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Doyle, Colleen, Mary Luszcz und Peter Rendell. „Real and Perceived Effects of Ageing on Cognition“. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 9, Nr. 2 (November 1992): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081651220002664x.
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ABSTRACTA symposium on ageing research was held at the 7th Australian Developmental Conference in July 1992. The theme of the symposium was the effect of ageing on cognition. Empirical and theoretical papers presented evidence for cognitive decline in late adulthood. However, discussion of the modifiability of cognition tempered the pessimistic view of cognitive ability in old age. Interdisciplinary studies such as the Berlin Aging Study provide hope for the discovery of factors affecting successful ageing by examining the interaction between health, personality, social factors, and cognition.
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Peter-Hagene, Liana. „Jurors’ cognitive depletion and performance during jury deliberation as a function of jury diversity and defendant race.“ Law and Human Behavior 43, Nr. 3 (Juni 2019): 232–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000332.
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Pearce, John M. „Nicholas John Seymour Mackintosh. 9 July 1935—8 February 2015“. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 64 (17.01.2018): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2017.0024.
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Nicholas Mackintosh was an experimental psychologist whose principal goal was to understand the basic mechanisms of learning and cognition, largely through research with animals. The two textbooks that he wrote on this topic synthesized a vast body of research and set it within a theoretical context of association formation that has remained dominant for over 40 years. He developed a formal theory of the relationship between attention and learning that had an immediate impact and can be expected to be the foremost theory of its kind for many years to come. He was also a prolific experimenter, whose ingenious experiments were remarkable for the theoretical insights they offered into the mechanisms of learning in a wide range of species. Towards the end of his career, he developed an interest in the measurement of human intelligence. The textbook that followed from this interest is one of the most authoritative ever written on the topic.
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Solé, B., A. Martínez-Arán, C. Torrent, C. M. Bonnin, M. Reinares, D. Popovic, J. Sánchez-Moreno und E. Vieta. „Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review“. Psychological Medicine 41, Nr. 9 (28.01.2011): 1791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000018.
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BackgroundThere is evidence that bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with significant neurocognitive deficits and this occurs in individuals with BD type I (BD I) and with BD type II (BD II). Only a few studies have focused on cognitive impairment in BD II. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of cognitive impairment in patients with BD II, in order to identify specific cognitive deficits that distinguish BD II from BD I patients as well as from healthy subjects.MethodWe performed a systematic review of the literature of neuropsychological studies of BD II published between 1980 and July 2009. Fourteen articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this review.ResultsMain cognitive deficits found in BD II include working memory and some measures of executive functions (inhibitory control) and approximately half of the studies also detected verbal memory impairment.ConclusionsThere are subtle differences between the two subtypes regarding cognition. This may suggest neurobiological differences between the two subgroups which will be helpful in order to determine cognitive endophenotypes in BD subtypes.
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Forsterlee, Lynne, Leeana Kent und Irwin A. Horowitz. „The cognitive effects of jury aids on decision-making in complex civil litigation“. Applied Cognitive Psychology 19, Nr. 7 (2005): 867–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1124.
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Abraham, Ivo L., Marcia M. Neundorfer, W. Richard Cowling und Scott D. Sutorius. „Changes in Resident Mix in Nursing Homes: Cognitive and Sensory Data from a (Redesigned) Sampling Plan“. Psychological Reports 66, Nr. 2 (April 1990): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.547.
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In planning and implementing a study, we unintentionally and seren-dipitously obtained data about changes in resident mix over a 2.8-yr. period. We screened residents of a 184-bed nursing home for cognition and sensorium in October 1984 to assess sampling feasibility for a grant proposal in preparation. At that time, 65.2% of the residents met the sampling criteria. However, in July/August 1987, after award of funding, only 5.4% of residents of the same nursing home met the cognitive and sensory criteria. We were forced to recruit from an additional six nursing homes, in which only 9.3% of residents met the sampling criteria.
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Torres-Acosta, Noel, James H. O’Keefe, Evan L. O’Keefe, Richard Isaacson und Gary Small. „Therapeutic Potential of TNF-α Inhibition for Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention“. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 78, Nr. 2 (10.11.2020): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200711.
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Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly prevalent and over 99% of drugs developed for AD have failed in clinical trials. A growing body of literature suggests that potent inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have potential to improve cognitive performance. Objective: In this review, we summarize the evidence regarding the potential for TNF-α inhibition to prevent AD and improve cognitive function in people at risk for dementia. Methods: We conducted a literature review in PubMed, screening all articles published before July 7, 2019 related to TNF blocking agents and curcumin (another TNF-α inhibitor) in the context of AD pathology. The keywords in the search included: AD, dementia, memory, cognition, TNF-α, TNF inhibitors, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and curcumin. Results: Three large epidemiology studies reported etanercept treated patients had 60 to 70% lower odds ratio (OR) of developing AD. Two small-randomized control trials (RCTs) demonstrated an improvement in cognitive performance for AD patients treated with etanercept. Studies using animal models of dementia also reported similar findings with TNF blocking agents (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, Theracurmin), which appeared to improve cognition. A small human RCT using Theracurmin, a well-absorbed form of curcumin that lowers TNF-α, showed enhanced cognitive performance and decreased brain levels of amyloid-β plaque and tau tangles. Conclusion: TNF-α targeted therapy is a biologically plausible approach to the preservation of cognition, and warrants larger prospective RCTs to further investigate potential benefits in populations at risk of developing AD.
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Samamé, Cecilia, Brenda Lucía Cattaneo, María Cristina Richaud, Sergio Strejilevich und Ivan Aprahamian. „The long-term course of cognition in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient-control differences in test-score changes“. Psychological Medicine 52, Nr. 2 (12.11.2021): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721004517.
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AbstractNeuropsychological impairment represents a key aspect of bipolar disorder (BD) that is evident even in early-course patients and is a strong predictor of functional outcomes among those affected. Previous meta-analyses of longitudinal studies suggest that BD-related cognitive deficits may not progress along the course of the disorder. However, short test-retest periods were used in most primary studies and comparisons with healthy controls were limited. The aim of this review was to synthesize the findings of research reports comparing long-term neurocognitive trajectories between BD patients and healthy individuals. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched from inception through July 2021. Publications were considered for inclusion if they reported cognitive test scores of BD patients and healthy controls at two different time points, with a minimum test-retest interval of 5 years. Fifteen studies compared the long-term course of cognition in BD patients with that of healthy controls. Ten of these were included in the quantitative analysis and involved 540 BD patients and 644 healthy individuals (mean follow-up period: 8.9 years). Patient-control effect sizes (standardized mean differences) were calculated for test-score changes in 24 neuropsychological variables and combined by means of meta-analytic procedures. No significant differences were found between patients and controls regarding long-term cognitive outcomes. These findings are consistent with previous shorter-term longitudinal meta-analyses and do not provide evidence for progressive cognitive deterioration in most bipolar individuals. Future studies should address the longitudinal course of cognition in different subgroups of BD patients and its prognostic and therapeutic value.
