Dissertationen zum Thema „Internal Sociology“

This study offers a definition, description, analytical theorisation and critical discussion concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation. 'Internal conversation' refers to the inner dialogues that individuals have with themselves· about themselves and the social environment, while 'external conversation' refers to those parts of internal conversation that the individual shares with others. The central question of this research, concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation, derives from a common observation which remains unanswered: why do people produce different external conversations or different actions or responses when they face similar social situations? In other words, why do people react in different ways to analogous stimuli or circumstances? The individual constantly interacts in a specific way with both her external environment and herself; this process links the inner and outer cosmos of each person. This relationship is formed according to specific phases and operations, and it constitutes an 'agential filter' comprised of certain stages that enable the individual to relate her internal and external conversations. The individual uses a specific process in order to decide which part of her internal conversation she will externalise. This process is defined as 'mediation' and operates differently for each individual. It does, however, have a common aim: the main objective of mediation is to achieve a subjectivelydefined degree of 'inner balance' between her inner and external world which is satisfactory to her.

This dissertation addresses Latino political outcomes using a broadened approach along two dimensions. The first dimension considers contemporary theories of political participation by examining the impact of human capital, political engagement, ethnic identification, and organizational involvement on conventional and unconventional forms of participation. For the second, I extend political opportunity structure and resource mobilization models to make new predictions about how characteristics of the environment in which Latinos are embedded influence participation by Latinos as a group. I test these new predictions using three sets of dependent variables: broad, conventional participation (voting); broad, unconventional participation (e.g., boycotting, attending rallies, protesting); and Latino-oriented, unconventional participation (e.g., attending rallies in support of a Latino issue or concern; contributing money to or volunteering for Latino candidates). Data for the individual-level analysis are drawn from the 1989/90 Latino National Political Survey and the 1999 National Survey on Latinos in America. Using logistic regression, I test predictions about how individual-level factors influence Latinos' participation within the context of the larger political system. I find that resources, especially education, affect the likelihood of conventional and unconventional political participation. As well, organizational affiliation and recruitment increase the likelihood of involvement in conventional and less conventional political acts. The analyses also reveal considerable differences in the likelihood of being politically active among non-Latinos and Latinos as well as between Latino sub-groups. For the contextual analysis, I model the impact of state-level characteristics on electoral and non-electoral forms of political expression. I find some support for resource mobilization and political opportunity theories. Net of individuals' attributes, state-level characteristics affect voting and social activism, suggesting that the receptivity of the political environment influences participation.

This dissertation uses mixed methods to examine the role of the coal industry in the reproduction of Central Appalachia as an internal periphery within the United States and the economic, ecological, and human inequalities this entails. It also analyzes the related political economy and power structure of coal in a national context. Particularly important for analysis of the region's underdevelopment are the class relations involved in unequal ecological exchange and the establishment of successive "modes of extraction." I employ a historical comparative analysis of Appalachia to evaluate Bunker's thesis that resource dependent peripheries often become locked into a "mode of extraction" (with aspects parallel to Marxist concepts of mode of production) triggering economic and ecological path dependencies leading to underdevelopment. This historical comparative analysis establishes the background for a closer examination of the political economy of the modern US coal industry. After sketching the changes in the structure of monopoly and competition in the coal industry I employ network analysis of the directorate interlocks of the top twenty coal firms in the US within the larger energy policy-planning network to examine their connections with key institutions of the policy formation network of think tanks and business groups. My findings show the importance of the capacities of fossil fuel fractions of the capitalist class in formulating energy policy around issues such as the 2009 climate legislation. As a contribution to the growing literature applying the concept of metabolism as link between contemporary and classical theory, I examine the conflict at Coal River Mountain from the vantage points of ecology, political economy, and human development in dialectical rotation. Utilizing Marx's method of successive abstractions, the mountain is presented as a nexus of metabolic rifts in the human relationship to the earth's natural systems and an impediment to genuine human development. Finally, I conclude with some implications of this analysis for building a critical environmental sociology of extractive economies. This dissertation includes previously published materials.
2016-09-29

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effect of internal and external attribution and a person's Body Mass Index on weight prejudice. Data for this research was obtained from an ABC News/Time Magazine Poll (2004). Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. My hypothesis that people who internally attribute the cause of being overweight or obese will be more likely to be prejudiced toward overweight or obese individuals was supported by my findings. My hypothesis that people who internally attribute the cause of obesity and have a lower Body Mass Index would be more likely to be prejudiced against overweight or obese individuals was not supported by my findings. Individuals with more education were shown to be more likely to be prejudiced against obese individuals. Women were shown to be less likely than men to be prejudiced against obese individuals. A respondent's age and urbanity were not shown to significantly predict weight prejudice.

Internal quality auditing (IQA) in the aerospace defense industry is not optional. Under Part 46 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) all businesses providing product and services to the U.S. government are required to comply with their contract's quality requirements. The amount of compliance audits organizations receive are directly proportional to the number of government related contracts they possess. Therefore, most organizations are forced to focus IQAs on compliance to survive. The release of AS9100 international aerospace standards in 1999 was pivotal in eliminating these multiple audit requirements that plague the industry. However, the focus on IQA for compliance has remained rooted within the IQA system. Audit experts claim that recent updates included on AS9100 Rev C would change IQA's focus from auditing for compliance to auditing for effectiveness and performance.

Thesis advisor: William Gamson
Thesis advisor: Zine Magubane
This dissertation examines Internal Colonialism Theory's importance to a comprehensive understanding of the oppression of African Americans still living in USA ghettos. It briefly explores the180 year history of Black activist depictions of a "nation within a nation," the impact of the depression-era Marxist notion of a Negro nation, Latin American influences on Robert Blauner, and the pervasive effect of international anti-colonialism and the Black Power Movement upon the development of American academic Internal Colonialism Theory. This appraisal evaluates Blauner's seminal presentation, Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt, and the major contributions of Robert L. Allen and Mario Barrera in analyzing African American and Chicano internal colonial experiences respectively. It re-assesses colonialism and moves beyond Eurocentric characterizations to elaborate a Continuum of Colonialism, including direct, indirect, external, internal, and "end of" colonialisms. This analysis addresses the contradiction that the American Revolution supposedly decolonized America without improving colonized conditions for African Americans or Native Americans, and defines internal colonialism as geographically based, disagreeing with the prevailing interpretation which contemplates the existence of diasporic African America as one collective colony. While summarizing the USA's course from settler colony system to today's inner cities of the colonized, this investigation explores African American class formation utilizing a variation of Marable's conception of Racial Domains as historical context through to the present. With the majority of African Americans in ghettos [internal colonies] scattered around the USA, this document outlines the positive and negative means of ending internal colonial situations within the contemporary USA. While elaborating how Internal Colonialism Theory quite practically fits harmoniously within several differing conceptualizations of American and global racial relations, this perspective offers a framework for more rigorous future discussions and debates about Internal Colonialism Theory, and previews three major international populations to which this assessment of Internal Colonialism Theory can be extended
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology

Includes abstract.|Includes bibliographical references.
Participation in social and educational environments is crucial for young people’s development, well-being and opportunities for leading a fulfilling and successful life. Many South African youngsters – and particularly street children – are often excluded from meaningful participation in their communities. This involves participation in social, educational, cultural, political and economic life. The family and the school are two important arenas where such participation can take place. In addition, these youngsters are confronted with unpredictable future life chances. Thus, they often find themselves in a disadvantaged position within society. In light of this observation, the theme of youth at risk has been much discussed in South Africa for the past three decades. This study focuses on a group of especially disadvantaged adolescents, who do not live in safe and nurturing family environments and who are excluded from formal education. I investigate whether ‘theories and practices of education’, featured in non-formal educational interventions, have an impact on the reproduction of disadvantage and risk among its students. My research focuses on the case of Learn to Live, a non-formal educational intervention that tries to counteract the disadvantages that especially disadvantaged youth in Cape Town face.My findings show that educators and students try to find a balance between, on the one hand, emphasising the uniqueness of students’ extremely disadvantaged situation and the need for a particular kind of education that results from it, and on the other hand, the desire to conform to mainstream ideas and mainstream adolescent life. In their attempts to find this balance, nearly all participants acknowledge that Learn to Live is a necessary stepping stone in students’ lives towards success and happiness. The educators believe that the school itself can contribute a lot to the students’ situation and emphasise their role of victims of their circumstances. The students, however, state that Learn to Live is merely there to give them a second chance. They do consider their own role in the schooling process and the path to success to be paramount. This is also reflected quite clearly in the students’ aspirations, their feelings of hope, and their looking to the future. The implications of these findings for Learn to Live include: building on students’ strengths, talents and resiliency by offering them an empowerment-based intervention, creating more opportunities where students can experience feelings of success and pride, and making use of testimonies of successful students.

