Dissertationen zum Thema „Jet Surface Interaction“

An experimental study was conducted to study the splash-deposition characteristics of a liquid jet impinging on a moving surface. The main focus of this study was to determine the effects of fluid, flow and surface properties on the outcome of the jet impingement. Several parameters such as fluid viscosity, elasticity and surface tension, jet and surface velocity, jet diameter surface wettability and surface roughness were changed and their effects on splash-deposition characteristics were analyzed during this research work. For non-Newtonian fluids increase in the yield stress and consistency constant of the fluids helps in inhibition of the splash. At high Weber number the effects of surface tension and jet impingement angle were negligible compared to effects of Reynolds and Oldroyd numbers. But at smaller Weber number effects of surface tension were comparable to that of Reynolds number. It was also observed that the both normal (jet velocity) and tangential (surface speed) speeds play roles in splash-deposition dynamics. Newtonian liquid jet with smaller diameter illustrated that effect of surface tension becomes prominent only for liquids with low viscosities and for these liquids and 200 micron nozzle jets deposit up to 40 m/s. For high viscosity liquid same trend of deposition was observed and jets deposit up to 35 m/s. It was also observed that the jets of smaller viscosities spread on the surface very easily, making few micron sized lamella. Although higher viscosities liquid jets still spread very easily on the surface, the lamella thickness was much larger than that of low viscosity liquids. It was also found that mid-range viscosities jet started to splash at much lower velocities (13 m/s). This behavior is related to balancing of inertia forces by both the surface tension and viscous forces.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>The turbulent flow field of a swirling jet issuing from a nozzle, beneath and parallel to a free surface has been studied in as much detail as possible using a three-component laser Doppler velocimeter and flow visualization. The results have shown that the swirl leads to the faster spreading and quicker mixing of the jet. For strongly swirling jets (S = 0.522), the similarity is not reached within ten diameters downstream. The results have also shown that both the acial and tangential velocity components decrease outward from the jet axis, naturall leading to centrifugal instabilities. This, in turn, leads to the creation of large scale coherent structures at the periphery of the jet, particularly when it is in the vicinity of the free surface. The turbulent shear stresses exhibit anisotropic behavior, the largest always being in the plane passing through the jet axis. The change of TKE with S is not monotonic. It is maximum for S - 0.265, smallest for S = 0.50, and has an intermediate value for S - 0.522. This is due to the occurrence of vortex breakdown and the resulting intensification of the turbulence within the jet prior to its exit from the nozzle.

In the railroad industry a friction modifying agent may be applied to the rail or to the wheel in the form of a liquid jet. In this mode of application the interaction between the high speed liquid jet and a fast moving surface is important. Seven different Newtonian liquids with widely varying shear viscosities along with twelve different solutions of polyethylenoxide (PEO) and water with varying relaxation times were tested to isolate the effect of viscosity and elasticity from other fluid properties. Tests for the Newtonian liquids were done with five surfaces having different roughness heights to investigate the effects of surface roughness. High speed video imaging was employed to scrutinize the interaction between the impacting jet and the moving surface. For both Newtonian and Elastic liquids and all surfaces, decreasing the Reynolds number reduced the incidence of splash and consequently enhanced the transfer efficiency. At the elevated Weber numbers of the testing, the Weber number had a much smaller impact on splash than did the Reynolds number. The ratio of the surface velocity to the jet velocity has only a small effect on the splash, whereas increasing the roughness-height-to-jet-diameter ratio substantially decreased the splash threshold. Moreover, the Deborah number was also salient to the splash of elastic liquids.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo da interação entre um jato supersônico e uma superfície plana, com o objetivo de analisar o comportamento do campo de velocidade, pressão e temperatura do escoamento. Este estudo encontra sua motivação no processo de descamação térmica de rochas duras, a qual pode resultar da iteração entre um jato a alta pressão e temperatura e a rocha. Este processo, que pode ser útil na perfuração de rochas duras e profundas, ocorre devido ao acúmulo de tensões térmicas na rocha, o qual pode acarretar sua fratura. Este tipo de processo também envolve diversos mecanismos aerodinâmicos e termodinâmicos, que são isoladamente fenômenos abertos. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho o escoamento foi modelado pelas equações de Navier - Stokes bidimensionais para uma mistura de gases perfeitos em um sistema de coordenadas cilíndrico. O modelo considerado para descrever o transporte turbulento é o modelo de uma equação de Spalart - Allmaras, o qual envolve a solução de uma equação diferencial para a viscosidade turbulenta. Estas equações são resolvidas utilizando-se uma metodologia de volumes finitos adaptada a escoamentos compressíveis. A descrição dos escoamentos transientes obtidos necessitou de diversas modificações ao código computacional existente. Estas modificações trataram, em particular, das condições de contorno, que utilizam a noção de características, e do modelo de turbulência. A estrutura do escoamento resultante da interação entre o jato supersônico e a parede é estudada, avaliando-se a influência (i) da distância entre a saída do jato e a parede, (ii) da razão de pressões entre o jato e o ambiente. Além disso, é examinada a evolução transiente do escoamento. Os resultados obtidos são analisados com vista a obter as melhores condições aerodinâmicas para o processo de descamação térmica.<br>I in this work a study of the interaction between a supersonic jet and a planar surface is presented, with the aim to analyze the behavior of the velocity, pressure and temperature flowfield. This study finds its motivation in the process of thermal spallation of hard rocks, which may result from the interaction between a high pressure and high temperature jet and the rock. This process, that can be used in the drilling of hard and deep rocks, occurs due to the accumulation of thermal stresses in the rock, which can cause its fracture. This type of process also involves several aerodynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms, which are still open phenomena. In the development of this work the flow was modeled by the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation for a mixture of perfect gases in a cylindrical coordinates system. The model considered to describe the turbulent transport is the one equation of Spalart - Allmaras model, which involves the solution of a differential equation for the turbulent viscosity. These equations are solved using a finite volumes methodology which is adapted to compressible flows. The description of the obtained transient flow required several modifications in the existing computational code. These modifications involved, in particular, the choice of boundary conditions, that use the notion of characteristics, and the turbulence model. The structure of the flow resulting from the interaction between the supersonic jet and the wall is studied. In particular, are examined the influence (i) the distance between the jet and wall, (II) of the pressures ratio between the jet and the environment. Moreover, the transient evolution of the flow is examined. The obtained results are examined to determine the best aerodynamic conditions for the process of thermal spallation to occur.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the problem of a rigid plate, inclined at an angle α ∈(0,1/2π) the horizontal, accelerating uniformly from rest into or away from a semi-infinite expanse of inviscid, incompressible fluid. This work generalized that of Needham, Chamberlain, and Billingham\(^1\), by considering the case of negative plate accelerations. We use the method of matched asymptotic expansions to investigate the asymptotic structure of the solution to the free surface evolution problem as t→0\(^+\), paying particular attention to the innermost asymptotic region encompassing the initial interaction between the fluid free surface and the inclined accelerating plate. \(^1\) Needham et al. The initial development of a jet caused by fluid, body and free surface interaction. The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 61(4):581-614, 2008.

