Thematische Bibliographien / Leachate Analysis

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Leachate Analysis“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 31. Januar 2023

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Leachate Analysis"

Abdullah, Muhamad Akmal, Muhammad Hanis Ghazali, Muhamad Alif Iman Mohamad Rodzi und Mohd Lias Kamal. „A bibliometric analysis of leachate publications by ASEAN authors“. Journal of Metrics Studies and Social Science 1, Nr. 1 (23.06.2022): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56916/jmsss.v1i1.74.

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Leachates are the aqueous effluent produced from waste filtration of rainwater, biochemical activities in the waste cells, and the unavoidable water content of the waste itself. Leachate can travel into soil and subsoil, seriously affecting the land, surface water, and groundwater ecosystems. Leachates typically contain significant quantities of organic matter, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), toxic chemicals, and organic and inorganic chlorinated salts, which are detrimental to living and biodiversity. Based on the significant risk posed by leachate, many kinds of research have been conducted on these environmental concerns. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse and report leachate-related publications by ASEAN authors based on the data collected from the Scopus database. As of 24th April 2020, a total number of 1133 articles were retrieved and analysed. This study examined publication productivity by analysing descriptive publication patterns and visualising keywords co-occurrences. The results showed that there had been an increase in the literature on leachate growth rate from 1989 until 2020. However, the number of publications slightly dropped in 2011 and 2014. This study revealed the widespread scholarly communication techniques in leachate research, which will assist future researchers in identifying the fundamental parts of this body of knowledge. In conclusion, this study enables researchers to develop innovative solutions to the leachate environmental problem by assessing the bibliometric parameters that provide the study’s crucial and noteworthy findings.

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Osada, Takuya, Keisuke Nemoto, Hiroki Nakanishi, Ayumi Hatano, Ryo Shoji, Tomohiro Naruoka und Masato Yamada. „Analysis of Ammonia Toxicity in Landfill Leachates“. ISRN Toxicology 2011 (28.09.2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/954626.

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Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phase I manipulations and toxicity test with D. magna were conducted on leachates from an industrial waste landfill site in Japan. Physicochemical analysis detected heavy metals at concentrations insufficient to account for the observed acute toxicity. The graduated pH and aeration manipulations identified the prominent toxicity of ammonia. Based on joint toxicity with additive effects of unionized ammonia and ammonium ions, the unionized ammonia toxicity () was calculated as 3.3 ppm, and the toxicity of ammonium ions () was calculated as 222 ppm. Then, the contribution of ammonia toxicity in the landfill leachate toxicity was calculated as 58.7 vol% of the total toxicity in the landfill leachate. Other specific toxicants masked by ammonia's toxicity were detected. Contribution rate of the toxicants other than by ammonia was 41.3 vol% of the total toxicity of the landfill leachate.

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Brkanac, Sandra Radić, Valerija Vujčić, Petra Cvjetko, Vid Baković und Višnja Oreščanin. „Removal of landfill leachate toxicity and genotoxicity by two treatment methods“. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 65, Nr. 1 (01.03.2014): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2431.

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Summary Leachates from active and closed municipal solid waste landfills can be a major source of contamination to groundwater and surface waters. In the present study the toxic and genotoxic potential of leachate from an old sanitary landfill prior to and following chemical and electrochemical treatments were assessed using Lemna, Allium, and comet tests. Photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (indicator of lipid peroxidation) and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated as additional indicators of toxicity in duckweed. Following duckweed exposure to 25 % dilution of landfill leachate, growth rate and photosynthetic pigments content significantly decreased while lipid peroxidation increased despite stimulation of antioxidative defence mechanisms. Diluted leachate induced DNA strand breaks in duckweed cells as evidenced by the comet assay. Regarding the Allium test, untreated leachate caused inhibition of Allium cepa cell division and induction of mitotic and chromosomal aberrations. Although both water treatments completely reduced genotoxicity of leachate, the electrochemical method was found to be more efficient in removing toxic substances present in landfill leachate and thus more suitable for treating such leachates prior to their discharge into the environment. As landfill leachates pose a risk to human health and environment in general due to their (geno)toxicity, the present study demonstrates that the ecotoxicity/genotoxicity assays should be used in leachate risk assessment together with physicochemical analysis.

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Gripa, Everton, Alyne M. Costa, Juacyara C. Campos und Fabiana V. da Fonseca. „Ozonation Pretreatment for Reduction of Landfill Leachate Fouling on Membranes: A Response Surface Methodology Analysis“. Processes 8, Nr. 5 (26.04.2020): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050506.

