Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „KTHFS“

Potassium occurs in soils in four different forms, namely water-soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable and mineral (Reitemeir, 1951; Munson & Nelson, 1963). Water-soluble and exchangeable forms are considered to be directly available to plants. Under continuous cropping one may therefore expect depletion of these two forms, but in fact not much discernible difference in the amounts of available K was observed even after a few crops had been grown. Hence several people have stated that there exists an equilibrium among the following forms of KThis equilibrium implies that a change in magnitude of a form is compensated by the movement from, to and among other forms (Reitemeir, 1951; Garman, 1957; Munson & Nelson, 1963; Chevalier, 1971). If water-soluble and exchangeable forms of K are removed by crops more potassium would become exchangeable from non-exchangeable forms (Maurya & Ghosh, 1972). Whether soils when cropped can maintain the level of exchangeable K depends upon the type of soil, nature and intensity of cropping, the relative rate of removal and release from non-exchangeable form. Continuous cropping therefore alters the existing equilibrium of soil potassium in the profile as crop roots penetrate as deep as 2 m. Since all the potassium fertilizer for a crop is applied at sowing, the temporary overloading of the system may cause leaching losses of K in light soils. This may result in the enrichment of deeper layers.

We present a line shape analysis of the P(2) and P(7) transitions of CO broadened by Xe in the fundamental band. The spectra were recorded at 349 K using a difference frequency laser spectrometer. To obtain information on the influence of Dicke narrowing, relaxation speed dependence, and line mixing effects, several models for implementation of Dicke narrowing and (or) speed-dependent effects are discussed. From experimental data analysis, we conclude that line shape models taking into account the Dicke effect only fail in the high pressure regime and lead to optical diffusion parameters that are much larger than the kinetic diffusion ones. On the contrary, a fair interpretation of data is obtained from speed-dependent models, so that it is possible to derive a quantitative estimate of optical diffusion effects that appear much smaller than the kinetic diffusion ones. Xe-broadening coefficients of CO lines in the fundamental band at 297 and 349 K are calculated from a semiclassical formalism involving successively two intermolecular potentials, the atom-atom Lennard-Jones model, and a three-term expansion of Legendre polynomials with four adjustable parameters.

AbstractIn situ visualization on high-performance computing systems allows us to analyze simulation results that would otherwise be impossible, given the size of the simulation data sets and offline post-processing execution time. We develop an in situ adaptor for Paraview Catalyst and Nek5000, a massively parallel Fortran and C code for computational fluid dynamics. We perform a strong scalability test up to 2048 cores on KTH’s Beskow Cray XC40 supercomputer and assess in situ visualization’s impact on the Nek5000 performance. In our study case, a high-fidelity simulation of turbulent flow, we observe that in situ operations significantly limit the strong scalability of the code, reducing the relative parallel efficiency to only $$\approx 21\%$$ ≈ 21 % on 2048 cores (the relative efficiency of Nek5000 without in situ operations is $$\approx 99\%$$ ≈ 99 % ). Through profiling with Arm MAP, we identified a bottleneck in the image composition step (that uses the Radix-kr algorithm) where a majority of the time is spent on MPI communication. We also identified an imbalance of in situ processing time between rank 0 and all other ranks. In our case, better scaling and load-balancing in the parallel image composition would considerably improve the performance of Nek5000 with in situ capabilities. In general, the result of this study highlights the technical challenges posed by the integration of high-performance simulation codes and data-analysis libraries and their practical use in complex cases, even when efficient algorithms already exist for a certain application scenario.