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Gibson, David R., und Matthew P. Fox. „Facts into faults: The grammar of guilt in jury deliberations“. Discourse Studies 23, Nr. 4 (02.05.2021): 474–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614456211001605.
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Jurors customarily do their work with very little by way of instruction from the court, other than about the law. This suggests that they enter the jury room with the relevant cognitive and interactional tools at the ready, drawn from everyday life. This paper focuses on a specific conversational device jurors use to do their work: conditional-contrastive inculpations (CCIs), whereby the defendant’s actions are compared unfavorably to what a normal, innocent person would have done, with the implication that the discrepancy indicates guilt. We examine the logic, variants, sequential precursors, and immediate consequences of this phenomenon in two real-life American criminal juries deliberating the same charges. This study offers a rare glimpse into the operation of real (rather than mock) juries, and specifically the way in which they appropriate a practice from ordinary conversation in order to perform the unordinary work demanded of them by the legal system.
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Shestowsky, Donna, und Leonard M. Horowitz. „How the need for cognition scale predicts behavior in mock jury deliberations.“ Law and Human Behavior 28, Nr. 3 (2004): 305–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:lahu.0000029141.46850.fb.
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Loftus, G. R. „What can a perception-memory expert tell a jury?“ Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17, Nr. 2 (01.04.2010): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.17.2.143.
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Brewer, Neil, Sophie Harvey und Carolyn Semmler. „Improving comprehension of jury instructions with audio-visual presentation“. Applied Cognitive Psychology 18, Nr. 6 (31.08.2004): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1036.
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Cruse, Donna, und Beverly A. Browne. „Reasoning in a Jury Trial: The Influence of Instructions“. Journal of General Psychology 114, Nr. 2 (April 1987): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1987.9711063.
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Blackwell, Simon E., und Thomas Heidenreich. „Cognitive Behavior Therapy at the Crossroads“. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 14, Nr. 1 (08.02.2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41811-021-00104-y.
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AbstractThe early development of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can be characterized by the coming together of behavioral and cognitive traditions. However, the past decades have arguably seen more divergences than convergences within the field. The 9th World Congress of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies was held in Berlin in July 2019 with the congress theme “CBT at the Crossroads.” This title reflected in part the coming together of people from all over the world, but also the fact that recent developments raise important questions about the future of CBT, including whether we can in fact treat it as a unified field. In this paper, we briefly trace the history of CBT, then introduce a special issue featuring a series of articles exploring different aspects of the past, present, and future of CBT. Finally, we reflect on the possible routes ahead.
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Kennedy, Liam C., und Chinyere Nwogbunyama. „215 - ECN Awards: Anticholinergic Burden: A Study in a Psychiatry of Later Life Cohort“. International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (Oktober 2021): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221001484.
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BackgroundMedications with anticholinergic activity are widely prescribed for a variety of medical, surgical, and psychiatric illnesses. There is strong evidence that the cumulative anticholinergic properties of such medications (i.e., the anticholinergic burden) contributes to significant longer-term adverse effects, including dementia, impaired mobility, and increased mortality. Despite this, the anticholinergic burden is often not given due consideration when cliniciansprescribe or review medications in routine clinical practice. This is of particularrelevance in services working with elderly patient populations, who are both more likely to experience polypharmacy and more vulnerable to medication adverse effects. Greater awareness of the risks of anticholinergic prescribing may lead to improvements in longer-term cognitive and physical functioning,and subsequently decreased disease burden on individuals and society as a whole.Objectives/AimsTo identify and quantify anticholinergic burden among all patients currentlyattending a rural Psychiatry of Later Life service.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional observational study. Chart reviews were carried out on all patients open to the service at the time of the study in November 2020. Each patient’s medication regime was analysed to calculate its overall score onthe Anticholinergic Effect on Cognition Scale (AEC), using an online tool developed by South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Other variables such as each patient’s age, sex, and cognitive status (categorized as no cognitive impairment; mild cognitive impairment (MCI); or dementia) were also documented. Data was anonymised on collection. AEC scores of 2 or morewere deemed to be at threshold for ‘review and withdraw or switch’ of medications.ResultsA total of 80 patients were included in the study (48 female; mean age 77 [SD = 6.5] years). 45% of patients had a documented diagnosis of dementia, 11%had a documented diagnosis of MCI and 44% had no documented cognitive impairment. Overall, the majority of patients (53.75%) were found to have an AEC score of 2 or greater (AEC range 0-6, mean 2.5 [SD = 1.5]). Of patients with a diagnosis of dementia, 58% were found to have an AEC of 2 or greater.ConclusionsThe possible detrimental effects of prescribed medication on cognition and physical health are likely under-recognised in routine clinical practice. Greaterawareness of the anticholinergic properties of a wide variety of commonly prescribed medication may lead to more selective and informed prescribing.Abstract has been accepted for a poster presentation at the British Association for Psychopharmacology Summer Meeting (July 2021), and at the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Annual Congress (October 2021).
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Daud, Laila. „THE EGO, THE SPIRIT AND COGNITIVE THERAPY NAGY BISHAY: 27 JULY 1936 – 3 MARCH 1999“. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, Nr. 4 (September 1999): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465899000922.
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Nagy Bishay was born in 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the eldest son of a lawyer. He decided to pursue a medical career and after his medical training in Cairo, he joined the army as a general practitioner and soon pursued his interest in psychological medicine and gained its diploma. He practised psychiatry in 1965 in different military hospitals, was particularly interested in military psychiatry during the 1967 war, and wrote his MD thesis on the study of hysterical fits among young adult males under the stress of military service.He came to England in 1975, seeking to further his experience and training and in pursuit of improving his therapeutic skills. He trained as a senior registrar in psychiatry in the West Midlands Regional Health Authority and took up his post as consultant psychiatrist at the North Manchester General Hospital in 1980. He had an initial interest in psychoanalysis and group analytic psychotherapy, then was introduced to cognitive therapy in 1982, a tool he continued to develop and use with passion for the remainder of his years.
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Colloff, Melissa F., Brent M. Wilson und Heather D. Flowe. „Legal System v. Eyewitness: The Jury Is Still Out on Who Is Better Able to Reduce Eyewitness Error (Variance)“. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 10, Nr. 2 (Juni 2021): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.04.001.