The main focus of this thesis has been an investigation into the lives of men who have experienced some form of mental health problem. It has been suggested that mental illness may not be the most helpful way of conceptualising these experiences, as it presupposes the validity of the medical model of explanations and meanings. Instead it has been proposed that the term 'emotional distress' allows for the embodied nature of the experiences, and distances them from medical definitions. The key sociological concept used in the thesis is that of biographical disruption, a notion used by Bury (1982) in the context of chronic illness, and one of the aims of the research has been to establish the usefulness of this concept to research on experiences of emotional distress. The chosen methodology in achieving this aim is that of life-history narratives, which have been used in the study to illustrate the ways in which emotional distress emerges from and impacts upon the lives of individuals. Eight men provided life-history narratives, and these were supplemented by published (auto)biographical accounts, and by my own experiences as a mental health service user. As men were identified as the focus for the research, an investigation into the role of masculinity as a factor which mediates these expenences was also undertaken. Thus, the contribution that the study makes to sociological knowledge is to extend the concepts which have been applied to chronic illness, into the field of emotional health, with a particular focus on biography, on the role of masculinity, and on embodiment and emotions. It also contributes to an understanding of emotional distress, an experience which is often hidden form view. The thesis concludes that all of these sociological ideas are indeed valuable in the search for meaning in the experience of emotional distress.

This thesis has been concerned with how everyday social interactions facilitate personal change in the lives of therapeutic community (TC) client members. TCs are planned social environments that aim to provide a safe setting whereby troubling relational patterns can be explored through confronting past trauma and dysfunctional interpersonal dynamics. All aspects of community life, particularly everyday social encounters, such as smoking breaks and meal times, are potentially therapeutic. Whilst there are have been numerous studies focusing on treatment effectiveness and clinical outcomes, there have been relatively few studies that explore how interactions during these potentially therapeutic informal periods facilitate personal change. Thus, everyday social encounters are not only underrepresented in the literature in terms of mechanisms of personal change, they remain poorly understood in practice. Therefore, this research specifically investigates how everyday interactions support personal change by: examining the mechanisms of interaction rituals outside of structured therapy; questioning the function of peer-to-peer interactions; exploring how social interactions reflect TC values; studying the influence of power and social control that may exist; and looking to understand client members’ definitions of change. The study used a narrative ethnographic approach within two adult-democratic TCs, one residential and one a day community, for individuals with a diagnosis of personality disorder. Specific methods of data collection included over 700-hours of participant observation, in-depth interviews with clients and staff members and document analysis. Drawing on Interaction Ritual (IR) theory, this study explores the role of emotions, feelings of inclusion and how power is used during everyday interactions. One of the key findings is that transforming negative emotions into positive long-term feeling occurs through the process of inclusion and solidarity. Crucially, community members will tolerate high levels of negative emotions if they feel included in the TC. Both communities had an overall rhythm to community life that provided the emotional tone and pace of each day. Importantly, solidarity and emotional rhythmic entrainment, the process by which individuals become in synch with one another, were crucial for establishing and maintaining inclusion and producing positive change outcomes. Where solidarity and entrainment are broken, communities will invoke restoration rituals to establish connection with the entire community in order continue working towards positive change. Additionally, interaction rituals highlight dynamics of power, authority, and social control within communities, particularly between client members. Several clients reported increased feelings of confidence and tolerance towards themselves and others as a result of participating in community life. There are two main contributions of this research for IR theory and TCs. Firstly, IR theory has not been applied widely to the field of mental health. The thesis suggests clarifying the use of emotions to include an analysis of how negative emotions are sustained in successful interaction rituals. Secondly, for TCs, this research highlights the significance of times spent outside of structured therapy. Exploring personal transformations through the lens of interactions, rather than individuals, provides a multi-layered explanation of how change occurs.

The aim of this thesis is to understand the important components of a set of sustainable interventions to prevent obesity at the community level by using realistic evaluation, which draws on the philosophy of critical realism. From the application of a structured set of criteria based on critical realism, three interventions emerged, which were selected as the case studies of my thesis: the ‘Healthy Weight Communities’ project in Scotland, the ‘Bewegung als Investition in Gesundheit’ (Movement as Investment for Health) project in Germany, and the ‘Walking for Health’ project in England. Based on the key concepts of critical realism an interview topic guide was developed, which was tested by the help of the pilot project ‘Paideiatrofi’ in Greece. Key personnel involved in the organisation of each of the three selected interventions were identified and qualitative research and data analysis was carried out. The framework of critical realism and the application of the key concepts of realistic evaluation: ‘generative mechanisms’, ‘context’ and ‘outcomes’, enabled the disentangling of which mechanisms from each case study, were most related to outcomes and under which contexts. A number of common themes emerged from the analysis of the three interventions. Reflecting on these common themes, I connected them to a set of more abstract categories associated with the social structure, the human agency and the emergent outcomes with their distinguished properties. Critical realism and realistic evaluation provided a conceptual guide which allowed me to explain how the effects of the interventions were produced by the interplay between structural conditions and people as agents. The study of the contextual factors and of the generative mechanisms that enabled or constrained the production of certain outcomes, constituted a novel approach to explain how and why the selected interventions worked to prevent obesity.

The aim of this study is to investigate employees in knowledge-intensive organizations' intentions to stay in their workplace and to see if organizational culture and internal marketing activities have an effect to reduce voluntary staff turnover.There are several factors which affect employees' intentions to leave or stay in their current work position. The result of this study shows initially that there needs to be some form of agreement between the employee's and the employer's values, needs or vision of the future. Factors that may make an employee in a knowledge-intensive organization want to leave might be that the individual does not feel safe, does not have trust or confidence in their leader or colleagues. It can also be due to the individual not feeling that he or she is growing in his or her job role, has career opportunities or that he or she feels locked in and controlled in their tasks. Internal marketing activities and organizational culture are two factors that knowledge-intensive organizations can work with to become a more attractive employer and reduce voluntary staff turnover. Internal marketing activities are an initiative that in this study proved to have a positive effect on employee well-being, motivation, commitment and loyalty to the organization. Knowledge-intensive organizations that work with initiatives to promote internal marketing activities and organizational culture create good conditions for their staff to thrive better, get an attractive employer brand and lower involuntary staff turnover. In conclusion, it was found in this study that transformative leaders have the leadership qualities that are described as most desirable and sought after in knowledge-intensive organizations.

Parishes of the Church of Sweden work under the influence of a religious and cultural tradition as well as a societal, individual and internal secularization (Chaves 1994). The organization therefore has to react to the requirements of change alongside the need to preserve its distinctive character. The aim of this thesis is to analyze experiences of how a secularized context and internal organizational requirements influence the parishes' organization of structure and activities, the role of the actors and the relations between them.  The data consists of two empirical studies. The first study (carried out in 2007) is based on semi-structured interviews with 26 diocese employees at twelve of Church of Sweden's diocese secretariats. The second study (carried out in 2009) is based on semi-structured interviews with vicars and focus group-interviews with members of the faith ministry, employees and volunteers in four different parishes, in total 77 informants. Three different analyses of the material have been carried out. The first analysis, guided by new institutional theory, focuses on the parish’s organization in relation to a secularized context. Results show that the majority of the parishes have accepted a “market adapted organization model” in order to compete on the religious market, or perhaps most importantly, to retain their current members. The study concludes that the major challenge for the Church of Sweden’s parishes today is to find a balance between preserving traditions and adapting the organization to the ambient society's requirements of market adaptation and rationalization, which can result in internal secularization.  The second analysis is guided by role theory and focuses on the actor´s (vicars, members of the faith ministry, employees and volunteers) different roles in the parishes, in the light of organizational change. Results show how the different roles are affected by the organizational structure as well as by the societal context. The study concludes that a role is not static; instead it is affected by ideas from society, the organization, and other actor’s expectations as well as the actor him/her self. The four investigated roles tend to be more and more complex and, despite role, intra- and inter- role conflicts seems to be common in the parishes. The third and last analysis is guided by network analysis and focuses on the relations between the four actor groups. The results show that the actors sometimes have difficulty in separating between formal and informal relations. The relations seem to overlap each other, be multiplex and have more than one content.  This can be related to the parish ambiguity as well as the actor´s many different roles within the organization.  The thesis concludes with a theoretical discussion there a modifying of the concept internal secularization is proposed.

This is a mixed-methods comparative study of union and non-union graduate employees’ work experiences, following Wicken’s (2008) call for additional research into the graduate union movement. I used focus group interviews, finding that nonunionized participants had significantly more negative views of their work and faculty members than unionized participants. Non-unionized participants were also more likely to display greater internalization of neoliberal views and neoliberal subjectivity, and were more likely to see their problems in fatalistic terms. I found increased activity with the union to be associated with both decreased fear and anxiety as well as an increased sense of personal and collective agency in relation to work. These findings are analyzed using new social movement theories as well as the concepts of civil society, hegemony and counterhegemony, and cognitive liberation. I used quantitative data on employment trends in higher education institutions to investigate the concept of the neoliberal university, finding support for central claims of this concept: undergraduate education is increasingly reliant on part-time, un-tenured staff and graduate employees. I also quantitatively investigated the graduate employee union (GEU) movement at a nation-wide scale, finding many union local to conform to Fantasia and Stepan-Norris’ (2007) concept of “social movement unionism.”