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Batch ozonation was performed to assess its efficacy as a pretreatment for reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for treating leachate with high concentrations of recalcitrant organic compounds. Leachate samples from two different landfills were collected and characterized. The modified fouling index (MFI) was used to estimate the fouling potential of raw and ozonized leachates. A response surface experimental design was applied to optimize operational pH and ozone dose. The results demonstrate that the best operational conditions are 1.5 g/L of O3 at pH 12.0 and 1.5 g/L of O3 at pH 9.0 for Landfills 1 and 2, which reduce MFI by 96.22% and 94.08%, respectively. Additionally, they show toxicity factor decays of 98.44% for Landfill 1 and 93.75% for Landfill 2. These results, along with the similar behavior shown by leachate samples from distinct landfills, suggest that ozonation is a promising technology to fit this kind of wastewater into the requirements of RO membranes, enabling their use in such treatment.

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Vaverková, Magdalena Daria, Jakub Elbl, Eugeniusz Koda, Dana Adamcová, Ayla Bilgin, Vojtěch Lukas, Anna Podlasek et al. „Chemical Composition and Hazardous Effects of Leachate from the Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Surrounded by Farmlands“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 11 (02.06.2020): 4531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114531.

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Landfill leachates are potentially harmful to the environment and to human health. The objective of this study was to characterize leachates in order to analyze whether a relationship exists between the stored waste and the composition of leachates, and to detect possible leakages of pollutants into the environment. To achieve these objectives, field data, Global Positioning System data and physico-chemical data were used. Biological tests are becoming increasingly popular in determining leachate toxicity; therefore, two toxicity tests were performed with the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Leachates were sampled from the leachate pond. Groundwater quality was monitored by using drill holes. The research and analysis carried out are important to determine their potential impact on agricultural areas located near the landfill. Demonstrably increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of heavy metals were detected only in the leachate pond which closes the landfill body, where it links up with the landfill insulation layer. Water sampled from drill holes reaching into groundwater was not contaminated. The results showed that the leachates did not leak outside the landfill. Nevertheless, they were found to be phytotoxic. Both toxicity tests showed that the increasing amount of leachates resulted in the increasing growth inhibition of the tested plants. The proper handling of leachates should have been ensured.

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Kasmara, Hikmat, Desti Pratiwi, Sundoro Yoga Azhary, Eko Sulistyo, Camellia Panatarani und I. Made Joni. „Acute Toxicity Investigation of Landfill Leachates Treated with Fine Bubbles“. Advanced Engineering Forum 41 (07.07.2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.41.55.

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Landfill Leachates is one of the pollutants containing high organic matter and heavy metal which can cause toxic pollution to water due to less than optimal leachate processing. This study aims to introduce fine bubbles treatment to the leachate processing technology at the waste treatment facility at Sarimukti, West Java Indonesia. The toxicity test was conducted in the acute toxicity test and test for D. magna. The acute toxicity test was carried out using a static biological test according to APHA standards (1995). The LC50-48 hours ware calculates using the Finney Probit Analysis Software. The results showed that the effectiveness of Sarimukti TPA leachate treatment was 97.5% DO, 71% BOD, 86% TDS, and 74.8% turbidity. The XRF spectra on the leachate after fine bubble found a recovery of heavy metal elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Sn. Based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation, the effectiveness of leachate processing has reached the safe standard limit for pH, mercury, cadmium parameters. The acute toxicity of leachate before and after treatment fine bubble was 14.516 ppm and 11.178 ppm. The acute toxicity of leachate is considered almost non-toxic.

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Hauashdh, Ali, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Junita Abd Rahman und Junaidah Jailani. „Analysis of leachate from solidified peat soil“. MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825006015.

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Peat soil is very compressible where this characteristic is lead to an excessive settlement. Solidification of peat soil is a method to improve engineering properties of peat soil. Currently, solidification of peat soil is increasing, wherefore it is a critical need to study the environmental effects from solidified peat soil leachate due to solidification peat mixtures usually used materials of generation wastes from coal-fired electric power. The effect of leachate from solidified peat to the environment is one of the most important criteria that should be investigated. This study aims to investigate the environmental impacts of leachate from solidified peat affected by rainwater. In this study, solidification of hemic peat soil was done by mixing hemic peat soil with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). Leachate is the liquid that has percolated through a soil column outlets. Therefore, this study was to analysis the leachate from solidified hemic peat when it is saturated by rainwater in two different conditions, which are a dry and wet season by using physical model (soil column). The leachate samples were analyzed by using Ionic Chromatography (IC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (IC-MS). The anions concentration of leachate from solidified peat has increased for Cl-SO42-in wet condition as result rainwater inflow was increased during the wet condition, and the chemical composition of rainwater contains Cl-and SO42-. The concentration of cations on the leachate from solidified peat has increased at Fe+2 and Al+3 in wet condition, which proven solidified peat has an effect on the leachate In comparison with leachate of non-solidified peat. The concentration of anions for Cl-and SO42-the leachate still consider in the normal range of groundwater concentration that classified as freshwater, but in case FA, BA, and OPC are used excessively in the mixture for solidifying peat in a wetland, leachate from solidified peat will effect on elements concentration of groundwater and land properties.