A B S T R A KPenelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan suatu komponen instrumen terpadu atau disebut dengan KIT untuk mempermudah proses pengamatan atau percobaan peserta didik tunanetra pada SMPLB dalam menunjang pembelajaran materi campuran dan larutan yang valid, efektif dan praktis. Kompetensi dasar peserta didik tunanetra kelas sembilan SMPLB meminta peserta didik tunanetra dapat melakukan pengamatan maupun percobaan pada materi campuran dan larutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan research and development (R&D) yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan memvalidasi perangkat yang digunakan di sekolah agar bekerja siap pakai efektif, serta praktis. Dihasilkan perangkat pembelajaran Campuran dan Larutan yang valid, efektif, dan praktis pada peserta didik tunanetra kelas IX SMPLB. Hal ini diperoleh berdasarkan hasil uji ahli media, materi, dan guru pengajar peserta didik tunanetra. Hasil menguji dilakukan pada lima anak tunanetra. Respon diambil dari peserta didik tunanetra dan tiga orang guru SMPLB. Diperoleh hasil yang menyatakan bahwa pengembangan KIT Praktikum layak dengan memenuhi kategori valid, efektif dan praktis.A B S T R A KThis study aims to develop an Integrated Instrument Component for blind students at special high schools to support learning mixed materials and solutions that are valid, effective and practical. The basic competencies of blind students in ninth grade at SMPLB ask blind students to make observations and experiments on mixed material and solutions.This study uses a research and development (R&D) approach. The approach (R&D) aims to develop and validate the devices used in schools so that they are ready to work effectively and practically. The resulting Mixed Science and Solution learning tools were valid, effective, and practical for blind students of class IX SMPLB. This is obtained based on the results of the tests from expert of media, material, and teacher who have the specialty of teaching blind students. The results of the test were carried out on five blind children and the responses from blind students and three special shcool teachers. From the data obtained, it can be stated that the development of the KIT Practicum is feasible by meeting the valid, effective and practical categories.

Platform as a Service (PaaS) has produced a huge impact on how we can offer easy and scalable software that adapts to the needs of the users. This has allowed the possibility of systems being capable to easily configure themselves upon the demand of the customers. Based on these features, a large interest has emerged to try and offer virtualized Hadoop solutions based on Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) architectures in order to easily deploy completely functional Hadoop clusters in platforms like Amazon EC2 or OpenStack. Throughout the thesis work, it was studied the possibility of enhancing the capabilities of KTHFS, a modified Hadoop platform in development; to allow automatic configuration of a whole functional cluster on IaaS platforms. In order to achieve this, we will study different proposals of similar PaaS platforms from companies like VMWare or Amazon EC2 and analyze existing node orchestration techniques to configure nodes in cloud providers like Amazon or Openstack and later on automatize this process. This will be the starting point for this work, which will lead to the development of our own orchestration language for KTHFS and two artifacts (i) a simple Web Portal to launch the KTHFS Dashboard in the supported IaaS platforms, (ii) an integrated component in the Dashboard in charge of analyzing a cluster definition file, and initializing the configuration and deployment of a cluster using Chef. Lastly, we discover new issues related to scalability and performance when integrating the new components to the Dashboard. This will force us to analyze solutions in order to optimize the performance of our deployment architecture. This will allow us to reduce the deployment time by introducing a few modifications in the architecture. Finally, we will conclude with some few words about the on-going and future work.

KTHFS is a highly available and scalable file system built from the version 0.24 of the Hadoop Distributed File system. It provides a platform to overcome the limitations of existing distributed file systems. These limitations include scalability of metadata server in terms of memory usage, throughput and its availability. This document describes KTHFS architecture and how it addresses these problems by providing a well coordinated distributed stateless metadata server (or in our case, Namenode) architecture. This is backed with the help of a persistence layer such as NDB cluster. Its primary focus is towards High Availability of the Namenode. It achieves scalability and recovery by persisting the metadata to an NDB cluster. All namenodes are connected to this NDB cluster and hence are aware of the state of the file system at any point in time. In terms of High Availability, KTHFS provides Multi-Namenode architecture. Since these namenodes are stateless and have a consistent view of the metadata, clients can issue requests on any of the namenodes. Hence, if one of these servers goes down, clients can retry its operation on the next available namenode. We next discuss the evaluation of KTHFS in terms of its metadata capacity for medium and large size clusters, throughput and high availability of the Namenode and an analysis of the underlying NDBcluster. Finally, we conclude this document with a few words on the ongoing and future work in KTHFS.