Les jets de plasma froid à la pression atmosphérique connaissent un réel engouement dans de nombreux domaines du biomédical depuis la dernière décennie. Dans les différentes applications de ces jets, le plasma généré est amené à interagir avec de nombreux types de surfaces. Les jets de plasma ont une influence sur les surfaces traitées, mais il est maintenant connu que les surfaces traitées influencent également le plasma en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Le travail mené dans cette thèse a donc pour but de caractériser un jet de plasma froid d'hélium à la pression atmosphérique en contact avec trois types de surfaces (diélectrique, métallique et eau ultrapure) au moyen de différents diagnostics électriques et optiques afin de comprendre l'influence de la nature des surfaces sur les propriétés physiques du plasma et les espèces chimiques générées. La première partie de cette thèse s'intéresse à l'étude de l'influence des surfaces sur le jet de plasma. Différents paramètres sont étudiés, tels que la nature de la surface exposée, le débit de gaz, la distance entre la sortie du dispositif et la surface exposée ou encore la composition du gaz plasmagène. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé dans un premier temps l'imagerie Schlieren afin de suivre le flux d'hélium en sortie du dispositif en présence ou non de la décharge. La spectroscopie d'émission a été utilisée pour déterminer les espèces émissives générées par le plasma. L'imagerie rapide nous a permis de suivre la génération et la propagation de la décharge et la distribution de certaines espèces excitées dans le jet avec l'aide de filtres interférentiels passe-bandes. Une cible diélectrique entraîne un étalement de l'onde d'ionisation sur sa surface et une cible conductrice entraîne la formation d'un canal de conduction. L'évolution de la densité d'espèces excitées (OH*, N2*, He* et O*) augmente avec la permittivité relative de la surface traitée. Le rôle joué par les espèces actives générées par les jets de plasma est fondamental dans la cinétique et la chimie des mécanismes liés aux procédés plasma. La seconde étape de la thèse porte donc sur l'évaluation spatiale et temporelle des densités du radical hydroxyle OH, une espèce jouant un rôle majeur dans de nombreux mécanismes. La cartographie spatiale et l'évolution temporelle des densités absolues et relatives de OH ont été obtenues au moyen de diagnostics lasers LIF et PLIF. La densité de OH générée augmente avec la permittivité relative de la surface traitée. On constate que les radicaux OH restent présents dans le canal d'hélium entre deux décharges consécutives (plusieurs dizaines de microsecondes). Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à la production d'espèces réactives à longue durée de vie dans l'eau ultrapure traitée par plasma. L'influence de différents paramètres sur la concentration d'espèces dans l'eau traitée a été étudiée dans le but d'optimiser la production de ces espèces. Dans nos conditions expérimentales, la mise à la masse de l'eau ultrapure lors du traitement permet l'augmentation de la concentration de H2O2. Par ailleurs, la mise à la masse induit une diminution la concentration de NO2-<br>Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets are a subject of great interest in many biomedical fields for the past decade. In the various applications of these jets, the plasma generated can interact with many types of surfaces. Plasma jets influence the treated surfaces, but it is now well known that the treated surface also influences the plasma according to their characteristics. The work carried out in this thesis therefore aims to characterize a cold helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet in contact with three surfaces (dielectric, metallic and ultrapure water) by means of different electrical and optical diagnostics in order to understand the influence of the nature of the surfaces on the physical properties of the plasma and the chemical species generated. The first part of this thesis is focused on the study of the influence of surfaces on the plasma jet. Different parameters are studied, such as the nature of treated surfaces, the gas flow, the distance between the outlet of the device and the surface or the composition of the injected gas. For this purpose, helium flow at the outlet of the device is followed by Schlieren imagery with and without the discharge. Emission spectroscopy is used to determine the emissive species generated by the plasma. ICCD imagery is employed to follow the generation and the propagation of the discharge and the distribution of several excited species in the jet by using band-pass interference filters. A dielectric target causes the ionization wave to spread over its surface and a conductive target leads to the formation of a conduction channel. The evolution of excited species densities (OH*, N2*, He* and O*) increases with the relative permittivity of the treated surface. As well known, active species generated by plasma jets play a fundamental role in the kinetics and the chemistry of the mechanisms linked to plasma processes. The second part of the present work therefore relates to the spatial and temporal evaluation of the densities of the hydroxyl radical OH which plays a major role in many cellular mechanisms. The spatial mapping and the temporal evolution of the absolute and relative densities of OH are obtained by LIF and PLIF laser diagnostics. The density of OH generated increases with the electrical conductivity of the treated surface. It can be noted that the OH molecules remain present in the helium channel between two consecutive discharges (several tens of microseconds). Finally, we focus on the production of chemical species in ultrapure water treated with plasma. The influence of different parameters on the concentration of species in the treated water has been studied to optimize the production of chemical species. In experimental conditions, grounding the ultrapure water during treatment increases the concentration of H2O2. Furthermore, the grounding induces a decrease in the NO2- concentration

