Zeitschriftenartikel: „Inhibition (Psychology) Reaction Time“

1

Rynkiewicz, Andrzej. „Attentive Perception Can Diminish Vagal Inhibition“. Journal of Psychophysiology 20, Nr. 1 (Januar 2006): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.20.1.52.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

A systematic decrease in heart rate when anticipating an important stimulus or when preparing to react is called anticipatory bradycardia. Numerous studies have shown that the initiation of motor activity prompts the termination of anticipatory bradycardia in reaction time tasks. However, in experiments with procedures based on more complex reactions, the termination of anticipatory bradycardia is delayed until later cardiac cycles. This unexpected effect may be attributed to perceptual processes that are engaged in the feedback mechanism essential for effectiveness in prolonged and complex motor reactions. The experiment presented in this article was carried out to verify the hypothesis that the initiation of a motor reaction, when processed simultaneously with sustained attentive perception, does not evoke acceleration of heart rate. The experimental task was a simulated shooting at a moving target. The procedure in the experimental group induced participants to attentively observe events before and after the required reaction, whereas in the control group, attentive perception of task events after the reaction was not possible. The expected pattern of heart-rate changes appeared in the experimental group. During the initial block of trials, the initiation of the motor reaction did not evoke immediate termination of anticipatory bradycardia. During later trials in the experimental group and during all trials in the control group, heart-rate changes were completely typical - heart rate increased after the motor reaction began. The results show that attentive perception engaged immediately after the initiation of motor activity can affect the pattern of phasic heart-rate changes observed during typical reaction time tasks. Additionally, the difference between the patterns characteristic of the initial and later trials suggests possible competition between the neuronal influences that modulate heart rate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

2

Quoilin, Caroline, Fanny Fievez und Julie Duque. „Preparatory inhibition: Impact of choice in reaction time tasks“. Neuropsychologia 129 (Juni 2019): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.016.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

3

Medina, Luis D., Ellen Woo, Yaneth Rodriguez-Agudelo, Hector Chaparro Maldonado, Dahyun Yi, Giovanni Coppola, Yan Zhou, Helena C. Chui und John M. Ringman. „Reaction time and response inhibition in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease“. Brain and Cognition 147 (Februar 2021): 105656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105656.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

4

Klapp, Stuart T., und Leighton B. Hinkley. „The negative compatibility effect: Unconscious inhibition influences reaction time and response selection.“ Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131, Nr. 2 (2002): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.131.2.255.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

5

Gellatly, Angus, Geoff Cole, Claire Fox und Matthew Johnson. „Response Inhibition Can Affect Reaction Time to Abrupt-Onset Visual Displays“. Perception 32, Nr. 11 (November 2003): 1377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3361.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Reaction time (RT) to abrupt-onset stimuli has been widely used for more than a century to measure the duration of perceptuo-cognitive and motor processes [Donders, 1868/1969 Attention and Performance II (1969 Acta Psychologica30 412–431)]. A complicating factor with the RT method is that of response withholding, or response inhibition (RI). The occurrence of RI (under this or other names) has been widely discussed in relation to studies of motor processes but has been largely ignored in relation to studies of perceptuo-cognitive processes. We demonstrate that RI can be a confounding factor when RT to abrupt-onset displays is used to study perceptual and cognitive processes. In experiment 1, new-object targets were more accurately detected than old-object targets in an unspeeded task, but were responded to more slowly in an RT task. Consistent with an interpretation in terms of RI, this pattern of results was dependent on the difficulty of target detection. The data of three further experiments also support predictions from the RI interpretation. It is suggested that RI may be an under-acknowledged factor in RT studies of perceptual and cognitive processes with abrupt-onset displays.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

6

Tanaka, Yasuto, und Shinsuke Shimojo. „Repetition priming reveals sustained facilitation and transient inhibition in reaction time.“ Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26, Nr. 4 (2000): 1421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.26.4.1421.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

7

Mayr, Susanne, Michael Niedeggen, Axel Buchner und Guido Orgs. „The Level of Reaction Time Determines the ERP Correlates of Auditory Negative Priming“. Journal of Psychophysiology 20, Nr. 3 (Januar 2006): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.20.3.186.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Responding to a stimulus that had to be ignored previously is usually slowed-down (negative priming effect). This study investigates the reaction time and ERP effects of the negative priming phenomenon in the auditory domain. Thirty participants had to categorize sounds as musical instruments or animal voices. Reaction times were slowed-down in the negative priming condition relative to two control conditions. This effect was stronger for slow reactions (above intraindividual median) than for fast reactions (below intraindividual median). ERP analysis revealed a parietally located negativity of the negative priming condition compared to the control conditions between 550-730 ms poststimulus. This replicates the findings of Mayr, Niedeggen, Buchner, and Pietrowsky (2003) . The ERP correlate was more pronounced for slow trials (above intraindividual median) than for fast trials (below intraindividual median). The dependency of the negative priming effect size on the reaction time level found in the reaction time analysis as well as in the ERP analysis is consistent with both the inhibition as well as the episodic retrieval account of negative priming. A methodological artifact explanation of this effect-size dependency is discussed and discarded.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

8

KUNTSI, JONNA, HANNAH ROGERS, GREER SWINARD, NORBERT BÖRGER, JAAP van der MEERE, FRUHLING RIJSDIJK und PHILIP ASHERSON. „Reaction time, inhibition, working memory and ‘delay aversion’ performance: genetic influences and their interpretation“. Psychological Medicine 36, Nr. 11 (02.08.2006): 1613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008580.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Background. For candidate endophenotypes to be useful for psychiatric genetic research, they first of all need to show significant genetic influences. To address the relative lack of previous data, we set to investigate the extent of genetic and environmental influences on performance in a set of theoretically driven cognitive-experimental tasks in a large twin sample. We further aimed to illustrate how test–retest reliability of the measures affects the estimates.Method. Four-hundred 7- to 9-year-old twin pairs were assessed individually on tasks measuring reaction time, inhibition, working memory and ‘delay aversion’ performance. Test–retest reliability data on some of the key measures were available from a previous study.Results. Several key measures of reaction time, inhibition and working-memory performance indicated a moderate degree of genetic influence. Combining data across theoretically related tasks increased the heritability estimates, as illustrated by the heritability estimates of 60% for mean reaction time and 50% for reaction-time variability. Psychometric properties (reliability or ceiling effects) had a substantial influence on the estimates for some measures.Conclusions. The data support the usefulness of several of the variables for endophenotype studies that aim to link genes to cognitive and motivational processes. Importantly, the data also illustrate specific conditions under which the true extent of genetic influences may be underestimated and hence the usefulness for genetic mapping studies compromised, and suggest ways to address this.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