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Butcher, E. J., J. Borwick, N. Collier und S. J. Williams. „Long term leachate evolution during flow-through leaching of a vault backfill (NRVB)“. Mineralogical Magazine 76, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2012): 3023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.18.

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AbstractSome of the illustrative concepts for the disposal of intermediate-level waste in a geological disposal facility in the UK employ a cementitious backfill around the waste packages. The concept for higher strength rocks would use a highly alkaline backfill composed of Portland cement (now known as CEM I), hydrated lime and limestone flour, referred to as Nirex reference vault backfill (NRVB).This paper reports a study of the extensive leaching of cured NRVB in a range of generic leachant compositions (deionized water, 0.1 M and 1 M NaCl solutions) under flow-through conditions using a flexible wall permeameter. The experiments were designed to run for up to two years and to pass at least 1000 volumes of leachant (defined as the cumulative leachate volume produced/NRVB solid specimen volume) through the NRVB samples. Results for the pH evolution profiles of the leachates and the microstructural analysis of the unleached and leached samples are presented.

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Olisa, Emmanuel, Nasiman Sapari, Amirhossein Malakahmad, Ezerie Henry Ezechi, Ali Riahi, Ibrahim Umar Salihi und Kalu Uka Orji. „Evaluation of Leachate Characteristics from Different Leachate Ponds in a Semi-Aerobic Landfill“. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 22 (Februar 2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.22.68.

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In this study, the performance of a semi-aerobic landfill was monitored through the analysis of leachate composition collected from different leachate ponds; collection pump (CP), equalization pond (EQ) and aerated pond (AP). The landfill site is located in the tropical environment of the central region of Malaysia. Twenty parameters were analyzed and the average values of the parameters for leachate at the CP, EQ and AP, which include; pH (8.24, 8.00 and 8.73), total kjeldahl nitrogen (3987.25, 8744.6, 1927.31 TKN-N), ammonia-N (3726, 3800, 1560 mg/L NH3-N), nitrate (26.7, 33.3, 25 mg/L NO3-N), total phosphorus (0.85, 0.78, 0.92 mg/L PO43-), BOD5 (305, 311.3, 201 mg/L), COD (16100, 14587, 12780 mg/L), BOD5/COD (0.019, 0.021, 0.016), turbidity (405, 735, 940 NTU), colour (3991, 4122, 3412 Pt Co), TSS (109.3, 58, 50.7 mg/L), EC (32.8, 21.9, 37.0 mS/cm) and TDS (21.98, 14.7, 24.8 mg/L) were recorded appropriately. The results realized from the analysis of the three ponds, were compared with previously published data and also the standards specified by the Malaysia Environmental Quality Act 1974. The obtained results indicate that the leachate from the aerated pond could remove some of the pollutants and was more stabilized when compared with the leachate from the pump and equalization ponds. It is also found that the aeration process in aerated pond could enhance the reduction of pollutants in the leachate. The measured leachates would require appropriate treatment methods in order to reduce the pollutants to meet the discharge standard before releasing them into water courses.

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Rashid, Sozan W., Dler M. S. Shwan und Khsraw A. Rashid. „Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Seasonal Variations of Landfill Leachate and Groundwater Quality around Tanjaro Open Dump Area of Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan, Iraq“. Journal of Chemistry 2022 (20.12.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8574935.

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The current study is concerned with the primary environmental assessment of the physicochemical characterization of seasonal fluctuations in the leachate of Tanjaro open dump site in Sulaymaniyah City, and its impact on the quality of the groundwater. The primary characteristics of the leachates were their high levels of organic and inorganic components and their toxicity because of the presence of heavy metal concentrations. For almost all physicochemical parameters, the leachate from the Tanjaro area dumping has incredibly high values. All heavy metals were present in leachate, with the exception of cadmium and mercury, albeit at levels below their respective permitted limits. The characterization revealed that Leachate 1 (L1) may be referred to as young leachate, whereas Leachate 2 (L2) and Leachate 3 (L3) can be referred to as old leachate due to their pH values. It was indicated that the Tanjaro dumping is operating and in the early stages of stabilization. BOD5/COD was around 0.63, and the leachate was highly biodegradable in the anaerobic phase. Groundwater, which contains little to no organic matter, was not found to be severely affected by monitoring wells located close to the dumpsites. The conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, Mn, and Fe were some of the values that went above the WHO guidelines. Correlation analysis was used as a preliminary descriptive technique to establish the strength of the association between the relevant variables. Some parameters were discovered to be statistically significantly correlated with one another, pointing to a close connection between these parameters.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Leachate Analysis"

Akyol, Selin. „Assessment Of Quality And Quantity Of Leachate From The Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Of Bursa“. Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606535/index.pdf.

