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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Lumber“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 25. Juli 2025

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1

Onat, Saadettin Murat, and Serkan Özdemir. "Optimizacija parametara proizvodnje ugušćene lamelirane furnirske građe proizvedene upotrebom urea-formaldehidne smole." Drvna industrija 74, no. 3 (2023): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0079.

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This research aims to optimize densified laminated veneer lumber production parameters of compression ratio, press temperature, press time, and adhesive spread rate to maximize their mechanical properties. In the manufacturing process of densified laminated veneer lumber, I-77/51 American poplar clone (Populus deltoides) veneers and urea formaldehyde adhesive are used. The results showed that the compression rate and press time had the most significant impact on the mechanical properties of densified laminated veneer lumber. The optimal production conditions were determined as follows: 38 % co

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Rawat, Yashwant Singh, Misganu Eba, and Moti Nebiyu. "Lumber Recovery Rate of Cupressus lusitanica in Arsi Forest Enterprise, Ethiopia." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021046.

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In Ethiopia, sawmills have poor capacity utilization primarily due to the outdated equipment that resulted in a low recovery rate and the production of a high amount of wastage. The lumber recovery rate is the output (lumber) of a log in the sawing process. In Ethiopia, Cupressus lusitanica is significantly used for lumber, for furniture production, construction, poles and posts. Sampled logs were processed according to the normal production rate and standard lumber dimension of the sawmill for the purpose of estimating the lumber recovery rate. The present study aimed to investigate the lumbe

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Shibasaki, Yasuhiko, Kenta Kobayashi, Tatsuya Suwabe, et al. "Depletion of Pre-Transplant Skeletal Muscle Is a Significant Poor Prognostic Factor in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124733.

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Introduction Depletion of skeletal muscle is a poor prognostic factor for patients with various malignancies; however its significance for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in patients with hematological disease is unclear. Generally, muscle mass is measured by the methods established by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, which require the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioimpedance analysis, methods that are not performed in routine practice. Therefore, cross-sectional imaging using computed tomography (CT) has been suggested as an alt

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Song, Shi Quan, Hua Dong Xu, and Li Hai Wang. "The Application of Modal Analysis in Hole-Defect in Lumber." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1776.

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Larch lumbers were tested by using modal analysis technology and Frequency response functions (FRF) were derived. Modal parameters, including first 4 intrinsic frequency and first 3 modal shape, were distinguished by single modal method. Research shows that the intrinsic frequency of hole-defect lumbers is little lower than standard lumbers’ and the change rate of frequency is becoming larger gradually with the diameter of hole-defect. However, it can not judge the position of the hole-defect by the change rate of frequency. The modal shape of the node near the hole-defect always jumps abruptl

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Y, Chudasma Hardik, Yadav C. R, and Pareek Pooja. "Management of Katishool by Shaman aushadhi along with Panchkarma therapy A case study." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 10, no. 1 (2019): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v10i1.1158.

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Spondylosis refers to degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs and degenerative changes in intervertebral disc. Lumber spondylosis mainly affects on lower spine. In this condition spine is compromised by a narrowing of the space between the vertebrae. In a classic case of lumber spondylosis, the space between discs in the lumbar spine becomes narrowed. Because of this the patient develops numbness, tingling and pain which seem to radiate out from the area. These symptoms are the results of pressure on the nerves as they exit the spinal cord. It has been estimated that about 80% of

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Chang, Wei-Yew, and Chris Gaston. "The competitiveness of Canadian softwood lumber: a disaggregated trade-flow analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 12 (2014): 1494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0058.

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A recursive dynamic spatial equilibrium model is used to examine the global competitiveness of Canadian softwood lumber. To address the restrictive assumption of softwood lumber homogeneity, this study disaggregates softwood lumber into two product groups: (i) higher grade lumber that includes appearance, select structural-grade lumber, and Japanese J-grade lumber; and (ii) lower grade lumber that includes the United States dimension lumber that is commonly used in construction and utility- and economy-grade lumber. Factors that may affect global softwood lumber markets are simulated in the mo

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Ziad, Alishbah, Madiha Saeed Wahla, Nimra Riaz, Salma Gul, Muhammad Mahad Umar Lodhi, and Suraya Bano. "OSTEOPOROSIS WITHIN A COHORT OF POSTMENOPAUSAL PAKISTANI WOMEN USING DUAL X-RAY BONE DENSITOMETRY." KHYBER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 14, no. 4 (2021): 193–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35845/kmuj.2021.21685.