Arbetet med det interna arbetsgivarvarumärket har kommit att bli en viktig del för både privat och offentlig verksamhet för att lyckas med att behålla kompetent personal. Idag syns skillnader mellan privat och offentlig verksamhet i arbetet med det interna arbetsgivarvarumärket eftersomförutsättningarna ser olika ut i de olika verksamheterna. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka vilka utmaningar och möjligheter som fanns för arbetet med det interna arbetsgivarvarumärket i en kommunal verksamhet. Följande tre frågeställningar undersöktes; Hur upplever befintlig personal att organisationen arbetar med det interna arbetsgivarvarumärket? Vilka aktiviteter ingår i arbetet med det interna arbetsgivarvarumärket? Hur kan arbetet med det interna arbetsgivarvarumärket förbättras i en kommunal verksamhet? För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar intervjuades sex enhetschefer, en verksamhetsutvecklare samt en personalspecialist påÖrnsköldsviks kommun. Alla intervjuer var semistrukturerade och genomfördes via telefon. För att analysera datamaterialet användes tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar hur en kommunal verksamhet arbetar med sitt interna arbetsgivarvarumärke där både utmaningar och möjligheterpresenteras. Utmaningar som identifierades var kommunens ekonomiska utmaningar, personalbrist, tung arbetsbörda samt bristande intern kommunikation. Förbättringar och rekommendationer baseras på kommunens utmaningar och de möjligheter som finns utifrån dessa. Rekommendationernainnehåller bland annat satsningar på medarbetares arbetstillfredsställelse, aktiviteter som stärker arbetsgruppen samt förbättringar av den interna kommunikationen. Avslutningsvis kan denna studie bidra till ökad kunskap inom området internt arbetsgivarvarumärke inom kommunal verksamhet.

A major challenge of the 21st century for the health-care professionals is to provide care for the ever-expanding population of people with renal-failure. Patient numbers are rising and specialist nurses, who are the pivotal factor in haemodialysis units, are becoming increasingly scarce. In this context it has become essential to understand the dynamics and functioning of haemodialysis units. The aim of this research project is to increase understanding of the lives of patients and carers by uncovering the culture of haemodialysis units. Ethnography, from the naturalistic paradigm, is a holistic study of culture, developed out of classical philosophy. This study examines the entire social world of the dialysis unit. It describes the ethnographic journey made over twenty-four months' research in two different dialysis units. The participants were amongst patients and carers from these two units. The fieldwork, which facilitated data collection, was based on a participatory process of observation, interviews and participant feedback. These data were analysed into domains and themes using Spradley's Research development sequence (1980) and the reflexive process. Through the theme-based analysis used during the research and writing of this ethnographic study an emergent theory of partnership in care became apparent. Such a theory contributes to our understanding of the culture of the dialysis unit. Uncovering the culture of dialysis units will not prevent the increase in numbers of people needing Renal Replacement Therapy. It does, however, shed light on the condition of living with renal failure and the nature of partnerships developed in the haemodialysis unit. It is these partnerships between people, machines and the environment that sets the dialysis unit apart in the hospital, giving it its own particular culture. Partnership means shared care where patients and carers work towards mutual goals. The realisation of these common goals leads towards the overall objective of better treatment outcomes.

Historically, as a consequence of the transit function of Panama's economy and the concentration of its economic activities in one specific geographic area, three societal processes have become strongly interrelated. First, economic growth has been concentrated in the tertiary sector. Second, an imbalance has occurred in the extent to which each economic sector generates and can absorb the Panamanian labor force. Third, population has shifted to the urban and metropolitan Province of Panama as a result of strong rural to urban migration, generating a disproportionate population distribution. In this study, migration flows in Panama and the changes in economic and social conditions in both the rural sending areas and in the urban receiving areas in the last two decades have been examined. The Province of Panama continued to be the most populous province (46 percent of the country's total population in 1990) and the principal receiving area for most rural to urban migrants. However, in the most recent 1985-1990 period the Province of Panama was also the province with the highest out-migration. The out-migration flow from the Province of Panama to the rural provinces that previously had the highest out-migration to Panama was found indicative of return migration to these areas. This phenomenon is a new development and has not been reported in the literature on internal migration for earlier periods in Panama. Selected theoretical propositions concerning basic relations between economic, demographic, and social factors and the volume and direction of migration in the Republic of Panama in the period 1970-1990 were tested. Data for this study are from the 1970, 1980 and 1990 Panama National Censuses of Population and Housing. The content of this present study not only describes and details the patterns of migration but also helps explain the principal factors affecting that process in Panama during the last two decades.

In recent years a growing body of economic and social research has been directed towards studies of migration, the problem of the assimilation of immigrants and the persistence of cultural traditions in new environmental circumstances. The present study is an attempt to contribute towards this work by looking at the evolution of the Glasgow Highland community in the nineteenth century. Though the Highlanders in their homeland and overseas have attracted much attention, the study of their reaction to urban, industrial life has been subjected to less scrutiny. The work already done on this area has tended to argue that a speedy process of assimilation to the dominant cultural pattern took place. The present study looks at a wide variety of indicators, such as residential, employment and household patterns, as well as the question of cultural traditions, and argues, on the contrary, that a definite Glasgow Highland community existed,with its own institutions and patterns of social relationships, within the wider Glasgow society. In contrast to assimilation models, the Glasgow Gaels showed a preference for distinct settlement areas, as well as a predilection to "clustering" in certain employment opportunities. In addition, they demonstrated a loyalty to specific Highland institutions of a cultural and religious nature which marked them off from the non-Gael. These features in turn encouraged strong intra-group social and domestic relationships.

The effect of social capital on labor market outcomes is a key concern in sociological studies. Even though there are extensive studies on this topic, with the worldwide expansion of higher education, insufficient scholarly efforts have so far been devoted to understanding access to social capital in the educational setting and labor market impact of social capital for well-educated individuals. Moreover, studies on social capital and migration tend to focus on the role played by social capital on migration decisions and outcomes, contingency impact of social capital on migrants' labor market outcomes are not well understood. To fill the knowledge gap, this research is to examine undergraduates' social capital accumulation and mobilization on campus, and the associated outcomes for their job seeking, with the particular focus on 1) the impact of macro institutions on migrant students' social capital accumulation and mobilization; 2) contingency impact of social capital on labor market outcomes. Combining primary data from in-depth interviews in Tianjin and secondary data collected in Nanjing, China, I examine the different processes of social capital accumulation and mobilization between local and migrant students on campus, and associated labor market outcomes between local and returned migrant students. Findings of this study suggest that university provides an important context for undergraduates to establish social ties and accumulate social capital. By attending higher education institutions, especially elite ones, students gain opportunities to build exclusive social connections on campus. However, opportunities to accumulate social capital on campus are highly structured between local and migrant students because of the household registration system. Moreover, data from in-depth interviews have demonstrated that migrant students suffer disadvantaged capacities to mobilize social capital compared to their local counterparts. The household registration system deprives migrant populations of access to some local employment opportunities, such as government and government-affiliated organizations, migrant students suffer from weaker job information and influence when mobilizing their social capital. Further, by analyzing survey data from Nanjing, it has verified the institutional contingency impact of social capital upon the household registration system between local and returned migrant students. Both total and university-based social capital increases local students' chance to get a desirable job but does not do so for returned migrant students. The central argument of the study is that institutional constraints, such as the household registration system, could lead to different capacities for the accessibility and mobilization of social capital among local students, migrant students, and returned migrant students, finally leading to differential labor market outcomes in Chinese cities.