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In this study, regularly measured long-term leachate data from Bursa Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWL) were analyzed using conventional statistical, time series and factor analyses to investigate in detail the temporal variability of leachate quality and quantity, trend, randomness, seasonality and the auto- and cross- correlations of leachate pollutants. Evaluating the results of data analyses, leachate management recommendations, including sampling strategies in monitoring programs and treatment alternatives for old and fresh leachates, were developed. Statistically analyzed leachate parameters included BOD, COD, pH, SS, electrical conductivity, total CrO4, Cr6+, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, CN-, Cl, F, total P, NH4-N, total N, SO4, S2-, total alkalinity and leachate flow rate. Results indicated that the majority of pollutant concentrations varied in large ranges. Leachate parameters usually showed non-normal distributions and high variability in the closed T Valley compared to the open Main Valley. The majority of leachate parameters was autocorrelated and had statistically significant correlations amongst themselves. Factor analysis showed that different inter-relationships were present between leachate parameters for closed and open valleys. The sampling frequency and the number of leachate parameters need to be measured were determined to be higher for open landfills than for closed landfills. It was recommended that leachates, having high organic strength, in open landfill be treated using biological and physical/chemical processes. However, after the closure of the landfill, physical/chemical processes were recommended for leachate treatment, as it gradually completes transition from fresh to old leachate.

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Shimoga, Ramesh. „Structural behavior of jointed leachate collection pipes“. Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175621396.

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Rahman, Mohammad Hafizur. „Spatial and temporal analysis of landfill leachate characteristics at Trail Road Landfill site“. Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28484.

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This study is conducted at the Trail Road Landfill, located in Nepean, Ontario, Canada. The objective is to investigate the leachate characteristics of changing spatial-temporal patterns in a landfill groundwater environment by comprehensive analyses of annual spatial data. Exploratory statistical data analysis identified the association of B (boron) with K, NH3 and TKN. Raster layers (maps) are created based on the concentrations of required variables in each time interval (year). In this study, it is notable that the raster data layers are used instead of discrete well data. Several change detection methods are applied to determine the spatial and temporal changes of B and its associated variables and to identify the well locations where the changes occurred. These included post-classification visualization, principal component analysis, standard deviation and unsupervised classification (clustering) methods. The suitability of these methods is also discussed. The results determined that during the 1993-95 time period the concentrations of B and its associates was initially increasing, and then decreased substantially. In summary, the study analysed characteristics of pollutants in landfill site groundwater environmental monitoring by using raster data in different change detection methods, and discussed the suitability of the applied methods. The same methodology and analysis techniques can be applied to other variables in similar environmental monitoring studies.

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Gimbert, Laura Jane. „Phosphorus speciation in soil leachate using field-flow fractionation and flow injection analysis“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1916.

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Colloidal material (0.001 - 1 um) in soil leachate and agricultural drainage waters is an important route for the transport of contaminants such as phosphorus from land to catchments. Excessive phosphorus concentrations can result in eutrophication of natural waters. To be able to characterise the colloidal material, in terms of size distribution, a mild and relatively new separation technique field-flow fractionation (FFF) can be used to fractionate complex colloidal samples. By combining FFF and flow injection analysis (FIA) more detailed physico-chemical information on phosphorus species in soil leachates and agricultural runoff waters can be obtained. Chapter 1 describes the methods used to determine phosphorus and also to characterise colloidal material, especially using FFF, and particularly focusing on the Flow FFF (FIFFF) sub-technique. Chapter 2 concentrates on the experimental considerations for FIFFF with recommended procedures for the setup and calibration of the system. In Chapter 3, SdFFF is used to compare the use of centrifugation and filtration for the fractionation of an Australian soil suspension, and demonstrates the uncertainties surrounding the use of conventional membrane filtration. FIFFF is used in Chapter 4 to optimise a sampling, treatment and preparation protocol for two contrasting soil types sampled in the UK. Centrifugation and filtration methods are also compared in a similar approach used in Chapter 3. In Chapter 5 a portable Fl monitor is optimised for the detection of reactive phosphorus. The linear range for the Fl monitor is determined as 0.8 - 8.0 uM PO4-P with a limit of detection o f 0.6 uM PO4-P. A digestion method is also optimised for the determination of total phosphorus using an acidic peroxydisulphate autoclaving method. In Chapter 6, FIFFF and FIA are combined in an experiment describing the fractionation of a soil suspension and the subsequent determination of phosphorus associated with different size fractions. The results from this combination show great potential and will help improve our understanding of the role of colloids in phosphorus transport from agricultural land to catchments.