Ce travail présente les résultats relatifs à l'étude d'un procédé original de dépôt de couches minces. Celui-ci repose sur la projection de particules transportées par un jet gazeux turbulent, sur un substrat chaud où elles subissent une transformation chimique donnant naissance à un dépôt uniforme et adhérent. Le rendement global du procédé dépend de plusieurs processus couples: hydrodynamique (écoulement du gaz vecteur et des particules), transferts de chaleur et de matière (gaz-particules-substrat) et caractéristiques chimiques des réactions. Une des originalités du travail est d'étudier chacun de ces facteurs de manière successive et indépendante afin d'en déterminer leur importance relative et d'identifier les étapes limitantes. L’étude est, de ce fait, menée en 3 étapes: maquettes froide, tiède et chaude. Les deux premières, effectuées avec des solides modèles, ont notamment permis de déterminer l'histoire thermique des particules. La dernière est réalisée en impulsionnel puis en continu avec des particules susceptibles de donner effectivement naissance à une couche mince. Un modèle est finalement proposé pour rendre compte et prévoir de façon très satisfaisante l'épaisseur du dépôt et le rendement du procédé

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude d’un jet de plasma d'hélium à pression atmosphérique alimenté par des impulsions positives unipolaires à une fréquence de l’ordre du kHz. Des expériences sont effectuées pour caractériser la dynamique de propagation, la structure de l'écoulement et la température dans un jet en expansion libre, ainsi que l'influence d'une cible métallique sur le plasma.La spectroscopie à polarisation Stark indique un champ électrique axial d'environ 10 kV/cm dans le capillaire du jet et une augmentation jusqu'à 20 kV/cm dans le panache, qui est constante pour différentes amplitudes et durées de l'impulsion de tension appliquée. La diffusion Thomson et la diffusion Raman rotationnelle sont utilisées pour déterminer la densité électronique et la température électronique, à différentes positions axiales et radiales, ainsi que la température du gaz et la densité de N2 et O2 de l'air environnant qui sont mélangés dans le flux d’hélium.La comparaison quantitative de ces résultats expérimentaux avec les résultats d'un modèle fluide 2D montre une bonne concordance et permet une meilleure compréhension des résultats obtenus, à savoir que le champ électrique dans le front d'ionisation augmente avec la quantité d’air intégré au flux d’hélium au lond de la propagation. L'imagerie Schlieren révèle l'apparition de structures turbulentes à des débits élevés et lors de l'application des impulsions de tension. On constate que la température du gaz, mesurée par une sonde de température, augmente d'environ 12 C quand le plasma est allumé et d'environ 25 C lorsqu'une cible métallique est placée devant le jet<br>This thesis studies an atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet that is powered by positive, unipolar pulses at a kHz frequency. Experiments are performed that focus on the propagation dynamics, flow structure and temperature in a freely expanding jet, as well as the influence of a metallic target on the plasma.Stark polarization spectroscopy yields an axial electric field of around 10 kV/cm in the capillary of the jet and an increase up to 20 kV/cm in the plume, which is constant for different amplitudes and durations of the applied voltage pulse. Thomson and rotational Raman scattering are used to determine the electron density and electron temperature, at different axial and radial positions, as well as the gas temperature and the density of N2 and O2 that are mixed into the helium from the surrounding air.Quantitative comparison of these experimental results with results from a 2D fluid model show a good agreement and allow for a better understanding of the obtained results, namely that the electric field in the ionization front depends linearly on the flow composition at that location. Schlieren imaging shows the onset of turbulent structures at high applied flow rates and at the application of the voltage pulses. The gas temperature, as measured by a temperature probe, is found to increase by around 12 C when the plasma is ignited and by around 25 C when a metallic target is placed in front of the jet

La première partie de la thèse présente le développement d'un dispositif d'étude de surface par diffusion d'atomes d'hélium (TEAS). Celui-ci est constitué d'une enceinte à ultra-vide équipée d'un faisceau moléculaire, ainsi que des instruments classiques d'analyse de surfaces, tels qu'un diffracteur d'électrons lents (LEED), un analyseur AUGER et un spectromètre de masse. L'ensemble de diffusion d'hélium comprend une source de faisceau moléculaire supersonique, ainsi qu'une jauge à stagnation de type Bayard-Alpert. Celle-ci est montée sur un goniomètre permettant la détection spatiale des faisceaux diffractes. Nous avons construit également une cellule de Knudsen qui permet, grâce à un étalonnage précis, de réaliser des couches minces de plomb sur une surface de cuivre (110), avec une précision de 0,003 monocouche. La deuxième partie décrit la caractérisation par TEAS de la surface de cuivre (110). La dépendance des intensités diffractées avec l'angle d'incidence et la température du substrat est interprétée à l'aide de différents modèles théoriques d'atténuation thermique (effets Debye-Waller) et d'interaction hélium-surface. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons étudié les premières étapes de la formation d'une monocouche de plomb sur cuivre (110). Une analyse détaillée de l'atténuation du pic spéculaire dans ce domaine de taux de couverture, nous renseigne sur l'occupation de la surface et sur l'ordre des transitions de phases bidimensionnelles. Une série de substructures commensurables de grande périodicité, et de densité comprise entre la p(41) et p(51), marquent la complétude de la monocouche

Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous développons l'étude expérimentale et théorique d'un type d'interactions à très courte portée (moins de 10nm), dites de van der Waals-Zeeman, entre un atome de gaz rare et une surface métallique. Il s'agit d'utiliser d'une part un jet supersonique d'atomes métastables pour diverse espèces (Ne*, Ar*, Kr*) et, d'autre part, un jet d'argon métastable Ar*(3P2) décéléré par un ralentisseur Zeeman standard. Dans le premier cas, on observe un accroissement de la portée de l'interaction de van der Waals-Zeeman en fonction de l'augmentation de la constante d'anisotropie n. Dans le second cas, l'augmentation de la portée est observée lors d'une diminution de la vitesse d'un atome d'argon métastable de 560 à 170m/s. La combinaison de ces méthodes nous a permis de mesurer la portée de l'interaction (dont l'efficacité est de quelques 10^(-4)) avec une résolution spatiale de 2 à 3nm. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous introduisons la thématique nouvelle des milieux d'indice négatif pour l'optique atomique. Ces milieux consistent en des potentiels dits comobiles agissant dans le vide. Deux effets majeurs de ces milieux d'indice négatif sont démontrés : la réfraction négative pour des ondes de matière et le rétrécissement du paquet d'onde atomique. Enfin, nous montrons que l'application de milieux d'indice négatif aux ondes évanescentes de matière (créées à l'aide d'une barrière de potentiel magnétique statique) permet de les localiser sur une épaisseur de quelques micromètres de part et d'autre du bord de la barrière de potentiel.

Cette thèse examine une nouvelle méthode de diagnostic, appelée Polarimètrie de Mueller, pour l’étude des interactions plasma-surface. Cette technique d’imagerie permet la caractérisation optique résolue en temps des cibles exposées au plasma. Les matrices de Mueller mesurées sont analysées en utilisant la décomposition logarithmique donnant des informations polarimétriques sur la diattenuation, la dépolarisation et la biréfringence. Cette dernière est exploitée en examinant des matériaux optiquement actifs afin d’identifier des aspects spécifiques de l’interaction avec le plasma, tels que les champs électriques ou la température de surface.Ce travail se concentre sur les cibles électro-optiques, qui permettent principalement la détection de champs électriques induits par la charge de surface déposée lors de l’interaction. La biréfringence est couplée analytiquement au champ électrique, en rapportant le retard de phase du faisceau sonde de lumière polarisée, à l’ellipsoïde d’index perturbé suivant l’effet Pockels. Grâce à cette approche analytique, les matériaux ayant des propriétés électrooptiques spécifiques peuvent être choisis de telle manière que toutes les composantes individuelles de champ électrique (axiales et radiales) induites à l’intérieur de l’échantillon soient imagées séparément. Pour la première fois les composantes du champ électriques peuvent être découplées permettant de mieux comprendre la dynamique du plasma proche d’une surface diélectrique.Cette technique est utilisée pour étudier l’impact d’ondes d’ionisation sur des surfaces. Ces décharges, générées par un jet de plasma à pression atmosphérique dans la gamme kHz, sont des plasmas froids filamentaires généralement utilisés pour des applications diverses telles que la fonctionnalisation de surface de polymères ou des traitements biomédicaux, mais les méthodes de diagnostic disponibles pour étudier les effets induits sur les surfaces sont limités. L’imagerie de polarimètrie Mueller appliquée aux cibles électro-optiques permet d’examiner les champs axiaux et radiaux en termes d’amplitude (3-6 kV/cm), d’échelles spatiales (&lt;1mm axiales and &lt;1cm radiales) et d’échelles temporelles (&lt; 1μs pulsée and &lt; 10μs CA) pour divers paramètres de fonctionnement du jet, e.g. amplitude de tension et gaz environnant.Simultanément à la biréfringence transitoire induite par le champ électrique, un signal de fond constant est également observé. Il est induit par la contrainte résultante du gradient de température induit à l’intérieur du matériau ciblé. Une relation analytique est obtenue en utilisant l’effet photo-élastique, permettant de développer une procédure de fitting pour retrouver la distribution de température. Cette procédure est utilisée, après calibration, pour montrer que la température de l’échantillon peut varier jusqu’`a 25 degrés par rapport aux conditions ambiantes – tandis que les changements dans le champ électrique sont également mesurés – et dépend de la fréquence de la tension d’alimentation AC du jet de plasma. La détermination précise de la température induite dans les cibles est importante car la plupart des applications visent des échantillons thermosensibles.Enfin, ce travail montre comment des échantillons complexes (aussi bien en terme d’état de surface que de composition chimique) peuvent être examinés lors d’une interaction plasma-surface, en les combinant avec une cible électrooptique. En raison de l’ajout d’un échantillon complexe, une composante de dépolarisation est ajoutée due à la diffusion du faisceau lumineux polarisé. Les changements de dépolarisation sont liés à l’évolution de l’échantillon complexe au cours du traitement par plasma. Ceux-ci, couplés aux champs électriques mesurés simultanément, fournissent un outil de diagnostic unique pour examiner les interactions plasma-surface. Cela a été appliqué à un cas test où une seule couche de cellules d’oignon est exposée aux ondes d’ionisation générées par le jet de plasma froid<br>In this thesis, a new diagnostic method called Mueller Polarimetry is examined for the investigation of plasma-surface interactions. This imaging technique allows the time-resolved optical characterization of targets under plasma exposure. The measured Mueller matrices are analyzed by using the logarithmic decomposition providing polarimetric data on diattenuation, depolarization, and birefringence. The latter is used by examining materials that possess optically active behavior to identify specific aspects of the plasma interaction, e.g. electric fields or temperature.This work focusses on electro-optic targets, which primarily enables the detection of electric fields induced by surface charge deposited during the interaction. The birefringence is coupled to the externally induced electric field by analytically relating the phase retardance for the probing polarized light beam to the perturbed index ellipsoid, according to the Pockels effect. Through this analytical approach, materials with specific electro-optic properties can be chosen in such a way – together with the orientation of the Mueller polarimeter itself – that all the individual electric field components (axial and radial) induced inside the sample are imaged separately. This has never been done before and allows