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis within a cohort of Pakistani postmenopausal women with respect to the lumbar spine and hip. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan from September 2019 to Feb 2020. Study comprised of 237 postmenopausal females who visited the outpatient department of the hospital. The T-scores of Bone Mineral density (BMD) data was collected and arranged in three groups: normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Data was analyzed to explore the distribution of the data and correla

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Murtopo, Ali, Ria Miftakhul Jannah, Sabilla Sabilla, and Labibah Tsaniyah. "Failure Analysis of Glulam Lumber Beam Made from Meranti Lumber Pieces (Shorea SP)." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 22, no. 2 (2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v22i2.26231.

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The development of glue-laminated (glulam) lumber beam gives many good results. Meranti (Shorea SP) is one of the construction lumber that can be used as glulam to optimize its use. The limitation of the glulam lumber beam is the limited length of the lumber, so it must be joined to get a certain length. The lumber available in the market on average has a limited size and cross-sectional length. The larger the cross-sectional size and length of the lumber make the higher the price. Used lumber and residual lumber also have many weaknesses, such as the length of suitable lumber is too short, lu

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Reddy, Vijay S., and Robert J. Bush. "Measuring Softwood Lumber Value: A Conjoint Analysis Approach." Forest Science 44, no. 1 (1998): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/44.1.145.

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Abstract Conjoint analysis was used to determine softwood lumber value perceptions among buyers of wood for preservative treatment and to determine trade-offs between lumber attributes and price. Utility functions for each lumber attribute and a model to estimate overall lumber value were developed. Wane was found to be the most important attribute in the evaluation of lumber value, followed by price, accuracy of grading, damage to the lumber package, lumber straightness, and lumber moisture content (in that order). Utility scores of individual respondents and simulation techniques were used t

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Khademibami, Laya, Alan Sherrington, Rubin Shmulsky, and Franklin Quin. "Determination of Flexural Strength of Structural Red and White Oak and Hardwood Composite Lumber." Forest Products Journal 71, no. 4 (2021): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00051.

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Abstract In this research, flexural properties of mill-run, in-grade red and white oak lumber from a single mill and commercially available laminated hardwood composite were evaluated. Structurally graded green (wet) freshly sawn red and white oak 5 by 10-cm (2 by 4-in) nominal lumber as well as glue-laminated hardwood composite billets were tested in bending and their modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) properties were developed. It is well documented that MOR and MOE are two major indicators to evaluate flexural strength of wood lumbers. From these data, summary statisti

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Mottet, Marie-Josée, Gaëtan Daoust, and S. Y. Zhang. "Impact du charançon du pin blanc (Pissodes strobi Peck) dans les plantations dépinette de Norvège (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Partie 2 : Propriétés du bois des sciages." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 5 (2006): 712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82712-5.

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We studied the lumber characteristics of 148 trees taken for that purpose during commercial thinning operations in three Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) plantations, aged from 32 to 34 years, which had been attacked by the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi [Peck]). The trees, with diameters ranging from 14 to 23 cm, were grouped into three quality classes according to the number of major deformations caused by the weevil. The effects of the deformations on rigidity, bending strength, wood density and lumber defects were examined. Results show that in general the deformations caused by

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GÖRGÜLÜ, Yasin Furkan, and Murat AYDIN. "Computational Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Analysis of an Unloaded Lumber-drying Kiln." Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 23, no. 1 (2023): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1269521.

