Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Libyan banking“

The 2013-2014 liquidity crisis in Libya has resulted in many Libyans' difficulties accessing their banking accounts and managing their financial standing. In place of this, many commercial banks have developed new mobile payment techniques, particularly the 'MobiCash' Service offered by Wahda Bank to assist Libyan customers in accessing their accounts and carrying out their financial transactions. This paper intends to examine the effect of lifestyle changes on mobile banking services or 'MobiCash' and their awareness of this novel service. Also, this study investigates the more profound understanding of Libyan customers. It highlights customers' socio-economic characteristics using 'MobiCash' services offered by Wahda Bank in the city of Derna in Libya. The questionnaires were distributed online, and a sample of 149 was obtained. SPSS was used to analyse the data and regression analysis to test the significant effect of customers' lifestyles and their awareness of 'MobiCash'. The results showed that Libyan customers were accepting of this form of mobile banking. The findings indicated that age and academic degrees do not influence awareness of 'MobiCash'. However, customer lifestyles affect awareness of the banking service of 'MobiCash'. Socio-Economic factors do not mediate the relationship between lifestyle and awareness of banking services of 'MobiCash'. This study's outcomes have increased the current knowledge on the behaviours and awareness of novel banking service features like 'MobiCash'. Moreover, the study may provide a more in-depth understanding of what is needed for Libyan banking customers to accept further this technological service and, thus, permit the improvement of banking strategies to attract potential users. Future researchers can extend the understanding of this study in other contexts and service environment.

The purpose of this research is to examine the determinants of banking employees’ readiness to support the transformation to the full-fledged Islamic banking system in Libya. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and employing survey questionnaires of 323 employees of 10 conventional Libyan banks analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). This research revealed that the readiness of Libyan banks’ employees is influenced significantly and positively by attitudinal, religious and subjective norms. Moreover, attitude toward transformation is the most critical factor that determines readiness among bank employees. This indicates that bank employees are willing to support the transformation process toward Islamic banking. Due to the unstable security situation in Libya, this research is confined to two states (Tripoli and Benghazi). Further researches may extend applying the proposed model to other states in the country, which may enhance the generalisability of this research’s findings. Overall, this research provides support for the transformation process to Islamic banking as a way to evaluate the readiness of Libyan banking employees for such change. Also, this research emphasizes the importance of undertaking a pre-implementation evaluation of readiness for change in Libyan commercial banks.

Technology-enabled banking services are currently being implemented in developing countries. This research examines how citizens of developing countries adapt to these changes in their banking services. Technological expansion has been occurring in the Arabic region since the 1980s; however, the focus has been on trade and services offered by industries. The banking sector is an information intensive industry and should be at the forefront of advanced use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The banking sector has started to utilize technology-enabled services through the Internet and mobile devices, with the goal of improving customer relationships by empowering customers. One common trend is increasing the use of self-service technologies, which are facilitated by ICTs. This study discusses how Libyan banks should focus their technology strategies to relate to customers, reduce costs and improve services, achieved through the use of a survey completed by customers who have become accustomed to technology-enabled banking services in the developed world. The current availability of technology-enabled banking services in Libya is limited. This paper presents a comparative review of the use of technology-enabled banking services by Libyans when they are in Libya and whilst they are in Australia (a foreign developed country where Libyans are furthering their education).

Despite the availability of some electronic banking (e-banking) services in Libya, these services are still facing difficulties in many ways, they have advantages and disadvantages, and so far, they have not been understood by some customers to get their satisfaction. This research aims to know the extent of customer satisfaction (CS) with e-banking services in Libya through ISO 9126 standards. The research population consisted of all customers of (Al-Wahda) and (Commerce & Development (C&D)) bank in Benghazi city, a random sample of 180 and 207 clients were selected respectively. Research hypotheses have been tested, and we noticed a relationship between the existence of a strong significant correlation between the quality services of e-banking according to quality standards ISO 9126 software and CS among the banks under study. The value of this research comes from the new scientific results to study the impact of the quality of e-banking services on CS in Libyan banks, and its originality lies because of the lack of this research applied to Libyan banks in general and Benghazi city in particular.