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Helm, Rebecca K., Valerie P. Hans, Valerie F. Reyna und Krystia Reed. „Numeracy in the jury box: Numerical ability, meaningful anchors, and damage award decision making“. Applied Cognitive Psychology 34, Nr. 2 (11.02.2020): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3629.
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Ramage, Amy E. „Potential for Cognitive Communication Impairment in COVID-19 Survivors: A Call to Action for Speech-Language Pathologists“. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, Nr. 4 (12.11.2020): 1821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00147.
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Purpose Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the virus resulting in COVID-19 infections in nearly 4.3 million Americans with COVID-19 in the United States as of July 29, 2020, with nearly 150,000 deaths and hundreds of thousands of survivors ( https://www.coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ). This tutorial reviews (a) what has been reported about neurological insults in cases of COVID-19 infection, (b) what is known from similar conditions in other disorders, and (c) how that combined information can inform clinical decision making. Method PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for COVID-19 or other coronavirus infections, cognitive impairment observed following critical care, and disorders for which intermittent or chronic hypoxia is characteristic. These were combined with searches relating to cognition, brain, and communication. All searches were conducted between April 8 and May 23, 2020. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials addressing other critical illnesses were also included to extend findings to potential cognitive communication outcomes following COVID-19. Results COVID-19 infection results in a combination of (a) respiratory infection with mechanical ventilation secondary to inadequate oxygenation, (b) inflammatory system reactivity, and (c) increased blood clotting factors. These affect central nervous system function incurring long-term cognitive communication impairment in a proportion of survivors. Diagnostic and intervention approaches for such impairments are discussed. Conclusions The existing literature on cognitive sequela of COVID-19 infection is small to date, but much can be learned from similar viral infections and disorders. Although COVID-19 is novel, the speech-language pathology approaches to evaluation and intervention of other populations of critical care patients are applicable. However, speech-language pathologists have not routinely been involved in these patients' acute care. As such, this is a call to action to speech-language pathologists to address the unprecedented numbers of patients who will need their services early in the disease process and throughout recovery.
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Ruva, Christine, Cathy McEvoy und Judith Becker Bryant. „Effects of pre-trial publicity and jury deliberation on juror bias and source memory errors“. Applied Cognitive Psychology 21, Nr. 1 (2006): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1254.
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Quan, Lijuan, Rui Zhen, Benxian Yao und Xiao Zhou. „Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among flood victims: Testing a multiple mediating model“. Journal of Health Psychology 25, Nr. 3 (03.05.2017): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317707568.
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A total of 187 flood victims from Wuhu, a Chinese city affected most severely by a flood during July 2016, were selected to complete self-report measures of traumatic exposure, feelings of safety, fear, posttraumatic negative cognition, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The results found that traumatic exposure could directly predict posttraumatic stress disorder. Besides, traumatic exposure had indirect prediction on posttraumatic stress disorder through three ways, including a one-step path of negative self-cognition, a two-step path from feelings of safety to fear, and a three-step path from feelings of safety to negative self-cognition via fear. Implications and future directions are correspondingly discussed.
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Ruva, Christine, Cathy McEvoy und Judith Becker Bryant. „Erratum: Effects of pre-trial publicity and jury deliberation on juror bias and source memory errors“. Applied Cognitive Psychology 21, Nr. 1 (2006): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1292.
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Liu, Brian C., Grant L. Iverson und Charles E. Gaudet. „A-122 Men with COVID-19 Related Anxiety Report Greater Cognitive Impairment and Psychological Health Problems“. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37, Nr. 6 (17.08.2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac060.122.
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Abstract Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused societal disruption and increased anxiety. Given the association between anxiety and cognitive functioning, we examined whether COVID-19 related anxiety shows an association with perceived cognitive functioning. Method: The survey sample included 753 men residing in the United States (Age: mean = 51.3, SD = 10.8, IQR = 42–59, range = 35–79). Data were collected during the first two weeks of July 2020 via Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) as part of a broader study relating to men’s brain health. The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) was used to assess COVID-19 related anxiety. Participants responded to questions designed to assess health conditions, treatment history, and perceived cognitive functioning. Results: A greater proportion of men with COVID-19 related anxiety endorsed difficulties with cognitive functioning than those who did not in response to the following prompts: difficulty with concentration (42.1% vs. 7.1%; χ2 = 99.30, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.36), memory (24.2% vs.7.4%; χ2 = 26.98, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.19), or ability to think logically (21.1% vs. 3.0%; χ2 = 53.55, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.27) over the past week. Men endorsing COVID-19 related anxiety also reported physical problems (i.e., body pain, headaches, migraines, and sleep disturbance) and symptoms of psychological distress (i.e., depression, hopelessness, and suicidality) at higher rates than men who did not. Conclusions: Men with COVID-19 related anxiety endorsed perceived cognitive difficulties, physical problems, and psychological distress at considerably higher rates than men without COVID-19 related anxiety. The extent to which perceived cognitive difficulties manifest on objective cognitive testing is unknown and represents a possible area for future research.
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Li, Liang, und Jun Yan. „The First International Symposium on Neurobehavioral Science (China, July 2009)“. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 33, Nr. 8 (September 2009): 1155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.012.
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Sugiyama, Chikaze, Yoko Niikawa, Haruka Ono, Daisuke Ito, Tomoya Sato, Yuko Inoue und Shunsuke Koseki. „School‐Based Intervention Program Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Japanese Students Affected by the Hiroshima Heavy Rain Disaster of July 2018“. Japanese Psychological Research 62, Nr. 2 (April 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12282.
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Imahori, Yume, Davide L. Vetrano, Petter Ljungman und Chengxuan Qiu. „Electrocardiographic Predictors of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review“. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 84, Nr. 3 (23.11.2021): 1303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210606.
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Background: Markers of altered cardiac function might predict cognitive decline and dementia. Objective: This systematic review aims to review the literature that examines the associations of various electrocardiogram (ECG) markers with cognitive decline and dementia in middle-aged and elderly populations. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science through 1 July 2020 for literature and conducted a systematic literature review. We included studies examining the associations of ECG markers (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH], spatial QRS-T angle, and QT prolongation) with cognitive function and dementia in adult populations regardless of study setting and design, but excluded studies examining atrial fibrillation and heart rate variability. Results: Fourteen community-based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were identified. ECG markers were investigated in association with dementia in four prospective studies, and with cognitive decline in ten prospective studies. ECG-assessed LVH was associated with dementia in one study while five heterogeneous prospective studies yielded inconsistent associations with cognitive decline. Regarding ventricular repolarization markers, spatial QRS-T angle was associated with cognitive decline in one study while another study found no association between QT prolongation and cognitive decline. High resting heart rate was associated with both dementia and cognitive decline in one study but not associated with dementia in another study. P-wave abnormality was significantly associated with incident dementia and cognitive decline in one prospective study. Conclusion: Some ECG markers were associated with incident dementia and cognitive decline. However, limited number of heterogeneous studies did not allow us to make firm conclusions. Further studies are needed.