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Aim of study: Drying in kilns becomes one of the most significant procedures for the optimal use of wood products since the dimensions alter with changes in relative humidity. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of an unloaded lumber-drying kiln and positioning of the timber to be dried were aimed. Material and methods: The heat and flow analysis of the lumber-drying kiln was analyzed using ANSYS software. Concrete and aluminum were chosen as the floor and wall materials, respectively. The wall thickness was taken as 1 meter. Gravity forces were also taken into account in the study, the numb

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Samreen, Sana, Mahnaz Hakeem, Hafsa Zaheer, Ambreen Raza, and Abdul Gaffar Billoo. "Factors Associated with Parental Refusal for Lumber Puncture Among Children and Adolescent: A Cross Sectional Survey at a Tertiary Care Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 16, no. 10 (2022): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610442.

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Introduction: The lumbar puncture is frequently used in medical facilities to collect data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method aids in the diagnosis of conditions affecting the spine and brain's central nervous system. However, in routine practice out of the many challenges posed by the parents due to lack of education, denial of consent for this procedure is a great challenge at clinical settings. Objectives: To determine the association of various factors with parental refusal for lumbar puncture among pediatric population (age from 1 moth to 18 years). Materials and Methods: A desc

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Adhikari, Sailesh, Brian Bond, and Henry Quesada. "Producing structural grade hardwood lumber as a raw material for cross-laminated timber: Yield and economic analysis." BioResources 19, no. 1 (2023): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.23-40.

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The economic feasibility of producing structural-grade hardwood lumber (SGHL) that qualifies as a raw material for structurally rated cross-laminated timber (CLT) was examined. 126 yellow poplar logs from diameters 12 to 15 inches were selected and divided into test and control samples. A log yield study was then conducted of the yield and revenue generated when producing lumber graded with National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) rules, SGHL rules, and a mix of both rules (NHLA and SGHL-graded lumber). Producing mix-grade lumber added approximately 27% more revenue than producing NHLA-grad

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Naka, Kozma, Brigitte A. Parsons, and A. L. (Tom) Hammett. "Hardwood lumber industry in the Appalachian region: Focus on exports." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 1 (2009): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85075-1.

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Exports can provide income, employment, and risk diversification. However, the decision to enter the export market requires commitment of sufficient managerial, economic and financial resources. A survey of 214 hardwood lumber mills across 10 states in the Appalachian region was conducted to assess motivation and differences between hardwood lumber exporters and non-exporters. The study examined marketing strategies, business practices, manufacturing equipment used, and exporting process. Business size was the most important criterion to determine the likelihood of export. Hardwood lumber expo

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Zafar, Khadija, Narjis Batool, Abid Ali, Nosheen Arshad, Waqar Mahmood Dar, and Adrash Naeem. "Frequency of Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases in Patients with and Without Radiculopathy and Low Back Pain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Pakistan BioMedical Journal 5, no. 1 (2022): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i1.279.

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Degenerative lumbar disc disease is a condition in which an intervertebral disk and surrounding spinal components are weakened. This might be due to age or a pathogenic cause. Individuals may complain of low back pain. Objective: To determine the pattern of lumbar spine and disc degenerative diseases amongst patients having or not having Low Back Pain with or without radiculopathy diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Methods: Data was collected following inclusion criteria using convenient sampling technique. A total of 266 Patients undergone Lumber MRI scans on MRI Machine 1.5T Phillips.

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AHMAD, MUMTAZ, and MUHAMMAD YASIN. "LUMBER DISCITIS." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 04 (2010): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3011.

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Objectives: To study the occurrence of discitis after lumber disc surgery and its management. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Department of Neurosurgery QAMC/ BVH Bahawalpur. Period: April 2006 to May 2009. Patients and Methods: This study includes 400 patients who underwent standard laminectomy procedure for disc excision. Patients presenting with backache and leg pain were thoroughly investigated. For the confirmation of herniated disc MRI or lumber route myelography were performed. All patients underwent either fenestration, hemilaminectomy or complete laminectomy for disc excis

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Laurel Oldach. "Lumber sleuths." C&EN Global Enterprise 101, no. 7 (2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10107-cover.

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Farouk, Khalid. "Ureteral Injury during Lumbar Laminectomy: A rare occurrence." Isra Medical Journal 14, no. 1 (2022): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55282/imj.cr92.