PurposeConsidering the importance of current Libyan business environment, this paper aims to understand the influence of culture on perceived service quality that leads to customer satisfaction in the Libyan banking industry. In addition, it would be interesting to explore which type of banks, e.g. public or private banks, moderate the relationship between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from the customers who are receiving services from the top three private and top three public banks in the cities of Tripoli and Misurata, Libya. About 329 samples were obtained and Smart PLS was used for the statistical analysis.FindingsThe results show that perceived service quality is strongly predicted by collectivism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance. Perceived service quality also leads to customer satisfaction among the Libyan banking customers. Further, public bank is more concerned on customer satisfaction compared to private banks.Practical implicationThe research has greater implication for the Middle-Eastern bank managers who are pursuing possibilities of newer business strategies.OriginalityThe study provides an interesting viewpoint of the banking service in Libya, especially in the economic uncertainty post-war and political instability. Its focus on culture as a strong influence to the delivery of service quality in such context is admirable especially in relation with the embedded Islamic culture.

Using the CAMEL model, this study compares the results of the performance of Libyan commercial banks from 2004 to 2010. The first stage of this study used the CAMEL model to assess the performance of Libyan commercial banks. Pool Ordinary Least Square was employed in the second stage. The findings demonstrated that the variables used for this study are appropriate and represent the banking ratio for locating reliable banking institutions. Additionally, the findings demonstrated that the independent factors had a significant impact on bank performance, and the hypothesis were accepted. According to the study, corporate governance should be taken into account in future research in order to analyze bank performance in Libya and obtain further results.

The Libyan economy under the influence of current political risks that is resulted in a sudden halt in petroleum products following the revolution followed by a halt in major economic activities. The banking sector was not immune to these current economic risks therefore, the banking sector faced non-financial and financial risks. Our study focuses on human resources with a high level of talent and skills and their role to overcome the banking risks faced by the Libyan banking sector. This is of great importance as the first study addressing the empowerment of human resources in effective risk management in the banking sector, especially in Libya. To a chive the objective of the study the questionnaire method was used to collect data, the survey was distributed to 320 employees and six banks operating in the eastern part of Libya were selected as targets to investigate the risks faced by the banking system as a result of the current political crisis. The result of the research demonstrated there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the dimensions of employees’ empowerment and effective risk management. It was seen that issues such as training, incentives, and participation, sharing of authority, teamwork for employees are important in risk management. In addition, the risk management and strengthening of human resources among the banks in Benghazi and Al Bayda have been found to differ in their dimensions. The findings in this study seem to be consistent with many findings in the literature.

Regarding the Libyan macroeconomic framework, the petroleum sector returns caused to the government and the need to support civil service job opportunity and preserve the widespread funding system. In 2006, the increasing of the price of the Libyan price oil, around US $63.05, had a significant and positive influence on the Libyan economic situation. The price increased around 65 % compared to the corresponding value in 2004 which was in averaged around US $38.In the same context, the favorable enhancement in the oil sector donated to an observable development in balance of payment surplus, which achieved around 15.4 % of gross domestic product. Also, international reserves improved to be around 19 billion US dollars. Moreover, the Libyan authorities have decreased the bank the percentage of interest rates across the board to enhance the demand in the private sector for credit and established a strategy to update the payment system. All these monetary policies and strategies affect positively on the Libyan macroeconomic and financial situations to be satisfactory in 2004.In 2005, the performance of the macroeconomic stayed comparatively strong. The gross domestic product achieved approximately about 3.5 %. Moreover, the inflation stayed 2.5 %. On the other hand, the economic development is assessed to have been created mainly 4.5 % in the non-oil sectors. In details, the non-oil sectors such as hotels and transportation, construction and services, agriculture and manufacturing sector with respectively values 7%, 5%, 2.5 % and 1.8%. unfortunately, all these sectors showed weak performance recently because of the unstable political situation in the country.Regarding to the banking sectors, according to (Murugiah and Akgam, 2015), Libyan banking sector has realized especially after the issuance of laws. In 2005, this Central Bank of Libya has significant impact on establishing banks and reorganization assets inducing them to look for new investment chances. In our model, the variables Stock Capital, Libyan Oil PriceNumber of population in Libya and dummy variable for the political instability have significant impact on the Libyan gross domestic products at 5% significance level. The heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation tests are checked in the model.Finally, we conclude that increasing (decreasing) the oil and gas prices has a significant influence on the economic development generally in Libya and on the macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product, monetary policy, the unemployment rate, and the inflation rate in the country.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate customer satisfaction in the banking sector of Libya, based on e-marketing. This is an empirical study using mainly primary data collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The study was conducted after validity and reliability testing of a self-administered questionnaire using SPSS program. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 150 bank customers in Misurata, Libya. This paper makes a useful contribution as there are only a few studies dealing with the assessment of components of e-marketing in banking sector of Libya. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the customer satisfaction and e-marketing. Based on three different independent variables (mobile phones, internet and credit cards), regression analysis showed that all these variables positively influenced customer satisfaction in Libyan banking sector. This research has greater implication for the bank management who are looking forward to newer business strategies to achieve customer satisfaction.

