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1
Zaucha, Jacek, und Joanna Pardus. „Editorial: Sea dragons“. Europa XXI 36 (2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2019.36.1.
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This Editorial provides a framework for the entire volume of Europa XXI devoted to spatial development at sea and at the land-sea interface. It explains why conscious management of marine space is necessary, the benefits that it might provide, and the governance regimes that can be used. It discusses and compares maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management as means of securing spatial order at sea and at the land-sea interface. Finally, it links together the remaining articles by explaining their added value in relation to one another; and their mutual relations.
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Wang, Bing Liang, und Guo Sheng Li. „Influence of the Sea-Land Interface Moisture Flux on Reference Evapotranspiration in Liaohe Delta, Northeast China“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2238.
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This study investigates the association between the sea-land interface moisture flux and reference evapotranspiration during 1971-2010 in Liaohe Delta, Northeast China, which moisture flux is derived from NCAR/NCEP reanalysis I data and reference evapotranspiration is calculated by Penman-Monteith equation. The result shows that the sea-land interface moisture flux presents a seasonal variation with the highest value in summer and the lowest value in winter. The sea-land interface moisture flux and reference evapotranspiration show significantly positive correlation in spring and autumn and significantly negative correlation in summer. Consistent with the past field experiments, the sea-land moisture flux suppresses reference evapotranspiration in summer. The positive correlation reveals that the sea-land moisture flux, especially in surface sublayer, facilitates reference evapotranspiration in spring and autumn. Regressions analysis demonstrate that reference evapotranspiration increases when moisture flux of surface-to-850-hPasublayer increases until reaches the threshold (67-75kg/ms), and the opposite trend appears when moisture flux exceeds the threshold.
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Gramling, C. M., D. C. McCorkle, A. E. Mulligan und T. L. Woods. „A carbon isotope method to quantify groundwater discharge at the land-sea interface“. Limnology and Oceanography 48, Nr. 3 (Mai 2003): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.0957.
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Chai, Shui-Rong, Fang-Yin Zhu, Juan Li, Zhen-Xiang He, Yu-Feng Zou, Yi-Wen Wei, Ke Li, Li-Xin Guo und Long Li. „Electromagnetic Scattering and Doppler Spectrum Simulation of Land–Sea Junction Composite Rough Surface“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 3 (02.02.2023): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030836.
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In this paper, a weighted arctangent function is used in conjunction with the spectral method to generate a land–sea junction composite rough surface under the spatially homogeneous and time-stationary hypotheses. The exponential correlation function and the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) spectrum, combined with an experiment-verified shoaling coefficient, are applied to model the land surfaces and the time-varying sea surfaces separately. The second-order small slope approximation (SSA-II) with tapered wave incidence is utilized for evaluating the electromagnetic scattering characteristics and Doppler characteristics of the generated composite rough surface. The influence of land–sea interface factors on radar cross-section (RCS) and Doppler shift of radar echoes is investigated in detail by comparing the RCS and Doppler spectra of the land–sea junction composite rough surfaces with those of finite-depth sea surfaces. It can be found that the Doppler spectra of the land–sea junction composite rough surface is narrower than that of the finite-depth sea surface under upwind directions and wider than that of the finite-depth sea surface under crosswind directions.
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Winder, Monika, Jacob Carstensen, Aaron W. E. Galloway, Hans H. Jakobsen und James E. Cloern. „The land-sea interface: A source of high-quality phytoplankton to support secondary production“. Limnology and Oceanography 62, S1 (15.09.2017): S258—S271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.10650.
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Barceló, Matías, Cristian A. Vargas und Stefan Gelcich. „Land–Sea Interactions and Ecosystem Services: Research Gaps and Future Challenges“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 10 (16.05.2023): 8068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108068.
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The land–sea interface is essential for understanding the interconnectedness of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and provides ecosystem services to people. Although research has been conducted on both ecosystems, knowledge about their interactions remains limited. While there has been growing research interest on land–sea interactions over the last decade, other types of knowledge system such as local or indigenous knowledge have not yet been included. The goal of this study is to review the literature related to land–sea interactions using an ecosystem services framework to help classify existing research. A systematic review of the literature was employed by searching peer-reviewed publications in Web of Science using land–sea interaction keywords. The synthesis identified 166 publications. The findings indicate that the primary disciplines that have investigated land–sea interactions were biogeochemistry and ecology, with a focus on nutrients and interactions. In terms of ecosystem services, supporting and regulating services were the most researched, with urbanization and agricultural and forestry effluents as main studied drivers. Results reveal a need for a more comprehensive view of land–sea interactions that recognizes the critical role that social factors play in shaping the sustainability of these systems. Therefore, a future challenge involves using a more holistic approach to the study and management of land–sea interactions.
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Schumacher, Johanna, Sabine Lange, Felix Müller und Gerald Schernewski. „Assessment of Ecosystem Services across the Land–Sea Interface in Baltic Case Studies“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 24 (12.12.2021): 11799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411799.
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Spatial assessments of ecosystem services (ES) are needed to fulfil EU policy requirements and to support practical applications of the ES concept in policy implementation. So far, ES assessments have largely focused on terrestrial systems. A joint approach for land and sea is especially lacking. To overcome this gap, we present a novel spatial habitat typology and ES classification for an assessment across the land–sea interface. We build upon existing approaches and common spatial definitions, like CORINE land cover (CLC) types, water bodies of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), and habitat types according to the Habitats Directive (HD). We show applications of the resulting ES matrix for an expert-based assessment of ES potentials in three Baltic study sites (Schlei, Greifswald Bay and Curonian Lagoon). A complementary indicator-based approach to assess ES flows is introduced and applied. It enables a quantification of ES potentials and flows and ensures comparability among case study sites. Comparisons between the results for ES potentials and flows show that development capacities exist in particular for provisioning ES for marine habitats. Our approaches are spatially expandable and transferrable and could be applied to support environmental policy implementation. Further, we discuss their practical relevance, current limitations, and future research perspectives.
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Rahlff, Janina, Helge-Ansgar Giebel, Christian Stolle, Oliver Wurl, Alexander J. Probst und Daniel P. R. Herlemann. „Overlooked Diversity of Ultramicrobacterial Minorities at the Air-Sea Interface“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 11 (10.11.2020): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111214.
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Members of the Candidate phylum Patescibacteria, also called Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), are described as ultramicrobacteria with limited metabolic capacities. Wide diversity and relative abundances up to 80% in anaerobic habitats, e.g., in groundwater or sediments are characteristic for Candidatus Patescibacteria. However, only few studies exist for marine surface water. Here, we report the presence of 40 patescibacterial candidate clades at air-sea interfaces, including the upper water layer, floating foams and the sea-surface microlayer (SML), a < 1 mm layer at the boundary between ocean and atmosphere. Particle-associated (>3 µm) and free-living (3–0.2 µm) samples were obtained from the Jade Bay, North Sea, and 16S rRNA (gene) amplicons were analyzed. Although the abundance of Cand. Patescibacteria representatives were relatively low (<1.3%), members of Cand. Kaiserbacteria and Cand. Gracilibacteria were found in all samples. This suggests profound aerotolerant capacities of these phylogenetic lineages at the air-sea interface. The presence of ultramicrobacteria in the >3 µm fraction implies adhesion to bigger aggregates, potentially in anoxic niches, and a symbiotic lifestyle. Due to their small sizes, Cand. Patescibacteria likely become aerosolized to the atmosphere and dispersed to land with possible implications for affecting microbial communities and associated processes in these ecosystems.
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Abbot, Dorian S., und Kerry A. Emanuel. „A Tropical and Subtropical Land–Sea–Atmosphere Drought Oscillation Mechanism“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, Nr. 12 (01.12.2007): 4458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2186.1.
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Abstract A two-column atmospheric model on a land–sea interface is studied. The model has sophisticated convection, cloud, and radiation schemes, a mixed layer ocean, and a bucket model to simulate land hydrology. A self-sustained oscillation in soil moisture with a period on the order of months is found. This oscillation is strongest when the model is run with parameters chosen to correspond to the arid subtropics. The effect of changing model parameters on the oscillation is explored. The existence and qualitative behavior of the oscillation are relatively robust to changes in model parameters.