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During spinal surgery injury to ureters is a rare complication with only few cases has been reported in literature. We come across a case of un-recognized iatrogenic during lumbar laminectomy. The injury went unrecognized initially and was discovered fifteen days later when the patient presented in surgery ER with atypical symptoms of severe right iliac fossa and flank pain. The symptoms were not attributable to any disease pertaining to the respective specialty. In this case report we have highlighted a rare complication which encountered during lumber spine laminectomy, with literature revie

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Huang, Zhi Wei, and Ming Jie Guan. "Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties of 2-Ply Bamboo Laminated Lumber with Modified Phenol Formaldehyde." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.583.

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In this paper, environmental friendly phenol formaldehyde modified with larch thanaka and urea was used to make 2-ply bamboo laminated lumber. Effects of two assemble patterns (inner to inner and outer to outer) on physical and mechanical properties of 2-ply bamboo laminated lumber from carbonized and bleached bamboo strips were investigated. The results showed that modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of carbonized bamboo laminated lumber were better than that of bleached bamboo laminate lumber. It illustrated that physical and mechanical properties of carbonized bamboo la

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Ji, Min, Wei Zhang, Guofu Wang, Yong Wang, and Hu Miao. "Online Measurement of Outline Size for Pinus Densiflora Dimension Lumber: Maximizing Lumber Recovery by Minimizing Enclosure Rectangle Fitting Area." Forests 13, no. 10 (2022): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101627.

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This paper proposes a non-contact, online, rapid, and non-destructive measurement method of Pinus densiflora S.et Z. (Pinus densiflora) dimension lumber based on an algorithm of maximizing lumber recovery by minimizing the enclosure rectangle fitting area. The method takes the full influence of multiple factors, such as the difficulty in measuring large-size dimension lumber, conveying deflection, etc. into account. Image splicing, object and background segmentation, and lumber size measurements are carried out. Compared to other current algorithms, it can decrease the measurement errors and i

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Luppold, William G., and Matthew S. Bumgardner. "Influence of Markets and Forest Composition on Lumber Production in Pennsylvania." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (2006): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.87.

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Abstract In this study, we examine regional differences in the hardwood timber resources of Pennsylvania and how the combined changes in inventory volume, forest composition, and lumber prices have influenced regional lumber production. Isolation of these relationships is important because shifts in lumber production reflect changes in harvesting activity. In turn, harvesting influences long-term forest composition and structure. We define three hardwood regions in Pennsylvania based on forest composition and present a chronology of regional changes in sawtimber volumes, sawtimber composition,

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Luppold, William, and Matthew Bumgardner. "Regional Analysis of Hardwood Lumber Production: 1963–2005." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 3 (2008): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.3.146.

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Abstract Between 1963 and 2005 hardwood lumber production in the eastern United States increased by more than 50%. Production more than doubled in the northeastern and north central regions while increasing by less than 25% in the southeastern and south central regions. Increased lumber production in the northern regions was facilitated by an expanding sawtimber inventory, relative high volumes of select oak species and hard maple, an expanding kitchen cabinet industry, increased exports, and increased lumber demand by the pallet industry. Hardwood lumber production in the south central region

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Adhikari, Sailesh, Brian Bond, Henry Quesada, and Robert Smith. "Lumber Supply-Chain Practice in Cross-Laminated Timber Industries in the United States: A Comparison with Austrian Producers." Forest Products Journal 73, no. 4 (2024): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00018.

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Abstract Lumber is the main raw material for cross-laminated timber (CLT) production, accounting for up to 80 percent of the cost. The availability, quality, and price of lumber are critical factors that influence the completion of CLT projects in the United States. Although structural-rated CLTs are made from structural-grade lumber available in the commodities market, CLT mills have additional requirements to process the lumber more efficiently. These requirements increase production costs, affecting the supply chain, delaying production schedules, and increasing project completion times. Th

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Devadoss, Stephen. "An Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Policies of Log and Lumber Markets." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40, no. 1 (2008): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023531.