to better understand the plasma dynamics in the vicinity of a dielectric surface.It is used to investigate the surface impact by guided ionization waves generated by a kHz-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet. These non-thermal filamentary discharges are generally applied to various samples for e.g. surface functionalization of polymers or biomedical treatment of organic tissues. However, available diagnostic tools are limited to study these interactions. Imaging Mueller polarimetry applied to electro-optic targets examines the axial and radial field patterns in terms of amplitude (3-6 kV/cm), spatial scales (&lt; 1mm axial and &lt;1cm radial), and timescales (&lt;1μs pulsed and &lt;10μs AC) for various operating parameters of the jet, for example voltage amplitude and surrounding gas.Simultaneous with the transient birefringence induced by the electric field, a constant background pattern is also observed. This results from strain induced by temperature gradients inside the targeted material. An analytical relation is obtained following the photo-elastic effect, which allowed a fitting procedure to be designed to retrieve the temperature pattern. This procedure is used after calibration to show that the temperature of the sample can vary up to 25 degrees relative to room conditions – while changes in the electric field are seen as well – depending on the operating frequency of the AC driven plasma jet. The accurate determination of the temperature is important since most applications involve temperature sensitive samples.Lastly, this work shows how complex samples (in terms of surface geometry and/or chemical composition) can be examined during a plasma-surface interaction. This is done by combining them with the electro-optic targets. Due to the addition of a (thin) complex sample, depolarization is added to the system through scattering of the polarized light beam. In-situ observed changes of depolarization relate to the evolution of the complex sample during the plasma treatment. This, coupled with the simultaneously monitored electric field patterns, provides a unique diagnostic tool to examine the plasma-surface interactions. This has been applied for a test case where a single layer of onion cells is exposed to the ionization waves generated by the non-thermal plasma jet

L'etude par microscopie a effet tunnel des surfaces (001) du cdte nous a permis de mettre en evidence la specificite des semiconducteurs ii-vi comparee aux iii-v et aux iv-iv. Le caractere ionique prononce des semiconducteurs ii-vi implique des interactions electrostatiques entre les cations et les anions. L'effet le plus frappant de la forte ionicite du cdte est l'orientation des bords de marches parallelement aux directions <100>. Pour les semiconducteurs iv-iv et iii-v, les bords de marches sont orientes suivant les directions <110>. Nous montrons que la formation des bords de marches <100> sur la surface terminee tellure est induite par les interactions electrostatiques entre atomes charges presents en bords de marches. L'orientation <100> des bords de marches a des consequences importantes pour la croissance sur les surfaces vicinales. Alors que l'epitaxie sur les surfaces vicinales desorientees suivant <110> produit un grand desordre du reseau de marches, la croissance sur une surface vicinale desorientee suivant <100> permet d'auto-organiser la surface en escalier. Ce reseau de marches regulier est tout a fait adapte pour la realisation de super reseaux verticaux. L'epitaxie par jets moleculaires alternes est une des methodes de croissance permettant de realiser ces super reseaux verticaux. L'etude de ce mode de croissance specifique aux semiconducteurs ii-vi, nous a permis de montrer l'anisotropie de la diffusion des atomes de cadmium chimisorbes et de determiner la longueur de l'avancee des bords de marches. La derniere consequence inattendue de la forte ionicite du cdte est l'auto-organisation de la surface vicinale a en damier. Pour expliquer cette auto-organisation, nous proposons un modele base sur les interactions electrostatiques entre bords de marches charges.

Electron-impact ionization of low-temperature water ice leads to H+, H2+, and H+(H2O)n=1-8 desorption. The threshold energy for ESD of H2+ from CI and H3O+ from PASW and ASW is 22 ± 3 eV. There is also a H2+ yield increase at 40 ± 3 eV and a 70 ± 3 eV threshold for ESD of H+(H2O)n=2-8 from PASW and ASW. H2+ production and desorption involves direct molecular elimination and reactive scattering of an energetic proton. Both of these channels likely involve localized two-hole one-electron and/or two-hole final states containing 4a1, 3a1 and/or 2a1 character. The 70 eV cluster ion threshold implicates either an initial (2a1-2) state localized on a monomer or the presence of at least two neighboring water molecules each containing a single hole. The resulting correlated two-hole or two-hole, one-electron configurations are localized within a complex and result in an intermolecular Coulomb repulsion and cluster ion ejection. The changes in the yields with phase and temperature are associated with structural and physical changes in the adsorbed water and longer lifetimes of excited state configurations containing a1 character. The dependence of the ESD cation yields on the local potential has been utilized to examine the details of HCl interactions on low temperature ice surfaces. The addition of HCl increases cluster ion yields from pure ice while decreasing H+ and H2+ yields. These changes reflect the changes in the local electronic potential due to the changing bond lengths at the surface of the ice as HCl ionizes and the surrounding water molecules reorient to solvate the ions. This work has been extended to ionic solutions at higher temperatures using a liquid jet and ultraviolet photoionization to interrogate the surface of aqueous ionic interfaces. Desorption of protonated water clusters and solvated sodium ion clusters were measured over a range of concentrations from NaCl, NaBr, and NaI solutions. The flux dependence indicated a multiple photon process and the proposed mechanism involves a Coulomb explosion resulting from the repulsion of nearby ions. The surface is investigated with regard to its importance in heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry.