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Nugrahaeni, Salsabiila Bayu, Ignasius Loyola Setyawan Purnama und Vincentia Anindha Primacintya. „Evaluation of groundwater usage in relationship to groundwater vulnerability to sea water intrusion in Cilacap Coastal“. E3S Web of Conferences 325 (2021): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132508004.
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Besides being able to cause land subsidence, excessive groundwater use in coastal areas can also cause to sea water intrusion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of groundwater in the study area in relation to its vulnerability to sea water intrusion. Because groundwater in the study area is used for domestic, industry and livestock purposes, the water use that is taken into account is the use of water for the three sectors. The amount of water used for domestic purposes is calculated based on the population and the amount of water needed of each person per day. The amount of water use for industry is calculated based on the number of industrial employees and water usage of each employee per day. Water use for livestock is calculated based on the number of livestock and water use of each livestock per day. The results of this water usage calculation are then linked to the criteria for groundwater vulnerability to sea water intrusion and the depth of the interface. Observing the relationship between groundwater usage and the vulnerability of groundwater to sea water intrusion and the depth of its interface, Tegal Kamulyan, Cilacap and Sidakaya villages, all of which are located in South Cilacap District, need attention. The three village are classified as moderate vulnerability to sea water intrusion and shallow interface depth, but their water usage is quite high. For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts to find other water sources for domestic, industry and livestock requirement other than groundwater.
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Allen, Sylvia, Rob Bell und Annet Forkink. „Coastal Realignment“. Policy Quarterly 19, Nr. 1 (13.02.2023): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/pq.v19i1.8105.
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While the concept of managed coastal retreat is now familiar to many, the future for rural coastal lowlands has received less attention.Planned processes of coastal realignment can create opportunities, including carbon sequestration, nature-based transformation of coastal interfaces, and evolution of increasingly unproductive farmland towards other beneficial activities. Our present planning system provides high-level policy support for these changes but is mired in detail and short on recognition that the coastal edge will advance inland. While the challenges are being addressed positively in some areas, including by, or in partnership with, iwi/hapū, there is a national lack of leadership in integrated management across the changing land–sea interface, land ownership remains problematic, and funding requirements remain unresolved. New legislation promises improved approaches and is urgently needed.
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Stolle, Christian, Mariana Ribas-Ribas, Thomas H. Badewien, Jonathan Barnes, Lucy J. Carpenter, Rosie Chance, Lars Riis Damgaard et al. „The MILAN Campaign: Studying Diel Light Effects on the Air–Sea Interface“. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, Nr. 2 (01.02.2020): E146—E166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0329.1.
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Abstract The sea surface microlayer (SML) at the air–sea interface is <1 mm thick, but it is physically, chemically, and biologically distinct from the underlying water and the atmosphere above. Wind-driven turbulence and solar radiation are important drivers of SML physical and biogeochemical properties. Given that the SML is involved in all air–sea exchanges of mass and energy, its response to solar radiation, especially in relation to how it regulates the air–sea exchange of climate-relevant gases and aerosols, is surprisingly poorly characterized. MILAN (Sea Surface Microlayer at Night) was an international, multidisciplinary campaign designed to specifically address this issue. In spring 2017, we deployed diverse sampling platforms (research vessels, radio-controlled catamaran, free-drifting buoy) to study full diel cycles in the coastal North Sea SML and in underlying water, and installed a land-based aerosol sampler. We also carried out concurrent ex situ experiments using several microsensors, a laboratory gas exchange tank, a solar simulator, and a sea spray simulation chamber. In this paper we outline the diversity of approaches employed and some initial results obtained during MILAN. Our observations of diel SML variability show, for example, an influence of (i) changing solar radiation on the quantity and quality of organic material and (ii) diel changes in wind intensity primarily forcing air–sea CO2 exchange. Thus, MILAN underlines the value and the need of multidiciplinary campaigns for integrating SML complexity into the context of air–sea interaction.
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Cheng, Conglan, Qingchun Li, Youjun Dou und Yaoting Wang. „Diurnal Variation and Distribution of Short-Duration Heavy Rainfall in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region in Summer Based on High-Density Automatic Weather Station Data“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 10 (28.09.2021): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101263.
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The distribution and diurnal variation of short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR) and the influence of a complex underlying surface were studied by using fine-scale hourly precipitation data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region during the summers of 2014–2020. Areas prone to SDHR are located mainly in the southern foothills of the Yanshan Mountains, the foothills area, and the trumpet-shaped topographic entrance area north of Beijing, areas inland of the west coast of Bohai Bay, and the northern Beijing urban area. Owing to the influence of topography and the geographical location, the distribution and diurnal variation SDHR is significantly different in the western and northern mountainous areas, the foothills, and the plains. Compared to the underlying urban surface, the topography and the land–sea interface have considerable effects on the distribution of SDHR. A key finding is that the foothills of northern of Beijing, eastern slope and piedmont area of the Taihang Mountains, and the land–sea interface of Bohai Bay play important roles in the formation and propagation of SDHR.
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WONGPAN, PAT, DAVID J. PRIOR, PATRICIA J. LANGHORNE, KATHERINE LILLY und INGA J. SMITH. „Using electron backscatter diffraction to measure full crystallographic orientation in Antarctic land-fast sea ice“. Journal of Glaciology 64, Nr. 247 (12.09.2018): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.67.
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ABSTRACTWe have mapped the full crystallographic orientation of sea ice using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). This is the first time EBSD has been used to study sea ice. Platelet ice is a feature of sea ice near ice shelves. Ice crystals accumulate as an unconsolidated sub-ice platelet layer beneath the columnar ice (CI), where they are subsumed by the advancing sea–ice interface to form incorporated platelet ice (PI). As is well known, in CI the crystal preferred orientation comprises dominantly horizontal c-axes, while PI has c-axes varying between horizontal and vertical. For the first time, this study shows the a-axes of CI and PI are not random. Misorientation analysis has been used to illuminate the possible drivers of these alignments. In CI the misorientation angle distribution from random pairs and neighbour pairs of grains are indistinguishable, indicating the distributions are a consequence of crystal preferred orientation. Geometric selection during growth will develop the a-axis alignment in CI if ice growth in water is fastest parallel to the a-axis, as has previously been hypothesised. In contrast, in PI random-pair and neighbour-pair misorientation distributions are significantly different, suggesting mechanical rotation of crystals at grain boundaries as the most likely explanation.
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Korwa, Junet I. S., Esry T. Opa und Rignolda Djamaludin. „CHARACTERISTIC OF LITORAL SEDIMENT ON SINDULANG SATU COASTAL“. JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 1, Nr. 1 (28.02.2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.1.1.2013.1378.
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Coastal area is defined as the interface point where sea and land meet. To the land the area is limited to the area influenced by the sea factors (wind, tide, and sea water infiltration), while to the sea is limited to the area influenced by the land factors. Special concern need to be addressed in regarding to the use of coastal area. As part of the coastal area, littoral zone is very dynamics due to factors of oceanography and human activities. The same fact is experienced by the littoral zone in Sindulang Satu. Physical change has been the fact in this littoral zone. In relation to the change, it is considered of importance to describe and analysis the characteristics of the sediment and related oceanography factors. Result of observation indicated that sediment in the littoral zone consist of fine sand, medium sand, very fine sand, coarse sand and pebbles. Silt and boulder were also found. Distribution of sediment granulometry showed that the littoral zone was dominated by fine sand material, bad sorted, asymetrical to small size and symmetrical granulometry, and mesokurtic. Tidal current is the type of current working in the littoral zone and it plays importance role in the sediment.
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Korwa, Junet I. S., Esry T. Opa und Rignolda Djamaludin. „CHARACTERISTIC OF LITORAL SEDIMENT ON SINDULANG SATU COASTAL“. JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 1, Nr. 1 (28.02.2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.1.1.2013.1630.
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Coastal area is defined as the interface point where sea and land meet. To the land the area is limited to the area influenced by the sea factors (wind, tide, and sea water infiltration), while to the sea is limited to the area influenced by the land factors. Special concern need to be addressed in regarding to the use of coastal area. As part of the coastal area, littoral zone is very dynamics due to factors of oceanography and human activities. The same fact is experienced by the littoral zone in Sindulang Satu. Physical change has been the fact in this littoral zone. In relation to the change, it is considered of importance to describe and analysis the characteristics of the sediment and related oceanography factors. Result of observation indicated that sediment in the littoral zone consist of fine sand, medium sand, very fine sand, coarse sand and pebbles. Silt and boulder were also found. Distribution of sediment granulometry showed that the littoral zone was dominated by fine sand material, bad sorted, asymetrical to small size and symmetrical granulometry, and mesokurtic. Tidal current is the type of current working in the littoral zone and it plays importance role in the sediment.