9

Repperger, Dan, Tom Jennings, James Jacobson, Norman Michel, Chuck Goodyear und Lora Howell. „Study of Neuromotor Reaction Times under the Influence of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1987): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.627.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Neuromotor reaction times (simple, choice, and decision) were measured when Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intravenously to nine healthy men in a double-blind study. Measurements were made of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and decision time for each subject at various intervals over a 54-hr. period. Given the observed inherent interaction of the drug with the long time used (54 hr.), most analyses were conducted across separate time epochs. Injected subjects showed inhibition in the normal improvement of simple reaction time (which occurs with practice), and they reduced the time required to make a decision. Choice reaction time, however, remained unchanged across the drug-nondrug experimental conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

10

Meynier, Chloe, Boris Burle, Camille-Aime Possamaï, Franck Vidal und Thierry Hasbroucq. „Neural inhibition and interhemispheric connections in two-choice reaction time: A Laplacian ERP study“. Psychophysiology 46, Nr. 4 (Juli 2009): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00818.x.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

11

Truedsson, Erik, Gunilla Bohlin und Cecilia Wåhlstedt. „The Specificity and Independent Contribution of Inhibition, Working Memory, and Reaction Time Variability in Relation to Symptoms of ADHD and ASD“. Journal of Attention Disorders 24, Nr. 9 (25.05.2015): 1266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715587093.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the specificity of inhibition, working memory (WM), and reaction time variability (RTV) in relation to symptoms of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method: A community-based sample of schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years ( N = 200) completed tasks designed to measure inhibition, WM, and RTV. Results: All neuropsychological functions were related to symptoms of both ADHD and ASD. The results from regression analyses showed that inhibition and RTV were related specifically to ADHD symptoms when controlling for symptoms of ASD. Regarding WM, no specific association with either symptom domain was evident after controlling for the other. Furthermore, independent contributions of inhibition and RTV were found in relation to ADHD symptoms after controlling for ASD symptoms. Conclusion: The present study underscores the relevance of controlling for ADHD symptoms when examining ASD symptoms in relation to neuropsychological functions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

12

Tandonnet, Christophe, Christophe Tandonnet, Borís Burle, Franck Vidal und Thierry Hasbroucq. „An Electromyographic Examination of Response Execution and Inhibition in Between-Hand Choice Reaction Time“. Journal of Psychophysiology 19, Nr. 4 (Januar 2005): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.330.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract: In between-hand choice reaction time (RT) tasks, the activation of the cerebral motor structures involved in the required response is accompanied by an inhibition of the structures involved in the alternative response. The objectives were (1) to check whether the inhibition observed at the central level can be accompanied by signs of deactivation at the peripheral level during response execution and (2) to assess whether time preparation affects response execution. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the first dorsal interosseus was recorded during the performance of a between-hand choice visual RT task in which the foreperiod duration was manipulated. The contraction of the muscle involved in the required response was accompanied by a reduction in the EMG activity of the muscle involved in the nonrequired response. The foreperiod duration influenced this EMG pattern. The findings reveal peripheral signs of a deactivation of the non-required response and suggest that time preparation influences the activity of the muscles involved in both the required and the nonrequired response. The present results are compatible with the view that, at least in between-hand choice RT tasks, the motor command specifies both the activation of the central structures involved in the required response and the inhibition of the central structures involved in the nonrequired response. They further indicate that time preparation affects the activity of the response agonists.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

13

Weigard, Alexander, Andrew Heathcote, Dóra Matzke und Cynthia Huang-Pollock. „Cognitive Modeling Suggests That Attentional Failures Drive Longer Stop-Signal Reaction Time Estimates in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder“. Clinical Psychological Science 7, Nr. 4 (18.04.2019): 856–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619838466.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Mean stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) is frequently employed as a measure of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience research on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, this measurement model is limited by two factors that may bias SSRT estimation in this population: (a) excessive skew in “go” RT distributions and (b) trigger failures, or instances in which individuals fail to trigger an inhibition process in response to the stop signal. We used a Bayesian parametric approach that allows unbiased estimation of the shape of entire SSRT distributions and the probability of trigger failures to clarify mechanisms of stop-signal task deficits in ADHD. Children with ADHD displayed greater positive skew than their peers in both go RT and SSRT distributions. However, they also displayed more frequent trigger failures, which appeared to drive ADHD-related stopping difficulties. Results suggest that performance on the stop-signal task among children with ADHD reflects impairments in early attentional processes, rather than inefficiency in the stop process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

14

Leblanc-Sirois, Yanick, Claude M. J. Braun und Jonathan Elie-Fortier. „Reaction Time of Erroneous Responses in the Go/No-Go Paradigm“. Experimental Psychology 65, Nr. 5 (September 2018): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000415.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract. Reaction time (RT) of erroneous responses in go/no-go tasks tends to be shorter than RT of correct responses. An opposite difference has been reported ( Halperin, Wolf, Greenblatt, & Young, 1991 ) which could be attributed to differences in go trial probability, or to high memory demand. Two experiments aimed here to test these two explanations, a simultaneous matching task with low memory load (Experiment 1), and a sequential matching task with high memory load (Experiment 2). Go trial probability was also manipulated. Short false positive RT was obtained only in the sequential matching task with high go trial probability, while long false positive RT was obtained in the other three conditions. Low go trial probability and high memory load were both found to be sufficient, by themselves, to create long false positives attributable to confusion. Short false positives in the high go trial probability/low memory load condition were attributed to failure of response inhibition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

15

EPSTEIN, JEFFERY N., MICHELLE E. HWANG, TANYA ANTONINI, JOSHUA M. LANGBERG, MEKIBIB ALTAYE und L. EUGENE ARNOLD. „Examining predictors of reaction times in children with ADHD and normal controls“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, Nr. 1 (22.10.2009): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709991111.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

AbstractA microanalysis of task events in a common go/no-go task was completed to examine how task events impact individual reaction times. Predictors of long reaction times were analyzed to better understand increased intra-individual variability (IIV) among children with ADHD compared with normal controls. Sixty-five children with ADHD and 65 normal controls matched on gender, ethnicity, and age completed a go/no-go task. Children across both groups were slower before and after omission errors than all other trials. They were also slower on the trial before successfully inhibiting their response to no-go trials. Children with ADHD exhibited a pronounced slowing on trials prior to omission errors and trials prior to successful inhibitions compared with the normal control group. Pre-error slowing in children with ADHD may represent the beginning stages of attentional disengagement that subsequently results in the absence of responding (i.e., errors of omission or successful inhibition). While these event-related increases in reaction time explain some of the increased IIV observed in children with ADHD, the removal of these trials did not remove the pronounced between-group differences in IIV, suggesting that additional unmeasured processes are contributing to IIV in children with ADHD. (JINS, 2010, 16, 138–147.)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