This study investigates the four psychological empowerment dimensions (competence, impact, meaning, and self-determination) and how they impact job satisfaction. Employee empowerment innovatively boosts the performance and capabilities of the organizations. This study is significant in the background of the Libyan banking sector working under uncertain conditions since the start of the Libyan civil war. This study proposed a theoretical framework with four hypotheses that established a relationship between competence, impact, meaning, self-determination, and job satisfaction. The study used a quantitative design to test the theoretical model using the psychological empowerment model of Spreitzer (1995) and job satisfaction with the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Five hundred thirty (530) questionnaires were distributed to 25 branches of banks in Libya and received 333 responses, out of which 327 were valid for the analysis. The data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using Partial Least Squares (PLS), aided by Smartpls 3 software. The results indicated that competence was insignificant with job satisfaction and all other three dimensions were positive and significant with job satisfaction even in the bureaucratic organizational structures. It is also interesting to note that lower and middle-level managers have the self-belief to contribute despite influencing the strategies.

This study aims to identify and analyze factors that are affecting customers’ acceptance of Wahda online banking services in Libya. The study group sample was 250 of E-banking users, who were chosen randomly by the authors of this research. The study concluded that there was a considerable effect of Age Factor, E-Service Quality, E-Service Complexity, E-Service Skills and E-Reliability on the adoption of E-Banking services. Age Group Factor was the most effecting element on Libyan Wahda Bank Online Customers’, while E-Security issues were surprisingly the least influential factor. This study proved the importance and effectiveness of the of the following E-Service quality dimensions: E-Banking Ease of Use, E-Efficiency, E-Design, E-Cost Effectiveness, E-System Failure and denied the existence of the effect of E-Data Protection concerns on Customers’ adoption of E-banking services

This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing customer satisfaction with e- banking services in Libyan banks, with a focus on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived credibility, and customer attitude. A descriptive research design with a quantitative research approach was used, and data was collected through a questionnaire distributed online to 215 e-banking users. The findings revealed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived credibility, and customer attitude have a significant positive impact on customers' satisfaction with e-banking services. Customer attitude was found to be the most important factor, followed by perceived ease of use, perceived credibility, and perceived usefulness. The results of this study can be useful for banks in Libya in improving their e- banking services to enhance customers' satisfaction. Banks should prioritize improving customer attitudes towards e-banking services, followed by enhancing the ease of use and credibility of their platforms. Banks should also consider promoting the perceived usefulness of their e-banking services to further increase customer satisfaction. By taking these actions, banks can attract and retain more customers while staying competitive in the digital age. Additionally, these findings can contribute to the existing literature on e-banking services and customer satisfaction, providing valuable insights for future research.

In most countries, especially the developing ones, SMEs have a dynamic role as engines through which the growth objectives can be accomplished. This is very true in the case of Libya where the economy has been over-reliant on oil and gas as well as inefficient public sector. Unfortunately, SMEs in Libya are not playing their expected role as access to finance remains to be a formidable challenge. While banks remain the major external financier, if not the only one, many studies found that Libyans in general avoid dealing with conventional banks mainly due to religious beliefs. However, the recent introduction of Islamic banking and finance in the country could be a game changer. As such, this paper attempts to assess the opportunities for SMEs development in Libya following the recent introduction of Islamic finance. The study is exploratory; therefore the relevant literature is sourced and reviewed. The review shows that there is a strong demand for Islamic finance products from Libyan businesses including SMEs. Coupled with a strong enabling environment in which political stability and regulatory clarity are maintained Islamic finance is viable and has the ability to significantly contribute to the development of SMEs sector.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and development of corporate accounting regulation in Libya. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview methods were used to collect data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with external auditors, financial managers, accounting academics and regulators. Findings – This paper found general agreement that the accounting regulation of public corporations and banks is strongly influenced by the Libyan Commercial Code and the Income Tax Law. Although listed companies and the banking sector in Libya are required to comply with International Accounting Standards (IASs), the majority of them still comply with the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). Moreover, the conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the enforcement of IASs through the Libyan Accountants and Auditors Association (LAAA), local auditors and the Libyan Stock Market has not achieved its purpose. The results also indicate that the accounting profession in Libya is still in its infancy and still lacks clear structure in order to develop corporate accounting practice and it appears to play only an important role in retaining external influences on the accounting practice. The empirical results of this research show that the Salter and Niswander (1995) criteria (longevity, setting exam and auditors’ opinion on companies’ financial reports) found that the level of professionalism in Libya is below the required standard. Originality/value – This paper focuses on corporate accounting regulation and practices and the role of the LAAA in the development of corporate accounting in Libya. This paper, therefore, aims to contribute to the literature by examining the corporate accounting regulation in Libya and fills a gap in international accounting research.