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The recent lumber trade war between Canada and the United States deals with Canadian stumpage policies, Canada's log export controls, and U.S. retaliatory duty. This study determines the appropriate level of U.S. countervailing duty (CVD) by employing a vertically interrelated log–lumber model. The theoretical results show that the U.S. CVD can be greater (will be less) than the Canadian subsidy for a vertically related log–lumber market (for lumber market only). Empirical results support the theoretical findings in that the U.S. CVD for the log–lumber market (lumber market alone) is 1.55 (0.9

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Devadoss, Stephen. "An Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Policies of Log and Lumber Markets." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40, no. 01 (2008): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800028042.

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The recent lumber trade war between Canada and the United States deals with Canadian stumpage policies, Canada's log export controls, and U.S. retaliatory duty. This study determines the appropriate level of U.S. countervailing duty (CVD) by employing a vertically interrelated log–lumber model. The theoretical results show that the U.S. CVD can be greater (will be less) than the Canadian subsidy for a vertically related log–lumber market (for lumber market only). Empirical results support the theoretical findings in that the U.S. CVD for the log–lumber market (lumber market alone) is 1.55 (0.9

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Zhou, Hai Bin, and Hai Qing Ren. "Factors Influencing Structural Performance of Finger-Jointed Chinese Fir Lumber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.635.

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Structural Finger-jointed (FJ) lumber is a common building material used mainly in timber construction. The paper evaluated the factors influencing structural performances of FJ Chinese fir lumber. Lumber was sawn from the logs following a pattern typically used in China to maximize the volume of recovered sawn timbers. After kiln-drying, the rough-sawed lumber was planned to 4.5 cm thick, 9.0 cm wide and 100cm long. The lumber pieces were assigned to two groups according to their dynamical MOE. FJ lumber is produced by cutting a series of sloping fingers on the end of the wood pieces to be jo

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Yamamura, Satoshi, Itsushi Baba, Yoshihisa Ishida, et al. "Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation. Relationship with Lumber Canal Stenosis." Orthopedics & Traumatology 43, no. 2 (1994): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.43.522.

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Toyota, Kouichiro, Toshihiko Taguchi, Yutaka Ito, et al. "Enlargement of Lumbar Vertebral Canal for Lumber Degenerative Scoliosis." Orthopedics & Traumatology 50, no. 4 (2001): 1181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.50.1181.

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Arabi, Mohammad, Moharam Hazrati, and Akbar Rostampour-Haftkhani. "Performance of laminated veneer lumber panels from fast-growing species with different layering arrangements." BioResources 19, no. 2 (2024): 2546–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.2.2546-2561.

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This study investigated the effect of various layer arrangements and their impact on the properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Seven different layer arrangements (CCCCCCC, DDDDDDD, PPPPPPP, CDDDDDC, CPPPPPC, CDDCDDC, CPPCPPC, CDCDCDC, CPCPCPC, CCDDDCC, CCPPPCC, CCDCDCC, and CCPCPCC) were used in the manufacturing of the LVL, with each arrangement represented by a combination of the three wood species: hornbeam (C), paulownia (P), and poplar (D). The veneers were bonded with a polyurethane adhesive and pressed under 1 MPa pressure. The physical and mechanical properties of the laminated

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Eastin, Ivan L., and Jun Fukuda. "The impact of regulatory change on the international competitiveness of the Canadian softwood lumber industry." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (2001): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77315-2.

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The decade of the 1990s have seen the introduction of several regulatory changes in international markets that have had a dramatic impact on the competitiveness of the Canadian softwood lumber industry. These regulatory changes have occurred in virtually every major market to which Canadian softwood lumber manufacturers export, including Europe, the US, and Japan. The objective of this paper is to describe the regulatory changes that have been implemented in the major markets for Canadian softwood lumber and provide an objective discussion of the impact of these changes on the international co

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Shook, Steven R., Jorge A. Soria, and Darek J. Nalle. "Examination of North American softwood lumber species substitution using discrete choice preferences and disaggregated end-use markets." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 12 (2007): 2521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-091.

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Over the past 20 years, four significant and contentious softwood lumber trade disputes have taken place between the United States and Canada. The US International Trade Commission (USITC), relying on aggregate market assessments using elasticity of demand estimation and cointegration methods, has ruled that all North American softwood lumber species are perfectly fungible. The objective of this study is to disaggregate the US softwood lumber market by estimating cross-price elasticity of demand for North American softwood lumber species and species groups in three major end-use markets (floor

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Rozas, Carlos, Barbara Zapata, Fernando Muñoz, Virna Ortiz-Araya, and Oswaldo Erazo. "Characterization and Yield of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell Logs for Lumber Production." Forests 14, no. 12 (2023): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14122359.