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Danzig, Andrew Jay. „Chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of a landfill leachate and an industrial wastewater“. Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03142009-040745/.

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Zhao, Renzun. „Management strategy of landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77186.

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Studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of landfill leachate discharge on the operation of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). Two aspects of interferences were found: one is UV quenching substances, which are bio-refractory and able to penetrate the biological treatment processes, consequently interfere the UV disinfection in WWTPs. The other one is organic nitrogen, which can pass the nitrification-denitrification process and contribute to the effluent total nitrogen (TN). Also, treatability study was conducted for landfill gas (LFG) condensate. In a laboratory study, leachate samples were fractionated into humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and Hydrophilic (Hpi) fractions, the specific UV254 absorbance (SUVA254) of the three fractions follows: HA > FA > Hpi. However, the overall UV254 absorbance of the Hpi fraction was important because there was more hydrophilic organic matter than humic or fulvic acids. It was found that the size distribution of the three fractions follows: HA > FA > Hpi. This indicates that membrane separation following biological treatment is a promising technology for the removal of humic substances from landfill leachates. Leachate samples treated in this manner could usually meet the UV transmittance requirement of the POTWs. Also, nitrogen species in landfill leachates under various stabilization states were investigated. Although the effect of landfill stabilization state on the characteristics of organic matter and ammonia is well documented, there are few investigations into the landfill leachate organic nitrogen under different stabilization stages. Ammonia was found to leach out slower than organic matter and can maintain a constant level within the first a couple of years (< 10 years). The concentration and biodegradability of organic nitrogen were found to decrease with landfill age. A size distribution study showed that most of organic nitrogen in landfill leachates is < 1 kDa. The protein concentration was analyzed and showed a strong correlation with the organic nitrogen. Different slopes of regression curves of untreated and treated leachates indicate that protein is more biodegradable than the other organic nitrogen species in landfill leachates. XAD-8 resin was employed to isolate the hydrophilic fraction of leachate samples, hydrophilic organic nitrogen was found to be more biodegradable/bioavailable than the hydrophobic fractions. Furthermore, biological and physical-chemical treatment methods were applied to a landfill biogas (LFG) condensate to explore the feasible treatment alternatives for organic contaminant and arsenic removal efficiency. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) showed effectiveness for the degradation of organic matter, even in an environment containing high levels of arsenic. This indicated a relatively low toxicity of organic arsenic as compared to inorganic arsenic. However, for arsenic removal, oxidation-coagulation, including biological oxidation, conventional oxidation and advanced oxidation followed by ferric salt coagulation, and carbon adsorption were not effective for what is believed to be tri-methyl arsenic. Among these, advanced oxidation-coagulation showed the best treatment efficiency (15.1% removal). Only reverse osmosis (RO) could reduce the arsenic concentration to an acceptable level to meet discharge limits. These results implied high stability and low toxicity of organic arsenic.
Ph. D.

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Jorstad, Lange B. School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. „Analysis of variation in inorganic contaminant concentration and distribution in a landfill leachate plume: Astrolabe Park, Sydney, Australia“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23427.

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Spatial and temporal variation in inorganic contaminant concentration and distribution in a landfill leachate plume is examined to determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed variation, and to provide an assessment of the implications of this variation with respect to the interpretation of monitoring data, specifically with regards to its application to geochemical modelling. An integrated approach to field investigation was utilised in this study, including sample collection from a network of standard and bundled piezometers, surface and borehole geophysical investigation techniques, and a manometer board for the measurement of hydraulic head in bundled piezometers. Nine groundwater sampling events were conducted over a 12 month period, with sample analyses comprising field measurement of water quality parameters and redox sensitive elements, and laboratory analysis for major and trace elements and stable isotopes (??18O, ??2H, ??13C-DIC, ??15N). The vertical position of the centre of mass of the leachate plume was observed to vary up to 2 metres between monitoring events, and concentrations of key indicator parameters were observed to fluctuate by as much as 160%. The electrical images created by surface resistivity transects along a groundwater flow path between the landfill and a groundwater-fed pond a short distance downgradient suggest a plume configuration characterised by discrete pulses of concentrated leachate migrating in a conservative manner between the landfill and the pond. It is hypothesized that these leachate slugs are flushed into the aquifer during sustained periods of rainfall, presumed to be a significant driver of leachate mobilisation into the underlying aquifer. The most significant hydrogeochemical processes affecting contaminant mobilisation, transport and attenuation in the leachate-impacted shallow aquifer included microbial degradation of organic waste, dissolution of inorganic waste, ion exchange, precipitation of sulfide and carbonate minerals, mixing with rainfall recharge along flow path, and redox transformations along the plume fringe. These processes are supported by hydrogeochemical data analysis, and generally agree with the results of inverse geochemical modelling. While analysis of detailed groundwater monitoring appears to provide a plausible description of the plume dynamics, the results of the electrical resistivity transects indicates a more varied and complex plume configuration than is suggested by the borehole data alone. This integration of investigation techniques underscores the inherent inadequacy of even a high-resolution monitoring well network to accurately describe the full extent of variation in time and space within a contaminant plume, even in a relatively simple aquifer environment, and accentuates the potentially significant limitations of site-scale hydrogeochemical interpretation based solely on borehole monitoring data.