La presente tesis de investigación doctoral constituye una contribución a la discusión y estudios sobre el colectivo de inmigrantes latinoamericanos en España, concretamente en la temática de las migraciones internas y la movilidad residencial, desde el ámbito de conocimiento de la Geografía y la Demografía. Constituye una investigación en modalidad de compendio de artículos científicos, cinco, aceptados y publicados, que se presentan a lo largo del documento desde una menor a una mayor escala tanto territorial como de análisis, firmados con diferentes investigadores especialistas en el ámbito, y que fueron desarrollados con el principal objetivo de desarrollar y aportar a esta tesis doctoral. Merece la atención el estudio específico del colectivo inmigrante de origen latinoamericano en España, ya que constituye más del 41% del total de la población de origen extranjero residente en el país, y cerca del 6% del total de su población nacional (a 1 de enero de 2019), cifras relevantes, que inciden inevitablemente en las dinámicas residenciales que se establecen o son establecidas en el territorio a nivel nacional. Dentro de ese marco, es que en la presente tesis se estudia el período comprendido desde el año 2000 al 2017, identificando tres etapas: una primera de expansión de 2000 a 2008; una segunda de crisis de 2009 a 2014, y una tercera de poscrisis de 2015 a 2017. Dichos períodos son analizados en distintas escalas (desde el nivel provincial, al municipal); y para distintas áreas, donde se parte inicialmente sobre el estudio de todo el territorio español, para luego hacer una selección a las áreas metropolitanas de Barcelona y Madrid. Igualmente se realiza una caracterización sociodemográfica e identifican las principales zonas de concentración de esta población, en las zonas metropolitanas de Barcelona y Madrid, y también en específico para el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. Se plantean como hipótesis cuestiones como que la crisis económica habría producido cambios en la dinámica de la migración interna en España, y particularmente en la intensidad y direccionalidad de las migraciones de modo diferenciado para la población autóctona y la población inmigrante; que el comportamiento espacial de estos inmigrantes se explicaría en parte por sus características personales, pero también por el impacto diferencial de la crisis en los distintos territorios de España; que, las características sociodemográficas ellos varían según el nivel de concentración residencial y reflejarán una estratificación social inversa al grado de concentración; y que la intensidad de la movilidad residencial es la que determinaría los distintos niveles de concentración. Por ellos, los objetivos de esta tesis son el dilucidar la intensidad y la direccionalidad de los flujos internos de los latinoamericanos en España; cuantificar dichos cambios debido a la crisis; caracterizar sociodemográficamente a aquellos migrantes que han protagonizado un movimiento migratorio interno; analizar la evolución de los de población latinoamericana y sus pautas residenciales según distancia a las ciudades centrales en la áreas metropolitanas, y por períodos; y finalmente estudiar por períodos los cambios de residencia según distancia en las distintas fases del ciclo económico estudiado. Los principales resultados, señalan qué existe un cambio en las pautas migratorias internas en los años más recientes que efectivamente sería una respuesta a la crisis económica; además de una tendencia a la suburbanización de la población de origen latinoamericano en la fase de expansión, que se vio frenada con la crisis, pero que se ha visto reactivada en la poscrisis, periodo donde también se ha dado de manera simultánea un aumento de la concentración en las ciudades centrales. Además, se constata que, durante los primeros años analizados, la evolución de las concentraciones de población se nutría de la llegada de flujos directamente del extranjero, con la crisis económica estos dependen de la migración interna; y el estudio específico de los distintos espacios de concentración, revelan una asociación entre las características sociodemográficas de los individuos y su lugar de residencia. Geográficamente, la inserción territorial del colectivo latinoamericano se caracteriza por la existencia de bajos niveles de segregación residencial.
La present tesi de recerca doctoral constitueix una contribució a la discussió i els estudis sobre el col·lectiu d'immigrants llatinoamericans a Espanya, concretament a la temàtica de les migracions internes i la mobilitat residencial, des de l'àmbit de coneixement de la Geografia i la Demografia. Constitueix una recerca en la modalitat de compendi d'articles científics, cinc, acceptats i publicats, que es presenten al llarg del document des d'una menor a una major escala tant territorial com d'anàlisi, signats amb diferents investigadors especialistes en l'àmbit, i que van ser produïts amb el principal objectiu de desenvolupar i aportar a aquesta tesi doctoral. Mereix atenció l'estudi específic del col·lectiu immigrant d'origen llatinoamericà a Espanya, ja que constitueix més del 41% del total de la població d'origen estranger resident al país, i prop del 6% del total de la seva població nacional (a 1 de gener de 2019), xifres rellevants, que incideixen inevitablement en les dinàmiques residencials que s'estableixen o són establertes en el territori de l’àmbit nacional. És dins d'aquest marc que a la present tesi s'estudia el període comprès des de l'any 2000 al 2017, identificant tres etapes: una primera d'expansió de 2000 a 2008; una segona de crisi de 2009 a 2014, i una tercera de postcrisi de 2015 a 2017. Aquests períodes són analitzats a diferents escales (des del nivell provincial, al municipal); i per a diferents àrees, on es parteix inicialment de l'estudi de tot el territori espanyol, per a després fer una sel·lecció a les àrees metropolitanes de Barcelona i Madrid. Igualment es realitza una caracterització sociodemogràfica i s’identifiquen les principals zones de concentració d'aquesta població, en les zones metropolitanes de Barcelona i Madrid, i també específicament per a l'Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona. Es plantegen com a hipòtesi qüestionis com que la crisi econòmica hauria produït canvis en la dinàmica de la migració interna a Espanya, i particularment en la intensitat i direccionalitat de les migracions de manera diferenciada per a la població autòctona i la població immigrant; que el comportament espacial d'aquests immigrants s'explicaria en part per les seves característiques personals, però també per l'impacte diferencial de la crisi en els diferents territoris d'Espanya; que, les característiques sociodemogràfiques varien segons el nivell de concentració residencial i reflectiran una estratificació social inversa al grau de concentració; i la intensitat de la mobilitat residencial és la que determinaria els diferents nivells de concentració. Per això, els objectius d'aquesta tesi són dilucidar la intensitat i la direccionalitat dels fluxos interns dels llatinoamericans a Espanya; quantificar aquests canvis a causa de la crisi; caracteritzar sociodemográficament aquells migrants que han protagonitzat un moviment migratori intern; analitzar l'evolució dels estocs de població llatinoamericana i les seves pautes residencials segons la distància a les ciutats centrals a les àrees metropolitanes, i per períodes; i finalment estudiar per períodes els canvis de residència segons distància en les diferents fases del cicle econòmic estudiat. Els principals resultats, assenyalen què existeix un canvi en les pautes migratòries internes en els anys més recents que efectivament seria una resposta a la crisi econòmica; a més d'una tendència a la suburbanització de la població d'origen llatinoamericà en la fase d'expansió, que es va veure frenada amb la crisi, però que s'ha vist reactivada en la postcrisi, període on també s'ha donat de manera simultània un augment de la concentració a les ciutats centrals. A més, es constata que, si bé durant els primers anys analitzats, l'evolució de les concentracions de població es nodria de l'arribada de fluxos directament de l'estranger, amb la crisi econòmica aquests depenen de la migració interna; i l'estudi específic dels diferents espais de concentració, posa de manifest que hi ha una associació entre les característiques sociodemogràfiques dels individus i el seu lloc de residència. Geogràficament, la inserció territorial del col·lectiu llatinoamericà es caracteritza per l'existència de baixos nivells de segregació residencial.
The work presented in this doctoral research thesis constitutes a contribution to the discussion and studies on the Latin American immigrant communities in Spain, more specifically on the issues of internal migration and residential mobility, from the fields of knowledge of geography and demography. A research consisting of a compilation of scientific articles, a total of 5 accepted and published articles, which are presented throughout the document from a minor to a larger scale both territorial and analysis, signed with different specialist researchers in the field, and which were developed with the main objective of developing and contributing to this doctoral thesis. The specific study of the Latin American immigrant communities in Spain deserves special attention since they sum up to more than 41% of the total foreign-origin population residing in the country. Moreover, these groups represent almost 6% of the total population of Spain (to 1st January 2019). These relevant figures inevitably affect the residential dynamics which appear or are established in the territory at a national level. Within this framework, the present thesis covers the period from the year 2000 to 2017, identifying three stages: a first one of expansion from 2000 to 2008; a second one of crisis from 2009 to 2014; and a third one of post-crisis from 2015 to 2017. These periods are analysed at different scales (from the provincial to the municipal level); and for different areas, starting from the analysis of the entire Spanish territory, to then zoom in on the metropolitan areas of Barcelona and Madrid. Likewise, this document includes a sociodemographic characterization and the identification of the main areas of concentration of this population, within the metropolitan areas of Barcelona and Madrid, and specifically for the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Several hypotheses are posed, such as that the economic crisis would have led to changes in the dynamics of internal migration in Spain, and particularly in the intensity and directionality of migrations in a differentiated way for the native population and the immigrant population; that the spatial behaviour of these immigrants could be partly explained by their personal characteristics, but also by the differential impact of the crisis on the different regions of Spain; that the sociodemographic characteristics vary according to the level of residential concentration and will reflect a social stratification inverse to the degree of concentration; and that the intensity of residential mobility is what would determine the different levels of concentration. In this sense, the objectives of this thesis are to elucidate both the intensity and directionality of Latin Americans’ internal flows in Spain, to sociodemographically characterize those migrants who have led an internal migratory movement; to analyse, by periods, the evolution of Latin American population stocks as well as their residential patterns based on the distance to city centres in metropolitan areas; and finally, to study, also by periods, the changes of residence according to the distance in the different phases of the covered economic cycle. Main results indicate that there is a change in internal migration patterns during recent years which would effectively be a response to the economic crisis; in addition to a trend towards suburbanization of the Latin American-origin population during the expansion stage, which was slowed down with the crisis, but has been reactivated in the post-crisis, a period in which there has also been an increase in the concentration in central cities. In addition, it is stated that during the first years analysed the evolution of population concentrations was nourished by the arrival of flows directly from abroad, with the financial crisis these depend on the domestic migrations. On the other hand, the specific study of the different concentration areas reveals there is a link between the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals and their place of residence. Geographically, the territorial insertion of Latin American immigrant communities is characterized by the existence of low levels of residential segregation.