16

Falkenstein, Michael, Jörg Hoormann und Joachim Hohnsbein. „Inhibition-Related ERP Components: Variation with Modality, Age, and Time-on-Task“. Journal of Psychophysiology 16, Nr. 3 (Januar 2002): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.3.167.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract In Go/Nogo tasks, the ERP after Nogo stimuli generally reveals a negativity (Nogo-)N2 and a subsequent positivity (Nogo-)P3 over fronto-central scalp regions. These components are probably related to different subprocesses serving response inhibition, namely, modality-specific and general inhibition, respectively. In the present study we investigate whether aging or prolonged work (“time-on-task”) have an effect on N2 and P3. Twelve young and 12 elderly subjects performed simple Go/Nogo tasks to visual or auditory letter stimuli. Reaction times were longer after visual than after auditory stimuli, and longer in the elderly than in the young. The ERP results reveal a slight impairment of modality-specific inhibition (N2) in the elderly after visual, but not after auditory, stimuli. General inhibition (P3) was delayed in the elderly for both modalities, as was Go-P3 and RT. Hence, it appears that the response slowing of the elderly is the result of a slowing of the decision process whether to respond or to inhibit. Moreover, age appears to affect both aspects of inhibition in a different manner. No effects of time-on-task were found, which suggests that the inhibitory processes are fairly robust against mental fatigue.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

17

Brevers, Damien, Etienne Dubuisson, Fabien Dejonghe, Julien Dutrieux, Mathieu Petieau, Guy Cheron, Paul Verbanck und Jennifer Foucart. „Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, Nr. 2 (08.01.2018): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512517751751.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

We examined proactive (early restraint in preparation for stopping) and reactive (late correction to stop ongoing action) motor response inhibition in two groups of participants: professional athletes ( n = 28) and nonathletes ( n = 25). We recruited the elite athletes from Belgian national taekwondo and fencing teams. We estimated proactive and reactive inhibition with a modified version of the stop-signal task (SST) in which participants inhibited categorizing left/right arrows. The probability of the stop signal was manipulated across blocks of trials by providing probability cues from the background computer screen color (green = 0%, yellow =17%, orange = 25%, red = 33%). Participants performed two sessions of the SST, where proactive inhibition was operationalized with increased go-signal reaction time as a function of increased stop-signal probability and reactive inhibition was indicated by stop-signal reaction time latency. Athletes exhibited higher reactive inhibition performance than nonathletes. In addition, athletes exhibited higher proactive inhibition than nonathletes in Session 1 (but not Session 2) of the SST. As top-level athletes exhibited heightened reactive inhibition and were faster to reach and maintain consistent proactive motor response inhibition, these results confirm an evaluative process that can discriminate elite athleticism through a fine-grained analysis of inhibitory control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

18

Magnard, Justine, Gilles Berrut, Catherine Couturier, Thomas Cattagni, Christophe Cornu und Thibault Deschamps. „Perceptual Inhibition Is Not a Specific Component of the Sensory Integration Process Necessary for a Rapid Voluntary Step Initiation in Healthy Older Adults“. Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, Nr. 9 (10.05.2019): 1921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz060.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract Objectives We investigated whether performing step initiation during a proprioceptive perturbation would require greater perceptual or motor inhibitory control in older adults. Method Fifty-two healthy adults (young: n = 26, mean age 22.5 years vs. older: n = 26, mean age 70.1 years) performed a stepping reaction time task, with different inhibition requirements (i.e., perceptual vs. motor inhibitory conflict), with two proprioceptive configurations: with and without application of Achilles tendon vibrations. Results Beyond a systematically greater stepping reaction time in older adults (p < .01), no difference was found between the perceptual versus motor inhibitory conflict resolution, regardless of age and proprioceptive configuration. Furthermore, slower reaction time was observed for young participants in the presence of Achilles tendon vibrations unlike older adults, who showed the same reactive stepping performance with or without vibrations (p < .05). Discussion These findings show that perceptual inhibition cannot be considered as specifically involved in the central processing of proprioceptive signals, at least not in active older adults. Rather than motor system malfunctioning or a reduced amount of proprioceptive afference, we propose that cortical-proprioceptive processing in older adults remains as effective as in young adults, regardless of the high attentional requirements for step responses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

19

Markett, Sebastian, Benjamin Bleek, Martin Reuter, Holger Prüss, Kirsten Richardt, Thilo Müller, J. Scott Yaruss und Christian Montag. „Impaired motor inhibition in adults who stutter – evidence from speech-free stop-signal reaction time tasks“. Neuropsychologia 91 (Oktober 2016): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.008.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

20

BELLGROVE, MARK A., CHRISTOPHER D. CHAMBERS, ALASDAIR VANCE, NICOLE HALL, MARY KARAMITSIOS und JOHN L. BRADSHAW. „Lateralized deficit of response inhibition in early-onset schizophrenia“. Psychological Medicine 36, Nr. 4 (12.12.2005): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006409.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Background. The ability to inhibit inappropriate or unwanted actions is a key element of executive control. The existence of executive function deficits in schizophrenia is consistent with frontal lobe theories of the disorder. Relatively few studies have examined response inhibition in schizophrenia, and none in adolescent patients with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS).Methods. Twenty-one adolescents with the onset of clinically impairing psychosis before 19 years of age and 16 matched controls performed a stop-signal task to assess response inhibition. The patients with EOS were categorized as paranoid (n=10) and undifferentiated subtypes (n=11). The undifferentiated group had higher levels of negative symptomatology. Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) and go-signal reaction time (Go-RT) were analysed with respect to hand of response.Results. The undifferentiated early-onset patients had significantly longer SSRTs, indicative of poor response inhibition, for the left hand compared to the paranoid early-onset patients and control participants. No differences existed for inhibitory control with the right hand. The three groups did not differ in Go-RT.Conclusions. Our results indicate a specific lateralized impairment of response inhibition in patients with undifferentiated, but not paranoid, EOS. These findings are consistent with reports of immature frontostriatal networks in EOS and implicate areas such as the pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor area (SMA) that are thought to play a role in both voluntary initiation and inhibition of movement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

21

Crow, Andrew J. D. „Associations Between Neuroticism and Executive Function Outcomes: Response Inhibition and Sustained Attention on a Continuous Performance Test“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 126, Nr. 4 (30.05.2019): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519848221.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