The purpose of this paper is to determine, based on e-marketing, the customer satisfaction of Libya's banking industry. This is an empirical research designed using primary data gained by a well-structured questionnaire. After validity and reliability checking of a self-administered questionnaire using the SPSS software, the analysis was performed. The questionnaire was circulated in Misurata, Libya, to a sample of 350 bank customers. This paper provides a valuable contribution, as there are only a few studies dealing with the evaluation of e-marketing components in Libya's banking industry. The results have shown that the relationship between consumer satisfaction and e-marketing is significant here. Regression analysis found that all these factors positively impacted customer satisfaction in the Libyan banking sector based on three distinct independent variables (mobile phones, internet and credit cards). For bank management, which looks forward to innovative market models to gain customer satisfaction by trust-building, this study has huge implications.

The study focuses on the basic variables of the knowledge economy, where aims to know the role of the knowledge economy in the banking sector and solving the problems facing Libyan commercial banks in the development of banking services. In order to achieve the main purpose of the study, we used the descriptive-analytical method, by using the questionnaire. Where we surveyed a total of 320 employees at six commercial banks operating in the eastern region of Libya. Through incoming questionnaires, we have analyzed 299 questionnaires. The results of the analysis showed a positive relationship between the knowledge economy and the development of banking services and that the knowledge economy plays an active role in the development of banking services, as the sub-variables of the knowledge economy are knowledge, skills, education, IT infrastructure, speed, access to service, research and development, Innovation, institutional regime, economic incentives as well as the sub-dimensions of the developing of banking services that represented in online banking, data transfer services, the use of technology, and customer relations. all of them show a high positive relationship among them. Also, the study includes information on whether there are differences between the knowledge economy and the development of banking services in the banks included in the research. The results of the study showed that knowledge, skills, training, economic incentives, and institutional regime vary according to banks

This paper provides a comparative analysis regarding the performance of 17 Libyan banks over the period 2004 up to 2010. According to the relevant literature, there are few studies that combine both the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique and Tobit model for assessing the efficiency levels and subsequently examining the determinants of efficiency for the banking sector in Libya. For this study, the DEA technique was used to estimate cost, allocative, and technical efficiency of sampled banks by using DEAP software. In the second stage, Tobit regression model was used to identify potential determinants of efficiency by using Stata10 software. The results showed that the specialized banks have exhibited higher mean cost efficiency relative to commercial and private banks. The results of efficiency determinants showed positive relationship between bank efficiency, and return on investment (ROA); risk; and size of operation (SO). This paper concludes with some policy implications of the results.

Murabaha has a great place among the types of banking transactions in most Islamic countries. Murabaha under Islamic law means selling the commodity at the price at which it was bought and increasing the profit. The Bank of the Republic - which is considered the largest commercial bank affiliated to the Central Bank of Libya One of the most important findings of the study is that the Islamic Murabaha contracts in Jumhouria Bank are divided into two main types: 1-Murabaha for the order to buy “internal Murabaha”: It is conducted with individuals in the purchase of cars, furniture and others. 2-Import Murabaha: which takes place with companies by opening letters of credit to customers with a contract to sell goods with import Murabaha. Key words: Islamıc Murabaha Contracts; The Economic Level; Libyan Families

