the thickness of the sample degradation layers after the SBF immersion based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tilted sample. The thickness was in the order of 10–100 µm. The typical bio-corrosion products of all of the investigated alloys consisted of Mg, Ca, P and O, which suggests the formation of apatite (calcium phosphate hydroxide), magnesium hydrogen phosphate hydrate and magnesium hydroxide. The bioapplicability of the analyzed alloys with regard to surface composition and degradation kinetics is discussed.
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Liang, Cheng Yao, Chun Xiang Qian, Wen Ce Kang, and Huai Cheng Chen. "The Evolution Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Marine Submerged Concrete Based on GRA." Key Engineering Materials 748 (August 2017): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.748.316.
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Deterioration of concrete in marine environment and the durability of coastal constructions have raised great concern throughout the world. This work mainly focuses on the compressive strength of concrete in marine submerged environment. Data in previous researches has been collected in this work, which can be used in a particular environment and specific types of concrete for different background, while making it difficult to analysis the influencing factors as a whole. In order to find a relative systematical solution to summarize the data, Grey Relational Analysis method is applied to analysis the mass data collected from previous literates at home and aboard. The purpose of this study is to make a sensitivity analysis of factors influencing the concrete compressive strength in submerged marine environment and guide engineering practice. The results turn out that the initial strength plays the most important role in the final strength after long-term immersion. In addition, the immersing age and cationic ions also affect the final strength of marine concrete. In all, general deterioration exhibits the tendency that upgrading at the very beginning and then descending later.
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Liu, Xiaodong, Binwu Wang, Qingyong Su, Qingfu Zuo, and Xiaopeng Song. "The Long-Term Interfacial Evolution and Prediction of Carbon- and Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Rods under a Hygrothermal Environment." Polymers 15, no. 10 (2023): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102278.
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In order to promote the engineering applications of carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid rods, it is necessary to fully understand its long-term hygrothermal durability. In the present study, the water absorption behaviors of a hybrid rod in a water immersion environment are studied experimentally, the degradation rules of the mechanical properties are obtained, and establishing a life prediction model is attempted. The water absorption of the hybrid rod confirms to the classical Fick’s diffusion model, and the water absorption concentration is determined by radial position, immersion temperature, and immersion time. In addition, the radial position of water molecules diffused into the rod is positively correlated with the diffusion concentration. The short-beam shear strength of the hybrid rod decreased significantly after 360 days of exposure; this is because water molecules interact with the polymer through hydrogen bonds to produce bound water during the immersion process, leading to resin matrix hydrolysis and plasticization, as well as interfacial debonding. In addition, the ingression of water molecules caused degradation in the viscoelastic behavior of the resin matrix in hybrid rods. The glass transition temperature of hybrid rods decreased by 17.4% after exposure at 80 °C for 360 days. The Arrhenius equation was used calculate the long-term life of short-beam shear strength in the actual service temperature based on the time–temperature equivalence theory. The stable strength retention for SBSS was found to be 69.38%, which is a useful durability design parameter for hybrid rods in civil engineering structures.
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Goli, T., P. Bohuon, J. Ricci, and A. Collignan. "Evolution of pH during immersion of meat protein matrices in acidic marinades." Meat Science 90, no. 3 (2012): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.10.003.
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Mändl, S., G. Thorwarth, B. Stritzker, and B. Rauschenbach. "Two-dimensional texture and sheath evolution in metal plasma immersion ion implantation." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 1-4 (2005): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.115.
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Despott, Edward J., and Alberto Murino. "Saline-immersion therapeutic endoscopy (SITE): An evolution of underwater endoscopic lesion resection." Digestive and Liver Disease 49, no. 12 (2017): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.08.035.
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Wang, Fangtian, Ningning Liang, and Gang Li. "Damage and Failure Evolution Mechanism for Coal Pillar Dams Affected by Water Immersion in Underground Reservoirs." Geofluids 2019 (January 6, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2985691.