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Tobalt, Andrew. „Statistical Analysis and Optimization of Ammonia Nitrogen Removal from Aqueous Solutions and Landfill Leachate by Ultrasound Iradiation“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36850.

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The application of Ultrasound (US) irradiation to remove ammonia nitrogen from aqueous solutions, including synthetic solution and landfill leachate, at 20 kHz was investigated in this thesis. Batch experiments were carried out using two synthetic solutions with initial ammonia concentrations of 3000 and 5000 mg TAN/L in addition to two leachates from new and old landfills. The results of testing showed that US irradiation is an effective treatment technology for the removal of aqueous ammonia. More specifically, it was found that increasing sonication time and pH increased ammonia removal. The maximum observed removal of ammonia was 87.4% at a pH of 11 and sonication time of 25 minutes. Also, it was found that volatilization of ammonia to the atmosphere accounted for 0-7% of removal, the thermal effect of US accounted for 21.1-52.7%, and the non-thermal effect of US accounted for 44.5-78.8% (depending on pH and sonication time). Results of factorial design and response surface methodology showed that pH, energy output (kJ), and the interaction between the two were significant parameters. The predicted two factor interaction (2FI) model was in close agreement to the observed data (R2 = 0.94) and produced an optimum ammonia removal of 87% at a pH of 10.9 and energy output of 94.8 kJ. Analysis of variance tests showed that there were no significant differences in the percent removal of ammonia due to the non-thermal effects of US across all four solutions (synthetic and leachate) indicating that US irradiation is a non-selective treatment method for ammonia removal.

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VanTrees, Craig. „Analysis of Precipitates and Waters Associated with an Alkaline Leachate, Gulf State Steel Property, Gadsden, Alabama: A Reconnaissance Study“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/25.

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Calcite stalactites ranging in length from several inches to a foot long are found forming on the southeastern slag pile at the former Gadsden Steel Mill of the Gulf States Steel Corporation. Analyses of samples collected per EISOPQAM guidelines include the following: petrographic, conductivity, pH, XRD, XRF, TDS, and major cations and anions. Preliminary field pH and conductivity measurements indicate that waters near the slag pile have a pH ranging from 11-12 and a conductivity ranging from 1115-6300 Î¼S/ cm. Titration data indicate that the maximum pH value is 12.5. These calcite stalactites and stream coatings result from the dissolution of the steelmaking slag by rainfall. These alkaline waters precipitate calcite when they are in contact with atmospheric CO2. Improper management of slag products can lead to aesthetically impacted environments and ecosystems. Several studies and this study show that steel slag could be used to sequester atmospheric CO2.

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Walsh, Kerry A. „Characterising the microbial community associated with a constructed wetland treating landfill leachate at Pitsea landfill site using 16S rDNA analysis“. Thesis, University of East London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274628.

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Bücher zum Thema "Leachate Analysis"

Vicevic, Glenn. The enhanced sanitary landfill, Phase I: The anaerobic treatability of landfill leachate : a final report. Mississauga, ON: ORTECH International., 1989.

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Govier, R. D. X-ray fluorescence analysis of superalloy leach liquors using a thin-film technique. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1989.

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Hanson, Jay C. Applicability of electrical methods in deep detection and monitoring of conductive lixiviants. Pgh. [i.e. Pittsburgh] PA: United States Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1992.

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Alben, Katherine. Leachate from organic coating materials used in potable water distribution systems: [research report]. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1989.

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Kristensen, Preben. Økotoksikologiske metoder til undersøgelse af forurenet grundvand og perkolat: Litteraturundersøgelse. [Lyngby]: Lossepladsprojektet, 1988.