This thesis tries to display the practice of forced migration experienced in East and Southeast Anatolia after 1980s in Turkey and its consequences through the lived experiences of internally displaced women and children. In the first phase, the historical background of the practice of forced migration, which continues ever since the Ottoman period and the Republican period as well, has been analyzed within the framework of implementations and laws on settlement. In the second phase, in-depth interviews were made with internally displaced women and children living in Diyarbakir and Istanbul and embarking upon the lived experience of internally displaced women and children before, during and after the flight, the issue of social integration with the &lsquo
host&rsquo
population was analyzed comparatively. What was claimed with this comparative analysis was the fact that there would be a significant difference on experiencing the consequences of forced migration and social integration among the internally displaced women and youngsters living in Diyarbakir, which is a metropolis Kurdish citizens are intense, and those living in Istanbul, where Kurdish citizens are relatively low in numbers. Consequently, through the information gathered with this study, the extent that internally displaced persons are socially integrated with the &lsquo
host&rsquo
populations was depicted and that whether the spatial difference had a significant effect on the issue of social integration was analyzed.

Some 5 million people were classified as internally displaced in Colombia at the end of 2012, which represented about 10 per cent of the population and the highest number in the world at the time. Colombia differs from other countries with high levels of displacement in that it is comparatively politically stable, has effective national institutions, a relatively strong formal economy, and can by no means be described as a ‘failed’ or ‘failing’ state. The displacement literature tends to characterise the phenomenon as a humanitarian crisis and a side effect of the long-running civil war. But Colombians continue to be displaced in very large numbers despite the formal demobilization of the paramilitaries in 2006 and the diminished military capacity and engagement of the guerrillas since about the same period: the same groups that are widely regarded as being the main perpetrators of displacement. This thesis contends that displacement of the civilian population in Colombia is frequently not a consequence of violence, but rather the primary objective, where violence plays a facilitatory role. Moreover, the thesis asserts that these massive levels of displacement are substantively linked to predominantly economically-motivated logics and are regionally specific. By examining an agricultural commodity that has significantly expanded relatively recently in Colombia - African palm oil - this research examines if and how expanded cultivation may be linked to displacement. Using a political economy framework of analysis combined with empirical fieldwork, it explores the ‘localised displacement logics’ whereby land is coercively acquired by powerful local groups. The thesis concludes that the abandonment and dispossession of land from poor and marginalised groups constitutes part of an ongoing process of capitalist expansion and statebuilding in Colombia. Contrary to assertions that it is the intra-state conflict that constitutes the central obstacle to development, Colombia’s current trajectory of capitalist development may actually be a central obstacle to sustainable peace and not lead to an end to displacement.

Using case studies from Australia, Sweden and Finland, and also drawing on examples from parts of Asia, including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Thailand, the thesis explores how state and market actors respond to Indigenous claims and how Indigenous claims are themselves reconstituted through those particular responses. While the duty of protecting Indigenous rights might nominally fall upon the state, we are increasingly witness to the enfolding of market actors and market rationalities in debates concerning Indigenous claims. The research contained in the thesis highlights how a practice of 'passing the buck', or passing of responsibility onto others, is constituted through both market and government relations whereby responsibility for addressing Indigenous claims is shifted from states to corporations, from corporations to states, and from states back to Indigenous peoples themselves. The thesis consists of four articles. Article 1, titled 'Obliging Indigenous Citizens: Shared Responsibility Agreements in Australian Aboriginal Communities' provides a critique of the governmental provision of services to remote Australian Aboriginal communities through quasi-market arrangements. Article 2, titled 'Corporate Social Responsibility, Supply-chains and Saami Claims: Tracing the Political in the Finnish Forestry Industry' explores conflicts over state logging in Saami territories and the construction of the state/market divide in CSR debates over the rights of Indigenous peoples. Article 3, titled 'NGO Campaigns and Banks: Constituting Risk and Uncertainty' studies the negotiated and contested boundaries of markets through debates over the governance of social and environmental risks in the investment banking sector. Article 4, titled 'The Last Frontier? Windpower developments on traditional Saami lands' considers how colonial rationalities constituting the state-Saami relationship are reproduced in new debates over windpower developments in Saami mountain areas.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In progress.

The purpose of this study was to explore and document the factors that motivated African American public school administrators in a selected school system in East Tennessee to become school leaders. The study highlighted barriers and challenges, support mechanisms, and perceptions of training. If minority educators are to be actively recruited and retained, there must be an understanding of the factors that motivate them to progressively seek administrative leadership positions. The African American public school administrators' experiences were collected through 17 one-on-one personal interviews. The interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, coded, and used to answer the 4 research questions. The primary factors that motivate African American public school administrators to become school leaders are a desire to help the students and to make a broader impact on education. These public school administrators had to overcome the barriers and challenges of racial and/or gender discrimination while working in a system that was not supportive of these endeavors. As a result of this study, recommendations were made for the school system, the African American public school administrators, and for further research.

Bakgrund: En kommun granskas intensivt av dess omgivande samhälle där skandaler och utmärkelser skapar ett externt tryck som pressar organisationer till att reagera. När ett externt tryck uppstår förändras rådande samhällssyn och påverkar organisationers strategiska handlande mot upprätthållande av legitimitet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva Växjö kommuns interna handlande efter att ett externt tryck uppstått genom en utmärkelse- Europas grönaste stad. Metodval: Studien består av en kvalitativ intern fallstudie. Studien utgår ifrån granskning av offentliga dokument i kombination med ostrukturerade intervjuer som skett genom ett snöbollsurval. Slutsatser: Studien visar på hur kommunen bemött det externa trycket utmärkelsen medfört genom sitt handlande. Detta visas utifrån strategisk anpassning mot det externa trycket. Då två externa tryck motsäger varandra visar kommunens handlande på en anpassning mot det som anses skapa måluppfyllelse. Genom samtycke reagerar Växjö kommun på det externa trycket, Europas grönaste stad.
Background: A municipality is exposed to intense scrutiny by its surrounding community, where scandals and awards create an external pressure forcing organizations to react. When an external pressure arises it changes the prevailing view of society and affects organizations' strategic actions toward maintaining legitimacy. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe the municipality of Växjö's internal actions caused by an external pressure through an award- greenest city in Europe. Method: The study consists of a qualitative internal case study. The study is based on the review of public documents, in combination with unstructured interviews conducted by a snowball sample. Conclusions: The study shows how the municipality responded to the external pressure the award entailed, by their actions. This is shown based on strategic alignment against the external pressure. When two external pressures contradict each other the municipality's actions show adaptation to the one considered creating most value. By acquiescence Växjö reacts to the external pressure of being given the title, Greenest city in Europe.

The district of Sacsamarca, located in the province of Huanca Sancos in the region of Ayacucho in Peru, was one of the most affected districts by the Internal Armed Conflict during the eighties (CAI, in Spanish). Violence, as an exogenous variable, transformed the political, economic, and social land- scape within this community, and left tremendous losses that still have not been overcome. This paper analyzes the loss of agency among Sacsamarca’s inhabitants, within a framework of social resilience. For this purpose, we examine three crucial factors that were altered by the CAI: economic, politicaland demographic.
El distrito de Sacsamarca, ubicado en la provincia de Huanca Sancos, departamento de Ayacucho, fueuno de los lugares más afectados por el conflicto armado interno - CAI de la década de 1980 en el Perú. La violencia como variable exógena transformó los procesos políticos, económicos y sociales de este lugar y dejó grandes fracturas en la comunidad que no han podido ser superados en la actualidad. El presente trabajo analiza la pérdida de agencia de los habitantes sacsamarquinos, en un marco de resiliencia social a partir del CAI. Para ello, se examinarán tres factores que fueron alterados por el CAI: económicos, políticos y demográficos.

The purposes of this study are to examine migration disparities in primary, onward, and return migration by Hispanics, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white and to inspect the differences among the various types of migration. In addition, this study explores explanations of the migration disparities. These have been rarely studied because of a lack of proper migration data. This research employs the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) for a logistic regression of primary migration and for a hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) of the two types of repeat migration, namely onward and return. The results demonstrate that whites are more likely to make primary and onward migrations compared to blacks and Hispanics. But, with return migration, significant differences between whites and other minorities are not found. With respect to the contributors or explanations, this study indicates that the racial/ethnic migration disparities are not explained by socioeconomic status as opposed to explanations by human capital perspectives. The racial/ethnic disparities in migrations seem to be produced by discrimination and an unequal distribution of opportunities. Return migration presents several interesting different patterns compared with the other type migrations, including the effects of age and educational attainment. For return migration, old and less educated individuals have higher odds, showing reversed pattern of total, primary, and onward migration. The findings seem to indicate that different characteristics are involved in different types of migration.

This study is focusing on the conflict-induced internally displaced Kurdish women&rsquo
s experiences. There has been an ongoing internal armed conflict in Turkey since 1984 and one of the consequences of this conflict is the internal displacement that occured in 1990s. In the displacement process, women and other family members were victimized. They did not only loose their homelands, but they also had to struggle in the city centers with poverty and discrimination. After they started to live in the city centers, women may become both marginalized and empowered. The aim of the study is to understand the situations that lead Kurdish women to be marginalized and/or empowered in the cities to which they have been forced to migrate. After the displacement process, which is one of the major victimization processes for these women, some of them may be trapped in ethnic and gender-based discrimination and may become more marginalized in the city centers. But marginalization and empowerment are not fixed categories and there is always a possibility for these women to transform their marginalized position into empowerment. By political engagement, working outside house and/or being head of the househod these women may break the cycle of their marginalization and becomes empowered in the city centers.