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Neimane, Leila. „Land-sea interactions: case studies from the Baltic Sea Region“. SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908013.
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Research background: Nowadays, mainstream discussions on maritime spatial planning (MSP) are tightly intertwined with the discourse on governance for land-sea interactions or interface (LSI), using multi-scalar and cross-sectoral governance systems. At the same time, principles with legal rank need to be respected and applied in both MSP and LSI and their respective governance structures while putting coastal communities at the centre and taking into consideration the process of “maritimisation.” In combination, these factors contribute to augmenting the pressure of competing uses both on land and sea in the frame of the Blue Economy. As an exemplary forerunner in the field of MSP, the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) and its case studies can provide a useful insight in this respect. Purpose of the article: The aim is to identify and integrate the principles with legal rank of Effective Governance for sustainable development to be implemented through different LSI governance perspectives and in the framework of MSP and the Blue Economy, providing concise guidance as to their application through BSR case studies. Methods: Preparation of this article involves applying traditional legal research methods (analysis and synthesis) and the results of maritime spatial plans and practical examples of pilot projects. Analysis includes the following techniques: descriptive, historical, special analytical and dogmatically comparable, including an analytical perspective of transnational environmental law. Synthesis is applied through the legally constructive method. Findings & Value added: Based on conclusions and lessons learned from BSR case studies, the article offers added value by structuring and improving knowledge and providing a basis for further theoretical discussion.
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Frolov, Sergey, William Campbell, Benjamin Ruston, Craig H. Bishop, David Kuhl, Maria Flatau und Justin McLay. „Assimilation of Low-Peaking Satellite Observations Using the Coupled Interface Framework“. Monthly Weather Review 148, Nr. 2 (13.01.2020): 637–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0029.1.
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Abstract Coupled data assimilation (DA) provides a consistent framework for assimilating satellite observations that are sensitive to several components of the Earth system. In this paper, we focus on low-peaking infrared satellite channels that are sensitive to the lower atmosphere and Earth surface temperature (EST) over both ocean and land. Our atmospheric hybrid-4DVAR system [the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM)] is extended to include the following: 1) variability in the sea surface temperature (both diurnal variability and climatological perturbations to the ensemble members), 2) the coupled Jacobians of the radiative transfer model for the infrared sensors, and 3) the coupled covariances between the EST and the atmosphere. Our coupling approach is found to improve forecast accuracy and to provide corrections to the EST that are in balance with the atmospheric analysis. The largest impact of the coupling is found on near-surface atmospheric temperature and humidity in the tropics, but the impact extends all the way to the stratosphere. The role of each coupling element on the performance of the global atmospheric circulation model is investigated. Inclusion of variability in the sea surface temperature has the strongest positive impact on the forecast quality. Additional inclusion of the coupled Jacobian and ensemble-based coupled covariances led to further improvements in scores and to modification of the corrections to the ocean boundary layer. Coupled DA had significant impact on latent and sensible heat fluxes over land, locations of western boundary currents, and along the ice edge.
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Dubinina, Anastasiia, Aleksandra Wawrzyńska und Karolina A. Krośnicka. „Permeability of Waterfronts—Contemporary Approach in Designing Urban Blue Spaces“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 15 (30.07.2022): 9357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159357.
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The constant struggle with rising sea levels and flood hazards has resulted in the change of the paradigm in shaping urban waterfronts towards increasing their permeability and creation of urban blue spaces. The aim of the paper was to indicate a new approach in designing public spaces at the sea–land interface by presenting a comparative study of the design solutions used in case of the four selected case studies: the Sea Organs in Zadar (Croatia), Norwegian National Opera and Ballet in Oslo (Norway), the Coastal Public Sauna in Helsinki (Finland) and Tel Aviv’s Central Promenade (Israel). The studied examples take into account the permeability of waterfronts (understood as a feature of the edge between water–land consisting of being soft and permeable). The authors decided to use the case study method as the main approach, analyzing such elements as: the site’s location and urban context, features of urban and architectural design (with usage of graphic methods and a qualitative description), and the land–water edge type (defined according the existing typologies). The study proved, that in recent years the designers have started to replace the vertical quay walls, which create a “rigid” water–land border, with multi-level solutions having a high degree of permeability for water.
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Smith, Inga J., Patricia J. Langhorne, Timothy G. Haskell, H. Joe Trodahl, Russell Frew und M. Ross Vennell. „Platelet ice and the land-fast sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica“. Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818365.
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AbstractDendritic crystals of platelet ice appear beneath the columnar land-fast sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. These leaf-like crystals are frozen into place by the advancing columnar growth. The platelets most probably begin to appear during July although in some parts of the Sound they may not appear at all. In addition, the amount and extent of platelet ice within the Sound varies from year to year. Previous authors have suggested that the formation of platelet ice is linked to the presence of the nearby ice shelf. It is a matter of debate whether these platelets form at depth and then float upwards or whether they grow in slightly supercooled water at the ice/water interface. The phenomenon is similar to that observed in the Weddell Sea region, but previous authors have suggested the two regions may experience different processes. This paper presents the results of field-work conducted in McMurdo Sound in 1999. Ice-structure analysis, isotopic analysis and salinity and temperature measurements near the ice/water interface are presented. Freezing points are calculated, and the possible existence of supercooling is discussed in relation to existing conjectures about the origin of platelets.
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Campagne, Philippine, Xavier Crosta, Sabine Schmidt, Marie Noëlle Houssais, Olivier Ther und Guillaume Massé. „Sedimentary response to sea ice and atmospheric variability over the instrumental period off Adélie Land, East Antarctica“. Biogeosciences 13, Nr. 14 (25.07.2016): 4205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4205-2016.
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Abstract. Diatoms account for a large proportion of primary productivity in Antarctic coastal and continental shelf zones. Diatoms, which have been used for a long time to infer past sea surface conditions in the Southern Ocean, have recently been associated with diatom-specific biomarkers (highly branched isoprenoids, HBI). Our study is one of the few sedimentary research projects on diatom ecology and associated biomarkers in the Antarctic seasonal sea ice zone. To date, the Adélie Land region has received little attention, despite evidence for the presence of high accumulation of laminated sediment, allowing for finer climate reconstructions and sedimentary process studies. Here we provide a sequence of seasonally to annually laminated diatomaceous sediment from a 72.5 cm interface core retrieved on the continental shelf off Adélie Land, covering the 1970–2010 CE period. Investigations through statistical analyses of diatom communities, diatom-specific biomarkers and major element abundances document the relationships between these proxies at an unprecedented resolution. Additionally, comparison of sedimentary records to meteorological data monitored by automatic weather station and satellite derived sea ice concentrations help to refine the relationships between our proxies and environmental conditions over the last decades. Our results suggest a coupled interaction of the atmospheric and sea surface variability on sea ice seasonality, which acts as the proximal forcing of siliceous productivity at that scale.
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Handayani, Tri. „STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS, PERANAN DAN ADAPTASI MAKROALGA DI INTERTIDAL BERBATU“. OSEANA 45, Nr. 1 (28.04.2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2020.vol.45no.1.56.
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Rocky shore intertidal occurs at the interface of the land and sea, which regularly exposed with tidal waves. In general, rocky shore intertidal is influenced by extreme physical factors, so organisms need to adapt well. Macroalgae on rocky shore intertidal are mostly macroalgae that have epilithic life foam, for example, Sargassum, Turbinaria, Hypnea, Gracilaria, Amphiroa, Chaetomorpha, Ulva, Acanthophora, and Gelidium. The role of macroalgae on rocky shore intertidal are as a primary producer/primary productivity, food for other organisms (fish, mollusc, sea urchin, crab), nursery ground for other organisms (fish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, and crab), and provide shelter for benthic fauna (crabs, sea urchin, molluscs, polychaeta and sea star). The adaptation of macroalgae on rocky shore intertidal was through morphological changes. Gracilaria salicornia on rocky shore intertidal has slimmer thallus than G. salicornia on non-rocky shore intertidal.