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Cullen, Hayley J., und Lauren A. Monds. „Jury simulation studies: To exclude or not to exclude participants based on a lack of comprehension of the case?“ Applied Cognitive Psychology 34, Nr. 5 (04.06.2020): 1224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3695.
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No authorship indicated. „Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition: Articles to appear in the July issue of JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.“ Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29, Nr. 3 (2003): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.3.489.
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Love, Jessica, Gail McKoon und Richard J. Gerrig. „Searching for Judy: How small mysteries affect narrative processes and memory.“ Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 36, Nr. 3 (2010): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018989.
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Slade, Eric, Edna Keeney, Ifigeneia Mavranezouli, Sofia Dias, Linyun Fou, Sarah Stockton, Leanne Saxon et al. „Treatments for bulimia nervosa: a network meta-analysis“. Psychological Medicine 48, Nr. 16 (06.05.2018): 2629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001071.
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AbstractBackgroundBulimia nervosa (BN) is a severe eating disorder that can be managed using a variety of treatments including pharmacological, psychological, and combination treatments. We aimed to compare their effectiveness and to identify the most effective for the treatment of BN in adults.MethodsA search was conducted in Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Central from their inception to July 2016. Studies were included if they reported on treatments for adults who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for BN. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that examined available psychological, pharmacological, or combination therapies licensed in the UK were included. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) of RCTs. The outcome analysed was full remission at the end of treatment.ResultsWe identified 21 eligible trials with 1828 participants involving 12 treatments, including wait list. The results of the NMA suggested that individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (specific to eating disorders) was most effective in achieving remission at the end of treatment compared with wait list (OR 3.89, 95% CrI 1.19–14.02), followed by guided cognitive behavioural self-help (OR 3.81, 95% CrI 1.51–10.90). Inconsistency checks did not identify any significant inconsistency between the direct and indirect evidence.ConclusionsThe analysis suggested that the treatments that are most likely to achieve full remission are individual CBT (specific to eating disorders) and guided cognitive behavioural self-help, although no firm conclusions could be drawn due to the limited evidence base. There is a need for further research on the maintenance of treatment effects and the mediators of treatment outcome.
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Mojs, Ewa, Katarzyna Warchoł-Biedermann und Włodzimierz Samborski. „What Do We Know About Psychological Outcomes of Lymphoma in Adults?“ European Psychologist 22, Nr. 2 (April 2017): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000285.
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Abstract. The goal of this review is to present the results of research on the influence of lymphoma on patients’ emotional status and cognitive functioning. A literature search was conducted to identify articles in English that investigated short- and long-term psychological outcomes of lymphoma and lymphoma treatment. Studies published prior to July 2016 were located by an electronic search using relevant databases such as ScienceDirect and PubMed. The search terms used included both medical subject headings and keywords such as “Hodgkin lymphoma,” “non-Hodgkin lymphoma,” “therapy,” “treatment,” “malignant,” “psychology,” “cognitive function,” “emotion,” “psychological adaptation,” “depression,” and “anxiety.” The retrieved publications were independently evaluated by two reviewers. Articles were selected based on the applicable titles and abstracts. The lists of eligible publications were compared and disagreements were resolved by discussion. Of the 1,418 articles identified in the search, we chose 39 publications, which in our opinion could be interesting or useful for psychologists. Studies show that lymphoma and its treatment lead to severe distress. Thirty-six percent of patients manifest symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are most often associated with the so-called “B-symptoms,” which mark poor prognosis or with side effects of chemotherapy such as nausea or vomiting. Reports also indicate that lymphoma patients may develop mild to severe cognitive decline. Its manifestations may range from benign problems with attention, thinking, and memory to severe cognitive impairment, that is, subcortical dementia. The etiology of intellectual deterioration in lymphoma has not been well described yet, but it may be related to the disease process or to the treatment. Additionally, literature demonstrates that lymphoma may lead to adverse changes in patient’s professional life such as resignation or early retirement.
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Vranceanu, Ana-Maria, Nathaniel R. Choukas, Elizabeth A. Rochon, Brooke Duarte, Malvina O. Pietrzykowski, Katherine McDermott, Julia E. Hooker et al. „Addressing the Chronic Pain–Early Cognitive Decline Comorbidity Among Older Adults: Protocol for the Active Brains Remote Efficacy Trial“. JMIR Research Protocols 12 (28.09.2023): e47319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/47319.
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Background Chronic pain and early cognitive decline, which are costly to treat and highly prevalent among older adults, commonly co-occur, exacerbate one another over time, and can accelerate the development and progression of Alzheimer disease and related dementias. We developed the first mind-body activity program (Active Brains [AB]) tailored to the needs of older adults with chronic pain and early cognitive decline. Results from our previous study strongly supported the feasibility of conducting AB remotely and provided evidence for improvements in outcomes. Objective We are conducting a single-blinded, National Institutes of Health stage-2, randomized clinical trial to establish the efficacy of AB versus a time-matched and dose-matched education control (Health Enhancement Program [HEP]) in improving self-reported and objective outcomes of physical, cognitive, and emotional functions in 260 participants. The methodology described in this paper was informed by the lessons learned from the first year of the trial. Methods Participants are identified and recruited through multidisciplinary clinician–referred individuals (eg, pain psychologists and geriatricians), the Rally Research platform, social media, and community partnerships. Interested participants complete eligibility screening and electronic informed consent. Baseline assessments include self-report, performance-based measures (eg, 6-min walk test) and objective measures (eg, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status). Participants are mailed a wrist-worn ActiGraph device (ActiGraph LLC) to passively monitor objective function (eg, steps) during the week between the baseline assessment and the beginning of the programs, which they continue to wear throughout the programs. After baseline assessments, participants are randomized to either AB or HEP and complete 8 weekly, remote, group sessions with a Massachusetts General Hospital psychologist. The AB group receives a Fitbit (Fitbit Inc) to help reinforce increased activity. Assessments are repeated after the intervention and at the 6-month follow-up. Coprimary outcomes include multimodal physical function (self-report, performance based, and objective). Secondary outcomes are cognitive function (self-report and objective), emotional function, and pain. Results We began recruitment in July 2022 and recruited 37 participants across 4 cohorts. Of them, all (n=37, 100%) have completed the baseline assessment, 26 (70%) have completed the posttest assessment, and 9 (24%) are actively enrolled in the intervention (total dropout: n=2, 5%). In the three cohorts (26/37, 70%) that have completed the AB or HEP, 26 (100%) participants completed all 8 group sessions (including minimal makeups), and watch adherence (1937/2072, 93.48%, average across ActiGraph and Fitbit devices) has been excellent. The fourth cohort is ongoing (9/37, 24%), and we plan to complete enrollment by March 2026. Conclusions We aim to establish the efficacy of the AB program over a time-matched and dose-matched control in a live video-based trial and test the mechanisms through theoretically driven mediators and moderators. Findings will inform the development of a future multisite effectiveness-implementation trial. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05373745; https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05373745 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/47319
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Ross, Jennifer A., und Christopher P. Holstege. „Comment on ‘effects of acetaminophen on risk taking’“. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, Nr. 5 (25.02.2021): 537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab025.