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In coal mines, underground reservoir systems can increase the availability of water and are an effective technical approach for the protection and utilization of water resources. The stability of coal pillar dams is the key factor in the safety and stability of these underground water storage systems. However, coal pillar dams must operate in complex environments that combine dynamic-static superimposed stress fields and water immersion; moreover, coal pillar dams subjected to both stress and seepage are more susceptible to damage and even collapse. In this study, a seepage-stress coupling model of a coal pillar dam was constructed using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) simulation software. This model provides a platform for analyzing the characteristics of fracture development in surrounding rock in active mines and the coupled development of crack fields and seepage fields in coal pillar dams. Methods were developed for (1) calculating the water content for the coal pillar dam numerical simulation model and (2) reducing water immersion weakening. The maximum seepage width of a coal pillar dam subjected to water immersion was obtained, and a damage and failure evolution mechanism for coal pillar dams experiencing flooding was developed. The results provide a scientific basis for enhancing the stability control of coal pillar dams and are of great significance for realizing water conservation in coal mines.
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Wang, Shuqiang, Yanpeng Xue, Yanyan Xue, Cunjing Lv, and Ying Jin. "Long-Term Durability of Robust Super-Hydrophobic Co–Ni-Based Coatings Produced by Electrochemical Deposition." Coatings 12, no. 2 (2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020222.
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The long-term durability for two kinds of Co–Ni-based robust coatings, the Co–Ni super-hydrophobic (Co–Ni SHPB) coating and Co–Ni/WC super-hydrophobic (Co–Ni/WC SHPB) coating, was analyzed through an immersion test in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The evolution of their surface properties was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), a wettability measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), and the evolution of anti-corrosion mechanisms was evaluated with electrochemical measurements. The results show that as-prepared two kinds of robust coatings display a good long-term durability, with the Co–Ni SHPB coating and Co–Ni/WC SHPB coating losing their super-hydrophobicity after being immersed for more than 10 days. Additionally, both kinds of coatings present efficient corrosion protection even after long-term immersion.
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Woodman, James D. "Temperature affects immersion tolerance of first-instar nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 4 (2013): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13023.
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The population dynamics of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, are strongly linked to the timing and distribution of heavy rainfall events in semiarid and arid environments. While the effects of insufficient rainfall on survival are relatively well understood, little information exists on the effects of excessively wet conditions. This study aimed to quantify the survival of first-instar C. terminifera nymphs to a range of water-immersion periods and temperatures. Results show that survival is strongly dependent on immersion temperature whereby survival times ranged from time to 50% mortality (LT50) = 8.12 ± 0.26 h at 15°C to 4.93 ± 0.30 h at 25°C. Nymphs entered a coma-like state within 2 min of immersion. Post-immersion recovery times were greater for longer immersion periods and longer at higher temperatures for immersion periods of >3 h. These findings suggest that first-instar nymphs would be able to survive most instances of transient, localised pooling of water associated with heavy rainfall in the field. However, flooding that could trap individuals for >5 h (including nymphs still underground within the egg pod before emergence to the soil surface) has the potential to cause high mortality, particularly during summer and early autumn when water temperatures may be high.
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Song, Yanqi, Junjie Zheng, Hongfa Ma, et al. "Study on Uniaxial Mechanical Behavior and Damage Evolution Mechanism of Water-Immersed Mudstone." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (2023): 12499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612499.
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The existence of mudstone weak interlayers has a significant impact on the stability of open-pit coal mine slopes. Under the combined influence of rainfall and groundwater, the mechanical properties of the mudstone of weak interlayers deteriorate, leading to a local loss of bearing capacity of the slope and further accelerating the overall instability of the slope. In order to investigate the changes of macroscopic and mesoscopic structures, mechanical failure behavior, and the damage evolution mechanism of water-immersed mudstone, non-destructive water immersion experiments and uniaxial compression experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the main causes of macroscopic structure failure of water-immersed mudstone are the initiation, propagation, and mutual penetration of micro cracks. The mesoscopic structure characteristics of water-immersed mudstone are primarily manifested by increased surface smoothness, increased occurrence of small-scale pores, the presence of a dense network of fissures on the surface, and fusion of mineral unit boundaries. With the increasing immersion time, the quality, relative water content, and peak strain increase, while the uniaxial mechanical parameters and energy parameters decrease. In addition, a statistically damaged constitutive model for mudstone considering the coupling damage of water immersion and low-stress loading was established, and the model is consistent with experimental results. Finally, the water-softening characteristics of mudstone are caused by the propensity of clay minerals to expand and disintegrate upon water contact, changes in pore structure, variations in mineral types and distributions, and the presence of pore water pressure. This study provides valuable insights into the water–rock deterioration mechanism of mudstone and the stability of slopes containing weak interlayers.