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Walsh, Cormac, und Andreas Kannen. „Planning at Sea: Shifting planning practices at the German North Sea coast“. Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning 77, Nr. 2 (30.04.2019): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rara-2019-0020.
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AbstractCoastal and marine areas represent an increasingly important and relevant action space for spatial planning. However, to a large extent marine (or maritime) spatial planning has emerged separately from terrestrial spatial planning, constituting its own epistemic community. In particular, previous studies indicate that Marine Spatial Planning often follows an expert-driven resource management rationale focused on sea-use regulation. This paper examines practices of Marine Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management at the German North Sea coast. The paper focuses in particular on the engagement of spatial planners with these practices and their perception of their role therein. We seek to understand what form spatial planning at the coast and at sea currently takes and how this might develop in the future in response to current and anticipated policy developments. We argue for the necessity of a communicative, cross-sectoral approach to spatial planning at sea, providing a spatial vision for the future that extends from the Exclusive Economic Zone to encompass both the coastal waters of the federal states and the land-sea interface in a substantive manner.
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Zhang, Zhiwei, Yunying Li, Laurent Li, Chao Zhang und Guorong Sun. „Characteristics of Advection Fog at Qingdao Liuting International Airport“. Atmosphere 14, Nr. 8 (19.08.2023): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081310.
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The advection fog characteristics at Qingdao Liuting International Airport during 2000–2022 are studied based on surface observation, sounding and reanalysis data. Surface observation data show that there were two types of fog: evaporation fog (EF) dominated by northwesterly wind in winter and cooling fog (CF) dominated by southeasterly wind in spring and summer. CF is thicker than EF due to different planetary boundary layer (PBL) structures. For EF, the middle and low troposphere are affected by dry and cold air, while CF is affected by warm and moist air below 850 hPa. When EF formed, downdrafts and a positive vertical gradient of the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature indicate stable PBL, surface heat flux is upward from sea to atmosphere and surface wind diverges near the air–sea interface. When CF formed, these characteristics are reversed. Fog is significantly affected by sea–land–atmosphere interactions. The moisture source is mainly from surface fluxes released by the Yellow Sea in the case of EF, while it is from moist air at low latitudes and local land transpiration in the case of CF. The difference in temperature between the sea surface and surface air changes from the range of 0–8 K for EF but from −4–0 K for CF.
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Yang, Mingzheng, Lei Zou, Heng Cai, Yi Qiang, Binbin Lin, Bing Zhou, Joynal Abedin und Debayan Mandal. „Spatial–Temporal Land Loss Modeling and Simulation in a Vulnerable Coast: A Case Study in Coastal Louisiana“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 4 (13.02.2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040896.
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Coastal areas serve as a vital interface between the land and sea or ocean and host about 40% of the world’s population, providing significant social, economic, and ecological functions. Meanwhile, the sea-level rise caused by climate change, along with coastal erosion and accretion, alters coastal landscapes profoundly, threatening coastal sustainability. For instance, the Mississippi River Delta in Louisiana is one of the most vulnerable coastal areas. It faces severe long-term land loss that has disrupted the regional ecosystem balance during the past few decades. There is an urgent need to understand the land loss mechanism in coastal Louisiana and identify areas prone to land loss in the future. This study modeled the current and predicted the future land loss and identified natural–human variables in the Louisiana Coastal Zone (LCZ) using remote sensing and machine-learning approaches. First, we analyzed the temporal and spatial land loss patterns from 2001 to 2016 in the study area. Second, logistic regression, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest models with 15 human and natural variables were carried out during each five-year and the fifteen-year period to delineate the short- and long-term land loss mechanisms. Finally, we simulated the land-loss probability in 2031 using the optimal model. The results indicate that land loss patterns in different parts change through time at an overall decelerating speed. The oil and gas well density and subsidence rate were the most significant land loss drivers during 2001–2016. The simulation shows that a total area of 180 km2 of land has over a 50% probability of turning to water from 2016 to 2031. This research offers valuable information for decision-makers and local communities to prepare for future land cover changes, reduce potential risks, and efficiently manage the land restoration in coastal Louisiana.
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Gröger, Matthias, Christian Dieterich, Jari Haapala, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Stefan Hagemann, Jaromir Jakacki, Wilhelm May et al. „Coupled regional Earth system modeling in the Baltic Sea region“. Earth System Dynamics 12, Nr. 3 (16.09.2021): 939–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021.
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Abstract. Nonlinear responses to externally forced climate change are known to dampen or amplify the local climate impact due to complex cross-compartmental feedback loops in the Earth system. These feedbacks are less well represented in the traditional stand-alone atmosphere and ocean models on which many of today's regional climate assessments rely (e.g., EURO-CORDEX, NOSCCA and BACC II). This has promoted the development of regional climate models for the Baltic Sea region by coupling different compartments of the Earth system into more comprehensive models. Coupled models more realistically represent feedback loops than the information imposed on the region by prescribed boundary conditions and, thus, permit more degrees of freedom. In the past, several coupled model systems have been developed for Europe and the Baltic Sea region. This article reviews recent progress on model systems that allow two-way communication between atmosphere and ocean models; models for the land surface, including the terrestrial biosphere; and wave models at the air–sea interface and hydrology models for water cycle closure. However, several processes that have mostly been realized by one-way coupling to date, such as marine biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling and atmospheric chemistry (e.g., aerosols), are not considered here. In contrast to uncoupled stand-alone models, coupled Earth system models can modify mean near-surface air temperatures locally by up to several degrees compared with their stand-alone atmospheric counterparts using prescribed surface boundary conditions. The representation of small-scale oceanic processes, such as vertical mixing and sea-ice dynamics, appears essential to accurately resolve the air–sea heat exchange over the Baltic Sea, and these parameters can only be provided by online coupled high-resolution ocean models. In addition, the coupling of wave models at the ocean–atmosphere interface allows for a more explicit formulation of small-scale to microphysical processes with local feedbacks to water temperature and large-scale processes such as oceanic upwelling. Over land, important climate feedbacks arise from dynamical terrestrial vegetation changes as well as the implementation of land-use scenarios and afforestation/deforestation that further alter surface albedo, roughness length and evapotranspiration. Furthermore, a good representation of surface temperatures and roughness length over open sea and land areas is critical for the representation of climatic extremes such as heavy precipitation, storms, or tropical nights (defined as nights where the daily minimum temperature does not fall below 20 ∘C), and these parameters appear to be sensitive to coupling. For the present-day climate, many coupled atmosphere–ocean and atmosphere–land surface models have demonstrated the added value of single climate variables, in particular when low-quality boundary data were used in the respective stand-alone model. This makes coupled models a prospective tool for downscaling climate change scenarios from global climate models because these models often have large biases on the regional scale. However, the coupling of hydrology models to close the water cycle remains problematic, as the accuracy of precipitation provided by atmosphere models is, in most cases, insufficient to realistically simulate the runoff to the Baltic Sea without bias adjustments. Many regional stand-alone ocean and atmosphere models are tuned to suitably represent present-day climatologies rather than to accurately simulate climate change. Therefore, more research is required into how the regional climate sensitivity (e.g., the models' response to a given change in global mean temperature) is affected by coupling and how the spread is altered in multi-model and multi-scenario ensembles of coupled models compared with uncoupled ones.
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Darnaude, Audrey M., Yael Teff Seker, Federica Costantini, Susanne Tanner, Anna Sturrock, Lucía López-López, Hidalgo Manuel et al. „The SEA-UNICORN European COST Action: Advancing Knowledge on Marine Connectivity to Support Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy“. Marine Technology Society Journal 56, Nr. 3 (08.06.2022): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.3.19.