Internet banking is constantly expanding in terms of content and functionality, and it has a significant impact on society. One goal of the Digital Agenda for Libya is to make Internet banking services available to all, reducing cash handling. Internet banking is a critical service that financial institutions provide to their customers in order to facilitate easier and faster access to financial services and transactions. Banks currently spend vast sums of money on the development and maintenance of websites and backend systems that provide clients with Internet banking services. Given the low accessibility of bank websites, evaluation and monitoring of the efficiency of those banking sites that offer the service are needed. The effect of moderating factors on online banking usability assessment in Libya is discussed here. As the Internet grows in popularity, banks are adopting technologies to create their own Web sites. The design of the website is an important factor in determining whether or not visitors will return to the site. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the usability of the Internet banking Web sites of two main banks in Libya. The evaluation procedure is used in the World Wide Web environment to measure real data and obtain response time. To get results on the performance of a Web site, some data from the calculation of page size, composition, structure, and download time has been measured. In this study, a website performance evaluation tool, Dareboost, was used to evaluate the Bank of Commerce & Development website and Wahda Bank website. Dareboost has a- modern graphical user interface that is very easy and intuitive to use and gives a recommendations on how to improve the performance as the result. Based on the observation results, the Bank of Commerce & Development website received the highest score in most metrics. Therefore, the Bank of Commerce & Development website is the best in terms of usability.

This research paper seeks to highlight the role of Islamic banks in achieving development and its importance in Libya. These financial institutions are a humanitarian and social development message aimed at collecting funds and achieving the optimal use of resources in accordance with the rules and provisions of Islamic law to build an Islamic solidarity community, as well as employing money in investment projects that help achieve Economic and social development in Libya and thus achieving sustainable development through various Islamic financing formulas. This study reached a set of results, including that Islamic banking financing for economic projects is good and is increasing in recent times and that economic development is the goal of every country to develop its weak economy.

Mobile applications have become widespread in many aspects of our daily lives. Many people do most of their work via their phones, such as online banking, shopping, etc. Due to many individuals being unaware of their salary details, this paper presents a design and implementation of a Libyan salary application” الراتب” using Flutter (cross-platform). The application allows users to know details of their salaries, including bonuses and deductions according to the salary schedule of each ministry or sector. The application currently contains salary schedules for ten ministries. The implementation consists of the following four steps: data collection of laws and payroll tables for each ministry to use as a local database for the salary application, design of friendly-use application screens using Flutter, integration of the mobile application with Firebase) backend platform by Google), and finally, preparing and deploying an Android and web version of the salary application. The results that were obtained from reviewers in the Google Play Store were satisfactory. There is an increasing local demand to add other ministries to the application. The citizens of the local community encourage providing such a service, which is considered the first of its kind. The application reached more than 100k downloads in less than a year, and the average rating is 4.5 out of 5 in the Google Play Store at the time of writing this paper.

The main objective of the current study is conceptualizing a framework about the factors that affect the Islamic Banking and Finance adoption (IBF) in Libya, namely; Knowledge and Awareness, Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived behavioural control, and Religiosity. The researcher will utilize quantitative research methods. Primary data was collected from Beneficiaries of financial services in Libya who are anticipated to use IBF are the focus of the present research project’s population targeting efforts. A total of 30 respondents were selected for this study. The researcher has found that all of the developed items in the survey questionnaire have scored a sufficient level of Reliability and Validity. Therefore, these results stressed that this framework can be used in an empirical study to extract further results on the relationship between the variables.

This paper attempts to investigate the effect of applying banking regulations on banking performance. This has been conducted on 19 MENA region countries (Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Libya, Iraq, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Palestine, Oman, Djibouti, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, and Mauritania), on a yearly basis over the period from 2008 to 2018. Banking regulations have been measured by each of capital adequacy requirements (capital base to risk-weighted assets), liquidity requirements (liquid assets to total assets), legal reserve requirements (balances with CB to banks' deposit), leverage requirements (total equity to total assets) and provisions policy (total provisions to total capital), while Banking performance has been measured by each of banking efficiency using (data envelopment analysis "DEA" & operational efficiency ratio), banking stability (ABSI & Z-score indexes), credit risk ("non-performing loans" & "provisions for non-performing loans") and profitability (return on assets & return on equity). Results indicate that there is a significant effect of applying banking regulations on each of "banking efficiency", "banking stability", "credit risk" and "profitability". This has been conducted using panel data analysis according to static panel models (SPM) according to three models (pooled regression, fixed effects, and random effects).

After technological progress and in particular the development of internet, internet banking service has intensified the competition between banks as well as allowed customers to easily compare the services that provided by different banks. While the goal of any business entity in the long term is to increase its productivity and maximisation of the profits, customer retention becomes an important component of banking strategy in today’s increasingly competitive environment to foster customer relationship management. In order to achieve this, it is important to concentrate on the consumer’s continued use of a service rather than solely on their acceptance of the service (Adapa, 2011). Therefore, understanding the importance of consumers’ continued use is the key element to maximise customers’ retention in internet banking services.