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Alimov, Oybek Narkulovich. "Digital Economy and the Evolution of Artificial Intelligence." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 7 (2022): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i7.458.
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In the light of our awareness of the immersion in the era of breakthrough technologies of revolution 4.0, this article reflects current issues of recent times and the evolutionary trends of the global economy: the need for digitalization of business processes, the introduction of artificial intelligence in the country’s economy, the use of Business Intelligence technologies to improve the efficiency of enterprises, increase productivity of labour and more equitable redistribution of benefits between all participants of the processes of transformation of sovereign states into strongholds of global corporatocracy.
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Rolland, Arnaud, Karim Benzarti, Marc Quiertant, and Sylvain Chataigner. "Accelerated Aging Behavior in Alkaline Environments of GFRP Reinforcing Bars and Their Bond with Concrete." Materials 14, no. 19 (2021): 5700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195700.
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This study investigates the durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars (rebars) and their bond in concrete. Accelerated aging tests were first conducted on bare rebars that were either subjected to direct immersion in an alkaline solution or previously embedded in concrete before immersion in the solution (indirect immersion). Accelerated aging was conducted at different temperatures of the solution (20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C) and for various periods up to 240 days. Residual tensile properties were determined for rebars subjected to direct immersion and served as input data of a predictive Arrhenius model. A large decrease in the residual tensile strength assigned to the alkali-attack of glass fibers was extrapolated in the long term, suggesting that direct immersion is very severe compared to actual service conditions. Short-beam tests were also performed on rebars conditioned under direct/indirect immersion conditions, but did not reveal any significant evolution of the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). In a second part, bond tests were performed on pull-out specimens after immersion in the alkaline solution at different temperatures, in order to assess possible changes in the concrete/GFRP bond properties over aging. Results showed antagonistic effects, with an initial increase in bond strength assigned to a confinement effect of the rebar resulting from changes in the concrete properties over aging, followed by a decreasing trend possibly resulting from interfacial degradation. Complementary characterizations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were also carried out to evaluate the effects of aging on the physical/microstructural properties of GFRPs.
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Rambhajan, Aaron. "Orders of Experience." International Journal of Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric 1, no. 1 (2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsvr.2017010104.
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Does art tend towards immersion? Positing James Turrell's Roden Crater (2015) as the modern epitome of the landscape art-object, the evolution of the medium is traced through prominent examples its transformations: Titian's Venus and the Organist with Dog (1550), De Loutherbourg's Eidophusikon (1781), and Barker's Panorama (1792). Discussion regarding Roden Crater's predecessors serve to illustrate distinct innovations which greatly influenced its construction of sensory experience, spanning the use of dialogue to the integration of physicality. This chronology is used to demonstrate an overarching tendency of media towards immersion, and to reflect how the development of contemporary culture evolves towards progressively psychological experiences.
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Benaioun, N. E., N. Moulayat, N. E. Hakiki, et al. "Passive Films Formed on Fe- and Ni-Based Alloys in an Alkaline Medium: An Insight into Complementarities between Electrochemical Techniques and Near-Field Microscopies (AFM/SKPFM)." Applied Sciences 13, no. 21 (2023): 11659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111659.
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This study investigates the natural passivation process of two types of stainless steels (AISI 316 and AISI 304) and a nickel-based alloy (Inconel 600) as a function of immersion time in an alkaline medium. As shown by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the oxide film growth on each substrate is only influenced by trenches formed during the polishing step and does not depend on the chemical composition. The evolution of EIS measurements is explained by this growth mode. After 3 days of immersion, the formed film constitutes a protective barrier against alloy dissolution, as shown by Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy (SKPFM).
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Kim, Hong Soo, Hwapyong Kim, Monica Claire Flores, Gyu-Seok Jung, and Su-Il In. "Surface Modification of Electrocatalyst for Optimal Adsorption of Reactants in Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (2021): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060717.