Course syllabuses are used by students and teachers in various pedagogical situations, which makes it important that the syllabuses are well-designed from a pedagogical perspective. It is therefore useful to classify the syllabuses and identify areas in need of improvement. However, due to the large number of syllabuses it is infeasible to perform the classification manually. The objective of this thesis is to analyze all current syllabuses at KTH according to how pedagogically useful they are. The analysis is enabled by defining what “pedagogically useful” means and by implementing a program which uses the definition to classify the syllabuses automatically. The results show that syllabuses fulfill most specifications to a rather high degree, but there is room for improvement in the intended learning outcomes by increasing the usage of constructive alignment and verbs belonging to the higher classes of Bloom’s taxonomy. The results also show that there are correlations of varying strength between how well the specifications are fulfilled and which school the course is given by, the cycle of the course and the number of credits. A remarkable result is that not all syllabuses comply with Swedish laws.
Kursplaner används av studenter och lärare i olika pedagogiska situationer, vilket gör det viktigt att kursplanerna är välutformade ur ett pedagogiskt perspektiv. Det är således användbart att klassificera kursplanerna och identifiera områden i behov av förbättring. På grund av det stora antalet kursplaner är det dock praktiskt omöjligt att utföra klassificeringen manuellt. Målet med detta examensarbete är att analysera alla aktuella kursplaner vid KTH utifrån hur pedagogiskt användbara de är. Analysen möjliggörs genom att definiera vad ”pedagogiskt användbar” innebär och genom att implementera ett program som använder definitionen för att klassificera kursplanerna automatiskt. Resultaten visar att kursplanerna uppfyller de flesta specifikationerna till en ganska hög grad, men det finns förbättringsmöjligheter i lärandemålen genom att öka användningen av konstruktiv länkning och verb tillhörande de högre klasserna i Blooms taxonomi. Resultaten visar också att det finns korrelationer av varierande styrka mellan hur väl specifikationerna uppfylls och vilken skola som ger kursen, kursens nivå och antalet högskolepoäng. Ett anmärkningsvärt resultat är att inte alla kursplaner följer svenska lagar.

Med det rådande klimathotet ställs högre krav på fastighetsbranschen att minska sin energianvändning. Denna rapport fokuserar på energieffektivisering i KTHs, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolans, huvudbyggnad som förvaltas av Akademiska Hus. Huset, som är en av KTHs minst energieffektiva hus, är byggt i nationalromantisk byggstil och invigdes 1917. Idag klassificeras byggnaden som en blå byggnad, enligt Stockholms Stadsmuseum, vilket är deras högsta klassificering och betyder att den har ett högt historiskt värde. Denna rapport studerar och utvärderar de energibesparingsåtgärder som Akademiska Hus har genomfört i huvudbyggnaden sedan 2016. Ytterligare studeras andra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder i andra hus med kulturhistoriska värden. En undersökning över befintliga tekniker och metoder för energieffektivisering redovisas även i rapporten. Resultatet visar att många energibesparingsåtgärder har genomförts i huset och lett till förbättring men denna förbättring motsvarar inte Akademiska Hus mål om en energiminskning på minst 3 % per år. Det finns nya tekniker som kan implementeras i olika delar av huset för att minska energianvändningen utan att påverka det kulturhistoriska värdet. En av dessa tekniker är att optimera styrning av värme- och kylsystemet.
With the current climate threat, higher demands are placed on the real estate industry to reduce its energy use. This report focuses on the energy efficiency in KTH's, Royal Institute of Technology’s, main building, which is managed by Akademiska Hus. The building, which is one of KTH's least energy-efficient buildings, is built in a national romantic building style and opened in 1917. Today, the building is classified as a blue building, according to the Stockholm City Museum, which is their highest classification and means that it has a high cultural-historical value. This report studies and evaluates the energy saving measures that Akademiska Hus has implemented in the main building since 2016. Furthermore, energy saving measures are being studied in other houses with cultural-historical values. A study of other technologies and methods for energy conservation has also been done in the report. The results shows that many energy saving measures have been implemented in the main building and have led to improvement, but this improvement does not meet Akademiska Hus's goal of an energy reduction of at least 3 % per year. There are new technologies that can be implemented in different parts of the building to reduce the energy used. One of these methods is the optimization of heating and cooling system.​