The BDL independence and the determinants of the economic crisis in Lebanon. This article aims to identify the concept of Central Bank independence which has spread in the 1980s with the tendency to separate fiscal policy from monetary policy to allow the latter to fight with credibility and efficiency for its objective of monetary stability and control of inflation. However, the 2008 financial crisis challenged the requirement of Central Bank independence through Unconventional Monetary Policies (UCMPs). In view of the current collapse of the Lebanese economy, it would be interesting to consider the case of Banque du Liban (BDL), endowed with a certain statutory independence but suffering from weak functional independence. By referring to the model of Jácome (2001) adequate for dollarized economies, we demonstrate that the BDL lacks effective independence which results in its acceptance to comply with the continuous requests of the Public Treasury to contribute to the financing of a growing public debt, part of which in foreign currencies. The BDL maintains a rigid anchoring of the exchange rate in a highly dollarized economy and involves the entire banking system in PMNCs which it calls “financial engineering” and which contribute to the current multidimensional collapse (budgetary, monetary and banking).

The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of Lebanese banks to address the economic challenges posed by COVID-19. These banks faced the disturbances of the 2011 Arab Spring, and these two crises have resulted in similar economic conditions, leading to an assessment of how Lebanese banks are dealing with the pandemic-led challenges. Exploratory analysis revealed the common features in the two events, and confirmatory analysis examined the hypotheses underlying a theoretical framework. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data helped to scrutinize the two events. Content analysis of data collected from semi-structured interviews with seven senior banking professionals confirms that the Lebanese banking sector’s experience gained during the Arab Spring is a valuable asset for bankers, the Banque du Liban (BDL), and the government, which can be used to anticipate and deal with the COVID-driven economic crisis. The study finds three key moderating factors: trust deficit, inherited characteristics of the economy, and fiscal and monetary policy. Most of these conditions are permanent in nature and require long-term planning. As this research was conducted before the catastrophe caused by the August 2020 Beirut explosion, no aspects of the financial consequences to the Lebanese banking sector and economy resulting from this immerse shock are included.

AbstractThis study aims to investigateempirically whether there is any significant association between seven commercial bank-specific attributes (i.e. age of bank, size of bank, bank liquidity position, profitability, government ownership, foreign ownership, and listing status) and the extent of voluntary disclosure in the annual reports. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is used to test the association between bank attributes and voluntary disclosure. The results of regression analysis indicate that banks size and listing status are significantly associated with the level of voluntary information disclosures. The findings also revealed the extent of voluntary disclosure in annual reports is notsignificantly influenced by other bank’s attributes.The current empirical study contributes to that investigation in the context of banking companies andprovides new insight into determinants of voluntary disclosure in the annual reports of listed and unlisted commercial banks.Keywords: Commercial Bank Attributes; Voluntary Disclosure;Annual reports; Libya

This study aims to examine the relationship between board of directors’ characteristics, family control and earnings management practices in Lebanese commercial banks during 2008 to 2016. The characteristics of the board of directors are board size and role duality. Also, the study aims to identify earnings management practices during and after the global financial crisis. Earnings management was measured using discretionary accruals estimated by loan losses provision. The population for the study consists of Lebanese commercial banks registered with the Banque du Liban, which provided 182 bank/year observations during the study period. The results of the study indicate that Lebanese commercial banks with a relatively larger family control are more involved in earnings management practices. The study demonstrates that self-interest overrides common interests, leading the controlling family to maximize its own benefits at the expense of minority owners, resulting in more earnings management practices. In addition, capital adequacy and board size have significant positive influence on earnings management. Earnings management practices were not affected by role duality and bank size. Further, maintaining profitability was found to have a significant impact on earnings management practices. Finally, the results of the study indicate that Lebanese commercial banks became involved in earnings management practices after the global financial crisis compared to the period during the crisis.

This study conducted on Gumhouria Bank and dealing with the role played by the organizational environment on performance and functional satisfaction of the employees. The relevant effect on the customer’s satisfaction indicate that the various elements of the organizational environment have effect on the functional performance and satisfaction of the customers. For raising performance and achieving satisfaction of the employees and customers, elements should be taken into consideration and improvement thereof and solving the problems encountering them. The relationship between the organizational environment and the functional performance is progressive and positive. Whenever the organizational environment increases, the functional performance increases, which, in turn, affects the functional satisfaction degree with the employees. The results indicated effect of the organizational environment on the customer’s satisfaction with the banking services provided. This may be resulting from the effect of organizational environment on the job performance and satisfaction (positive or negative) which, in turn led to achieving satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the customers.