Orientador: José Marcos Pinto da Cunha
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:40:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_TiagoAugustoda_D.pdf: 3764349 bytes, checksum: 93480d6102025a11c38c786fdb13bab1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Não é de hoje que diversos estudos se propõem a analisar o processo migratório a partir da perspectiva das redes sociais. Para tanto, tais estudos basicamente investigam tanto os efeitos que elas possuem no direcionamento do fluxo populacional, quanto as possíveis mitigações dos riscos e custos inerentes ao processo e, consequentemente, a provável maior facilidade de integração do recém-aportado migrante às regiões de destino. Contudo, não é este necessariamente o objetivo final e geral do presente estudo, senão o contrário. Interessa-nos observar o caminho inverso, ou seja, quais os impactos nas redes sociais derivados do próprio ato de migrar? Considerando que a resposta a essa pergunta seria algo relativamente simples de se verificar, sugerimos uma nova indagação: que efeitos (benefícios ou não) são ocasionados por prováveis modificações à estrutura das redes sociais dos envolvidos pós-migração? A partir daí, duas novas dimensões são aqui abarcadas: além das alterações experienciadas pelo componente formal das redes sociais (sua estrutura), há ainda transformações no seu componente substantivo, ou seja, no capital social derivado desta mesma estrutura de relações sociais, bem como das possibilidades de transformações sociais mais gerais (suas vantagens ou limitações). Como ilustração desse último domínio toma-se como conceito operativo o de vulnerabilidade social. Em suma, interessa observar de que maneira as alterações tanto de forma (mais ou menos contatos e quem eles são), assim como de conteúdo (qualidade dos recursos por eles disponibilizados) das redes sociais de migrantes podem ter sido responsáveis, pós-migração, por uma determinada condição/situação de vulnerabilidade social ou pela superação por parte daqueles nela envolvidos. Para tanto, é realizado um estudo acerca da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC) com base nos dados de uma pesquisa domiciliar realizada em 2007, realizamos um estudo da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC), promovendo um levantamento quantitativo e qualitativo. No primeiro, oferecemos um grande detalhamento sobre a mobilidade da população na região, bem como informações interessantes para a análise de vários elementos relativos à atuação das redes sociais no processo migratório e algumas formas de capital social de que dispõem as pessoas e famílias. No segundo, aspectos qualitativos foram verificados através da aplicação do software EGONET, de autoria da Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB)
Abstract: It has not been recent that several studies propose analyzing the migratory process from the social network perspective. To do so, such studies basically investigate the effects those networks have on the drive of population flow, as well as the possible mitigation of risks and costs inherent to the process; hence, the likely easier integration of the immigrant newly-coming to the destination areas. However, that is not necessarily the final and general object of the present study, but otherwise. We are interested in observing the reverse path, i.e. what are the impacts arising from the migration act itself? Considering that the answer to that question would be somehow a simple one to be verified, we suggest a new enquiry: which effects ¿ whether positive or not ¿ are generated by modifications suffered by the social networks structure of those involved after-migration? From that point, two new dimensions are encompassed: besides changes lived by the formal components of social networks (its structure), there are still modifications in its tangible components, i.e. in the social capital derived from the same social relations structure, as well as the possibilities of more general modifications (their advantages or constraints). In order to illustrate that last domain, the operative concept of social vulnerability is applied. In short, it is our interest to observe how changes - either in the form, more or less contacts and who they are, or in the content, the quality of resources they set available, of migrant social networks - may respond for a given condition/situation of social vulnerability or by its overcoming from those involved, post-migration. Based on data from a domicile research performed in 2007, we carried out a study in the Campinas Metropolitan Area - Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC) ¿ promoting quantitative and qualitative findings. The first offers large detailing on population mobility in the area, in addition to interesting information for the analysis of several elements regarding the activity of social networks in the migratory process, besides some forms of social capital held by people and families. The second offers qualitative aspects raised by applying the EGONET software, created by the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)
Doutorado
Demografia
Doutor em Demografia

Inom svensk äldreomsorg utgör hemtjänstens personal en essentiell arbetsgrupp, vars fysiska närvaro i hemmet hos äldre individer utgör smittorisken för covid-19. I enlighet med rekommendationer från Folkhälsomyndigheten och Socialstyrelsen infördes därför restriktioner om fysisk kontakt mellan hemtjänstens personal i ett flertal kommuner. För många verksamheter innebar detta en plötslig övergång från fysiska träffar till individuell distanskommunikation mellan kollegor och i kontakt med chef, utan möjlighet till fysiska träffar. Det är dock fortfarande okänt hur dessa organisatoriska förändringar har påverkat kvaliteten av hemtjänstens interna kommunikation. Vid situationer då normala kommunikationsmöjligheter inte längre är tillgängliga behövs ett effektivt internt kommunikationssystem som kan tillgodose personalens behov och önskemål. Ett vanligt problem är dock att arbetsgivare sällan känner till vilken information som anställda anser vara viktig för effektiv kommunikation. I detta arbete används en standardiserad kommunikationsnöjdhetsenkät samt kombinerad analytisk metod för att kvantitativt och kvalitativt analysera hur ökad social distansering har påverkat kommunikationsnöjdheten bland nio enhetschefer och 35 undersköterskor och vårdbiträden inom hemtjänsten. Resultatet visar att anställda upplever minskade kommunikationsmöjligheter sedan restriktioner om social distansering infördes och skillnader observerades mellan omsorgspersonal och enhetschefer. Dessutom observerades att anställda finner nuvarande kommunikationsvägar att vara otillräckliga. Dessa unika fynd kan informera effektiva strategier för att upprätthålla goda kommunikationsförutsättningar under rådande pandemi.

Inom svensk äldreomsorg utgör hemtjänstens personal en essentiell arbetsgrupp, vars fysiska närvaro i hemmet hos äldre individer utgör smittorisken för covid-19. I enlighet med rekommendationer från Folkhälsomyndigheten och Socialstyrelsen infördes därför restriktioner om fysisk kontakt mellan hemtjänstens personal i ett flertal kommuner. För många verksamheter innebar detta en plötslig övergång från fysiska träffar till individuell distanskommunikation mellan kollegor och i kontakt med chef, utan möjlighet till fysiska träffar. Det är dock fortfarande okänt hur dessa organisatoriska förändringar har påverkat kvaliteten av hemtjänstens interna kommunikation. Vid situationer då normala kommunikationsmöjligheter inte längre är tillgängliga behövs ett effektivt internt kommunikationssystem som kan tillgodose personalens behov och önskemål. Ett vanligt problem är dock att arbetsgivare sällan känner till vilken information som anställda anser vara viktig för effektiv kommunikation. I detta arbete används en standardiserad kommunikationsnöjdhetsenkät samt kombinerad analytisk metod för att kvantitativt och kvalitativt analysera hur ökad social distansering har påverkat kommunikationsnöjdheten bland nio enhetschefer och 35 undersköterskor och vårdbiträden inom hemtjänsten. Resultatet visar att anställda upplever minskade kommunikationsmöjligheter sedan restriktioner om social distansering infördes och skillnader observerades mellan omsorgspersonal och enhetschefer. Dessutom observerades att anställda finner nuvarande kommunikationsvägar att vara otillräckliga. Dessa unika fynd kan informera effektiva strategier för att upprätthålla goda kommunikationsförutsättningar under rådande pandemi.

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Sociology

Arbetstillfredsställelse är ett ofta undersökt ämne inom samhällsvetenskapen och är av intresse för såväl arbetsgivare som arbetstagare. Denna uppsats fokuserar dels på huruvida lön, både i dess absoluta och relativa form, har någon inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelsen. Den undersöker även huruvida personer som arbetar inom interna arbetsmarknader har en högre grad av arbetstillfredsställelse än personer som inte gör det. Det finns ett flertal indikatorer som kännetecknar interna arbetsmarknader och i denna uppsats undersöks tre av dessa. Uppsatsens syfte är således att studera arbetstillfredsställelse och vilka effekter lön samt ett eventuellt deltagande i interna arbetsmarknader får för arbetstillfredsställelsen. För att undersöka detta har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ ansats. Datamaterialet som legat till grund för analysen är den svenska Levnadsnivåundersökningen från år 2000. Resultaten indikerar att absolut lön har en positiv effekt på svenska arbetstagares arbetstillfredsställelse. Det relativa löneläget, det vill säga individens lön i förhållande till andras, uppvisar dock ingen effekt på arbetstillfredsställelsen. Gällande interna arbetsmarknader så visar karriärmöjligheter på arbetet samt innehav av företagsspecifik kunskap en positiv inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelsen medan mängden internutbildning en individ erhållit inte visar någon signifikant effekt. Arbetstillfredsställelse är ett stort och komplext begrepp. För att få en djupare förståelse för begreppet föreslår vi bland annat att vidare studier skulle kunna komplettera de kvantitativa studier som gjorts genom en kvalitativ ansats.