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The yield of Eucalyptus regnans logs for lumber production was evaluated. Crack width and length at each log end were measured. Two log-cutting plans were used to obtain sawn lumber. The first plan (PA) considered logs with diameters varying from 28 to 40 cm, and in the second plan (PB), the log diameters ranged from 42 to 56 cm (PB). Lumber yield was determined using two log volume methods: the Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS) and Smalian’s equation. The deformations of E. regnans lumber were measured. The Australian and Chilean standards were used to classify sawn lumber. The results sh

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Kim, Chul-Ki, Da-Bin Song, and Kug-Bo Shim. "Evaluation of the tensile strength of Korean yellow poplar lumber." BioResources 19, no. 1 (2024): 1260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.1260-1273.

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This study was conducted to confirm the feasibility of using yellow poplar, which is a fast-growing hardwood species in Korea, as a structural material. Lumber was produced, and the mechanical grading and the knot diameter ratio on the wide surface measurement were performed for each grade of lumber. It was confirmed that the majority mechanical grades of yellow poplar were E10, E11, and E12, and the size of knot in the surface increased as the mechanical grades decreased. A fitted distribution of tensile strength of the lumbers was the Weibull distribution. As a result of calculating the tens

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Liu, Chuangmin, Jean-Claude Ruel, Art Groot, and S. Y. Zhang. "Model development for lumber volume recovery of natural balsam fir trees in Quebec, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 6 (2009): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85870-6.

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To improve the precision of sawing simulations, 4 regression models were developed to predict simulated lumber volume recovery using tree size variables. Simulated lumber volume recoveries from natural balsam fir trees based on the sawing simulator Optitek were different from real lumber volume recoveries from a stud sawmill because the simulation method only takes wane into consideration. Therefore, 2 methods were developed to correct estimated lumber volume recoveries. The results indicate that the lumber volume correction models for stem deformations could adjust the predictions of lumber v

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Li, Yanshu, and Daowei Zhang. "Incidence of the 1996 U.S.–Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement among Landowners, Loggers, and Lumber Manufacturers in the U.S. South." Forest Science 52, no. 4 (2006): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/52.4.422.

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Abstract A framework was developed to estimate the welfare incidence of the 1996 U.S.–Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement among producers in two-processing-stage markets—timberland owners, loggers, and lumber manufacturers—in the U.S. South. Timberland owners are the largest beneficiary whereas lumber manufacturers are the second and loggers the least. Empirically, without considering substitution effects among production inputs, timberland owners have 47.4% of total incremental producer surplus, whereas lumber manufacturers have 39.4% and loggers 13.2%. When the substitution effects are consider

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Patterson, David W., Paul A. Murphy, and Michael G. Shelton. "Effects of Stand and Site Variables on the Lumber Value of Uneven-aged Loblolly Pine Stands." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 4 (2000): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/24.4.202.

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Abstract Uneven-aged silviculture using single-tree selection provides the landowner with periodic income from a continuous forest which has a varied canopy. Data were collected from 24 plots of a larger study to determine if site index, basal area, and maximum dbh affected volume and value of lumber from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in uneven-aged stands. Tree grades and lumber yield equations were used to determine the volume of lumber by grade for each tree. Market prices from May 1997 and May 1998 were used to estimate lumber value. Analysis of variance showed that study variables

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Zhou, Chengmin, Ziyan Shi, and Jake Kaner. "Life cycle analysis for reconstituted decorative lumber from an ecological perspective: A Review." BioResources 17, no. 3 (2022): 5464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.zhou1.