This report analyses the types of international ratings/rankings available for universities to measure their sustainability performance. Sustainability has become an increasing topic of interest for universities to attract students as well as lowering their environmental footprint. The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) has in recent years focused on campus sustainability after being labeled as one of the worst environmental government institutions in Sweden according to ‘Naturvårdsverkets - Ranking of Environmental System in Authorities’ in 2008 and 2011. Sustainability implementations such as new policies and action plans for sustainability and environmental issues and ISO 14001 (implemented in 2015) has provided a platform for the university to reach its goal of being a leading university with regards to sustainability practices at campus and the institution as a whole. This goal is initiated from KTH’s 2027 Vision. In order to market itself as one of the best sustainability campuses in the world the university has to compare itself with high practice sustainable campuses around the world. As of 2016, KTH does not compare itself to international universities with regards to sustainability practices. One way to do this is to use international sustainability ratings/rankings. This report analyses the two international ratings available today: UI GreenMetric and STARS Rating. The UI GreenMetric was launched in 2010 by the Universitas Indonesia and the STARS Rating started in 2010 and was first designed to rate universities across the United Stated but in recent years it has become international. The report analyzes the top 4 in each ranking as well as the top technical university in the rankings so a total of 10 universities are analyzed in this report. Contact has been made with each university's sustainability manager. All universities have praised the use of rankings and many have improved their sustainability practices due to participation in these rankings. According to different universities, the ratings have helped understand important stakeholder, benchmark the university to top sustainability institutions, help connect the sustainability policy towards the whole campus, help save money, etc. The report also concludes that KTH is in a unique position with being the only university in the report to lease all of its buildings. KTH leases all of its buildings from Akademiska Hus (AH) and this report showcases that this makes sustainability harder with regards to sustainable building practices as KTH needs to collaborate with Akademiska Hus with regards to such issues. KTH needs to improve its collaboration with Akademiska Hus as well as improve future leasing contracts to achieve international recognized green building standards as the green building standard of ‘Miljöbyggnad’ is not enough if KTH wants to be internationally recognized. This report also gives examples to other sustainability practices which have proven to work at the other universities analyzed in this report that KTH can implement. KTH has a long way to go before being internationally recognized for its sustainability program but with implementations such as STARS Rating, improved collaboration with Akademiska Hus and improved data/statistic handling it can surely be on its way to competing with the best sustainability campuses around the world.
Denna rapport analyserar två typer av internationell rankning system som är tillgängliga för universitet, för att mäta miljöprestanda. Hållbarhet och miljöarbete har blivit ett ökande intresse för universitet runt om i världen att kunna locka studenter samt minimera sin miljöpåverkan. Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) har under senaste åren förstärk sitt miljöarbete efter har blivit klassificerat som ett av Sveriges högsta miljöpåverkande institutioner enligt ’Naturvårdsverket – Miljöledning i Staten’ för 2008 och 2011. KTH har sedan dess implementerat åtgärder så som ny miljöpolicy och handlingsplaner för KTH campus, samt infört ISO 14001 (implementerat i 2015) vilket har skapat en plattform för att förstärka miljöarbetet på campus. KTH har som mål att bli en av världens bästa miljö- och hållbarhetscampus som förkommer i KTHs ’Vision 2027’. För att kunna göra detta så måste KTH kunna jämföra sig med internationella universitet som har den bästa miljö- och hållbarhetscampus. Från och med 2016 så jämför KTH inte sig med internationella universitet angående miljöarbete på ett konkret sätt. Ett sätt att kunna jämföra sig med världens bästa är att använda sig av internationell hållbarhetsrankning som redan finns tillgänglig. Denna rapport analyserar i detalj två internationella rankningar: UI GreenMetric och STARS Rating. UI GreenMetric lanserades i 2010 av Universitas Indonesia och the STARS Rating lanserades också 2010 och var först utformad för att ranka universitet i USA, men har under senaste tiden utvecklats till att bli ett internationellt rankingsystem. Denna rapport analyserar de topp 4 universitet i båda rankingsystem, samt den högst rankade tekniska universitet för att få en bättre korrelation med KTH. Totalt analyseras 10 universitet där hållbarhetschefen på varje universitets har gjorts och där Oxford University, Stanford University, University of California, Davis är några exempel. Nästan alla universitet har berömt den internationella rankning som de har deltagit i och många har förbättrat sitt miljöarbete på grund av deltagandet. Rankingen har till exempel varit till hjälp för att förstå universitetets viktiga aktörer, ansluta hållbarhetspolicyn till hela campuset, skapat en viktig referenspunkt angående universitets miljöarbete och bidragit till sparande åtgärder. KTH är också i en unik position jämfört med de andra universiteten som har analyserats i denna rapport. KTH är det enda universitetet som hyr alla sina byggnader. Byggnaderna på campus hyrs genom Akademiska Hus (AH). Denna rapport visar att hållbarhetsåtgärder blir svårare särskilt åtgärder riktade mot KTHs byggnader när KTH måste samarbeta med den externa aktören Akademiska Hus för att driva fram dessa åtgärder. KTH måste förbättra sammarbetet med Akademiska Hus om KTH vill nå en hög internationell miljöprestanda. Många universitet som analyseras i denna rapport använder sig av internationella miljöklassningssystem som LEED och BREEAM. KTH använder sig bara av den nationella miljöklassningssystem Miljöbyggnad. Enligt internationella standard så saknar Miljöbyggnad många hållbarhetsfaktorer jämfört med LEED och BREEAM vilket måste kompliteras om dessa internationella standarder inte används. KTH är långt ifrån att bli internationellt erkänd för sitt miljöarbete men med genomförande åtgärder som deltagande i STARS Rating, förbättrad samarbete med Akademiska Hus och förbättradstatistik hantering så har KTH potential att bli världsledande inom miljö- och hållbarutveckling på campus.