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Technological development after the industrial revolution has improved the quality of human life, but global energy consumption continues to increase due to population growth and the development of fossil fuels. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to develop sustainable long-term and renewable alternative energy sources. The anodic electrode, which is one of the two-electrode system components, is an essential element for effective energy production. In general, precious metal-based electrocatalysts show high OER reactions from the anodic electrode, but it is difficult to scale up due to their low abundance and high cost. To overcome these problems, transition metal-based anodic electrodes, which exhibit advantages with respect to their low cost and high catalytic activities, are in the spotlight nowadays. Among them, stainless steel is a material with a high ratio of transition metal components, i.e., Fe, Ni, and Cr, and has excellent corrosion resistance and low cost. However, stainless steel shows low electrochemical performance due to its slow sluggish kinetics and lack of active sites. In this study, we fabricated surface modified electrodes by two methods: (i) anodization and (ii) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) immersion treatments. As a result of comparing the two methods, the change of the electrode surface and the electrochemical properties were not confirmed in the H2O2 immersion method. On the other hand, the porous electrode (PE) fabricated through electrochemical anodization shows a low charge transfer resistance (Rct) and high OER activity due to its large surface area compared to the conventional electrode (CE). These results confirm that the synthesis process of H2O2 immersion is an unsuitable method for surface modification. In contrast, the PE fabricated by anodization can increase the OER activity by providing high adsorption of reactants through surface modification.
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Zhang, Yaqi, and Yao Song. "The Effects of Sensory Cues on Immersive Experiences for Fostering Technology-Assisted Sustainable Behavior: A Systematic Review." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 10 (2022): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12100361.
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Games are consistently acknowledged as a powerful approach that can significantly impact people’s behavior towards living in a sustainable way. Sensory cues are regarded as influential factors in facilitating immersive experiences in gamified applications to foster sustainable behavior. As our perception of an environment is influenced not only by what we can see but also by additional sensory input such as sound and touch, additional sensory information can be part of the participant’s experience. This study systematically scrutinized game-based applications containing sensory cues to interpret current technology-assisted sustainable behavior development. This study provides a review of the impact of the sensory signals offered by video games, virtual reality, and augmented reality on pro-environmental behavioral intention. This research found that human senses can change the perception of immersion in multiple ways: visual (dimensions, angles, color), auditory (music, dialogue), and haptic, and these can affect sustainable behavior. Thus, we argue that multiple sensory modalities provide more opportunities to influence users to act sustainably. Based on the results, the theoretical contribution of this paper emphasizes the level of immersion, which is closely related to various sensory perceptions, and explains the correlation between them. In terms of industrial applications, it provides game designers, developers of VR and AR applications, and planners of sustainable education guidelines for the adoption of immersive scenarios.
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Boukettaya, Sonia, Ahmad Alawar, Fahad Almaskari, Hachmi Ben Daly, Ahmed Abdala, and Sami Chatti. "Modeling of water diffusion mechanism in polypropylene/date palm fiber composite materials." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 19 (2018): 2651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317752228.
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The aim of this work is to model the water absorption mechanism of the polypropylene/date palm fibers composite materials after their exposure at different immersion conditions. For short immersion period, a model combining the Fick’s law and the time temperature stress principle has been proposed to describe the water absorption mechanism. However, it has been noted that, after a saturation time, the water diffusion mechanism leads to a physical degradation and a mass loss into the composite material, especially under high temperatures and long times of water immersion. Microscopic observations have revealed a decrease of the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix and fiber degradations. A general new model describing the evolution of the water uptake mechanism and the degradation phenomenon has been also proposed in the present work. A good agreement between the theoretical and experimental data has been obtained.
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Liu, Yuyang, and Hongpeng Lai. "Load Characteristics of Tunnel Lining in Flooded Loess Strata considering Loess Structure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 17, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3731965.
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Loess has a unique structure and water sensitivity, and the immersion of loess leads to many tunnel lining problems in shallowly buried tunnels. Based on a tunnel in Gansu Province in China, two failure glide planes of a shallowly buried loess tunnel and their immersion modes are summarized. Finite element calculation of the structural Duncan-Chang constitutive model is realized via the secondary development of finite element software, by which the loads on the secondary lining are calculated and verified in comparison with measured results. The load characteristics of the secondary lining are studied. The load evolution is closely related to the immersion position and scope of the load. After the loess near the failure glide plane of the arch foot is flooded, the load on the arch foot sharply increases. As the immersion expands, the maximum load moves from the arch end up to the hance. After the loess near the failure glide plane of the hance is flooded, the load on the hance decreases slightly. The stability of the overlying loess decreases gradually, which causes the loads on the vault and arch shoulder to rapidly increase. Additionally, the load distribution characteristics on the secondary lining are summarized.
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Yi, Sihai, Yu Zhang, Haiyang Yi, et al. "Study on the Instability Activation Mechanism and Deformation Law of Surrounding Rock Affected by Water Immersion in Goafs." Water 14, no. 20 (2022): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203250.