This thesis deals with the near-field of confluent jets, which can be of interest in many engineering applications such as design of a ventilation supply device. The physical effect of interaction between multiple closely spaced jets is studied using experimental and numerical methods. The primary aim of this study is to explore a better understanding of flow and turbulence behavior of multiple interacting jets. The main goal is to gain an insight into the confluence of jets occurring in the near-field of multiple interacting jets. The array of multiple interacting jets is studied when they are placed on a flat and a curved surface. To obtain the boundary conditions at the nozzle exits of the confluent jets on a curved surface, the results of numerical prediction of a cylindrical air supply device using two turbulence models (realizable 𝑘 − 𝜖 and Reynolds stress model) are validated with hot-wire anemometry (HWA) near different nozzles discharge in the array. A single round jet is then studied to find the appropriate turbulence models for the prediction of the three-dimensional flow field and to gain an understanding of the effect of the boundary conditions predicted at the nozzle inlet. In comparison with HWA measurements, the turbulence models with low Reynolds correction (𝑘 − 𝜖 and shear stress transport [SST] 𝑘 − 𝜔) give reasonable flow predictions for the single round jet with the prescribed inlet boundary conditions, while the transition models (𝑘 − 𝑘l − 𝜔𝜔 and transition SST 𝑘 − 𝜔) are unable to predict the flow in the turbulent region. The results of numerical prediction (low Reynolds SST 𝑘 − 𝜔 model) using the prescribed inlet boundary conditions agree well with the HWA measurement in the nearfield of confluent jets on a curved surface, except in the merging region. Instantaneous velocity measurements are performed by laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) in two different configurations, a single row of parallel coplanar jets and an inline array of jets on a flat surface. The results of LDA and PIV are compared, which exhibit good agreement except near the nozzle exits. The streamwise velocity profile of the jets in the initial region shows a saddle back shape with attenuated turbulence in the core region and two off-centered narrow peaks. When confluent jets issue from an array of closely spaced nozzles, they may converge, merge, and combine after a certain distance downstream of the nozzle edge. The deflection plays a salient role for the multiple interacting jets (except in the single row configuration), where all the jets are converged towards the center of the array. The jet position, such as central, side and corner jets, significantly influences the development features of the jets, such as velocity decay and lateral displacement. The flow field of confluent jets exhibits asymmetrical distributions of Reynolds stresses around the axis of the jets and highly anisotropic turbulence. The velocity decays slower in the combined regio  of confluent jets than a single jet. Using the response surface methodology, the correlations between characteristic points (merging and combined points) and the statistically significant terms of the three design factors (inlet velocity, spacing between the nozzles and diameter of the nozzles) are determined for the single row of coplanar parallel jets. The computational parametric study of the single row configuration shows that spacing has the greatest impact on the near-field characteristics.

Unconfined multiple interacting confluent round jets are interesting from a purely scientific point of view, as interaction between neighboring jets brings additional complexity to the flow field. Unconfined confluent round jets also exist in various engineering applications, such as ventilation supply devices, sewage disposal systems, combustion burners, chemical mixing or chimney stacks. Even so, little scientific attention has been paid to unconfined confluent round jets. The present work uses both advanced measurement techniques and computational models to provide deeper understanding of the turbulent flow field development of unconfined confluent round jets. Both Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) have been used to measure mean velocity and turbulence properties within two setups, consisting of a single row of 1×6 jets and a square array of 6×6 confluent jets. Simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of the 6×6 setup were conducted using three different Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models: the standard k-ε, the RNG k-ε and the Reynolds Stress model (RSM). The results from the CFD simulations were compared with experimental data. The employed RANS turbulence models were all capable of accurately predicting mean velocities and turbulent properties in the investigated confluent jet array. In general the RSM and k-ε std. models provided smaller deviations between numerical and experimental results than the RNG k-ε model. In terms of mean velocity the second-order closure model (RSM) was not found to be superior to the less complex standard k-ε model. The validated CFD model was employed in a parametrical investigation, including five independent variables: inlet velocity, nozzle diameter, nozzle edge-to-edge spacing, nozzle height and the number of jets in the array. The parametrical investigations made use of statistical methods in the form of response surface methodology. The derived response surface models provided information on the principal influence and relative importance of the investigated parameters within the investigated design space. The positions of the jets within the array strongly influence both mean velocity and turbulence. In all investigated setups the jets experience merging and combining. Square arrays also include considerable jet convergence, which was not present in the 1×6 jet array. Due to the jet convergence in square arrays the turbulent flow field, especially for jets far away from the array center, is affected by mean flow curvature. Jets located along the sides of square jet arrays experience strong jet-to-jet interactions that result in considerable jet deformation, shorter potential core, higher turbulent kinetic energy and faster velocity decay compared to other jets. Jets located at the corners of the array do not interact as strongly with neighboring jets as do the jets along the sides. The locations of merging and combined points differ considerably between different jets and different jet configurations. As the jets combine a zone with uniform stream-wise velocity and low turbulence intensity forms in the center of square jet arrays. This zone has been called Confluent Core Zone (CCZ) due to its similarities with the potential core zone of a single jet. Within the CCZ the appropriate scaling length changes from nozzle diameter to the effective source diameter. The parametrical investigation showed that nozzle diameter and edge-to-edge nozzle spacing were the most important of the investigated parameters, reflecting a strong dependence on dimensionless jet spacing, S/d0. Higher S/d0 delays both merging and combining of the jets and leads to a CCZ with lower velocity and longer downstream extension. Increasing the array size leads to a reduced combined point distance, a stronger inwards displacement of jets in the outer part of the array, and reduced entrainment near the nozzles. A higher inlet velocity was found to increase the jet convergence in the investigated square confluent jet arrays. Nozzle height generally has minor impact on the investigated response variables.