Intresset för att gå mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi har ökat i många industrier och företag. Ett flertal studier har med hjälp av livscykelanalyser undersökt olika produkters påverkan och vilka processer under dess livscykel som har en miljöpåverkan. Men begränsad forskning har gjorts på hur universitet och statliga myndigheter kan påverka dess klimatavtryck. Målet med denna studien är att kartlägga hur Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) hanterar inköp, användning och avveckling av persondatorer och kontorsmöbler, för att försöka identifiera områden som kan förbättras ur miljösynpunkt. Då studien fokuserats på att titta på hur KTH arbetar centralt och på en eller två skolor inom diverse område har inte en fullständig kartläggning av KTH:s organisation och hantering gjorts, men slutsatser har fortfarande kunnat dras. Genom att undersöka tidigare forskning, utföra intervjuer med anställda på KTH och studera KTH:s hemsida har vi kunnat notera att: en ökad kommunikation, en ökad formalisering av återkommande processer och ett centrallager med tillhörande datorsystem skulle kunna öka KTH:s förmåga att hantera persondatorer och kontorsmöbler på ett miljövänligt sätt.
The interest of moving towards a more circular economy has increased in many industries and businesses. Several studies have investigated the impact of different products and which processes during their life cycle have an environmental impact. But limited studies of how universities and government authorities can impact their carbon footprint have been done. The goal of this study is to map how KTH Royal Institute of Technology handles procurement, usage and disposal of personal computers and office furniture, in order to identify areas of improvement from an environmental standpoint. Since the study is focused on looking at how KTH works centrally and at one or two schools in various areas, a complete survey of KTH:s organization and management has not been made, but conclusions could still been drawn. By examining previous research, conducting interviews with employees at KTH and studying KTH:s website, we have been able to note that: increased communication, increased formalization of recurring processes and a central warehouse with an associated computer systems could increase KTH:s ability to handle personal computers and office furniture in an environmentally friendly way.