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Dolan, Sylvia. Effects of nutrient adition on the chemical composition of leachates from forest and grassland soils. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Ma, Te-hsia. Genotoxicity of gaseous agents and leachates from a landfill and the air around and incinerator. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Office of Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Studies, 1993.

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MCkune, P. An analysis of leachates produced by two aged landfill sites in the Wolverhampton area. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1994.

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Fortin, C. Analysis of the complexing capacity of low-level radioactive waste leachates using an ion-exchange technique. Chalk River, Ont: Chalk River Laboratories, 1995.

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L, Hageman Philip, und Geological Survey (U.S.), Hrsg. Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) leachate chemistry data for solid mine-waste composite samples from southwestern New Mexico, and Leadville, Colorado. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Leachate Analysis"

Radojevic, Miroslav, und Vladimir N. Bashkin. „Recommended Groundwater and Leachate Monitoring for Landfill Sites“. In Practical Environmental Analysis, 445–46. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847552662-00445.

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Tesseme, Tamru, und Sumedha Chakma. „Trend Analysis of Long-Term MSW Leachate Characteristics“. In Advances in Waste Management, 143–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0215-2_10.

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Vishnoi, Pooja, und M. Shambhavi Kamath. „Analysis of Leachate Characteristics to Study Coal Ash Usability“. In Management of Natural Resources in a Changing Environment, 241–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12559-6_18.

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Ranjan, Shweta, Davinder Singh und Sanjeev Kumar. „Analysis of Landfill Leachate and Contaminated Groundwater: A Review“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 55–62. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4731-5_5.

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Sarath Chandra, K., und S. Krishnaiah. „A Detailed Geotechnical Investigation on Red Mud and Chemical Analysis of Its Leachate“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 267–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6237-2_23.

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Sivakumar Babu, G. L., und Mandeep Raj Pandey. „Sustainability Analysis of the Vertical Barriers Based on Energy and Carbon Assessment for Leachate Containment“. In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 201–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4077-1_21.

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Mutch, L. A., E. L. J. Watkin und Helen R. Watling. „Analysis of the Microbial Community in the Leachate Collected from an Experimental Bioleaching Column by Cloning and RFLP“. In Advanced Materials Research, 485–88. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-452-9.485.

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Mas, J. L., S. Hurtado, M. Villa und R. García-Tenorio. „Determination of Thorium and Uranium Isotope Ratios in Norm and Norm-Polluted Sample Leachates Using ICP–QMS“. In Environmental Radiochemical Analysis IV, 40–54. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732949-00040.

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Bolger, T., und M. M. Coûteaux. „Core Project: Multivariate Analysis of Nutrient Concentrations in Leachates From Soils Transported to Sites of Differing Chemical Climate“. In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 709–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_126.

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Dyadyura, Kostiantyn, Liudmyla Hrebenyk, Tatyana Ivakhniuk, Maria Vyshegorodtseva und Liudmyla Primova. „Analysis of Permissible Limits for Leachable of Trace Impurities from Bone Substitutes Containing Hydroxyapatite and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate“. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 260–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91327-4_26.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Leachate Analysis"

Pacheco, M., und J. F. Vasconcellos. „Probabilistic assessment of leachate propagation in the groundwater by an uncontrolled landfill“. In RISK ANALYSIS 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk060191.

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Fitriani, Dini, Kartika Hajar Kirana, Eleonora Agustine, Mia Uswatun Hasanah und dan Anggie Susilawati. „Magnetic susceptibility, morphological and magnetic mineral composition analysis on leachate sludge“. In The 13th SEGJ International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 12-14 November 2018. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segj2018-116.1.

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DE ALMEIDA, RONEI. „Landfill leachate membrane concentrate management - a mini-review and SWOT analysis“. In III SUSTENTARE e VI WIPIS. ,: Even3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/iii_sustentare_vi_wipis.406419.

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De Donno, G., und E. Piegari. „Clustering Analysis of Ert/Ip Data for Leachate Mapping in Urban Waste Landfills“. In NSG2022 28th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202220107.

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Seniunaitė, Jurgita, und Saulius Vasarevičius. „Heavy Metals Leaching of MSWI Bottom Ash: Effect of Short-term Natural Weathering“. In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.046.