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Abstract The article by Keaveney et al. entitled ‘Effects of acetaminophen on risk taking’ was published in July of 2020 and concluded that using acetaminophen increased risk-taking behaviors, potentially by reducing perceived risk. We believe that there is not enough data to support the generalization of this association and feel that the conclusions were presented without acknowledgement of the limitations of this study. Media articles often further dramatized these findings, presenting the potential correlation between acetaminophen and risk taking as fact. It is unfair to readers to sensationalize the associations seen in controlled experiments in an attempt to generalize the study’s findings. As scientists, we need to assure that the discussions and conclusions presented in publications appropriately highlight the limitations of studies. We must also work to assure that the public does not sensationalize preliminary and limited research results.
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Nourelhouda, Aroui, Abderrazak Khadmaoui, Nourddine Ben Jaafar und Ahmed Omar Touhami Ahami. „STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF CANCER ON PSYCHO-COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR: CASE OF A SAMPLE COLLECTED AT INO, RABAT, MOROCCO“. Acta Neuropsychologica 19, Nr. 4 (02.11.2021): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5751.
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Cancer goes on to be a leading cause of death worldwide. However, Morocco has between 30,000 and 40,000 new cases of cancer each year. But only 20,000 are taken care of. They will therefore be at least 10,000 Moroccans with cancer who do not receive any treatment. Every year 7.2% of deaths in Morocco are attributed to cancer. The purpose of our study is to analyze the psychological consequences of such a disease on the person affected; this one is already confronted with various changes: image of the body, feeling of competences. Our study was carried out on 92 cancer patients consulting the INO Rabat, (national institute of oncology). This prospective study took place during the period from May to July 2015. For data collection, we used a questionnaire with information on socio-demographic characteristics, Life Satisfaction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Social Support Questionnaire (ssq6). The analysis of the correlations between scores of life satisfaction, self-esteem and social support scores shows the life satisfaction test is strongly correlated with the availability social support test (r = 0.263; p <0 , 05) and the social satisfaction test (r = 0.424, p <0.001). Also, the self-esteem test is correlated with the social satisfaction test (r = 0.393, p <0.003) and the life satisfaction test (r = 0.309, p <0.021). of satisfaction tend to have familiar support or a close friend. In light of these findings, we have noticed that patients with cancer with effective social support and satisfying self-esteem are satisfied with their lives and subsequently behave normally.
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Edwards, David, und Elizabeth Besseling. „Relationship between Depression, Anxiety, Sense of Coherence, Social Support and Religious Involvement in a Small Rural Community Affected by Industrial Relations Conflict“. South African Journal of Psychology 31, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2001): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630103100408.
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The paper reports a study of stress responses in workers at a sawmill in a small rural community which had been affected by prolonged industrial relations conflict. Workers went on strike in July 1997 over a dispute over contributions to a provident fund and there was much conflict and hardship in the community in the ensuing months. In December, a large sample of workers completed a set of scales which measured anxiety, depression, specific impacts of the strike and three stress response moderators (social support, sense of coherence [SOC] and religious practice). In a factor analysis, two factors were identified. The first was interpreted as a “response to the strike” factor. The positive pole of this factor was associated with having difficulty coping with the stress of the strike, being sensitive to the negative impact of unfair labour practices, responding positively to trade union activity and having a larger number of social supports. The second factor was interpreted as representing “negative versus positive cognitive set”. The positive pole of this factor was associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms and low levels of SOC and involvement in religious practice. Although the correlational methodology does not allow for the demonstration that particular variables served as stress response moderators, the results suggested that response to the strike was largely independent of the stress response moderators and was probably mediated by other social and interpersonal factors. The inverse relation between anxiety and depression, on the one hand, and SOC, on the other, replicates previous findings and is discussed in terms of incompatibility of competing cognitive sets.
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SUGIYAMA, Chikaze, Shunsuke KOSEKI und Rina KISHINO. „Examining the Effectiveness of a Coping Skills Intervention for Anxiety for Junior High School Students amid the COVID-19 Pandemic“. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 22, Nr. 1 (01.03.2023): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2023.1.1.
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This study implemented a school-based intervention aimed at improving coping flexibility, and to determine the intervention effects on coping and anxiety in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 692 first and second year of junior high school students (347 boys, 320 girls, and 25 neither) participated. Of the 19 classes first and second year of junior high school, 10 participated in the intervention in July 2021 and nine participated in January 2022. The results showed that the intervention program effectively reduced students’ anxiety. With regard to coping, there was no change in “seeking support,” a decrease in “problem avoidance,” and an increase in “positive interpretation and recreation.” The current intervention, which aimed at improving coping flexibility, was effective in reducing anxiety and promoting coping among junior high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In future it may be necessary discussed to reduce the burden on schools to accept outside experts by using information-technology equipment and other means to conduct the intervention remotely.
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Salaün de Kertanguy, Hélène, und Anne Andronikof. „Reaction to Tragic Loss of Sociocultural Environment in the Adivasi Tribes: A Rorschach Study 1A preliminary version of this study was presented orally at the XVI International Congress of Rorschach and Projective Methods (Amsterdam, July 1999).“ Rorschachiana 26, Nr. 1 (Januar 2004): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.26.1.11.