There are known relationships between psychopathology, personality, and executive function (EF), though the association between personality and EF, independent of psychopathology, remains understudied. The present study investigated relationships between Five Factor Model personality traits and indices of response inhibition, sustained attention, and response variability on a continuous performance test (CPT) among 50 healthy adults (male = 27, female = 23; Mage = 19.9 years, range 18–24 years) of primarily Caucasian descent (58.0%). Participants performed an open-source CPT, the Psychology Experiment Building Language Battery Test of Attentional Vigilance (TOAV), and completed self-ratings of conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism on an inventory developed from the public-domain International Personality Item Pool. After controlling for the influences of age, gender, and other personality traits, neuroticism was significantly associated with faster error reaction time and a higher frequency of multiple responses. Neuroticism was also nominally predictive of more frequent commission errors and faster correct and mean reaction time. The present findings indicate that neuroticism is associated with error-prone behavioral performance on a CPT, suggesting that a propensity to experience negative emotions may manifest as impulsivity and hyperactivity on performance-based measures of EF.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

22

Dimoska, Aneta, Stuart J. Johnstone, Dale Chiswick, Robert J. Barry und Adam R. Clarke. „A Developmental Investigation of Stop-Signal Inhibition“. Journal of Psychophysiology 21, Nr. 2 (Januar 2007): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.109.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract. The present study examined the development of response inhibition in the stop-signal task across child (8-13 years), young-adult (18-22 years), and middle-aged adult (29-47 years) groups through a dissociation of low- and higher-frequency ERP activity. Fifty-one subjects (n = 17 in each group) performed the stop-signal task, which consisted of a visual choice reaction time (RT) task and auditory stop-signals, while EEG was recorded. The original EEG data (0.01-30 Hz) was subsequently filtered to separate slow-wave (0.01-2 Hz) and residual (2-30 Hz) activity. Performance findings revealed that stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) decreased from the child to young-adult group and then showed a small increase in the middle-aged adult group. Original ERPs revealed decreasing N1 and N2 amplitudes and increasing P2 and P3 amplitudes across the scalp with increasing age for successful-stop trials. These developmental effects did not occur in the residual waveforms after removal of slow-wave activity. For failed-stop trials, a response-locked negative component, identified as the error-negativity (Ne), showed an age-related decrease in amplitude across the scalp in the residual, but not the original, waveform. The error-positivity (Pe) increased in amplitude with age in the original data, but this was accounted for by a positive slow-wave (PSW). Together, the findings suggest that underlying slow-wave activity accounts for a large number of developmental effects in the traditionally quantified ERP components, but may also obscure effects occurring in residual activity. These findings highlight the importance of dissociating low- and higher-frequency ERP activity in developmental research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

23

Chwilla, Dorothee J., und Herman H. J. Kolk. „Event-related potential and reaction time evidence for inhibition between alternative meanings of ambiguous words“. Brain and Language 86, Nr. 2 (August 2003): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00527-8.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

24

Tamm, Leanne, Jeffery N. Epstein, Carolyn A. Denton, Aaron J. Vaughn, James Peugh und Erik G. Willcutt. „Reaction Time Variability Associated with Reading Skills in Poor Readers with ADHD“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, Nr. 3 (17.02.2014): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001495.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

AbstractLinkages between neuropsychological functioning (i.e., response inhibition, processing speed, reaction time variability) and word reading have been documented among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children with Reading Disorders. However, associations between neuropsychological functioning and other aspects of reading (i.e., fluency, comprehension) have not been well-documented among children with comorbid ADHD and Reading Disorder. Children with ADHD and poor word reading (i.e., ≤25th percentile) completed a stop signal task (SST) and tests of word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. Multivariate multiple regression was conducted predicting the reading skills from SST variables [i.e., mean reaction time (MRT), reaction time standard deviation (SDRT), and stop signal reaction time (SSRT)]. SDRT predicted word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. MRT and SSRT were not associated with any reading skill. After including word reading in models predicting reading fluency and reading comprehension, the effects of SDRT were minimized. Reaction time variability (i.e., SDRT) reflects impairments in information processing and failure to maintain executive control. The pattern of results from this study suggest SDRT exerts its effects on reading fluency and reading comprehension through its effect on word reading (i.e., decoding) and that this relation may be related to observed deficits in higher-level elements of reading. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

25

Taylor, Tracy L. „Inhibition of return following instructions to remember and forget“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, Nr. 4 (Mai 2005): 613–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000115.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slowed responding to a target that appears in the same rather than in a different location as a preceding peripheral onset cue. This study examined IOR as a function of whether the peripheral onset cue was a word that participants were directed to remember or forget. Using a modified item-method directed forgetting paradigm, words appeared one at a time to the left or right, followed by a remember or forget instruction. A target dot was then presented either in the same peripheral location as the preceding word or in a different location; participants made a speeded response to localize this target. Confirming compliance with the memory instructions, recall tests that alternated with blocks of IOR trials (Experiment 1) revealed few intrusions of to-be-forgotten words, and a final recognition test (Experiments 1 and 3) revealed more hits for to-be-remembered words than for to-be-forgotten words. Reaction times to the target dot revealed greater magnitude IOR following to-be-forgotten words than following to-be-remembered words (Experiments 1 and 3). Moreover, when compared to baseline IOR values (Experiment 2), it appeared that this difference resulted from a magnification of IOR following forget instructions and a reduction in IOR following remember instructions. These results demonstrate the usefulness of IOR as an index of memorial processes and suggest that attentional orienting may play a role in the remembering and forgetting of words presented in peripheral visual locations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

26

Pedersen, Anya, und Patricia Ohrmann. „Impaired Behavioral Inhibition in Implicit Sequence Learning in Adult ADHD“. Journal of Attention Disorders 22, Nr. 3 (27.11.2012): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054712464392.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective: Deficits in explicit learning and memory have consistently been reported in adult ADHD, but it is less clear whether these deficits reflect deficient attentional processes or specific dysfunctions in memory processes. Studies on implicit learning and memory, which are less dependent on the allocation of attention, have rarely been conducted on adult ADHD. Method: We implemented a modified serial reaction-time task that involves distracting stimuli to investigate implicit sequence learning in 32 adult participants with ADHD and in 32 matched healthy control participants. Results: The participants with ADHD revealed unimpaired implicit learning performance, but they made significantly more errors than the control participants. There was no evidence for impaired error monitoring in the participants with ADHD reflected by a comparable degree of double errors and post-error slowing in the two groups. Conclusion: Reduced efficiency of the inhibition of incorrect responses in implicit sequence learning supports previous findings of impaired behavioral inhibition in adult ADHD.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