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Municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI) is an important part of the waste management systems in many European countries. Incineration process generates two main by-products: fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). Bottom ash is composed of a variety of oxides, heavy metals and salts. Landfilling of untreated (fresh) BA can cause soil, surface and ground water contamination problems, because atmospheric precipitation in BA formed leachate, which contains of various materials. In this study investigates the influence of natural weathering to heavy metals leaching from BA. Leaching tests of bottom ash were carried out in 6 months, leachate samples were taken at 12 times (every 2 weeks). Heavy metals (Pb, Cu) concentrations were determined by atomic adsorption of spectral analysis method. The research shown, that the highest lead and copper concentration was determinated in 2 weeks weathered bottom ash leachate, respectively was 0.613 mg l–1 and 0.068 mg l–1. In both cases the concentration of Pb (0.010–0.052 mg l–1) and Cu (0.010-0.018 mg l–1) became almost stable after 12 weeks. Can be concluded, that short-term (3 months) natural weathering is sufficient time for stabilise MSWI bottom ash and heavy metals (Cu and Pb) leaching. After 18–24 weeks heavy metals concentrations stabilized and remained almost constant.

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Zhang, Wen-Ye, Hong-Zhong Zhang und Yu-An Sun. „Comparison of Different Pretreatments for Analysis of Organic Components by GC in Landfill Leachate“. In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515522.

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Parker, Cheryl, Bruce Thomson, Kara Hart, John Stormont und Mark Stone. „Analysis of Coal Combustion By-Product Disposal Practices in Arid Climates: Leachate Water Quality“. In World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.271.

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Owada, Hitoshi, Tomoko Ishii, Mayumi Takazawa, Hiroyasu Kato, Hiroyuki Sakamoto und Masahito Shibata. „Modeling of Alteration Behavior on Blended Cementitious Materials“. In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59096.

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A “realistic alteration model” is needed for various cementitious materials. Hypothetical settings of mineral composition calculated based on the chemical composition of cement, such as Atkins’s model, have been used to estimate the alteration of cementitious material. However, model estimates for the concentration of certain elements such as Al and S in leachate have been different from experimental values. In a previous study, we created settings for a mineralogical alteration model by taking the initial chemical composition of cementitious materials from analysis results in experiments and applying their ratios to certain hydrated cement minerals, then added settings for secondary generated minerals in order to account for Ca leaching. This study of alteration estimates for ordinary portland cement (OPC) in groundwater showed that the change in Al and S concentrations in simulated leachate approached values for actual leachate[1]. In the present study, we develop an appropriate mineral alteration model for blended cementitious materials and conduct batch-type leaching experiments that use crushed samples of blast furnace slag cement (BFSC), silica cement (SC), and fly ash cement (FAC). The cement blends in these experiments used OPC blended with blast furnace slag of 70 wt.%, silica cement consisting of an amorphous silica fine powder of 20 wt.%, and fly ash of 30 wt.%. De-ionized water was used as the leaching solution. The solid-liquid ratios in the leaching tests were varied in order to simulate the alteration process of cement hydrates. The compositions of leachate and minerals obtained from leaching tests were compared with those obtained from models using hypothetical settings of mineral composition. We also consider an alteration model that corresponds to the diversity of these materials. As a result of applying the conventional OPC model to blended cementitious materials, the estimated Al concentration in the aqueous solution was significantly different from the measured concentration. We therefore propose an improved model that takes better account of Al behavior by using a more reliable initial mineral model for Al concentration in the solution.

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Molenda, Tadeusz. „ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATIONS HEAVY METALS (Zn, Pn, Cu, Cd) IN SPOIL TIP LEACHATE FROM COAL MINING“. In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.005.

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MICHIOKU, kOHJI, KENJI TANAKA, HIROYA TANAKA, KOSUKE INOUE, TAMIHIRO NAKAMICHI, MASAHIRO YAGI und NARIAKI WADA. „A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR DENITRIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL LANDFILL LEACHATE AND PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ON DENITRIFICATION CONTROLLING FACTORS“. In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm180301.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Leachate Analysis"

Ambre, P. T. LLBG mixed waste disposal facility leachate sampling and analysis plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Februar 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10120601.

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Essington, M. Chemical equilibria model analysis of Hope Creek eastern oil shale lysimeter leachate data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7179501.

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Butler, N. L. Ion chromatographic analysis of oil shale leachates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6504027.

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Solomon, D. K., R. C. Haese, T. V. Dinsmore und A. D. Kelmers. Sampling and analysis of SWSA 6 trench leachates and groundwaters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Dezember 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6517460.

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Gillow, J. B., und A. J. Francis. West Valley low-level radioactive waste site revisited: Microbiological analysis of leachates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5963038.

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Criscenti, L. J., und R. J. Serne. Geochemical analysis of leachates from cement/low-level radioactive waste/soil systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7056564.

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Rosser, J. R. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. Analyses of leachate collection data for mixed waste trenches 31 and 34 from February 1995 through May 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/657818.

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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar und Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.

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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.

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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen und Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.

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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen und Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.

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