Voice quality is strongly linked to quality of life; those who suffer from voice disorders are adversely affected in their social, family, and professional relationships. An effort has been made to more fully understand the physics behind how the voice is created, specifically the fluid structure interactions that occur during vocal fold vibration. Many techniques have been developed and implemented to study both the motion of the vocal folds and the airflow that creates the motion. Until recently these techniques have sought to understand a highly three-dimensional phenomenon with 1D or 2D perspectives.This research focuses on the development and implementation of an experimental technique to obtain three-dimensional characterizations of vocal fold motion and fluid flow. Experiments were performed on excised human vocal fold models at the University Hospital Erlangen Medical School in Erlangen, Germany. A novel technique for tracking the motion of the vocal folds using multiple camera viewpoints and limited user interaction was developed. Four high-speed cameras (2000 fps) recorded an excised vocal fold model vibrating at 250 Hz. Based on the images from these four cameras a fully 3D reconstruction of the superior surface of the vocal folds was achieved. The 3D reconstruction of 70 consecutive time steps was assembled to characterize the motion of the vocal folds over eight cycles. The 3D reconstruction accurately modeled the observed behavior of vocal fold vibration with a clearly visible mucosal wave. The average reprojection error for this technique was on par with other contemporary techniques (~20 micrometers). A whole field, time resolved, three-dimensional reconstruction of the vocal fold fluid flow was obtained using synthetic aperture particle image velocimetry. Simultaneous 3D flow fields, subglottal pressure waves, and superior surface motion were presented for 2 consecutive cycles of oscillation. The vocal fold fluid flow and motion measurements correlated with behavior observed in previous three-dimensional studies. A higher resolution view of one full cycle of oscillation was compiled from 16 time resolved data sets via pressure data. The result was a full three-dimensional characterization of the evolution and disintegration of the glottal jet.

This thesis is dedicated to the study of the interaction between a gas jet and a liquid film on a moving surface. This flow configuration corresponds to the gas-jet wiping technique, which is widely used in the coating industry to reduce and control the thickness of a liquid film dragged by a moving substrate. For that purpose, a turbulent slot jet impinges on the liquid surface, involving a runback flow and consequently a lower coating thickness downstream wiping. The different process parameters (nozzle pressure, nozzle to substrate standoff distance, slot width, substrate speed) allow controlling the final film thickness. This metering technique is very common in coating processes, such as the application of gelatin layers on photographic films.<p><p>The first part of this thesis deals with the prediction of the mean jet wiping flow, i.e. the film thickness distribution in the wiping region. A lubrication model is developed for that purpose, which is simplified to a zero-dimensional model giving directly the final thickness<p><p>In the second part, the prediction of splashing occurrence in jet wiping is addressed. The splashing phenomenon in jet wiping is featured by the ejection of droplets from the runback flow, and it constitutes a physical limit to the process. An experimental investigation is conducted on a water model facility, and based on a phenomenological description, a dimensionless correlation in terms of film Reynolds number and jet Weber number is derived for splashing occurrence. The latter is perfectly well validated with observations on industrial lines.<p><p>The last part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the unsteady phenomena occurring on the free surface of the liquid film downstream wiping. This phenomenon has never been understood nor characterized up to now. In the present research, undulation is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Two model test facilities with dedicated measurement techniques have been designed and constructed. They allow performing parametric studies of the undulation characteristics (amplitude, wavelength, wave velocity), and analyzing the jet/film interaction.<p><br>Doctorat en sciences appliquées<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans cette thèse, on a montré l'occurrence de transitions exothermiques et endothermiques entre les niveaux métastables 3P_2 et 3P_0 dans la collision d'atomes de gaz rare avec une surface solide. Le développement d'une source d'atomes métastables utilisant le processus d'échange de métastabilité au sein d'un jet supersonique a permis ensuite d'observer la diffraction par un réseau de nanofentes, puis, dans une expérience de collision sur un réseau micrométrique en Cuivre en présence d'un champ magnétique externe, d'observer des transitions Zeeman au sein du niveau 3P_2. Le calcul, à partir des données spectroscopiques, de l'interaction de van der Waals entre un atome d'argon métastable dans l'état 3P_2 et une surface conductrice plane a révélé outre une partie scalaire, une partie quadrupolaire modifiant l'énergie des sous niveaux au voisinage de la surface. Un modèle d'évolution soudaine prédit alors une probabilité de transition dont l'ordre de grandeur est en accord avec l'expérience.