Denna uppsats hade som syfte att undersöka hur medarbetare upplever kriskommunikationen inom organisationer, samt om detta i sin tur har någon betydelse för medarbetarnas kommunikations- och arbetstillfredsställelse. Det empiriska materialet insamlades genom tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med medarbetare som arbetar inom olika branscher och som gjort så under en pågående krissituation (i det här fallet pandemin i samband med covid-19). Genom en tematisk analys av insamlad empiri, i relation till teorier om kommunikations- och arbetstillfredsställelse samt tidigare forskning på ämnet, utmynnade följande resultat: bristande kommunikation och otydlig kommunikation framträdde som två teman som visade att bristande och otydlig kommunikation under en kris upplevs som problematiskt av medarbetare. Detta problem har i sin tur betydelse för medarbetares kommunikationstillfredsställelse. Dessa aspekter har dock inte någon nämnvärd betydelse för arbetstillfredsställelsen. Det är i stället analysens teman anställningstrygghetens roll och betydelsen av interpersonella relationer som framträder som centrala för medarbetarnas arbetstillfredsställelse under krisen. Uppsatsens slutsats är således att medarbetarna under en kris upplever bristande och otydlig kommunikation som problemfaktorer som har betydelse för deras kommunikationstillfredsställelse. Vidare behöver denna brist i kommunikationstillfredsställelsen inte ha någon betydelse för arbetstillfredsställelsen, där i stället anställningstrygghet och goda interpersonella relationer på arbetsplatsen är av större vikt.

Bloggen är idag ett samhällsvitt fenomen med många användare. De som dominerar bloggarna i Sverige är unga tjejer och bloggande utgör en stor del av deras internetanvändande. Det blir av dessa skäl intressant att studera vilken effekt bloggande kan ha för just dessa användare och deras identitet.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad för mening bloggande har i unga tjejers liv och att undersöka huruvida bloggande kan fungera som ett identitetsskapande verktyg för dessa tjejer.

För att undersöka detta gjordes intervjuer med sex tjejer, varav två bedrev en och samma blogg, detta resulterade i fyra enskilda intervjuer och en parintervju.

Resultatet är att bloggande har en viktig roll i unga tjejers liv på en rad olika sätt då de genom bloggen kan skapa gemenskap med andra men samtidigt kritisera andra. De kan använda bloggen till att dokumentera sina liv, lyfta sina åsikter och för att skriva av sig. Dessutom kan bloggande fungera som ett identitetsskapande medel för unga tjejer då de på bloggen kan forma, omforma och förstärka sig själva med bloggen som verktyg. De förlänger sitt jag genom bloggen men konstruerar samtidigt medvetet en bloggidentitet som de särskiljer från verkligheten.

Resultaten i denna studie kan användas för att förstå hur unga tjejer i stockholmsområdet använder bloggen som ett sätt att utvidga sin identitet i senmoderniteten.

This dissertation explores the implications of borders and boundaries for how forcibly displaced young Georgians from Abkhazia understand issues of belonging and return. My theoretical framework draws from theories on home and belonging as well as theories on border and boundary making, and locates them in geographies of uncertainty – or riskscapes – areas characterized by conflict and/or inequality. Empirical data was collected through two sets of interviews in Zugdidi near the border to Abkhazia and a questionnaire survey in Zugdidi and the capital Tbilisi. These data have been analysed through both qualitative and quantitative methods.   The young respondents providing material for this research do not constitute a homogenous group. Some of the respondents have family still living in Abkhazia or even partly grew up in the area; others have never been there. The primary goal of the Georgian government has been that the displaced population should return to their homes, and the government’s efforts for local integration has long been insufficient. Since no peace accords have been signed, a lack of security prevents a large-scale return. Notwithstanding increased border controls that have made it difficult to visit former homes, some young people still cross the de facto border. By doing this they contest both the Abkhazian de facto authorities and the border as a symbol of separation and differentiation, while claiming a right to belong in Abkhazia. Property and social relations in Abkhazia contribute to stronger connections and an imperative to return. On the other hand, experience of hardship in contemporary Abkhazia has resulted in some young people not considering return as a viable option. Youth who never visited Abkhazia depend mainly on other peoples’ memories and political discourse to create emotional bonds to the area their parents fled and to form their ideas of return. Results from the quantitative survey indicate that youth living in Tbilisi, closer to the political centre, to a higher extent intend to return than their peers in Zugdidi. Meanwhile young people’s experiences of everyday life in current dwellings in relative stability create emotional bonds to their present place of living. These experiences challenge both collective processes and experiences from Abkhazia when it comes to maintaining the desire to return.   This research offers insights into the human consequences of war and conflict. More specifically, this dissertation sheds light on how young internally displaced persons (IDPs) are living in a borderland (in both temporal and spatial terms) characterized by uncertainty-- between the past and the future as well as between Georgia and Abkhazia. Practices of exclusion and segregation are constitutive of the borders and boundaries that permeate life experiences of the forcibly displaced youth. Furthermore, these borders and boundaries are situated in riskscapes of disputed belongings, which makes this borderland more or less stable for different groups of IDPs. This dissertation contributes to an increased understanding of how political aspirations and personal desire to return preserves instability and uncertainty as long as return is not possible.
Denna avhandling undersöker konsekvenserna av gränser och gränsskapande för hur unga georgiska internflyktingar från Abkhazien förstår frågor om tillhörighet och återvändande. Jag utgår från teorier om hem och tillhörighet, liksom teorier om gränser och gränsskapande, och lokaliserar dem till geografier av osäkerhet – “riskscapes” – områden som karaktäriseras av konflikter och/eller ojämlikheter. Det datamaterial som ligger till grund för avhandlingen utgörs av två intervjustudier i Zugdidi nära gränsen till Abkhazien; och en enkätstudie som genomfördes i Zugdidi och i den georgiska huvudstaden Tbilisi. Materialet har analyserats genom användande av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder.   Avhandlingens respondenter utgör inte en homogen grupp. Några respondenter har familj och släktingar som bor i Abkhazien eller har delvis växt upp i området, medan andra aldrig ens varit där. Det primära målet för den georgiska regeringen har varit att internflyktingarna ska återvända till sina hem, och regeringens ansträngningar för integration i lokalsamhället har länge varit otillräckliga. Det saknas fredsavtal och bristen på säkerhet förhindrar återvändande i stor skala. Trots de ökade gränskontroller som gjort det svårt att korsa de facto gränslinjen tar sig en del ungdomar ändå over gränsen. Genom att göra detta bestrider de både de abkhaziska de facto myndigheterna och gränsen som symbol för separation och åtskillnad, medan de hävdar sin rätt att känna tillhörighet till Abkhazien. Att ha ett hus och sociala relationer i Abkhazien bidrar till emotionella band och en starkare uppmaning till att återvända. Å andra sidan kan erfarenheterna av vardagens umbäranden inne i Abkhazien resultera i att unga människor inte ser återvändande som ett tänkbart alternativ. Ungdomar som aldrig varit i Abkhazien är beroende av andra människors minnen och politiska diskurser för att skapa känslomässiga band och tankar om återvändande till det område deras föräldrar har flytt från. Resultat från den kvantitativa undersökningen visar vidare att ungdomar som bor i Tbilisi, närmare Georgiens politiska centrum, i högre grad anger att de har för avsikt att återvända än deras jämnåriga i Tbilisi. Ungdomars erfarenheter av vardagslivet i sina nuvarande bostäder i relativ stabilitet bidrar emellertid till att skapa känslomässiga band till den aktuella bostadsorten. Dessa erfarenheter utmanar på så vis både de kollektiva processerna och erfarenheter från Abkhazien när det gäller att upprätthålla drömmen om återvändande.   Avhandlingen bidrar med insikter om konsekvenser av krig och konflikter för människors vardagsliv. Mer specifikt belyser jag hur avhandlingens unga respondenter lever i en sorts rumsligt och temporalt gränsland mellan det förflutna och framtiden och mellan Georgien och Abkhazien, och detta gränsland kännetecknas av osäkerhet. Praktiker av isärhållande och segregering är konstituerande för de gränser som genomsyrar internflyktingungdomarnas erfarenheter. Dessa gränser är dessutom situerade i ”riskscapes” av ifrågasatta tillhörigheter, som gör gränslandet mer eller mindre stabilt för olika grupper av internflyktingar. Avhandlingen bidrar med en ökad förståelse för hur politiska ambitioner och personliga drömmar om återvändande håller kvar människor i instabilitet och osäkerhet så länge återvändandet inte är möjligt.

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 3 inskickat.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 3 submitted.

I denna uppsats kommer betydelsen av mediekonsumtionen för främlingsfientliga åsikter att undersökas. Datamaterialet i uppsatsen har hämtats från European Social Survey (2008) och analyseras via multipel regressionsanalys. Tidigare forskning visar att mediekonsumtion har stor inverkan på människors åsikter, däribland främlingsfientliga attityder. I denna uppsats undersöks betydelsen av två olika typer av media: TV och internet. Resultaten visar att de som tittar på TV ofta är mer främlingsfientliga än de som tittar på TV mer sällan och de som spenderar mycket tid vid internet är mindre främlingsfientlig än personer som gör det i mindre utsträckning. Studiens resultat motsäger delvis tidigare forskning som visat ett samband mellan användning av internet och främlingsfientliga attityder. En viktig anledning kan vara att internetanvändning inte längre är så selekterad som när tidigare studier genomfördes, och att internetanvändningen idag är mer utbrett.