The shadow economy has recently grown significantly in the overall national economy. In the Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania), the informal economy is the result of the introduction of a managed economy, which gradually forms the prerequisites for the emergence of a monetary deficit in these countries. Since the early 1990s, after the institutional changes in the market economy, a black currency exchange has taken a significant turn, which was accompanied by a large gap between the black market and official currency exchange. The relevance of this study is to determine the leverage of the exchange rate on the black market, which will determine the causes and factors of the expansion of this market. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the key determinants of determining the nature and dynamics of the black market exchange rate, as exemplified by the Maghreb countries in the context of long-term relations. The methodological support of the study includes the grouped mean group method and the Granger causality test. The author substantiates the following determinants of the shadow market exchange rate: the official exchange rate, the official real exchange rate, the differential expected rate of return, money supply, the level of reserves and prices. The study empirically confirms that the official exchange rate is the most significant variable that most influences the exchange rate in the shadow market, the official real exchange rate plays a secondary role in determining the black market exchange rate. These results are confirmed in the Granger causality test, which revealed the existence of unidirectional causality between the dependent black market exchange rate and the independent variables – the official rate, the official real currency rate, and the differential expected rate of return. Based on the conducted research, the author has identified the following recommendations for public authorities: 1) managing the shadow currency exchange market is possible in the context of adopting a complex of measures to diversify the sources of currency and implementing a monetary policy on the interest rate based on external rates; 2) the formation of a price control mechanism that will help reduce dependence on the international market. The paper focuses on the further use of the currency hedging instrument in the financial practice of the Maghreb banking system. The author emphasizes the need for the Central Bank to establish appropriate instructions for commercial banks on the organization and functioning of the interbank foreign exchange market in foreign trade operations. Keywords: currency exchange; the black market; Granger causality; heterogeneity; money supply; official course.

ABSTRAK Penurunan profit bisnis kecil akibat implikasi ekonomi pasca pandemi COVID-19. Persoalan struktur permodalan menjadi kendala dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan usahanya secara terus menerus seiring kerubahan zaman. Koperasi Syariah sebagai salah satu lembaga keuangan Islam yang keislaman lebih dekat secara eksistensi maupun teritorial dengan masyarakat tingkat bawah sehingga menjadi alternatif pengembangan usaha masyarakat secara syariah sesuai persyaratan yang diberikan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan syariah dalam sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy terhadap perilaku pemanfaatan produk koperasi syariah di Indonesia. Studi kuantitatif survey online dengan melibatkan 280 calon anggota koperasi syariah yang membutuhkan pembiayaan dan merupakan pemilik UMKM dijalankan dengan teknik analisis SEM PLS. Hasil studi menunjukkan pengaruh literasi keuangan terhadap sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy lalu dilanjutkan arah jalur dukungan hipotesis terhadap niat untuk memilih Koperasi Syariah sebagai solusi kebutuhan finansial UMKM ditemukan. Strategi manajerial khususnya pemasaran dikembangkan dengan mempertimbangkan efek sikap positif, pengaruh sosial dan efikasi diri calon anggota sebagai pemilik bisnis atau produk keuangan syariah yang akan mereka tawarkan kepada pelanggan mereka akan berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan sektor UMKM khususnya UMKM Generasi Millenial dan UMKM Hijau di Indonesia melalui upaya promosi dan kerjasama. Kata Kunci: ASE Model, Ekonomi Islam, Koperasi Syariah, Pemberdayaan, UMKM. ABSTRACT The decline in small business profits due to the post-COVID-19 pandemic economy. The issue of capital structure is an obstacle in maintaining and increasing development continuously in line with the changing times. Sharia cooperatives as one of the Islamic financial institutions are closer in existence and territorially to the lower level of society so that they become an alternative for community business development in accordance with the requirements given. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy on the application of Islamic cooperative products in Indonesia. Quantitative study of online surveys involving 280 prospective members of Islamic cooperatives who need financing and are MSME owners carried out with the PLS SEM analysis technique. The results of the study show the effect of financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy, then choosing the direction of hypothesis support for the intention to find Islamic Cooperatives as a solution to the financial needs of MSMEs. Managerial strategies especially marketing that are developed taking into account the effects of positive attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy of prospective members as owners or Islamic financial products that they will offer to their customers will increase the growth of the MSME sector, especially Millennial Generation MSMEs and Green MSMEs in Indonesia through promotional efforts and cooperation. Keywords: ASE Model, Islamic Economics, Sharia Cooperatives, Empowerment, MSMEs. REFERENCES Abourrig, A. (2021). Social influence in predicting Islamic banking acceptance: Evidence from Morocco. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, 2(2), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4641472 Ajzen, I. (1991a). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I. (1991b). The theory of planned behavior. 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This paper attempts to examine the effects of cognitive skills on the employability competence of Libyan university students. This study aims to develop a practical model for the employability competency of finance and banking graduate students in Libyan universities. The focus of the study will be based on three large selected public universities located in three different regions in Libya: each university will represent each of the three regions (South, East, and West) in Libya. This study conducted a conceptual framework using a list of 60 items, starting with cognitive skills with student's perceptions concerning the set of routine technical, analytic/design and appreciative skills required from finance and banking graduates to pursue a career in the finance and banking profession and the last employability competency required in the workplace. This study collected data from 450 finance and banking students in three universities in Libya. The cognitive skills will be assessed reflectively using a multi-dimensional scale inclusive of routine/technical skills, analytic/design skills and appreciative skills dimensions. This study makes a significant theoretical and methodological contribution to both the students, universities and cognitive literature, as it examines an interesting subject that has not yet been investigated in the Libyan context by assessing cognitive skills as an integrated reflective high-order construct and by examining the overall cognitive skills on their employability competence.