27

Watanabe, K., und S. Shimojo. „Inhibition of Return without Visual Awareness“. Perception 25, Nr. 1_suppl (August 1996): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0509.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

When a cue and a target are successively presented at the same location, reaction times to discriminate the location of the target are longer than when they are at different locations (inhibition of return: IOR). We found that visual awareness of the cue was not necessary for IOR to occur. Both eyes dichoptically viewed 9 × 9 scattered arrays of vertical or horizontal line segments. To avoid effects of eye dominance and binocular rivalry, cue displays were presented briefly (33, 50, or 200 ms). Three types of cue displays were randomised: (i) no cue: horizontal segments for the left (right) eye and vertical segments for the right (left) eye; subjects perceived scattered binocularly-combined crosses, (ii) binocular (fusible) cue: displays for both eyes had cue elements (a horizontal or vertical segment popping out among orthogonal background segments) and identical interocularly; subjects easily perceived the cue; (iii) dichoptic cue: displays for both eyes had cues at the same location, but all the segments were interocularly orthogonal. Here, because of the brief presentation that horizontal and vertical segments were just combined binocularly, and subjects could see only scattered crosses. Thus, they could not be aware of the cue, which exists at the monocular level. After the cue display disappeared, the target displays [same as the cue display in (ii), but with an independent location of the pop-out target] were presented (ISI=400, 800, or 1200 ms). Reaction time to discriminate location of the target was measured for three subjects who fixated on a fixation point. In our results, IOR took place in conditions (ii) and (iii). This suggests that localisation of the cue occurs without visual awareness, which then leads to IOR.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

28

Dankner, Yarden, Lilach Shalev, Marisa Carrasco und Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg. „Prestimulus Inhibition of Saccades in Adults With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as an Index of Temporal Expectations“. Psychological Science 28, Nr. 7 (18.05.2017): 835–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617694863.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Knowing when to expect important events to occur is critical for preparing context-appropriate behavior. However, anticipation is inherently complicated to assess because conventional measurements of behavior, such as accuracy and reaction time, are available only after the predicted event has occurred. Anticipatory processes, which occur prior to target onset, are typically measured only retrospectively by these methods. In this study, we utilized a novel approach for assessing temporal expectations through the dynamics of prestimulus saccades. Results showed that saccades of neurotypical participants were inhibited prior to the onset of stimuli that appeared at predictable compared with less predictable times. No such inhibition was found in most participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and particularly not in those who experienced difficulties in sustaining attention over time. These findings suggest that individuals with ADHD, especially those with sustained-attention deficits, have diminished ability to benefit from temporal predictability, and this could account for some of their context-inappropriate behaviors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

29

Muroi, Miya, Eiichi Naito und Michikazu Matsumura. „Evidence for Psychological Refractory Effect in Motor Inhibition for a Dual-Response Go/No-Go Task“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1997): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.563.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Human subjects exhibit difficulty in initiating two independent, discrete responses in close succession, a difficulty known as the ‘psychological refractory effect.’ It is not yet known whether motor-inhibition processes are under the influence of this effect, as are motor-execution processes. This study examined the temporal changes of subjects' reaction times, interpreted in terms of motor programming for inhibition, in a dual-response Go/No-Go task that required two independent responses in close succession Light subjects performed the task with both a shorter (400 msec.) and a longer interstunulus interval (800 msec). The mean reaction time for the second stimulus (RT2) in the Go response of the 400-msec. condition was significantly longer than that of the 800-msec. condition. For committed error responses during the No-Go trials, the mean RT2 in the 400-msec. condition was longer than that in the 800-msec. condition. The total number of these errors in the 400-msec. condition was significantly greater than that in the 800-msec. condition. These results suggested that both the motor-execution processes and motor-inhibition processes were influenced by the psychological refractory effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

30

Schlaghecken, Friederike, und Martin Eimer. „Partial Response Activation to Masked Primes is Not Dependent on Response Readiness“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.208.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Masked primes presented foveally prior to a target trigger an initial partial activation of their corresponding response, followed by an inhibition of the same response. The latter phase results in performance costs on compatible trials and performance benefits on incompatible trials relative to neutral trials (negative compatibility effect). The present study investigated whether this activation-follow-by-inhibition process depends on the overall or specific state of response readiness. In two masked priming experiments, response readiness was manipulated by varying the relative frequency of Go-trials in a Go/NoGo task (Exp. 1) and the relative frequency of left- and right-hand responses in a 2-alternative choice reaction time task (Exp. 2). In both experiments, mean reaction times were longer for infrequent responses than for frequent responses. However, negative compatibility effects were not affected by response frequency. This result indicates that neither the general ability of masked primes to elicit a partial motor activation nor the specific time course of this process is dependent on response readiness. It is concluded that response readiness affects the execution of an overt response rather than the initial activation of this response.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

31

Cochran, Joyce C., David R. Thorne, David M. Penetar und Paul A. Newhouse. „Parsing Attentional Components during a Simple Reaction Time Task Using Sleep Deprivation and Amphetamine Intervention“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1992): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3.675.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

To examine the independent contributions of the attentional components of arousal and activation in performance, sleep deprivation was used as the attentional manipulation in a reaction time (RT) task. The subjects were 18 men who underwent 63 hr. of sleep deprivation during which time they periodically performed a simple auditory RT task with manipulations of temporal uncertainty and intensity. After 48 hr. sleep deprivation, subjects ingested either 20 mg d-amphetamine or placebo, then continued testing throughout Day 3. During sleep deprivation, performance was more impaired on trials associated with low temporal uncertainty (arousal) and high preparation (activation) than on trials associated with high temporal uncertainty and low preparation. Analysis indicated that sleep deprivation perturbed activation, leaving arousal relatively unimpaired and that amphetamine had a restorative effect on the sleep deprivation-impaired activation system. The stimulus of high intensity was disruptive on Day 1 but facilitative on Day 3, a result which was interpreted as an initial inhibition, then disinhibition of arousal. Results were interpreted to indicate that, in some instances, alterations in the less specific arousal and activation systems may underlie impairment or changes in the more specific information processing and motor output stages.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