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Ce travail a son origine dans la question posée du devenir des peuples traditionnels dans le contexte du changement culturel accéléré par les processus de modernité des sociétés occidentalisées et industrielles. L'étude présentée prolonge une longue recherche psychosociologique et ethnoclinique menée auprès de peuples arctiques: Inuit du Groenland, Esquimaux de Sibérie orientale et Tchouktches (expéditions scientifiques de Jean Malaurie de 1950 à nos jours). Elle a été réalisée auprès de tribus Adivasi du sud de l'Inde et doit se poursuivre chez des peuples nomades et semi-nomades d'Asie centrale. Le questionnement est double: Premièrement, le test de Rorschach est-il transférable Í d'autres cultures que celles, industrialisées et occidentalisées, où il a été inventé? Deuxièmement, le test de Rorschach en Système Intégré peut-il être questionné comme outil d'aide à la prédiction des processus comportementaux, cognitifs et affectifs de sujets confrontés à des situations de mouvances culturelles, sociales et économiques inattendues ou forcées? Le contenu de cet article est une réponse à ce questionnement. Les auteurs présentent les résultats obtenus au test de Rorschach de peuples traditionnels, tribus Adivasi du sud de l'Inde, soumis Í de profondes transformations de leur milieu environnant. Le contrôle exagéré des affects et l'attitude de distanciation, freinant l'expression ouverte et extériorisée de leur vécu personnel et relationnel, aboutissent Í une importante coartation affective et cognitive. Ce résultat a été interprété comme un signe de traumatisme psychique coûteux, comme une impossibilité à lutter face à une angoisse probablement envahissante qui témoigne de l'importance de l'impact de l'environnement: plus il y a de décalage et de déracinement avec le lieu d'origine, plus il y aurait des risques de défaillance identitaire. Mais cet état d'inhibition et de coartation des tribus permettrait aussi l'élaboration d'interrelations simplificatrices et constituerait une position d'a-conflictualité avec les Indiens non-tribus, groupe culturellement et économiquement dominant. En effet, les réponses qui s'expriment uniquement par la forme font cependant référence au réel, Í l'objectivité, ce qui serait un compromis adaptatif. Des études ont montré que l'activité fantasmatique est mobilisée par la perte et le traumatisme. Ce mode privilégié d'interaction avec l'autre, sans implication projective ni attraction sensorielle, est celui qui est utilisé par ces tribus. La situation traumatique ne semble pas pouvoir favoriser les capacités d'expression pulsionnelle ni les représentations fantasmatiques. L'auteur s'interroge également sur les aspects pathologiques des indices au Rorschach repérés dans les groupes précédemment étudiés, Inuit du Groenland, Esquimaux de Sibérie orientale et Tchouktches et particulièrement chez les tribus Adivasi de cette étude. Les données obtenues ont été envisagées comme une attitude défensive opérante et comme une nécessité de survie psychique identitaire et culturelle particulièrement nécessaires pour faire face à des circonstances déstabilisantes du nouveau milieu environnant. Ce qui pourrait alors découler de ces réflexions, c'est une conception du pathologique qui ne serait pas forcément symétrique ni applicable d'une culture à l'autre. Le pathologique pourrait avoir une autre signification que celle d'un indicateur de déviance ou de troubles divers. En conclusion, cette étude montre que l'utilisation du test de Rorschach en Système Intégré en interculturel est pertinente. L'interprétation doit cependant tenir compte des caractéristiques intrinsèques du fonctionnement psychique du sujet dans ses aptitudes Í transposer ses multiples registres perceptifs, cognitifs, imaginaires et symboliques selon les concepts théoriques de l'universalité du psychisme, dans un contexte à définir à chaque fois, et variant d'un type de culture Í l'autre selon les principes du culturalisme.
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Gomerčić, Ljiljana, und Jurka Lepičnik Vodopivec. „Encouraging Self-Regulated Learning in Kindergarten“. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 10, Nr. 2 (31.08.2022): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2022-10-2-111-120.
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This paper presents a part of the research carried out among educators in Slovenian kindergartens on the self- regulated learning of children in kindergarten and the role of educators in this process. The aim of the research was to find out how educators self-assess their knowledge of self-regulated learning in relation to their level of education, workplace (educator and assistant educator), and work experience. The research was conducted in June and July 2021 via the 1Ka website for online surveys. The questionnaire was sent by e-mail to the kindergarten directors throughout Slovenia. One-way analysis of variance indicates that there are no significant differences on the scale of knowledge about self-regulation and self-regulated learning in relation to the level of education, F (4, 494) = 0.96, p> 0.05. One-way analysis of variance indicates that there are statistically significant differences on the scale of knowledge about self-regulation and self-regulated learning in relation to work experience, F (3, 495) = 3.20, p = 0.023. LSD post hoc test was applied to examine the differences between individual groups. Educators and assistants with more than 31 years of service (AS = 3.62) have significantly higher results on the scale compared to those with up to 10 years of service (AS = 3, 40). as well as in relation to those with work experience from 11 to 20 years (AS = 3.39). Educators and assistants with more than 31 years of service (AS = 3.62) have significantly higher results on the scale compared to those with up to 10 years of service (AS = 3,40). ) as well as in relation to those with work experience from 11 to 20 years (AS = 3.39).
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Simonenko, M. A., P. A. Fedotov, P. V. Shirobokova, Yu V. Sazonova, M. A. Bortsova, A. V. Berezina und M. A. Karpenko. „Personality factors in heart transplant recipients“. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 22, Nr. 3 (06.10.2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2020-3-62-68.
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Objective: to assess the personal psychological profile of heart transplant recipients as the first stage in the development of post-transplant personalized rehabilitation programs. Materials and methods. From January 2010 to July 2019, 129 HTs were performed (mean age 46.6 ± 14.1 years; 74% (n = 95) were men, 26% (n = 34) were women). All patients in the heart transplant waiting list were examined by a clinical psychologist and a psychotherapist to exclude contraindications to transplant surgery. To assess personal traits, we used the standard multifactorial questionnaire by Cattell R., 16 PF (version A), which included 187 questions. Heart transplantation and absence of post-transplant severe cognitive impairments were the selection criteria for this study. Patients were surveyed before they were discharged from the hospital – 30–60 days following HT: during the period of complete recovery after surgery. In the present study, a retrospective assessment of the results was performed in 107 patients (n = 76 – men; n = 31 – women). Results. Analysis of the personality portrait revealed that over half of recipients were reserved, distant (factor A – schizothymia) and restrained (factor F – restraint; F2 – introvert; F4 – conforming) with lower mental capacity (factor B), and were shy, timid (factor H), with low super ego (factor G: irresponsible, tolerates disorder, flexible, open to change). Our results showed that 47% of patients (n = 18 out of 38 patients, n = 22 are pensioners) with a weak degree of factor C (reactive, affected by feelings) are workers to 42% (n = 29 out of 69, n = 28 – retirees) with a strong degree of the same factor. One year after HT, the number of physically active patients was higher among those with low anxiety compared with high anxiety (41% (18 of 44) and 32% (20 of 63), respectively, p = 0.41). Conclusion. Personality factors are non-modifiable characteristics of patients. They affect human behavior, return to work and to social life, as well as physical and psychological recovery from HT. Knowing the personal traits of recipients would allow to develop a personalized approach to their rehabilitation and a technique for timely examination after HT.