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In response to global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Chinese government has pledged to curtail increased carbon dioxide emissions beyond 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, thus achieving a status of an ecological civilization. Reconstituted decorative lumber, with rotary-cut (or planed) veneer from plantation or common species timber as the main raw material, has beneficial development opportunities for forestry from the perspective of an ecological civilization. This paper first discusses China’s current state of ecological civilization, then researches the various life

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Tao, Wendong. "Field leaching of alkaline copper quaternary-treated red pine lumber over 3 years: long-term dynamics." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 7 (2014): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.045.

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Alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), a wood preservative, consists of copper oxide and quaternary ammonium compounds. Three red pine piles were monitored over 3 years to evaluate the dynamics of contaminant leaching from ACQ-treated and untreated lumber. There were small temporal changes in the volumetric leachate/rain ratio with the ACQ-treated lumber, while the volumetric ratio decreased across the 3 years with the untreated lumber, most likely due to considerable weathering that increased the capacity of the untreated lumber to absorb rain water. The average copper (Cu) concentration in leacha

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Cohen, David H. "A history of the marketing of British Columbia softwood lumber." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 5 (1994): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70578-5.

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This paper provides a historical account of the marketing of British Columbia softwood lumber, one of Canada's pioneering lumber exporting regions. History teaches lessons concerning cooperation, the necessity for market diversity, and understanding customers' perspectives. As customer orientation becomes increasingly important for lumber producers to maintain and/or improve their international competitive position, foresters need to become more aware of the international marketing of wood products. Understanding the history of marketing B.C. lumber products can provide the foundation for fore

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Krahn, Peter K., and Julie A. Shrimpton. "Stormwater Related Chlorophenol Releases from Seven Wood Protection Facilities in British Columbia." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 1 (1988): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.004.

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Abstract Stormwater run-off at five sawmills and two lumber export terminals was collected and analyzed for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. Leaching from treated lumber began after 1.0 to 1.5 mm of continuous rainfall. Dip treated lumber leached up to 158,000 micrograms per litre (ug/L) and generated runoff with up to 6,600 ug/L total Chlorophenols. Low pressure sprayed lumber leached up to 576,000 ug/L total Chlorophenols and generated runoff with up to 27,000 ug/L. High pressure sprayed lumber leached up to 9,800 ug/L and generated average yard runoff up to 1,968 ug/L total

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Dwyer, John P., and Kim E. Lowell. "Long-Term Effects of Thinning and Pruning on the Quality, Quantity, and Value of Oak Lumber." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 4 (1988): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.4.258.

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Abstract After 32 years, experimental plots established to examine thinning levels and pruning effects were harvested. Randomly selected trees in each treatment were felled and sawn into 4/4 lumber, and the lumber from each tree was tallied by grade. For black oak, the species that became largely relegated to the understory, thinning caused a significant increase in the total volume outturn with the greatest increase occurring in the lowest lumber grade (3B). For scarlet oak, the species that became primarily dominant and codominant, thinning increased the total lumber yield per tree with most

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da Rosa Azambuja, Rafael, David B. DeVallance, and Joseph McNeel. "Evaluation of Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) as Raw Material for Cross-Laminated Timber Panel Production." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00050.

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Abstract Utilization of low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) lumber would provide for alternative structural lumber sources and promote the growth of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing facilities within the Appalachian Region. A significant amount of low-grade yellow-poplar lumber (i.e., National Hardwood Lumber Association [NHLA] No. 2A and Below Grade) is utilized for wood pallets. In practice, this material is not graded for structural purposes. Additionally, research on yellow-poplar for structural use has focused on grading lumber from a small population of selected l

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Saud, Pradip, Jingxin Wang, Benktesh D. Sharma, and Weiguo Liu. "Carbon impacts of hardwood lumber processing in the northeastern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (2015): 1699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0082.

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Carbon emission from hardwood lumber processing in different-sized sawmills under varying energy sources, management strategies, and potential carbon offsetting capacity through useful life (service life) of lumber in the northeastern United States was analyzed using analytical statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), mixed-effect model, principal component analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. Data obtained from a regional sawmill survey (Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia), energy audit of sawmills, public databases, and relevant literature were analyzed for the gate-to-

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Williamson, T., G. Hauer, and M. K. Luckert. "A restricted Leontief profit function model of the Canadian lumber and chip industry: potential impacts of US countervail and Kyoto ratification." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 9 (2004): 1833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-058.