32

Holst, Ylva, und Lisa B. Thorell. „Neuropsychological Functioning in Adults With ADHD and Adults With Other Psychiatric Disorders“. Journal of Attention Disorders 21, Nr. 2 (28.07.2016): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713506264.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective: The aim was to investigate how well neuropsychological measures can discriminate between adults with ADHD and those with other psychiatric disorders. Method: Adults with ADHD and a clinical control group ( n = 110) were included. Neuropsychological functioning was investigated using measures of inhibition, working memory, set shifting, planning, fluency, reaction-time variability, and delay aversion. Results: Adults with ADHD performed more poorly compared with clinical controls with regard to all constructs. The effects of verbal memory, inhibition, set shifting, fluency, and delay aversion remained significant when controlling for IQ. However, when controlling for basic cognitive functions, only the effects of inhibition, fluency, and delay aversion were significant. Sensitivity ranged between 64% and 75%, and specificity between 66% and 81%. Conclusion: Neuropsychological tests have a relatively poor ability to discriminate between adults with ADHD and clinical controls, but they may be used to identify individuals at particularly high risk for poor daily functioning.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

33

Philipp, Andrea M., und Iring Koch. „Switching of Response Modalities“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, Nr. 7 (Oktober 2005): 1325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000656.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

When participants perform a sequence of different tasks, it is assumed that the engagement in one task leads to the inhibition of the previous task. This inhibition persists and impairs performance when participants switch back to this (still inhibited) task after only one intermediate trial. Previous task-switching studies on this issue have defined different tasks at the level of stimulus categorization. In our experiments we used different response modalities to define tasks. Participants always used the same stimulus categorization (e.g., categorize a digit as odd vs. even), but had to give a vocal, finger, or foot response (A, B, or C). Our results showed a higher reaction time and error rate in ABA sequences than in CBA sequences, indicating n − 2 repetition cost as a marker for persisting task inhibition. We assume that different response modalities can define a task and are inhibited in a “task switch” in the same way as stimulus categories are inhibited.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

34

Simões, Eunice N., Ana L. Novais Carvalho und Sergio L. Schmidt. „The Role of Visual and Auditory Stimuli in Continuous Performance Tests: Differential Effects on Children With ADHD“. Journal of Attention Disorders 25, Nr. 1 (19.04.2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718769149.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective: Continuous performance tests (CPTs) usually utilize visual stimuli. A previous investigation showed that inattention is partially independent of modality, but response inhibition is modality-specific. Here we aimed to compare performance on visual and auditory CPTs in ADHD and in healthy controls. Method: The sample consisted of 160 elementary and high school students (43 ADHD, 117 controls). For each sensory modality, five variables were extracted: commission errors (CEs) and omission errors (OEs), reaction time (RT), variability of reaction time (VRT), and coefficient of variability (CofV = VRT / RT). Results: The ADHD group exhibited higher rates for all test variables. The discriminant analysis indicated that auditory OE was the most reliable variable for discriminating between groups, followed by visual CE, auditory CE, and auditory CofV. Discriminant equation classified ADHD with 76.3% accuracy. Conclusion: Auditory parameters in the inattention domain (OE and VRT) can discriminate ADHD from controls. For the hyperactive/impulsive domain (CE), the two modalities are equally important.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

35

Michelini, Giorgia, Celeste H. M. Cheung, Viryanaga Kitsune, Daniel Brandeis, Tobias Banaschewski, Gráinne McLoughlin, Philip Asherson, Frühling Rijsdijk und Jonna Kuntsi. „The Etiological Structure of Cognitive-Neurophysiological Impairments in ADHD in Adolescence and Young Adulthood“. Journal of Attention Disorders 25, Nr. 1 (03.05.2018): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718771191.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective: Previous studies in children with ADHD identified two partially separable familial factors underlying cognitive dysfunction, but evidence in adolescents and adults is lacking. Here, we investigate the etiological structure of cognitive-neurophysiological impairments in ADHD in adolescents and young adults. Method: Factor analyses and multivariate familial models were run in 356 participants from ADHD and control sibling pairs aged 11 to 27 years on data on IQ, digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB), and cognitive-performance and event-related potential (ERP) measures from three cognitive tasks. Results: Three familial factors (cF1-3), showing substantial familial overlap with ADHD, captured the familial covariation of ADHD with nine cognitive-ERP measures. cF1 loaded on IQ, mean reaction time (MRT), and reaction-time variability (RTV); cF2 on DSF and DSB; and cF3 on number of errors and ERPs of inhibition and error processing. Conclusion: These results identify three partially separable etiological pathways leading to cognitive-neurophysiological impairments in adolescent and adult ADHD.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

36

Wang, Yongchun, Zhao Yao und Yonghui Wang. „The internal temporal dynamic of unconscious inhibition related to weak stimulus–response associations“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, Nr. 3 (25.09.2019): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819878121.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Unconscious inhibition has generally been perceived to be dependent on stimulus–response (S-R) associations. Some research has shown that the inhibition related to strong associations increases with response latency to the target. Although this finding suggests that the inhibitory process may need time to unfold, its exact internal temporal dynamic remains to be elucidated. This study examined the role of spontaneous reaction time (RT) fluctuations on sensorimotor processes using letters (Experiments 1 and 2) and faces (Experiment 3), which are more ubiquitous in our environment and do not contain strong associations as stimuli in fixed and free-choice tasks. The results averaged across trials showed that there was no negative compatibility effect in either fixed or free-choice tasks. However, when trials were classified by their response latency, the results indicated that compatibility effects decreased and became negative with longer RTs in the fixed task. These results suggest that the internal temporal dynamic of unconscious inhibitory mechanisms related to fixed responses remains effective for stimuli that do not contain strong S-R associations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

37

Buchner, Axel, und Melanie C. Steffens. „Auditory negative priming in speeded reactions and temporal order judgements“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 54, Nr. 4 (November 2001): 1125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713756004.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Two experiments are reported that demonstrate negative priming for auditory stimuli. Reaction times and temporal order judgements were used as the dependent measures in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiment 1, participants classified tones presented to one ear as wind or string instruments while ignoring tones presented to the other ear. The task was identical for both the prime and the subsequent probe presentations. Probe reactions were slower for previously ignored tones than for tones that had not occurred during the prime presentation. Probe reactions to previously attended tones were faster than reactions to nonrepeated tones. In Experiment 2, the probe reactions were replaced by temporal order judgements. The probability of accepting a tone as antecedent was lower for previously ignored primes than for new tones. No difference was observed between previously attended and new tones. The results are compatible with the conclusion that distractor inhibition is a necessary component of the processes that bring about observable negative priming phenomena.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

38

Cothran, D. Lisa, und Randy Larsen. „Comparison of Inhibition in Two Timed Reaction Tasks: The Color and Emotion Stroop Tasks“. Journal of Psychology 142, Nr. 4 (Juli 2008): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.142.4.373-385.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