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Eskeland, Ståle. „O.J. Simpson - århundrets straffesak i USA. Noen refleksjoner fra TV-stolen“. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 85, Nr. 3/4 (29.11.1998): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v85i3-4.137394.
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The author examines the evidence in the famous O.J. Simpson murder case where Simpson was acquitted. His conclusion is that the prosecution did prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Simpson was guilty. The author discusses some implications of the fact that Simpson was acquitted for reasons not related to the evidence in the case. He argues that it might be justified to acquit for other reasons than lack of evidence in cases where the political system is unable to solve severe conflicts in society or between individuals. In cases of unjustifiable violence, acquittals on other grounds than lack of evidence undermines the jury institution.
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Guinard, Jean-Xavier, Christine Zoumas-Morse, Cathy Walchak und Helen Simpson. „Relation Between Saliva Flow and Flavor Release From Chewing Gum 1 1Presented at the XIth Conference of the European Chemoreception Research Organization (ECRO), Blois, France, July 1994.“ Physiology & Behavior 61, Nr. 4 (April 1997): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00508-2.
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Cielebąk, Ksenia, Aleksandra Gawrońska, Łukasz Barwiński und Dariusz Skorupa. „BENIGN PARTIAL ROLANDIC EPILEPSY FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND NEUROCOVID-19 EXPERIENCE: A CASE STUDY“. Acta Neuropsychologica 20, Nr. 3 (25.08.2022): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9724.
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Early evidence described by a number of scholars worldwide suggests that neuroCOVID-19 has both mild [e.g. loss of smell (anosmia), loss of taste (ageusia), neurological tics (heterophilia), visual disturbances, headaches, dizziness, disorientation] and more severe sequelae (e.g. cognitive impairment, seizures, delirium, psychosis, strokes). Long-term neurological problems or neurological deficits may also occur. The aim of this study was to describe the examination and neurotherapy of a boy following SARS-CoV-2 infection and NeuroCOVID-19 in whom neurological tics and motor automatisms as well as cognitive impairment, particularly attention deficit disorder, developed as a consequence. We present a boy K.S., 7 years old, without any neurodevelopmental disorders, following a SARS-CoV-2 infection in May 2021 and the contraction of neuroCOVID-19 confirmed by a genetic test for the quantitative detection of neutralising antibodies (responsible for immunity) in the IgG class against SARS-CoV-2. The boy had relatively mild pseudomonal symptoms of the illness: temperature 38.5, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, headaches and general weakness. He was treated symptomatically and recovered after 2 weeks. Two months later, at the beginning of July 2021, neurological tics consisting of an upward turning of the eyeballs to the left appeared. These tics intensified in August 2021 and were accompanied by motor automatisms consisting of the left hand stiffening in a salute-like position, while at the same time there was an inclination of the head to the left. In September 2021, after exertion in the swimming pool, an epileptic seizure occurred which caused the boy to start drowning. In the days that followed the above described tics and motor automatisms increased. He also developed sleep disorders, which consisted of him waking up several times during the night, during which time neurological tics and motor automatisms also appeared. Gradually, cognitive dysfunctions, especially attention deficits and behavioural changes, joined in, making it impossible for the boy to function independently at school and in many situations of daily life. Neurophysiological examination: qEEG, ERPs and sLORETA tomography performed on 11.09. 2021 using automatic seizure activity detection software showed the presence of the neuromarker benign partial rolandic epilepsy (BPERS) and neurocognitive disturbances resembling the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared with the neuromarkers of children with this condition (n=100) from the normative database of the Human Brain Index (HBI) in Switzerland. Detection of the neuromarkerBPERS was helpful in selecting an individualised neurostimulation protocol. The patient participated in 20 neurofeedback sessions using (1) SMR reinforcement, theta inhibition; (2) theta inhibition, B1 reinforcement (15-18 Hz); (3) qEEG-guided neurofeedback. Neurostimulation with neurofeedback was conducted twice a week, for 15-20 minutes gradually increasing to 30-40 minutes per session. The patient also received individual goal-directed psychotherapy After successive sessions of neurofeedback, a gradual reduction neurological symptoms was observed. By the end of neurotherapy, neurological tics, motor automatisms, neurocognitive disorders and behavioural disturbances had completely disappeared. The patient functions well in school and achieves very good results. HBI methodology was helpful in finding functional neuromarkers of benign partial Rolandic epilepsy and disturbed cognitive control. Therefore, it was possible to offer more effective neurorehabilitation of the disorders, which contribute to a better quality of life for the patient.
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Seilstad, Brian. „Partially shared objects and the (Elusive) potential of expansive learning: the case of “jury” in community-based citizenship classes for Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugee elders“. Mind, Culture, and Activity 25, Nr. 4 (24.08.2018): 308–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2018.1505918.
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Washida, Kazuo, Erika Kitajima, Tomotaka Tanaka, Shuhei Ikeda, Tetsuya Chiba, Kotaro Noda, Takeshi Yoshimoto, Kazuki Fukuma, Satoshi Saito und Masafumi Ihara. „A Nationwide Multi-Center Questionnaire Survey on the Real-World State and Clinical Management of Poststroke Dementia in Japan“. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 84, Nr. 3 (23.11.2021): 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215006.
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Background: Poststroke dementia (PSD) is a serious problem for stroke survivors. However, there is still limited data on the real-world state and clinical management of PSD worldwide, and several countries already have a super-aged society. Objective: We conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey to examine the real-world state and management of PSD in Japan. Methods: A survey was conducted in the top 500 Japanese hospitals regarding the number of stroke patients treated between July 2018 and August 2019. Thirteen questions regarding PSD were mailed to doctors responsible for stroke management. Results: Responses were obtained from 251 hospitals (50.2%). The chief doctors responsible for stroke management answered the questionnaires. The median numbers of patients admitted annually with stroke in the departments of neurology and neurosurgery in the hospitals were 281.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 231.8–385.3) and 253.5 (IQR, 210.0–335.3), respectively, and most hospitals were acute care hospitals. Executive dysfunction was the most common cognitive dysfunction (10.9%), followed by amnesia (9.5%) and apathy (4.1%). Surprisingly, many stroke survivors lived alone at home (23.7%). Montreal Cognitive Assessment was significantly uncommon compared to Mini-Mental State Examination (p < 0.01). Furthermore, objective evaluation tests for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were not often performed. Cognitive rehabilitation treatments were performed more often and earlier than drug treatments. The first drug of choice for PSD was predominantly donepezil (79.1%), followed by galantamine (6.1%), cilostazol (4.9%), memantine (2.5%), and rivastigmine (1.8%). Conclusion: Our study provides real-world evidence for the state of clinical practice related to PSD in Japan.