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Abstract The European COST Action “Unifying Approaches to Marine Connectivity for improved Resource Management for the Seas” (SEA-UNICORN, 2020‐2025) is an international research coordination initiative that unites an interdisciplinary community of scientists and policymakers from over 100 organizations across Europe and beyond. It is establishing a globally harmonized framework to deliver actionable, transdisciplinary knowledge of marine functional connectivity, promoting a sustainable blue economy and ocean conservation. Planning sustainable development in rapidly changing oceans requires a thorough comprehension of marine biodiversity and the processes underpinning the functioning of ecosystems. Connectivity among marine populations and habitats facilitates the persistence and resilience of vulnerable species and ecosystems and controls the spread of invasive species. Constructing effective networks of restoration or conservation areas and promoting sustainable harvesting requires knowledge of connectivity. SEA-UNICORN advances worldwide collaboration by coordinating the collection, sharing, and application of knowledge on species, community, and ecosystem connectivity at sea and at the land‐sea interface. It engages scientists from diverse areas and early-career researchers and creates a stronger match between natural and social science and policy needs to better address key environmental issues that challenge the future of our planet.
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Farinango, Gonzalo, Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Vázquez und Ricardo Prego. „Trace Element Patterns in Heterogeneous Land–Sea Sediments: A Comprehensive Study of the Ulla–Arousa System (SW Europe)“. Geosciences 13, Nr. 10 (25.09.2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13100292.
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In the continuum of the land–sea interface, sediment reservoirs are often considered separately. Therefore, integrative research is necessary. This study focuses on sediments throughout the tributaries–river–estuary–ria pathway of the Ulla–Arousa system, aiming to quantify trace element contents, identify land sources, determine background levels, and assess sediment enrichment and contamination states. The elements Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, U, and Zn were determined in 78 sediment stations. Two approaches were considered. First, background functions and enrichment factors were estimated using Al or U as the reference element. Second, a statistical study was conducted using distribution analysis, which helped identify trace element sources and their influences throughout the basin. The results revealed two significant sources of trace elements. One source is the amphibolite massif of the Arinteiro Unit, influencing the Brandelos (Cu) and Lañas (Fe) tributaries. Another source is the Deza tributary (As, Sb). However, these alterations do not reach the estuary, where anthropogenic sources (Cr, Cu, Ni) dominate. In the inner Ria of Arousa, only a light Cr enrichment was observed. The integrated study of the Ulla–Arousa system provides valuable patterns to understand and address heterogeneous land–sea systems.
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Extier, Thomas, Katharina D. Six, Bo Liu, Hanna Paulsen und Tatiana Ilyina. „Local oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> outgassing triggered by terrestrial carbon fluxes during deglacial flooding“. Climate of the Past 18, Nr. 2 (11.02.2022): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-273-2022.
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Abstract. Exchange of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere is a key process that influences past climates via glacial–interglacial variations of the CO2 concentration. The melting of ice sheets during deglaciations induces a sea level rise which leads to the flooding of coastal land areas, resulting in the transfer of terrestrial organic matter to the ocean. However, the consequences of such fluxes on the ocean biogeochemical cycle and on the uptake and release of CO2 are poorly constrained. Moreover, this potentially important exchange of carbon at the land–sea interface is not represented in most Earth system models. We present here the implementation of terrestrial organic matter fluxes into the ocean at the transiently changing land–sea interface in the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) and investigate their effect on the biogeochemistry during the last deglaciation. Our results show that during the deglaciation, most of the terrestrial organic matter inputs to the ocean occurs during Meltwater Pulse 1a (between 15–14 ka) which leads to the transfer of 21.2 Gt C of terrestrial carbon (mostly originating from wood and humus) to the ocean. Although this additional organic matter input is relatively small in comparison to the global ocean inventory (0.06 %) and thus does not have an impact on the global CO2 flux, the terrestrial organic matter fluxes initiate oceanic outgassing in regional hotspots like in Indonesia for a few hundred years. Finally, sensitivity experiments highlight that terrestrial organic matter fluxes are the drivers of oceanic outgassing in flooded coastal regions during Meltwater Pulse 1a. Furthermore, the magnitude of outgassing is rather insensitive to higher carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the terrestrial organic matter. Our results provide a first estimate of the importance of terrestrial organic matter fluxes in a transient deglaciation simulation. Moreover, our model development is an important step towards a fully coupled carbon cycle in an Earth system model applicable to simulations at glacial–interglacial cycles.
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Taramelli, Andrea, Emiliana Valentini, Margherita Righini, Federico Filipponi, Serena Geraldini und Alessandra Nguyen Xuan. „Assessing Po River Deltaic Vulnerability Using Earth Observation and a Bayesian Belief Network Model“. Water 12, Nr. 10 (12.10.2020): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102830.
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Deltaic systems are broadly recognized as vulnerable hot spots at the interface between land and sea and are highly exposed to harmful natural and manmade threats. The vulnerability to these threats and the interactions of the biological, physical, and anthropogenic processes in low-lying coastal plains, such as river deltas, requires a better understanding in terms of vulnerable systems and to support sustainable management and spatial planning actions in the context of climate change. This study analyses the potential of Bayesian belief network (BBN) models to represent conditional dependencies in vulnerability assessment for future sea level rise (SLR) scenarios considering ecological, morphological and social factors using Earth observation (EO) time series dataset. The BBN model, applied in the Po Delta region in the northern Adriatic coast of Italy, defines relationships between twelve selected variables classified as driver factors (DF), land cover factors (LCF), and land use factors (LUF) chosen as critical for the definition of vulnerability hot spots, future coastal adaptation, and spatial planning actions to be taken. The key results identify the spatial distribution of the vulnerability along the costal delta and highlight where the probability of vulnerable areas is expected to increase in terms of SLR pressure, which occurs especially in the central and southern delta portion.
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Cariglia, Nicky, und Franck Laruelle. „Response considerations when marine spills affect coastal agriculture“. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, Nr. 1 (01.05.2017): 2327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2327.
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ABSTRACT Agriculture can also be an integral economic activity to many coastal communities, but the vulnerability, and sensitivity, of this sector to marine oil spills is not well documented or understood. In ITOPF’s experience, oil spills affecting agriculture are less common than those that impact fisheries and mariculture. As a result, knowledge and capability to effectively respond to cases when agriculture is a key vulnerability, are frequently lacking. Many agricultural activities are wholly land-based and not dependent on the interaction between the land-sea interface. As such, they are buffered and unlikely to be directly impacted by oil spills. However, in many countries around the world, tidal agriculture is an important contributor to the economy, closely dependent on the intertidal zone at the land-sea interface, and these industries can be highly vulnerable to oil spills. Specific activities that have been considered as tidal agriculture for the purpose of this paper include; salt production, rice cultivation and the rearing of high value/speciality livestock (e.g. salt marsh lamb). In almost fifty years since ITOPF’s establishment, a number of cases attended on site have involved tidal agriculture as a key vulnerability that has influenced the nature and direction of a response. A review of these cases has shown some recurring themes in the main considerations and challenges associated with clean-up and impact mitigation. Using case studies of oil spills ITOPF has attended in Asia, Europe and South America, this paper will discuss these key considerations in turn, and describe, through the case studies, how they were resolved or addressed. This paper will also summarise the findings to provide general guidance for responding to oil spills where tidal agriculture is an important industry.
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Wang, Fangting, Ke Bao, Changsheng Huang, Xinwen Zhao, Wenjing Han und Zhibin Yin. „Adsorption and pH Values Determine the Distribution of Cadmium in Terrestrial and Marine Soils in the Nansha Area, Pearl River Delta“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 2 (11.01.2022): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020793.
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Cadmium is a toxic element with a half-life of several decades, which can accumulate in the human body by entering the food chain and seriously harm health. The cadmium adsorption and desorption processes in the soil directly affect the migration, transformation, bioavailability, and ecotoxicity of this element in soil-plant systems. Coastal zones are located in the transitional zone between land and sea, and large amounts of terrigenous material input have important environmental effects on this ecosystem. The pH, hydrodynamic conditions, soil organic matter (SOM), and other factors defining the sea-land interaction within the sedimentary environment are significantly different from those defining land facies. In order to study the key factors affecting cadmium adsorption in soils at the sea-land interface in the Nansha area of the Pearl River Delta, a test was conducted on a column of undisturbed soil. The results showed that the adsorption constant KF and the Cd2+ adsorption capacity of marine soils were higher than those of terrestrial soils. However, the saturation adsorption of cadmium in terrestrial sediments was higher than in marine sediments. Soil pH was an important factor affecting cadmium adsorption capacity in both terrestrial and ma-rine sediments. Neutral and alkaline topsoil conditions inhibited the vertical migration of cadmium, while the acidic environment favored it. The higher the clay and SOM were, the stronger the Cd2+ adsorption capacity of the soil was. These findings suggest that the distribution of cadmium in marine and continental sedimentary soils is not only related to adsorption, but also to the physical and chemical processes occurring in different sedimentary environments.