The interest of moving towards a more circular economy has increased in many industries and businesses. Several studies have investigated the impact of different products and which processes during their life cycle have an environmental impact. But limited studies of how universities and government authorities can impact their carbon footprint have been done. The goal of this study is to map how KTH Royal Institute of Technology handles procurement, usage and disposal of personal computers and office furniture, in order to identify areas of improvement from an environmental standpoint. Since the study is focused on looking at how KTH works centrally and at one or two schools in various areas, a complete survey of KTH:s organization and management has not been made, but conclusions could still been drawn. By examining previous research, conducting interviews with employees at KTH and studying KTH:s website, we have been able to note that: increased communication, increased formalization of recurring processes and a central warehouse with an associated computer systems could increase KTH:s ability to handle personal computers and office furniture in an environmentally friendly way.
Intresset för att gå mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi har ökat i många industrier och företag. Ett flertal studier har med hjälp av livscykelanalyser undersökt olika produkters påverkan och vilka processer under dess livscykel som har en miljöpåverkan. Men begränsad forskning har gjorts på hur universitet och statliga myndigheter kan påverka dess klimatavtryck. Målet med denna studien är att kartlägga hur Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) hanterar inköp, användning och avveckling av persondatorer och kontorsmöbler, för att försöka identifiera områden som kan förbättras ur miljösynpunkt. Då studien fokuserats på att titta på hur KTH arbetar centralt och på en eller två skolor inom diverse område har inte en fullständig kartläggning av KTH:s organisation och hantering gjorts, men slutsatser har fortfarande kunnat dras. Genom att undersöka tidigare forskning, utföra intervjuer med anställda på KTH och studera KTH:s hemsida har vi kunnat notera att: en ökad kommunikation, en ökad formalisering av återkommande processer och ett centrallager med tillhörande datorsystem skulle kunna öka KTH:s förmåga att hantera persondatorer och kontorsmöbler på ett miljövänligt sätt.

This report discusses how well the competences the master program in Information Technology, given by the Royal Institute of Technology, meet the demands from the business life. It is made qualitative and about 20 companies have taken part to get the results. The study has been made to see how well the three first years and the entire five year master, with different aiming, meets the demands. The results shows that the master program needs to be remodeled to meet the demands in the more “softer competencies”, which for example is people management and an understanding about economical, juridical and cultural aspects. As an appendix to this report comes two brochures whose different purposes are to get more students to the Information Technology master program and to give companies a clear image of an Information Technology engineers competencies as well as desired aiming in the company.

Using DiVAs data on published works and their authors, a database was constructed on which Girvan-Newmans (2002) and Rosvall-Bergstroms (2007) community finding algorithms were applied. The results were compared in an effort to evaluate the current allocation of researchers at KTH's divisions and the performance of said algorithms on the collaboration network. Rosvall-Bergstrom performed better than Girvan-Newman both in result and performance. The results of both algorithms are similar, and illustrate that the current allocation of researchers forces work across school borders.
Med DiVAs data om publicerade verk och deras författare, skapades en databas som Girvan-Newmans (2002) and Rosvall-Berstroms (2007) grupperingsdetektionsalgoritmer applicerades på. Resultaten jämfördes med som mål att utvärdera den nuvarande placeringen av forskare vid KTHs interna skolor och algoritmernas prestanda på samarbetsnätverket. Rosvall-Bergstroms presterade bättre än Girvan-Newmans både i resultat och i prestanda. Resultatet av båda algoritmerna är lika, och visar att den nuvarande placeringen av forskare tvingar till samarbete över skolornas gränser.