This paper attempts to examine the effects of behavioural skills on the employability competence of Libyan university students. This study aims to develop a practical model for the employability competency of finance and banking graduate students in Libyan universities. The focus of the study will be based on three large selected public universities located in three different regions in Libya: each university will represent each of the three regions (South, East, and West) in Libya. This study conducts a conceptual framework using a list of 48 items, starting with behavioural skills with students' perceptions concerning the set of personal skills and interpersonal skills required from finance and banking graduates to pursue a career in the finance and banking profession and lastly employability competency required in the workplace. This study collected data from 450 finance and banking students in three universities in Libya. The behavioural skills will be assessed reflectively by way of a multi-dimensional scale which is inclusive of personal skills and interpersonal skills dimensions. This study makes a significant theoretical and methodological contribution to both the students, universities and behavioural literature, as it examines an interesting subject that has not yet been investigated in the Libyan context by assessing behavioural skills as an integrated reflective high-order construct and by examining the overall behavioural skills on their employability competence.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of top management support (TMS) and risk management (RM) on the internal audit activities (IAA) and fraud mitigation (FM) in the Libyan banking sector. Design/methodology/approach The data is collected using a survey questionnaire of 16 commercial banks in Libya and analysed using a structural equation modeling. Findings The study shows positive and significant relationships between RM and employees’ FM and TMS and employees’ FM. The study also demonstrates a significant mediating effect on the relationship between RM, TMS and FM. Research limitations/implications The study is conducted in the Libyan banking sector. Further research is needed in other contexts and sectors to understand the contribution of the RM and TMS on FM, including the impact of technology and internal audit characteristics in terms of experience, education and professional certificates on FM. Originality/value The study is the first attempt to explore FM in an emerging economy, particularly Libya, by introducing IAA as a mediator. The study provides implications for regulators and top management in the banking sector.

Financial performance analysis is the process of determining the operating and financial characteristics of a firm from accounting and financial statements. The literature provided some evidence to support a positive association between strategies that banks follow while mange the liquidity and risk and banks performance. In Libyan context, no studies have explored the characteristics of risk management in general and specifically liquidity risk management, or the effect of such management on banks performance. Libyan commercial banks operating in the western region were identified as the study's population. Boards of directors and members of risk committees, executive managers, and department heads of Libyan commercial banks were among the potential constituents. Liquidity risk management, as well as financial performance, were the primary criteria for selecting these special interest groups. Sample size was carefully chosen, and structured questionnaires were given to participants to elicit their opinions and knowledge about the impact of bank risk management on the financial performance of universal banks in this study. A partial least squares (PLS) technique was used to analyse the empirical data using structural equation modelling (SEM). Banks' liquidity risk management and financial performance, as measured by bank managers' perceptions, had a significant positive relationship. Thus, liquidity risk management is a major antecedent for the financial performance in the Libyan banking industry. Keywords: Liquidity risk, Financial performance, Risk management, Commercial bank, Libya