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Prosser, Diann J., Thomas E. Jordan, Jessica L. Nagel, Rochelle D. Seitz, Donald E. Weller und Dennis F. Whigham. „Impacts of Coastal Land Use and Shoreline Armoring on Estuarine Ecosystems: an Introduction to a Special Issue“. Estuaries and Coasts 41, S1 (18.12.2017): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0331-1.
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Abstract The nearshore land-water interface is an important ecological zone that faces anthropogenic pressure from development in coastal regions throughout the world. Coastal waters and estuaries like Chesapeake Bay receive and process land discharges loaded with anthropogenic nutrients and other pollutants that cause eutrophication, hypoxia, and other damage to shallow-water ecosystems. In addition, shorelines are increasingly armored with bulkhead (seawall), riprap, and other structures to protect human infrastructure against the threats of sea-level rise, storm surge, and erosion. Armoring can further influence estuarine and nearshore marine ecosystem functions by degrading water quality, spreading invasive species, and destroying ecologically valuable habitat. These detrimental effects on ecosystem function have ramifications for ecologically and economically important flora and fauna. This special issue of Estuaries and Coasts explores the interacting effects of coastal land use and shoreline armoring on estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. The majority of papers focus on the Chesapeake Bay region, USA, where 50 major tributaries and an extensive watershed (~ 167,000 km2), provide an ideal model to examine the impacts of human activities at scales ranging from the local shoreline to the entire watershed. The papers consider the influence of watershed land use and natural versus armored shorelines on ecosystem properties and processes as well as on key natural resources.
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Arévalo-Martínez, Damian L., Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling et al. „Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater“. Biogeosciences 20, Nr. 3 (10.02.2023): 647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023.
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Abstract. For millennia, humans have gravitated towards coastlines for their resource potential and as geopolitical centres for global trade. A basic requirement ensuring water security for coastal communities relies on a delicate balance between the supply and demand of potable water. The interaction between freshwater and saltwater in coastal settings is, therefore, complicated by both natural and human-driven environmental changes at the land–sea interface. In particular, ongoing sea-level rise, warming and deoxygenation might exacerbate such perturbations. In this context, an improved understanding of the nature and variability of groundwater fluxes across the land–sea continuum is timely yet remains out of reach. The flow of terrestrial groundwater across the coastal transition zone and the extent of freshened groundwater below the present-day seafloor are receiving increased attention in marine and coastal sciences because they likely represent a significant yet highly uncertain component of (bio)geochemical budgets and because of the emerging interest in the potential use of offshore freshened groundwater as a resource. At the same time, “reverse” groundwater flux from offshore to onshore is of prevalent socio-economic interest, as terrestrial groundwater resources are continuously pressured by over-pumping and seawater intrusion in many coastal regions worldwide. An accurate assessment of the land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to future anthropogenic activities and climate change will require a multidisciplinary approach combining the expertise of geophysicists, hydrogeologists, (bio)geochemists and modellers. Such joint activities will lay the scientific basis for better understanding the role of groundwater in societally relevant issues such as climate change, pollution and the environmental status of the coastal oceans within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Here, we present our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater, including the spatial distributions of the essential hydrogeological parameters, highlighting technical and scientific developments and briefly discussing the societal relevance of that connectivity in rapidly changing coastal oceans.
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Pelletier, Charles, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, Konstanze Haubner, Samuel Helsen, Pierre-Vincent Huot, Christoph Kittel et al. „PARASO, a circum-Antarctic fully coupled ice-sheet–ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere–land model involving f.ETISh1.7, NEMO3.6, LIM3.6, COSMO5.0 and CLM4.5“. Geoscientific Model Development 15, Nr. 2 (25.01.2022): 553–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022.
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Abstract. We introduce PARASO, a novel five-component fully coupled regional climate model over an Antarctic circumpolar domain covering the full Southern Ocean. The state-of-the-art models used are the fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh) v1.7 (ice sheet), the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) v3.6 (ocean), the Louvain-la-Neuve sea-ice model (LIM) v3.6 (sea ice), the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) model v5.0 (atmosphere) and its CLimate Mode (CLM) v4.5 (land), which are here run at a horizontal resolution close to 1/4∘. One key feature of this tool resides in a novel two-way coupling interface for representing ocean–ice-sheet interactions, through explicitly resolved ice-shelf cavities. The impact of atmospheric processes on the Antarctic ice sheet is also conveyed through computed COSMO-CLM–f.ETISh surface mass exchange. In this technical paper, we briefly introduce each model's configuration and document the developments that were carried out in order to establish PARASO. The new offline-based NEMO–f.ETISh coupling interface is thoroughly described. Our developments also include a new surface tiling approach to combine open-ocean and sea-ice-covered cells within COSMO, which was required to make this model relevant in the context of coupled simulations in polar regions. We present results from a 2000–2001 coupled 2-year experiment. PARASO is numerically stable and fully operational. The 2-year simulation conducted without fine tuning of the model reproduced the main expected features, although remaining systematic biases provide perspectives for further adjustment and development.
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Panov, Alexey, Anatoly Prokushkin, Igor Semiletov, Karl Kübler, Mikhail Korets, Ilya Putilin, Anastasiya Urban, Mikhail Bondar und Martin Heimann. „Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 Fluctuations over the Continent-Sea Interface in the Yenisei River Sector of the Kara Sea“. Atmosphere 13, Nr. 9 (31.08.2022): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091402.
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Observations of the atmospheric sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in the pan-Arctic domain are extremely scarce, limiting our knowledge of carbon turnover in this climatically sensitive environment and the fate of the enormous carbon reservoirs conserved in the permafrost. Especially critical are the gaps in the high latitudes of Siberia, covered by the vast permafrost underlain tundra, where only several atmospheric monitoring sites are operational. This paper presents the first two years (September 2018–January 2021) of accurate continuous observations of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 dry mole fractions at the recently deployed tower-based measurement station “DIAMIS” (73.5068° N, 80.5198° E) located on the southwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, at the Gulf of the Yenisei River that opens to the Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean). In this paper, we summarized the scientific rationale of the site, examined the seasonal footprint of the station with an analysis of terrestrial vegetation and maritime sector contributing to the captured atmospheric signal, and illustrated temporal patterns of CO2 and CH4 for the daytime mixed atmospheric layer over the continent–sea interface. Along with the temporal variations reflecting a signal caused pan-Arctic and not very much influenced by the local processes, we analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of the synoptic anomalies representing the atmospheric signatures of regional sources and sinks of CO2 and CH4 for the studied high-arctic Siberian domain of ~625 thousand km2, with nearly equal capturing the land surface (54%) and the ocean (46%) throughout the year. Both for CO2 and CH4, we have observed a sea–continent declining trend, presuming a larger depletion of trace gases in the maritime air masses compared to the continental domain. So far, over the Kara Sea, we have not detected any prominent signals of CH4 that might have indicated processes of subsea permafrost degradation and occurrence of cold seeps–still mainly observed in the eastern Arctic Seas—The Laptev Sea and the East-Siberian Sea.
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Ghsoub, Myriam, Milad Fakhri, Thierry Courp, Myriam Lteif, Gaby Khalaf und Wolfgang Ludwig. „Combining chemical and biological parameters to assess the ecological quality of a coastal ecosystem in the Levantine Basin“. Marine and Freshwater Research 73, Nr. 3 (07.12.2021): 398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf21222.
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For a better evaluation of the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems, especially at the land–sea interface, a multidisciplinary holistic approach is crucial and various indices should be taken into account. The combined use of chemical and biological indices may be an efficient way to determine ecological status in highly dynamic coastal ecosystems. Therefore, the present study analysed grain size composition, organic carbon (OC), major and trace elements and macroinvertebrate communities in surface sediment samples collected from the coastal marine area facing the Ibrahim River. The stations studied were slightly contaminated by trace elements with no effect on biota. Based on the chemical indices and the polychaetes : amphipods ratio, the ecological status of the stations studied was considered good.