Uppsatsen undersöker attityder och erfarenheter av jämställdhet kopplat till kön bland kvinno-identifierade studenter inom en teknisk utbildning. Genom kvalitativ intervjumetod och en tematisk analysmetod visar intervjudeltagarna på en manligt dominerad kultur i form av språk och praktiker samt mönster av homosocialt beteende. Grundat i organisationsteori och teori kring heterosocialitet visar studien på olika strategier och förhållningssätt som tjejer på utbildningen kan ta sig an i form av heterosocialt beteende, tystnad, anpassning men även bejakande av kvinnliga sammanslutningar, motstånd och ifrågasättningar. Erfarenheterna som uppsatsen grundar sig på visar även på mönster av olika normer kopplat till kön som studenterna möter och därmed måste förhålla sig till. Utifrån socialpsykologins teorier om begreppen roll och identitet belyser uppsatsens analys hur olika rollinträdesprocesser möjliggörs eller begränsas beroende på de rådande normerna. Uppsatsens resultat visar hur jämställdhetsarbete har potential för förändring men att kultur och dominerande handlingsmönster är djupt cementerade och speglar samhällets normer. I förhållande till idén om normativ jämställdhet påvisar uppsatsens diskussion dock potential för normbrytande processer. I förhållande till de rådande normerna belyser uppsatsen en möjlighet för normkritiskt pedagogik för att föra arbetet framåt. Baserat på uppsatsens slutsatser, diskussion, samt vidare forskningsområden råder goda möjligheter för KTH:s vidare jämställdhetsarbete.

Materials safety and selection for the application of metals in high-pressure hydrogen storage of fuel cell vehicles were introduced based on the hydrogen gas embrittlement (HGE) examinations using the materials testing equipment. Testing steps are as follows; the 1st step is the tensile test in high-pressure hydrogen by slow strain rate technique to evaluate the effect of hydrogen and divide the materials into five categories based on stress-strain curves. The materials of type III, IV and V are picked up and their yield points and ultimate tensile strengths are collected. The 2nd step is the fracture mechanics test to obtain KICs and KIHs of type III, IV and V materials. The materials of type IV and V are considered to be applicable as usual. The 3rd step is the crack growth test to obtain the fatigue crack growth data. A special consideration of HGE is taken for the design of the equipment with limited operation period or cycles for the materials of type III. The issue of the Kth’s reproducibility remains unresolved, which calls another testing method and design concept. Candidate materials are then nominated following the procedure of materials selection.

Abstract In the pursuit of increasing their profitability, the design and operation of combined cycle power plants needs to be optimized for new liberalized markets with large penetration of renewables. A clear consequence of such renewable integration is the need for these plants for being more flexible in terms of ramping-up periods and higher part-load efficiencies. Flexibility becomes an even clearer need for combined heat and power plants to be more competitive, particularly when simultaneously following the market hourly price dynamics and varying demands for both the heat and the electricity markets. In this paper, three new plant layouts have been investigated by integrating different storage concepts and heat-pump units in key sections of a traditional plant layout. The study analyses the influence that market has on determining the optimum layouts for maximizing profits in energy-only markets (in terms of plant configuration, sizing and operation strategies). The study is performed for a given location nearby Turin, Italy, for which hourly electricity and heat prices, as well as meteorological data, have been gathered. A multi-parameter modeling approach was followed using KTH’s in house techno-economic modeling tool, which uses time-dependent market data, e.g. price and weather, to determine the trade-off curves between minimizing investment and maximizing profits when varying critical size-related power plant parameters e.g. installed power capacities and storage size, for pre-defined layouts and operating strategies. A comparative analysis between the best configurations found for each of the proposed layouts and the reference plant is presented in the discussion section of the results. For the specific case study set in northern Italy, it is shown that the integration of a pre-cooling loop into baseload-like power-oriented combined cycle plants is not justified, calling for investigating new markets and different operating strategies. Only the integration of a heat pump alone was shown to improve the profitability, but within the margin of error of the study. Alternatively, a layout where district heating supply water is preheated with a combination of a heat pump with hot thermal tank was able to increase the internal rate of return of the plant by up to 0.5%, absolute, yet within the error margin and thus not justifying the added complexity in operation and in investment costs. All in all, the analysis shows that even when considering energy-only market revenue streams (i.e. heat and electricity sells) the integration of heat pump and storage units could increase the profitability of plants by making them more flexible in terms of power output levels and load variations. The latter is shown true even when excluding other flexibility-related revenue streams. It is therefore conclusively suggested to further investigate the proposed layouts in markets with larger heat and power price variations, as well as to investigate the impact of additional control logics and dispatch strategies.