39

Huddy, V. C., A. R. Aron, M. Harrison, T. R. E. Barnes, T. W. Robbins und E. M. Joyce. „Impaired conscious and preserved unconscious inhibitory processing in recent onset schizophrenia“. Psychological Medicine 39, Nr. 6 (16.09.2008): 907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004340.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

BackgroundImpairments in inhibitory function have been found in studies of cognition in schizophrenia. These have been linked to a failure to adequately maintain the task demands in working memory. As response inhibition is known to occur in both voluntary and involuntary processes, an important question is whether both aspects of response inhibition are specifically impaired in people with schizophrenia.MethodThe subjects were 33 patients presenting with a first episode of psychosis (27 with schizophrenia and six with schizo-affective disorder) and 24 healthy controls. We administered two motor response tasks: voluntary response inhibition was indexed by the stop-signal task and involuntary response inhibition by the masked priming task. We also administered neuropsychological measures of IQ and executive function to explore their associations with response inhibition.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls showed significantly increased duration of the voluntary response inhibition process, as indexed by the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). By contrast, there were no group differences on the pattern of priming on the masked priming task, indicative of intact involuntary response inhibition. Neuropsychological measures revealed that voluntary response inhibition is not necessarily dependent on working memory.ConclusionsThese data provide evidence for a specific impairment of voluntary response inhibition in schizophrenia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

40

Rebernjak, Blaž, und Vesna Buško. „Modeling Individual Differences in Automatic Evaluation Measured by Evaluative Decision Task“. Journal of Individual Differences 34, Nr. 3 (01.08.2013): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000109.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The study concerns the measurement of individual differences in the automatic processing of affective stimuli within an affective priming paradigm. Automatic processing measures, termed processing tendencies, were defined by parcels composed of difference score items of the Evaluative Decision Task reaction time variables. Confirmatory factor analytic framework was used (1) to construct parcels of individual items and to evaluate them in terms of unidimensionality and temporal invariance, (2) to examine the structure of relationships among the processing tendencies, and (3) to test the stability of individual differences in processing tendencies over a 4-week period. Random assignment of items to parcels showed unidimensionality as well as invariance over time. Processing tendencies relating to same-valence targets – facilitation and inhibition of positive targets as well as facilitation and inhibition of negative targets – showed a positive relationship at both timepoints not predicted by theory. Furthermore, evidence in favor of stability of individual differences in processing tendencies was obtained for positive targets, while the results for negative targets were less clear. The results are interpreted in light of current theories of automatic affective processing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

41

BADCOCK, J. C., P. T. MICHIE, L. JOHNSON und J. COMBRINCK. „Acts of control in schizophrenia: dissociating the components of inhibition“. Psychological Medicine 32, Nr. 2 (Februar 2002): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701005128.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Background. Inhibitory deficits have been frequently reported in schizophrenia. Such deficits are usually associated with activities of prefrontal cortex and related networks. An understanding of intentional inhibitory control requires knowledge of how actions are planned and initiated and the components involved in stopping these actions.Methods. Patients with schizophrenia, a psychosis comparison group and a healthy control group participated in a visual choice reaction time (go) task and attempted to inhibit their responses to the go task when an auditory ‘stop’ signal was heard.Results. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated significantly slower response execution but the estimated speed of inhibition was not significantly different from that of healthy controls. Both patient groups were impaired in their ability to inhibit a response across a range of stop-signal delays. The poorer performance of schizophrenia patients only was related to a difficulty in reliably triggering the inhibitory response.Conclusions. Impaired response inhibition is not unique to schizophrenia. However, the nature of their problem is markedly different from that of other psychopathological groups. Possible neural mechanisms underpinning difficulties in triggering inhibitory responses and in the voluntary initiation of actions in schizophrenia are considered.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

42

De Brabander, B., und J. Hellemans. „Locus of Control, Latent Inhibition and Reaction Times in a Semantic (Left-Hemisphere) and Visuospatial (Right-Hemisphere) Stimulus Discrimination Task“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, Nr. 1 (Februar 1997): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.239.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Rank correlations on latent inhibition learning among internal scorers versus external scorers on Rotter's I-E locus of control scale were compared between trial numbers and speed of correct reactions in a left- and in a right-hemispheric discrimination task. On the basis of previous research and theorizing reviewed by De Brabander, Boone, and Gerits (1992) we expected latent inhibition effects to show mainly on the left-hemisphere task and more clearly among internal scorers on Rotter's I-E locus of control scale. The findings seem to confirm our expectations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

43

Xu, Kitty Z., Jeffrey D. Mayse und Susan Courtney. „Evidence for selective adjustments of inhibitory control in a variant of the stop signal task“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, Nr. 4 (01.05.2018): 818–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818768721.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The ability to inhibit actions inappropriate for the context is essential for meeting the shifting demands of complex environments. The stop signal task (SST) has been used in many previous studies to examine the interactions between go and stop responses in a cognitively demanding task involving attention, conflict resolution, and motor plan selection. The current study uses a variant of the SST, in which the continue signal instructs participants to proceed with the go response they were preparing. Reaction times (RTs) on continue trials were bimodally distributed, suggesting that an aspect of inhibition was involved in at least some of the trials. We investigated whether the cognitive processes delaying the generation of a behavioural response on continue trials are the same as for stop trials. We found improvement of stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) following stop trials, but the decrease in continue signal reaction times (CSRTs) was not significant. No improvement in either SSRT or CSRT was found following continue trials, suggesting that activation of the processes delaying the response on continue trials is insufficient to drive subsequent adjustments in SSRT or CSRT. In addition, go RTs only slowed following stop trials. These effects may suggest the presence of a selective learning process, which requires that the initial inhibition captured by SSRT and CSRT be combined with recognition of the stop signal specifically to affect subsequent performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

44

Sdoia, Stefano, und Fabio Ferlazzo. „Stimulus-Related Inhibition of Task Set During Task Switching“. Experimental Psychology 55, Nr. 5 (Januar 2008): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.5.322.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Performance after a shifting of task is supported by the inhibition of the executed task, as revealed by slower reaction times (RTs) on alternating compared to nonalternating task sequences (ABA vs CBA). In the present study we investigated the role of stimulus processing in the establishment of task inhibition during task switching, irrespective of the response selection process. Comparing performance on AbA and CbA task sequences within a procedure in which the b-task only involved stimulus encoding processes for later comparison but response selection did not occur, we found slower RTs on AbA compared to CbA task sequences. This revealed that inhibition of the executed task can be triggered at the stimulus processing stage of the new task. In accordance, inhibition only emerged when interference between tasks occurred at the stimulus level, due to stimuli having features relevant for both the executed and the upcoming task.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