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Estimation of output supplies and factor demands with a range of functional forms provides a basis for bounding possible supply responses to exogenous shocks. No prior study, to our knowledge, has used a generalized Leontief functional form to estimate lumber and chip supply responses in Canada. The own price lumber supply elasticities estimated from the restricted Leontief profit functional form used in this study are lower than those presented in most other studies, while the lumber supply response with respect to roundwood price change is somewhat higher than some studies. We simulate the i

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Reid, Douglas E. B., Steven Young, Queju Tong, S. Y. Zhang, and Dave M. Morris. "Lumber grade yield, and value of plantation-grown black spruce from 3 stands in northwestern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 4 (2009): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85609-4.

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Three black spruce plantations in northwestern Ontario, with varied stand densities and site indices were studied to determine lumber properties and yield. Based on visual grading rules, each stand produced at least 87% No. 2 and Better grade lumber. Wane and skip were the 2 most prominent defects causing lumber downgrades. The compliance of visually graded No. 2 and Better lumber with bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) design values for visual grades varied among stands, as did the proportion that qualified as machine stress-rated (MSR) lumber. MOE and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) differed among

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Gan, Jianbang, Nana Tian, Junyeong Choi, and Matthew H. Pelkki. "Synchronized movement between US lumber futures and southern pine sawtimber prices and COVID-19 impacts." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 52, no. 4 (2022): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2021-0326.

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We analyzed the synchronized movements of lumber futures and southern pine sawtimber stumpage prices in the United States since 2011 and their response to COVID-19 events using wavelet analysis and event study. We found that the sawtimber and lumber prices have followed complex comovement patterns in the time–frequency domain and both reacted to COVID-19 events with a higher response intensity of the lumber price. Although they reacted differently to the early COVID-19 episodes and vaccine news, the sawtimber and lumber prices responded similarly to the COVID-19 pandemic declarations by the Wo

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Tomporoski, Alexandre Assis, Patricia Minini Wechinewsky Guerber, Juliana Maciel, Evelyn Bueno Vicente de Lima, and Daiani Amaral. "Contestado e o passado que não passsa." Profanações 10 (August 23, 2023): 320–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/prof.v10.2999.

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O objetivo deste artigo consiste em examinar os desdobramentos do processo de estatização da Southern Brazil Lumber and Colonization Company, culminando com a transformação de sua sede no Campo de Instrução Marechal Hermes. A abordagem considera o enfoque da História Social Inglesa – especialmente as noções sugeridas por Thompson – na perspectiva da reciprocidade entre a classe trabalhadora e as classes dominantes, além de suas relações com o Estado. Dentre os resultados do estudo, descreve-se: as mudanças na cultura organizacional da Lumber Incorporada após os militares assumirem o controle d

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Luppold, William G., and John E. Baumgras. "Price Trends and Relationships for Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar Stumpage, Sawlogs, and Lumber in Ohio: 1975-1993." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (1995): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/12.4.168.

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Abstract The rapidly changing domestic and international hardwood markets of the 1980s had a large impact on the demand and price of hardwood lumber, logs, and stumpage. In this paper we examine inflation adjusted (real)prices for red oak and yellow-poplar stumpage, logs, and lumber. We then relate the observed trends to changes in domestic lumber consumption, lumber and log exports, sawmill technology, and forest inventory trends. Increasing real prices for red oak stumpage, logs, and lumber are the result of expanding domestic and international demand coupled with relatively limited stumpage

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He, Mingtao, Wenying Li, Brian K. Via, and Yaoqi Zhang. "Nowcasting of Lumber Futures Price with Google Trends Index Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 1 (2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00061.

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Abstract Firms engaged in producing, processing, marketing, or using lumber and lumber products always invest in futures markets to reduce the risk of lumber price volatility. The accurate prediction of real-time prices can help companies and investors hedge risks and make correct market decisions. This paper explores whether Internet browsing habits can accurately nowcast the lumber futures price. The predictors are Google Trends index data related to lumber prices. This study offers a fresh perspective on nowcasting the lumber price accurately. The novel outlook of employing both machine lea

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