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Salminen, Simo. „The Effect of the Audience on the Home Advantage“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, Nr. 3_suppl (Juni 1993): 1123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1123.
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According to a social psychological model for the home advantage, a supportive audience encourages the home team to play up to potential, while an unsupportive audience has the opposite effect. The audience's biased behavior results in an increase in penalties on the visiting team. The model was tested by conducting a content analysis of 56 matches shown on Finnish television between July 1984 and March 1986. The content analysis of each match registered the audience's clear reactions ( N = 126), goals, and penalties over a 5-minute playing time. The results did not confirm our theoretical model. When the audience supported the home team, the team scored more points and made more fouls than the visiting team. At the same time, the home team also scored more points when the audience supported the visiting team.
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Alameda, Luis, Victoria Rodriguez, Ewan Carr, Monica Aas, Giulia Trotta, Paolo Marino, Natasha Vorontsova et al. „A systematic review on mediators between adversity and psychosis: potential targets for treatment“. Psychological Medicine 50, Nr. 12 (03.08.2020): 1966–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720002421.
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AbstractVarious psychological and biological pathways have been proposed as mediators between childhood adversity (CA) and psychosis. A systematic review of the evidence in this domain is needed. Our aim is to systematically review the evidence on psychological and biological mediators between CA and psychosis across the psychosis spectrum. This review followed PRISMA guidelines. Articles published between 1979 and July 2019 were identified through a literature search in OVID (PsychINFO, Medline and Embase) and Cochrane Libraries. The evidence by each analysis and each study is presented by group of mediator categories found. The percentage of total effect mediated was calculated. Forty-eight studies were included, 21 in clinical samples and 27 in the general population (GP) with a total of 82 352 subjects from GP and 3189 from clinical studies. The quality of studies was judged as ‘fair’. Our results showed (i) solid evidence of mediation between CA and psychosis by negative cognitive schemas about the self, the world and others (NS); by dissociation and other post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms; and through an affective pathway in GP but not in subjects with disorder; (iii) lack of studies exploring biological mediators. We found evidence suggesting that various overlapping and not competing pathways involving post-traumatic and mood symptoms, as well as negative cognitions contribute partially to the link between CA and psychosis. Experiences of CA, along with relevant mediators should be routinely assessed in patients with psychosis. Evidence testing efficacy of interventions targeting such mediators through cognitive behavioural approaches and/or pharmacological means is needed in future.
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Vogel, Vera, und Theresa M. Entringer. „Infection Rates Matter – Especially for People from Lower Social Class“. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 231, Nr. 2 (Mai 2023): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000525.
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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic was a long-lasting and stressful event that had enormous psychological, economic, and social consequences. This study extends prior research by examining the relationship between infection rates and mental health as well as its dependency on social class. Therefore, we used large-scale data from a nationwide sample ( N = 5,742) across two time periods in the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany (time period 1: April–July 2020; time period 2: January–February 2021). At the beginning of the pandemic, only lower-class individuals experienced mental health detriments with higher infection rates. In the course of the pandemic, however, higher infection rates were accompanied by severe mental health detriments for the general population, but especially for lower-class individuals. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying these effects such as infection rates as indicators of the crisis conditions and social class components as indicators of specific economic, cognitive, and social resources.
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Matoesian, Gregory, und Kristin Gilbert. „Multifunctionality of hand gestures and material conduct during closing argument“. Gesture 15, Nr. 1 (19.05.2016): 79–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.15.1.04mat.
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Closing argument represents the most crucial part of the adversarial system of justice. For attorneys, it provides an opportunity to showcase their persuasive skills through the full range of semiotic resources at their disposal. While studies of legal discourse have examined speech performance, few studies, if any, have analyzed how speech integrates with gesture and material conduct in the production of persuasive oratory. This work demonstrates the role of multimodal and material action in concert with speech and how an attorney employs hand movements, material objects, and speech to reinforce significant points of evidence for the jury. More theoretically, we demonstrate how beat gestures and material objects synchronize with speech to not only accentuate rhythm and foreground points of evidential significance but, at certain moments, invoke semantic imagery as well.
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Siregar, Nofi Marlina, Eka Fitri Nofita Sari und Dinan Mitsalina. „The Effect of Physical Activity on Children's Logical-Mathematical Intelligence“. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 17, Nr. 1 (30.04.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.171.01.
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Research between physical activity and cognitive work in children is still relatively rare and inconsistent, even though children's motor development and cognitive learning are related to positive effects on academic work. This study aims to determine the increase in mathematical logical intelligence of early childhood through physical activity. This is action research. This type of research was a sequential exploratory design. Data analysis in this study used a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis (Mix Method). The results showed increasing logical mathematics intelligence in DKI Jakarta's childhood. The initial assessment results showed that the average value of the child's logical mathematics intelligence was 28 and then increased to 57 in the final assessment of cycle 1 and continued to increase to 78 in the final assessment of cycle 2. Physical activity learning with games strategies increasing the logical mathematics intelligence in childhood in Jakarta Kindergarten. Future research is expected to examine more childhood intelligence with many respondents.
Keywords: early childhood, physical activity, logical-mathematics intelligence
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Han, Eileen Le. „Journalism and mnemonic practices in Chinese social media: Remembering catastrophic events on Weibo“. Memory Studies 13, Nr. 2 (13.06.2017): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698017714833.
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This study examines how collective memories of a public event, along with various journalistic practices, take shape in social media as the event develops. By analyzing messages posted during the first 8 days after a 23 July 2011 high-speed train collision accident in China on Weibo, a leading Chinese micro-blogging platform, this study finds three types of mnemonic practices on this platform: online commemoration, memory accumulation, and the first draft of history. The extensive media coverage, nonstop updates, and blurred lines between reporting and archiving produce firsthand accounts and fragmented narratives for collective memory. Weibo allows the use of language from which journalists and media-affiliated groups reap greatest benefit. Journalism draws on mnemonic practices to organize collective pondering over crises and current power structures in a shrinking space of online expression. Within the rapidly changing landscape of Chinese social media, this memory pattern developed earlier gradually loses its political meaning, although it persists in subsequent events. Theoretical implications of this study for the impact of digital media on collective memory are also discussed.