This qualitative collective case study explored the lives of five male academically resilient Latinos from the Central Valley of California, who despite the myriad of adversities, threats, and stressors present in their lives, persevered and became established professionals. Researchers have noted that Latino males continue to hold one of the lowest academic achievement rates compared to other ethnic populations. Thus, understanding how disadvantaged students succeed including the factors inherent which associate to their academic success is fundamental in order to help inform educational policies and practices. Utilizing a compilation of interviews and personal documents, findings demonstrated that internal dispositions (i.e., positive self-disposition, emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy), commitment to others, familismo (valuing family), as well as the influence and role of their father, helped promote invulnerability to threat. Concomitantly, learning through others' struggles and experiences provided them with context about what risk factors to avoid in order to remain grounded to their goals and aspirations. This study adds to existing scholarship by highlighting the importance and role that internal disposition (i.e., positive self-disposition, emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy), commitment to others, familismo, and learning through the context of others' struggles or experiences has upon promotion of academic resiliency. This research inquiry engages and affirms the theoretical frameworks utilized (i.e., resiliency theory and the resilience cycle) and adds positive self-disposition and self-efficacy as pivotal elements to the nucleus of the resilience cycle. This collective case study informs the importance of internal dispositions and the influence cultural underpinnings (i.e., familismo ) hold upon development of academic resilience. The dissertation closes with a summary of the major contributions to scholarship, implications, areas for future study, suggestions for practice, researcher reflections, and final thoughts.

La thèse porte sur l’étude d’un dispositif d’accompagnement à la mobilité professionnelle au sein d’une ancienne administration d’État devenue société anonyme. Réalisée dans les centres financiers de la Banque Postale, l’enquête ethnographique combine entretiens et observations pour analyser conjointement la mobilité en cours de carrière comme l’agencement subjectif des séquences d’une vie, et la mobilité comme modalité de gestion du personnel d’une entreprise en transformation. Dans un contexte où l’individualisation des politiques de l’emploi se joint à celle des dispositifs de gestion des ressources humaines (Gazier, 2010), la thèse propose une analyse de la mobilité en contexte organisé, qui met en évidence le caractère normatif d’une injonction à la réalisation de soi par le travail. Elle met en avant le caractère multidimensionnel des transactions qui se jouent dans une épreuve de mobilité (sur le plan biographique, sur celui des usages – et détournements – des dispositifs de gestion, sur le rôle joué par les managers ou encore le cadre collectif négocié par les organisations syndicales). Ainsi, la thèse dissout les catégories dichotomiques utilisées pour décrire les parcours professionnels (mobilité subie ou choisie) en montrant que des mobilités dites subies peuvent être l’expression de véritables choix de carrière au service d’un projet de vie et que des mobilités dites choisies peuvent s’avérer foncièrement contraignantes. Au final, la thèse montre que le rapport entretenu par les individus avec leur carrière et l’usage qu’ils font de la mobilité comme outil au service de celle-ci, s’avère bien plus déterminant
The focus of the thesis is the study of a support mechanism for employee mobility in a former state owned public administration that became a limited company. Carried out in the financial centres of La Banque Postale, the ethnographic inquiry combines qualitative interviews with workplace observations in order to analyse both career mobility as a subjective combination of life sequences, and professional mobility as a way of managing people in a firm in a state of transformation. In a context where both employment policies and human resources management systems tend towards individualized actions (Gazier, 2010), the thesis offers an analysis of professional mobility within an organized and structured context that highlights the normative nature of an injunction to self-realization through work. It emphasizes the multidimensional nature of bargainings involved in the course of mobility (on a biographical level, on the use - and misuse - of management tools, on the role played by managers or the collective framework negotiated by Trade Unions). Thus, the thesis dissolves the dichotomous categories used to describe professional careers (imposed or chosen mobility) by showing that so-called imposed mobility can be the expression of true career choices to serve a life project and that so-called chosen mobility may be fundamentally constraining. Finally, the thesis shows that the relationship maintained by individuals with their career and the use they make of professional mobility as a tool in order to achieve it, is far more decisive

Bakgrunden till denna studie var en vilja att lyfta fram sexarbetande kvinnors sätt att definiera sig själva; en ambition som bottnar i ett konstaterande av att den aktuella gruppen är vida omtalad, men till stor del saknar en offentlig röst. Undersökningen består av en diskursanalys av sexarbetande kvinnors representationer på internet lokaliserade huvudsakligen i blogginlägg. Texterna har studerats som ett forum för motmakt, där kvinnorna har möjlighet att bestrida negativa attityder och föreställningar om kvinnor som arbetar med sex, vilket i rapporten illustreras som narrativt motstånd. Utifrån frågeställningen hur sexarbetande kvinnor konstruerar sin identitet på internet har tre framträdande tolkningsrepertoarer identifierats: Sexbranschen som tjänstesektor, Sexualdriftens karaktär och Den fria människan – samt tre övergripande subjektspositioner: Den aktivt deltagande samhällsmedlemmen, Sexperten, och Offret. Motsägelsefulla representationer har tolkats som tecken på ideologiska dilemman. Kvinnorna har visat sig framställa sin identitet i ett positionerande som präglas av en påtaglig flexibilitet, där legitimering av det sexuella arbetet visat sig vara ett centralt tema. En övergripande tendens har varit att beskriva sex som en färdighet eller produkt. Studien avslutas med en epilog som syftar till att ur ett existentiellt perspektiv självkritiskt granska det diskursanalytiska forskningsbidraget på identitetens område.

Studieobjektet är den privata bloggen, och teorin består av Goffmans dramaturgiska modell där intryckstyrningen är i absolut fokus. Bourdieus symboliska kapital används också i syfte att analysera och koda blogginläggen.

Uppsatsen syftar således till att ge svar på hur intryckstyrningen kan appliceras på bloggen och hur intryckstyrningen får nya villkor i bloggens värld och hur intryck styrs när ett fysiskt möte inte sker. Utifrån dessa har mina tre stycken frågeställningar ställts upp.

Materialet består av sju bloggar. De är alla bloggar som drivs av privatpersoner, och kretsar kring bloggarens vardagsliv med allt vad detta innebär. Det är således en fallstudie som används eftersom urvalet inte är större än dessa sju bloggar. Inläggen har kodats, en kvalitativ metod har tillämpats och jag har en deduktiv ansats då jag utgår från att pröva min teori om att bloggen fungerar som en optimerad intryckstyrning där man vill ge intryck av att inneha statussymboler.

Resultatet som framkommit och analyserats är att det är stort fokus på att presentera olika typer av statussymboler (som sorterats in i ekonomiskt, socialt och kulturellt kapital). Alla dessa kapital är frekvent förekommande i materialet.

Vidare förs en analys hur intryckstyrningen ser ut i bloggen, vad som är möjligt och inte, och huruvida bloggen fungerar som en optimal intryckstyrning, med bättre förutsättningar för att styra publikens intryck än utanför cyberrummet. Med detta menas att jag vill se om det i cyberrymdens och bloggens värld går att styra publikens intryck mer framgångsrikt utan att tappa masken eller visa skiftande impulser.

I resultatets första del kodar jag blogginläggen för att se vilka symboliska kapital som bloggaren vill visa på att denna besitter. I resultatets andra del redovisar jag vilka verktyg som bloggaren använder för att utöva intrycksstyrningen. Det skrivna ordet och språket är bloggarens främsta verktyg och i och med användandet av ett informellt språk kan bloggaren ge intryck av ett oförberett framträdande. Jag vill alltså förklara vilka intryck bloggaren ämnar överföra, på vilket sätt det görs och huruvida det är en framgångsrik intryckstyrning i förhållande till den som sker i ett fysiskt möte.

Slutligen förs en diskussion vad denna intryckstyrning med andra förutsättningar och redskap får för konsekvenser för bilden av bloggaren, läsarna och samhället.

Incel, en förkortning för involontary celibate, är en term som beskriver en person som anser sig vara oattraktiv och sexlös på grund av samhällets rådande normer. Denna grupp har dock gått från att vara en mötesplats för ensamma människor till en gemenskap fylld av kvinnohat, aggression, uppgivenhet och en önskan att hämmas. I den här uppsatsen görs en djupdykning i ett av incelsens största forum, incels.is, för att genom en diskursanalys kunna kartlägga vilka förklaringsmodeller som används på forumet och på vilket sätt incelsen skiljer sig från andra delar av manosfären. Det som framkommer är att det finns en spänning mellan förklaringar som bygger på en tro på sociala strukturer och mer evoulutionspsykologiska eller genetiska förklaringsmodeller, att incelsen lägger stor vikt vid utseendets betydelse för att hitta en sexuell partner samt att feminism ses som ett stort hot mot samhället.Undersökningen visar även att det finns en stark närvaro av maskulinitetsideal och att ömtålig maskulinitet kan ha spelat en roll i att rörelsen idag har en så hård och aggressiv ton.