45

de Bruin, Angela, und Sergio Della Sala. „Effects of age on inhibitory control are affected by task-specific features“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, Nr. 5 (01.01.2018): 1219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1311352.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Older adults have been argued to have impoverished inhibitory control compared to younger adults. However, these effects of age may depend on processing speed and their manifestation may furthermore depend on the type of inhibitory control task that is used. We present two experiments that examine age effects on inhibition across three tasks: a Simon arrow, static flanker and motion flanker task. The results showed overall slower reaction times (RTs) for older adults on all three tasks. However, effects of age on inhibition costs were only found for the Simon task, but not for the two flanker tasks. The motion flanker task furthermore showed an effect of baseline processing speed on the relation between age and inhibition costs. Older adults with slower baseline responses showed smaller inhibition costs, suggesting they were affected less by the flanker items than faster older adults. These findings suggest that effects of age on inhibition are task dependent and can be modulated by task-specific features such as the type of interference, type of stimuli and processing speed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

46

Magnard, Justine, Gilles Berrut, Christophe Cornu und Thibault Deschamps. „Can Methodological Considerations Challenge the Dissociation of the Perceptual and Motor Inhibitory Processes?“ Experimental Psychology 64, Nr. 6 (November 2017): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000380.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract. Using an original conflict task paradigm, Nassauer and Halperin (2003) argued that inhibition ability can be classified into two distinct perceptual and motor inhibitory processes. The current study examined the robustness of this paradigm by raising two major methodological points: the amount of information that needs to be processed and the task order (fixed vs. random). Sixty young adults performed the original or modified tasks. Overall, a decrease in the amount of information had the effect of removing the stimulus conflict on some subtests. Therefore, no more inhibition performance could be assessed. Even if the findings can be interpreted as a change in response-related complexity that relates reaction time performance to the informational processing load, the discrepancies in terms of the amount of information originally designed are necessary to induce inhibitory conflicts. Additionally, unlike previous recommendations, the fixed task order initially adopted cannot be considered an essential methodological requirement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

47

BEKKER, E. M., C. C. OVERTOOM, J. L. KENEMANS, J. J. KOOIJ, I. DE NOORD, J. K. BUITELAAR und M. N. VERBATEN. „Stopping and changing in adults with ADHD“. Psychological Medicine 35, Nr. 6 (31.08.2004): 807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704003459.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Background. A lack of inhibitory control has been suggested to be the core deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This means that a primary deficit in behavioral inhibition mediates a cascade of secondary deficits in other executive functions, such as arousal regulation. Clinical observations have revealed that with increasing age symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity decline at a higher rate than those of inattention. This might imply that a deficit in attention rather than a lack of inhibitory control is the major feature in adult ADHD.Method. To study whether an attentional or inhibitory deficit predominates, the stop-signal task and the stop-change task were presented to 24 adults with ADHD combined subtype and 24 controls.Results. Relative to controls, the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) was significantly more prolonged than the go-stimulus reaction time (RT) in patients with ADHD. This disproportionate elongation of the SSRT was comparable across tasks, even though the stop-change task exerted more complex (or at least different) demands on the inhibitory system than the stop-signal task. ADHD patients had a higher proportion of choice errors, possibly reflecting more premature responses. Specifically in the stop-change task, patients had more variable choice responses and made more inappropriate change responses, which may also reflect enhanced impulsivity.Conclusions. The results support a core deficit in behavioral inhibition in adults with ADHD. We further suggest that there is more evidence for a critical role of deficient inhibitory control in adults than in children with ADHD.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

48

Jiménez-Figueroa, Giomar, Carlos Ardila-Duarte, David A. Pineda, Johan E. Acosta-López, Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez, Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema, Jeimys Cervantes-Gutiérrez et al. „Prepotent response inhibition and reaction times in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder from a Caribbean community“. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 9, Nr. 4 (25.02.2017): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12402-017-0223-z.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

49

Salunkhe, G., K. Weissbrodt, B. Feige, C. W. N. Saville, A. Berger, N. M. Dundon, S. Bender et al. „Examining the Overlap Between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Using Candidate Endophenotypes of ADHD“. Journal of Attention Disorders 25, Nr. 2 (13.06.2018): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718778114.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective: Recent discussions of aetiological overlap between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) require comparative studying of these disorders. Method: We examined performance of ASD patients with (ASD+) and without (ASD–) comorbid ADHD, ADHD patients, and controls for selected putative endophenotypes of ADHD: Intrasubject Variability (ISV) of reaction times, working memory (WM), inhibition, and temporal processing. Results: We found that patients with ADHD or ASD+, but not ASD–, had elevated ISV across the entire task battery and temporal processing deficits, and that none of the groups were impaired in WM or inhibition. High levels of ISV and generally poor performance in ASD+ patients were only partially due to additive effects of the pure disorders. Conclusion: Overall, we conclude that, within our limited but heterogeneous task battery, ISV and temporal processing deficits are most sensitive to ADHD symptomatology and that controlling for ADHD comorbidity is mandatory when assessing ISV in autism.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

50

NASSAUER, KATHARINE W., und JEFFREY M. HALPERIN. „Dissociation of perceptual and motor inhibition processes through the use of novel computerized conflict tasks“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703910034.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Efficient behavioral functioning requires early perceptual inhibition of irrelevant stimuli and later motor inhibition of inappropriate responses. The Perceptual and Motor Conflict Tasks were developed to differentially assess perceptual and motor inhibition, and to determine whether these processes utilize separate or shared cognitive resources. The computerized tasks include six subtests involving a box or an arrow appearing in various locations. Subjects respond by pressing a key on the left or right side of a keyboard. In different subtests, arrow direction or stimulus location determines correct responses. Perceptual inhibition assessment requires the subject to respond to a conflicting arrow direction while ignoring stimulus location. Motor inhibition assessment involves the subject responding in the direction opposite to that indicated by a centrally located arrow. In a neurologically normal sample (N = 44), reaction time analyses yielded significant Perceptual and Motor Conflict main effects, with slower performance under conflict conditions, but no significant Perceptual × Motor interaction. The lack of a significant Perceptual × Motor interaction, according to the additive factor model, indicates that these two processes utilize distinct cognitive resources. Nevertheless, performance on the two conflict tasks was significantly correlated with each other, and Perceptual Conflict performance was significantly correlated with Stroop interference. (JINS, 2003, 9, 25–30.)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Inhibition (Psychology) Reaction Time“

Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an