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>水利及海洋工程學系<br>86<br>This thesis applied a numerical method to simulatea an inviscid planesubmerged jet that initially discharged from the bottom of a channel intothe shallow water as the first example to be studied.For the second example,flows for an initial jet into a confinedchannel with or without viscouseffects were examined. In addition, a model experiment was carried out toobserve the phenomenon of waterwaves on the free surface. The dependency ofthe Froude number (basedon jet velocity and water depth) and the jet width tothese twodisturbed flows either with or without a free surface wasinvestigated, by solving streamfunction and vorticity formulations withcomplete nonlinear conditions on the free surface and otherboundaries. Thesolutions calculated by the Finite-Analytic method and LSOR iterative schemein a transient boundary-fitted grid wereconsidered to be time-accurate.For the first example of this thesis, the wave evolution on the freesurface, interior flow patterns (such as instantaneous streamlines), thelocation of stagnation point on the free surface, the trajectory of tracedfluid particles and pressure distributionalong the jet were discussed.On the other hand, for the second of this thesis, the instantaneousstreamlines and iso- vorticity lineswere presented. The related physicalin sight of both numerical results was investigated in detail.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工程科學系<br>89<br>A numerical scheme was developed to solve the unsteady, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and the exact free surface boundary conditions for simulating the interactions of surface waves and a submerged plane jet. The incident waves were generated by a numerical wavemaker set up in the computational domain. The main characteristics of the flow field were discussed by specifying the instantaneous velocity fields. The time history of the water elevation was shown for discussing the wave transformation. The velocity profile of the jet at different height has also been shown for observing the trajectory of jet flow. The numerical results showed that a non-symmetric vortex-pair exists at the left- and right hand sides of the jet. These vortices become flatter with respect to time. Due to the effect of the incident waves, the jet flow oscillates back and forth. This phenomenon becomes more apparent as the Ursell number of the wave increases. The cross-sectional velocity profiles of jet flow under intermediate water wave show two-peak patterns.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>Sendo a área de análise dos fluídos uma área importante, faz sentido que haja cada vez mais evolução das técnicas para o seu estudo. Sendo a Conectividade Óptica uma técnica usada a alguns anos, faria sentido que mais tarde ou mais cedo, aparece-se uma técnica superior e derivada desta. É aí que entra a técnica laser, Laser Óptico-Fluídica, a qual apesar de ainda estar em desenvolvimento, já demonstra resultados promissores.A criação de técnicas não intrusivas são cada vez mais um pré-requisito para resultados mais exatos e precisos. Sendo LOF uma técnica que recorre apenas á utilização de um feixe de luz laser, é uma técnica não intrusiva. Esta técnica sendo tão ressente, é necessário perceber até que ponto poderá ser ou não útil e em que situações.A maneira mais simples de levar a técnica ao seu limite envolve a modificação das suas variáveis, uma de cada vez, e comparar os vários resultados obtidos. Dado que este não é o primeiro estudo feito com LOF, ajuda que já exista uma base com a qual podemos comparar resultados, e, neste caso, não propriamente avaliar qual é melhor, mas sim, para que situações uma opção ou outra é mais adequada. A técnica recorre a um laser para iluminação pelo interior do jacto, que, interagindo com a superfície dinâmica do fluído criará pontos de brilho que permite avaliar o comportamento dessa superfície. Esses pontos de brilho serão então captados por uma câmara de alta definição que permite a análise das imagens.Após análise de resultados, obtivemos a presença de interferometria na superfície dinâmica do fluído. Normalmente para a obtenção de interferometria é necessário a utilização de pelo menos dois lasers colocados exteriormente ao jacto, com o intuito de sobrepor os feixes de luz dos lasers, criando assim a interferometria. Em relação á comparação dos valores obtidos com os retirados anteriormente, foram esclarecidas dúvidas em relação aos pontos brilhantes dentro do fluído, bem como uma melhor compreensão dos pontos brilhantes á superfície. Ainda assim, este não é o limite do estudo da técnica. Ainda perguntas ficam por responder, como a possível polarização da luz laser, que resultados poderia trazer, e o estudo de gotas.<br>The analysis of the Fluid Mechanics being one realy important field of study, it make sense that there would be an increasing evolution of techniques for its study. Since Optical Connectivity is a technique used for a few years now, it normal that sooner or later, a superior technique would appear or derive from it.This is where this laser technique comes in. Although it is still under development, it already shows promising results.Creating non-intrusive techniques is increasingly a prerequisite for more accurate results. Since LOF is a technique that requires only the use of a laser light,it is a non-intrusive technique. This technique being so resentful, is necessary to understand to what extent the technique may or may not be useful and in what situations.The simplest way to push the technique to its limits involves modify several variables, one at a time, and comparing the various results obtained.Since this is not the first study done with LOF, it helps that there is already a quality basis for comparing results. Assessing which one is better is not the objective, but for what situations one option would be more suitable.This technique uses a laser to illuminate the inside of the liquid jet, which, interacting with the dynamic surface will create brightness points that allow us to evaluate the behavior of the surface. These brightness points will then be captured by a high definition camera that allows the analysis of the images.After analysing the results, we obtained the presence of interferometry in the dynamic surface of the fluid. Normally to obtain it is necessary to use at least two lasers placed outside the jet, in order to overlap the light beams of the lasers, thus creating interferometry. Regarding the comparison of the values obtained with those previously results, doubts were clarified regarding the bright points within the fluid, as well as a better understanding of the bright points on the surface.Still, this is not the limit of this technique's study. Questions remain to be answered, such as what results could be obtained with the polarization of laser light and where can LOF be used within the study of the fluid drops.