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Petenko, Igor, Giampietro Casasanta, Simone Bucci, Margarita Kallistratova, Roberto Sozzi und Stefania Argentini. „Turbulence, Low-Level Jets, and Waves in the Tyrrhenian Coastal Zone as Shown by Sodar“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 1 (27.12.2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010028.
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The characteristics of the vertical and temporal structure of the coastal atmospheric boundary layer are variable for different sites and are often not well known. Continuous monitoring of the atmospheric boundary layer was carried out close to the Tyrrhenian Sea, near Tarquinia (Italy), in 2015–2017. A ground-based remote sensing instrument (triaxial Doppler sodar) and in situ sensors (meteorological station, ultrasonic anemometer/thermometer, and net radiometer) were used to measure vertical wind velocity profiles, the thermal structure of the atmosphere, the height of the turbulent layer, turbulent heat and momentum fluxes in the surface layer, atmospheric radiation, and precipitation. Diurnal alternation of the atmospheric stability types governed by the solar cycle coupled with local sea/land breeze circulation processes is found to be variable and is classified into several main regimes. Low-level jets (LLJ) at heights of 100–300 m above the surface with maximum wind speed in the range of 5–18 m s−1 occur in land breezes, both during the night and early in the morning. Empirical relationships between the LLJ core wind speed characteristics and those near the surface are obtained. Two separated turbulent sub-layers, both below and above the LLJ core, are often observed, with the upper layer extending up to 400–600 m. Kelvin–Helmholtz billows associated with internal gravity–shear waves occurring in these layers present opposite slopes, in correspondence with the sign of vertical wind speed gradients. Our observational results provide a basis for the further development of theoretical and modelling approaches, taking into account the wave processes occurring in the atmospheric boundary layer at the land–sea interface.
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Obara, Kazushige, und Katsuhiko Shiomi. „Underground Structural Anomalies and Slow Earthquake Activities Around Seismogenic Megathrust Earthquake Zone as Revealed by Inland Seismic Observations“. Journal of Disaster Research 4, Nr. 2 (01.04.2009): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0083.
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Seismogenic zones of interplate megathrust earthquakes along the Nankai Trough can be subdivided into several segments. At each segment, seismic rupture has occurred at a recurrence interval of about one century. In many cases, some neighboring segments ruptured simultaneously or sequentially after a short interval. One of the factors that controls the properties of such seismic ruptures is the underground structure, including the plate configuration and heterogeneity around the subducting plate (slab) interface. To clarify the mechanism of megathrust earthquakes, detailed surveys and analyses of the underground structures are required. Moreover, the detection of seismic phenomena on the plate interface is important in discussing interplate coupling and interactions between such events and megathrust earthquakes. More and better knowledge of the underground structure around the plate interface has been accumulated by analyses of high-quality data from high-density seismograph networks in inland areas and from joint seismic explorations of the sea and land. Moreover, knowledge regarding a wide variety of newly detected slow earthquakes has contributed toward our understanding of the subducting plate interface. Additional information about underground structures, such as slab segmentations, is expected to provide a better understanding of the occurrence of megathrust earthquakes.
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Vinogradov, Sergei. „Marine Pollution via Transboundary Watercourses — An Interface of the' Shoreline ' and ' River-Basin ' Regimes in the Wider Black Sea Region“. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, Nr. 4 (2007): 585–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807782512251.
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AbstractA significant proportion of pollution of the marine environment is transmitted into the sea by transboundary rivers. The state of the marine environment increasingly depends upon the behaviour of states that do not belong to a particular maritime region. There is an obvious regulatory dichotomy between the environmental legal regimes dealing with marine pollution ('shoreline' regimes) and those governing international watercourses ('drainage/river-basin' regimes), which have historically evolved independently of each other. This creates problems of consistency and compatibility across different regimes, which have to be addressed in order to ensure the effectiveness of pollution-control measures throughout the entire pollutant transportation process. State practice has developed various practical ways of dealing with the issue of marine pollution from land-based activities in a transboundary context. The situation with river-borne pollution in the Danube River-Black Sea Basin provides an interesting case-study for critical examination as regards the practical aspects of the interface between such regimes.
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Kaplanis, Nikolas J., Clinton B. Edwards, Yoan Eynaud und Jennifer E. Smith. „Future sea-level rise drives rocky intertidal habitat loss and benthic community change“. PeerJ 8 (29.05.2020): e9186. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9186.
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The impacts of sea-level rise (SLR) are likely to be the greatest for ecosystems that exist at the land-sea interface, where small changes in sea-level could result in drastic changes in habitat availability. Rocky intertidal ecosystems possess a number of characteristics which make them highly vulnerable to changes in sea-level, yet our understanding of potential community-scale responses to future SLR scenarios is limited. Combining remote-sensing with in-situ large-area imaging, we quantified habitat extent and characterized the biological community at two rocky intertidal study locations in California, USA. We then used a model-based approach to estimate how a range of SLR scenarios would affect total habitat area, areal extent of dominant benthic space occupiers, and numerical abundance of invertebrates. Our results suggest that SLR will reduce total available rocky intertidal habitat area at our study locations, leading to an overall decrease in areal extent of dominant benthic space occupiers, and a reduction in invertebrate abundances. As large-scale environmental changes, such as SLR, accelerate in the next century, more extensive spatially explicit monitoring at ecologically relevant scales will be needed to visualize and quantify their impacts to biological systems.
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Brunke, Michael A., John J. Cassano, Nicholas Dawson, Alice K. DuVivier, William J. Gutowski Jr., Joseph Hamman, Wieslaw Maslowski et al. „Evaluation of the atmosphere–land–ocean–sea ice interface processes in the Regional Arctic System Model version 1 (RASM1) using local and globally gridded observations“. Geoscientific Model Development 11, Nr. 12 (04.12.2018): 4817–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4817-2018.
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Abstract. The Regional Arctic System Model version 1 (RASM1) has been developed to provide high-resolution simulations of the Arctic atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–land system. Here, we provide a baseline for the capability of RASM to simulate interface processes by comparing retrospective simulations from RASM1 for 1990–2014 with the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) and the spread across three recent reanalyses. Evaluations of surface and 2 m air temperature, surface radiative and turbulent fluxes, precipitation, and snow depth in the various models and reanalyses are performed using global and regional datasets and a variety of in situ datasets, including flux towers over land, ship cruises over oceans, and a field experiment over sea ice. These evaluations reveal that RASM1 simulates precipitation that is similar to CESM1, reanalyses, and satellite gauge combined precipitation datasets over all river basins within the RASM domain. Snow depth in RASM is closer to upscaled surface observations over a flatter region than in more mountainous terrain in Alaska. The sea ice–atmosphere interface is well simulated in regards to radiation fluxes, which generally fall within observational uncertainty. RASM1 monthly mean surface temperature and radiation biases are shown to be due to biases in the simulated mean diurnal cycle. At some locations, a minimal monthly mean bias is shown to be due to the compensation of roughly equal but opposite biases between daytime and nighttime, whereas this is not the case at locations where the monthly mean bias is higher in magnitude. These biases are derived from errors in the diurnal cycle of the energy balance (radiative and turbulent flux) components. Therefore, the key to advancing the simulation of SAT and the surface energy budget would be to improve the representation of the diurnal cycle of radiative and turbulent fluxes. The development of RASM2 aims to address these biases. Still, an advantage of RASM1 is that it captures the interannual and interdecadal variability in the climate of the Arctic region, which global models like CESM cannot do.
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Pauwelussen, Annet, und G. M. Verschoor. „Amphibious Encounters: Coral and People in Conservation Outreach in Indonesia“. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (03.05.2017): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.59.
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Drawing on long-term ethnographic research in Indonesia, this article describes a conservation outreach project that attempts to educate and convert local people into coral protectors. Both coral and the sea-dwelling Bajau people appear to be amphibious beings, moving between a changeable land-water interface, and between different, fluidly interwoven ontological constellations. We show that the failure of conservation organizations to recognize the ontologically ambiguous nature of “coral” and “people” translates to a breakdown of outreach goals. Mobilizing the concept of amphibiousness to engage this ambiguity and fluidity, we describe the moving land-water interface as the actual living environment for both coral and people. The notion of amphibiousness, we suggest, has practical and political value, in particular for reconsidering outreach and how it may be reframed as a process involving ontological dialogue. For conservation outreach to become seaworthy, it needs to cultivate an amphibious capacity, capable of moving in-between and relating partly overflowing ways of knowing and being. Providing room for ambiguity, thinking with amphibiousness furthermore encourages suspension of the (Western) tendency to explain the Other, to fix what does not add up. As such, it is of heuristic relevance for the on-going discussions of ontological multiplicity that have proliferated at the intersection between STS and anthropology.