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Large-scale goafs are left after coal seam mining. Due to the low-lying terrain, the goaf will be filled and soaked by groundwater, which may lead to instability of the remaining coal pillars in the goaf and cause uneven settlement of the overlying rock. Consequently, there may be overlying rock movement and surface subsidence, which endangers the safety of the building (structure) above the goaf. Considering the strip goaf of Dai Zhuang coal pillar as an example, this study investigated the evolution of instability and deformation of surrounding rocks affected by water immersion using the similar material simulation test method. The results of the study reveal that under the effect of prolonged water immersion in the goaf, the damage to the coal pillar in the strip underwent a stagewise evolution process of several instances of creep damage at the edge of coal pillar followed by overall destabilization damage, and the overburden movement revealed stage characteristics of small step subsidence several times followed by sudden large subsidence. Furthermore, based on Wilson’s coal pillar instability theory, the instability mechanism of the strip coal pillar under the action of water immersion was found to be triggered by the reduced strength of the coal pillar from the effect of water immersion, the continuous creep damage to the strip coal pillar from outside to inside, and the continuous shortening of the elastic zone of the coal pillar until its bearing capacity was lower than the load it was carrying. The research results are expected to serve as theoretical guidance for the study of coal pillar stability and the development and utilization of surface construction above goafs.
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Hoback, W. Wyatt, Thomas L. Clark, Lance J. Meinke, Leon G. Higley, and Joanne M. Scalzitti. "Immersion survival differs among three Diabrotica species." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 105, no. 1 (2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01029.x.
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Rodgers, CJ. "immersion vaccination for control of fish furunculosis." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 8 (1990): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao008069.
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Cotter, Katherine N., Damien L. Crone, Rebekah M. Rodriguez-Boerwinkle, Martin Boerwinkle, Paul J. Silvia, and James O. Pawelski. "Examining the Flourishing Impacts of Repeated Visits to a Virtual Art Museum and the Role of Immersion." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12 (2022): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12120500.
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Visiting art museums has been associated with a range of flourishing outcomes. However, there have been recent shifts towards increasing digital engagement with art, leading to a radical change in how people experience visual art. Given the now expansive virtual art viewing options, it is important to understand whether digital engagement can also lead to greater flourishing, and, if so, under what conditions. We examined the flourishing effects of viewing art in a virtual gallery in a pre-registered experiment comprising four sessions over four weeks, with varying viewing instructions designed to increase immersion. Participants were recruited from a USA representative sample on Prolific, resulting in a final sample of 687 participants. People were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental conditions. Eight art viewing conditions involved four 15 min virtual gallery visits with viewing instructions varying on two factors: slow-looking and immersive mindset framing. An active control condition involved reading about (but not viewing) art. Participants completed a battery of baseline flourishing measures in week 1, completed experimental art engagement sessions during weeks 1–4, and completed the battery again in week 5. While immersion levels were greater in the viewing conditions than the reading condition, growth in flourishing did not differ across condition. Exploratory analyses, however, showed that immersion during the gallery visits did predict some changes in specific facets of flourishing (e.g., engagement, meaning, autonomy satisfaction). We suggest a number of possible explanations for these null results and point to what is needed in future research.
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Rajendran, Radha, and Sreekanth Dondapati. "Insights of Microstructural Features and Their Effect on Degradation and the In Vitro Bioactivity Response of as-Cast Mg-Sn Alloys for Orthopedic Implant Applications." Materials 15, no. 18 (2022): 6327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186327.
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The present work focuses on a deep understanding of microstructural evolution and phase formation in a binary Mg-Sn alloy system. Mg-xSn (x = 1, 5, 10 wt.%) alloys were cast using a squeeze casting technique. Phase identification and microstructural analysis were done using XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and FESEM with EDS (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), respectively. The mechanical behavior of the alloys under study was evaluated by conducting a compression test. The corrosion behavior of all the alloys were intricately studied using electrochemical corrosion tests and an immersion test in the simulated body fluid (SBF) environment for different immersion periods. The bioactivity response of Mg-Sn alloys systems under this study was investigated by immersing the samples in SBF for 14 days. From the analysis of the results, it was understood that the amount of Sn addition has a large influence on the metallurgical, corrosion, and bioactivity properties. Interesting facts about the intermetallic phase formation and segregation of Sn were observed when the wt.% of Sn was varied in the alloy and the evolution of the microstructure was described clearly. Mechanical properties of Mg-Sn alloys were improved, as the Sn content increased up to 5 wt.% and declined in the case of a 10 wt.% Sn addition. A similar trend was observed even in the case of corrosion resistance and bioactivity properties. Among the alloy compositions studied, Mg with a 5 wt.% addition has proved to be a promising candidate material for orthopedic implant applications with an acceptable elastic modulus, higher corrosion resistance, and an excellent bioactive response.