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McPhee, Miles G., Craig L. Stevens, Inga J. Smith und Natalie J. Robinson. „Turbulent heat transfer as a control of platelet ice growth in supercooled under-ice ocean boundary layers“. Ocean Science 12, Nr. 2 (06.04.2016): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-507-2016.
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Abstract. Late winter measurements of turbulent quantities in tidally modulated flow under land-fast sea ice near the Erebus Glacier Tongue, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, identified processes that influence growth at the interface of an ice surface in contact with supercooled seawater. The data show that turbulent heat exchange at the ocean–ice boundary is characterized by the product of friction velocity and (negative) water temperature departure from freezing, analogous to similar results for moderate melting rates in seawater above freezing. Platelet ice growth appears to increase the hydraulic roughness (drag) of fast ice compared with undeformed fast ice without platelets. Platelet growth in supercooled water under thick ice appears to be rate-limited by turbulent heat transfer and that this is a significant factor to be considered in mass transfer at the underside of ice shelves and sea ice in the vicinity of ice shelves.
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McPhee, M. G., C. L. Stevens, I. J. Smith und N. J. Robinson. „Turbulent heat transfer as a control of platelet ice growth in supercool under-ice ocean boundary-layers“. Ocean Science Discussions 12, Nr. 6 (17.11.2015): 2807–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-2807-2015.
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Abstract. Late winter measurements of turbulent quantities in tidally modulated flow under land-fast sea ice near the Erebus Glacier Tongue, McMurdo Sound, identified processes that influence growth at the interface of an ice surface in contact with supercool seawater. The data suggest that turbulent heat exchange at the ocean-ice boundary is characterized by the product of friction velocity and (negative) water temperature departure from freezing, analogous to similar results for moderate melting rates in seawater above freezing. Platelet ice growth appears to increase the hydraulic roughness (drag) of fast ice compared with undeformed fast ice without platelets. We hypothesize that platelet growth in supercool water under thick ice is rate-limited by turbulent heat transfer and that this is a significant factor to be considered in mass transfer at the under-side of ice shelves and sea ice in the vicinity of ice shelves.
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Toure, S., O. Diop, K. Kpalma und A. S. Maiga. „COASTLINE DETECTION USING FUSION OF OVER SEGMENTATION AND DISTANCE REGULARIZATION LEVEL SET EVOLUTION“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (06.03.2018): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-513-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Coastline detection is a very challenging task in optical remote sensing. However the majority of commonly used methods have been developed for low to medium resolution without specification of the key indicator that is used. In this paper, we propose a new approach for very high resolution images using a specific indicator. First, a pre-processing step is carried out to convert images into the optimal colour space (HSV). Then, wavelet decomposition is used to extract different colour and texture features. These colour and texture features are then used for Fusion of Over Segmentation (FOOS) based clustering to have the distinctive natural classes of the littoral. Among these classes are waves, dry sand, wet sand, sea and land. We choose the mean level of high tide water, the interface between dry sand and wet sand, as a coastline indicator. To find this limit, we use a Distance Regularization Level Set Evolution (DRLSE), which automatically evolves towards the desired sea-land border. The result obtained is then compared with a ground truth. Experimental results prove that the proposed method is an efficient coastline detection process in terms of quantitative and visual performances.</p>
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Vos, Kilian, Wen Deng, Mitchell D. Harley, Ian L. Turner und Kristen D. Splinter. „SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN BEACH-FACE SLOPES FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 37 (01.09.2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.currents.10.
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The beach face is the most seaward region of the dry beach. This region is the primary interface between land and ocean, and therefore has a great influence on coastal processes such as the exchange of sediment between land and sea or the reflection of wave energy at the shoreline. In particular, the slope of the beach-face, is an important parameter in coastal engineering to calculate the vertical and horizontal excursion of wave run-up (Stockdon et al., 2006). Yet, despite the importance of the beach-face slope parameter in many formulations used by coastal engineers, this quantity remains poorly mapped along the world’s sandy coastlines and the absence of large-scale datasets of beach-face slope is presently limiting our ability to deploy coastal inundation forecasting systems (O’Grady et al., 2019). This work describes a novel methodology to estimate beach-face slopes with satellite remote sensing and presents large-scale datasets of beach-face slopes along open-coast sandy coastlines around the Pacific Rim.
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Tao, Yun, Jie Cao, Guangdong Lan und Qin Su. „The zonal movement of the Indian–East Asian summer monsoon interface in relation to the land–sea thermal contrast anomaly over East Asia“. Climate Dynamics 46, Nr. 9-10 (07.07.2015): 2759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2729-4.
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Asplund, Maria E., Martin Dahl, Rashid O. Ismail, Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Diana Deyanova, João N. Franco, Linus Hammar et al. „Dynamics and fate of blue carbon in a mangrove–seagrass seascape: influence of landscape configuration and land-use change“. Landscape Ecology 36, Nr. 5 (01.03.2021): 1489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01216-8.
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Abstract Context Seagrass meadows act as efficient natural carbon sinks by sequestering atmospheric CO2 and through trapping of allochthonous organic material, thereby preserving organic carbon (Corg) in their sediments. Less understood is the influence of landscape configuration and transformation (land-use change) on carbon sequestration dynamics in coastal seascapes across the land–sea interface. Objectives We explored the influence of landscape configuration and degradation of adjacent mangroves on the dynamics and fate of Corg in seagrass habitats. Methods Through predictive modelling, we assessed sedimentary Corg content, stocks and source composition in multiple seascapes (km-wide buffer zones) dominated by different seagrass communities in northwest Madagascar. The study area encompassed seagrass meadows adjacent to intact and deforested mangroves. Results The sedimentary Corg content was influenced by a combination of landscape metrics and inherent habitat plant- and sediment-properties. We found a strong land-to-sea gradient, likely driven by hydrodynamic forces, generating distinct patterns in sedimentary Corg levels in seagrass seascapes. There was higher Corg content and a mangrove signal in seagrass surface sediments closer to the deforested mangrove area, possibly due to an escalated export of Corg from deforested mangrove soils. Seascapes comprising large continuous seagrass meadows had higher sedimentary Corg levels in comparison to more diverse and patchy seascapes. Conclusion Our results emphasize the benefit to consider the influence of seascape configuration and connectivity to accurately assess Corg content in coastal habitats. Understanding spatial patterns of variability and what is driving the observed patterns is useful for identifying carbon sink hotspots and develop management prioritizations.
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Carmo, José Simão Antunes Do. „Living on the Coast in Harmony with Natural Processes“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, Nr. 11 (05.11.2023): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112113.
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The coastal zone is a fascinating place that comprises the interface between sea and land. This interface, which is both very dynamic and sensitive, has been affected by strong urban and industrial pressures, and an increase in both traffic and recreational uses, leading to the deterioration of natural habitats and the growing instability of residential areas. Added to this disruption is ongoing climate change, which will lead to rising sea levels and increased wave action. Another problem we are increasingly concerned about is ocean pollution, which has been one of the main causes of threats to deep-water coral reef areas. The main sources of pollution include oil spills and offshore oil drilling. The effects of pollution caused by oil spills can not only seriously affect the global environmental balance of our planet but can also, on a different scale, seriously affect the economy of countries whose main resources depend heavily on the sea. Wave energy has the potential to alleviate the world's dependence on depleting fossil energy resources. With regard to coastal protection, the development of ecological solutions to preserve ecosystems and address coastal processes as an alternative to traditional coastal protection structures (seawalls, groins and breakwaters) is becoming increasingly important. These structures, generally referred to as passive measures, are usually built to alter the effects of sea waves, currents and the movement of sand along the coastline, with the aim of protecting beaches, ports and harbors. The concerns outlined are critically addressed throughout this review article. All of them are highly relevant today and, as demonstrated throughout this article, are expected to grow even more and with much more pronounced consequences starting from the middle of the current century.