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Kwon, Duyoung, Hien Van Pham, Pungkeun Song, and Sungmo Moon. "Corrosion Behavior of the AZ31 Mg Alloy in Neutral Aqueous Solutions Containing Various Anions." Metals 13, no. 5 (2023): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050962.
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This work demonstrates the corrosion behavior of the AZ31 Mg alloy as a function of an immersion time of 48 h in 0.1 M HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4 and HF solutions, in which pH was adjusted to 6 to exclude the contribution of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH−). In situ observations, open circuit potential (OCP), weight changes and AC impedance measurements were performed with an immersion time of 48 h and the morphologies and chemical compositions of the surface products after 48 h of immersion were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XPS. In the chloride ion (Cl−)-containing solution, the corrosion of the AZ31 Mg alloy initiated locally and propagated discontinuously over the surface with immersion time. The OCP value of the AZ31 Mg alloy showed an initial increase from −1.51 VAg/AgCl to −1.47 VAg/AgCl after about 5 h of immersion and then a decrease to −1.51 VAg/AgCl due to corrosion initiation. In the F−-containing solution, after 48 h of immersion, the OCP showed an extremely large value of −0.6 VAg/AgCl, while the relatively lower values of −1.52 VAg/AgCl, −1.59 VAg/AgCl were seen in the solutions containing SO42− and PO43, respectively. In the sulfate ion (SO42−)-containing neutral aqueous solution, needle-like surface films were formed and there were no changes in the weight of the AZ31 Mg alloy with immersion time. In the phosphate ion (PO43−)-containing neutral aqueous solution, a vigorous gas evolution occurred, together with the formation of black surface films with cracks, and a high corrosion rate of −13.8018 × 10−3 g·cm−2·day−1 was obtained. In the fluoride ion (F−)-containing neutral aqueous solution, a surface film with crystalline grains of MgF2 was formed and the weight of the AZ31 Mg alloy increased continuously with immersion time. In conclusion, the corrosion of the AZ31 Mg alloy occurred uniformly in neutral phosphate solution but locally in chloride solution. No corrosion was observed in either the neutral sulfate or fluoride solutions.
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Bita, Ana Iulia, Augustin Semenescu, Aurora Antoniac, and Iulian Antoniac. "Hydrogen Evolution Analyzed on Various Magnesium Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 695 (May 2016): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.695.152.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodegradability of some magnesium alloys, different both from the point of view of chemical composition and different system (Mg-Ca, Mg-Zn-Ag). Microstructural characteristics of experimental magnesium alloys were investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray. The hydrogen evolution was analyzed using the method proposed by Song. The assessment was made through the evaluation of hydrogen released rate in simulated body fluid (SBF) as proposed by Kokubo and his colleagues, maintaining the temperature at 37 °C, for 240 hours. The studied samples showed different degradation rates depending on the chemical composition of magnesium based alloys and function of immersion time.
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Mellin, C., and D. Ponton. "Assemblages of reef fish settling on artificial substrates: effect of ambient habitat over two temporal scales." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 12 (2009): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08319.
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Artificial habitats provide a unique opportunity to investigate how habitat characteristics structure juvenile fish assemblages after settlement. We quantified the differences between assemblages of juvenile fish on artificial substrates moored in macroalgal beds, seagrass beds or coral patches over two temporal scales that corresponded to a short (48 h) and a longer (>2 weeks) immersion time, respectively. The highest abundances were obtained from artificial habitats moored in seagrass beds, whatever the immersion time was. Total abundances of juveniles increased 3-fold between a short and a long immersion, suggesting a net accumulation of individuals with time. Moreover, significant differences in juvenile fish assemblage structure were observed between habitats and between immersion times. Artificial habitats may reflect species-specific habitat preferences at settlement at a meso-scale; however, caution must be paid to the effects of ambient habitat and post-settlement processes on juvenile fish assemblages observed on artificial habitats.