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1

Bauer, Mark S., Gregory E. Simon, Evette Ludman, and Jurgen Unützer. "‘Bipolarity’ in bipolar disorder: Distribution of manic and depressive symptoms in a treated population." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 1 (July 2005): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.1.87.

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SummaryCross-sectional analysis of 441 individuals with bipolar disorder treated at a US health maintenance organisation investigated the distribution of manic and depressive symptoms in that illness. Clinically significant depressive symptoms occurred in 94.1% of those with (hypo)mania, while70.1% inadepressive episode had clinically significant manic symptoms. DSM-unrecognised depression-plus-hypomania was over twice as prevalent as DSM-recognised mixed episodes. Depressive symptoms were unimodally distributed in (hypo)mania. Depressive and manic symptoms were positively, not inversely corre
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2

Lynn, David J. "Manic-Depressive Illness." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, no. 3 (March 15, 2009): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.08bk04803.

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3

AKISKAL, HAGOP S. "Manic-Depressive Illness." American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1991): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.4.531.

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4

CROW, T. J. "Manic-Depressive Illness." American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1991): 531—a—532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.4.531-a.

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5

Papageorgis, D. "Manic-depressive illness." Behaviour Research and Therapy 29, no. 4 (1991): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(91)90087-j.

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6

Rothschild, Anthony J. "Manic-depressive illness." General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (January 1992): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(92)90029-a.

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7

Coryell, William, Martin Keller, Jean Endicott, Nancy Andreasen, Paula Clayton, and Robert Hirschfeld. "Bipolar II illness: course and outcome over a five-year period." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 1 (February 1989): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011090.

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SynopsisA five year semi-annual follow-up of patients with non-bipolar (N = 442), bipolar II (N = 64) and bipolar I (N = 53) major depression tracked the courses of prospectively observed major depressive, hypomanic and manic syndromes. In all three groups, depression was much more likely in any given week than was hypomania or mania. However, during the majority of weeks, no full syndrome was present and none of the groups exhibited evidence of continuing psychosocial deterioration. Though all three groups exhibited similar times to recovery from index and subsequent major depressive episodes
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8

McKeon, Patrick, Patrick Manley, and Gregory Swanwick. "Manic-depressive illness — I: clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder subtypes." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 9, no. 1 (May 1992): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700013823.

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AbstractThe clinical and demographic features of 100 bipolar disorder patients, who were categorised into bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar mania and rapid cycling groups, and who were further classified on the basis of the sequence of occurrence of the manic and depressive episodes within each cycle, are compared. Bipolar I (including unipolar manic) patients, 77% of whom had a sequence of moods where mania preceded depression (Mania-Depression – normothymic Interval: M.D.I.) constituted 69% of the total sample. Six per cent were classified as bipolar II and 25% has a rapid cycling disorder. Pa
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9

Goodwin, Frederick K., and S. Nassir Ghaemi. "Understanding Manic-depressive Illness." Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.23.

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10

Carroll, B. J. "Brain mechanisms in manic depression." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.2.303.

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Abstract Manic depressive illness (bipolar disorder) is the mood disorder classically considered to have a strong biological basis. During manic depressive cycles, patients show dramatic fluctuations of mood, energy, activity, information processing, and behaviors. Theories of brain function and mood disorders must deal with the case of bipolar disorder, not simply unipolar depression. Shifts in the nosologic concepts of how manic depression is related to other mood disorders are discussed in this overview, and the renewed adoption of the Kraepelinian "spectrum" concept is recommended. The var
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11

Swann, Alan C. "Mixed features: evolution of the concept, past and current definitions, and future prospects." CNS Spectrums 22, no. 2 (March 7, 2017): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000882.

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Mixed states address the relationships between episodes and the course of an illness, presenting significant clinical challenges. Recurrent affective disorders were described thousands of years ago as dimensional disturbances of the basic elements of behavior, combining the characteristics of what we would now consider manic and depressive episodes. It was recognized from the beginning that combinations of depressive and manic features are associated with a severe illness course, including increased suicide risk. Early descriptions of affective disorders formulated them as systemic illnesses,
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12

MacKinnon, Dean F., Kay Redfield Jamison, and and J. Raymond DePaulo. "GENETICS OF MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS." Annual Review of Neuroscience 20, no. 1 (March 1997): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.355.

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13

Kinney, D., and R. Richards. "Creativity and manic depressive illness." Science 234, no. 4776 (October 31, 1986): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3764424.

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14

Gershon, E. S. "Genetics of manic-depressive illness." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198902000-00010.

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15

Govaerts, A., J. Mendlewicz, and P. Verbanck. "Manic-Depressive Illness and HLA." Tissue Antigens 10, no. 1 (December 11, 2008): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1977.tb00753.x.

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16

Redfield Jamison, Kay. "Manic-Depressive Illness and Creativity." Scientific American 272, no. 2 (February 1995): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0295-62.

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17

Silverstone, Trevor. "Dopamine in manic depressive illness." Journal of Affective Disorders 8, no. 3 (May 1985): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(85)90020-5.

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18

Anonymous. "Depressive and Manic-Depressive Illness Fact Sheet." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 34, no. 8 (August 1996): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19960801-04.

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19

Dean, C., R. J. Williams, and I. F. Brockington. "Is puerperal psychosis the same as bipolar manic-depressive disorder? A family study." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 3 (August 1989): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700024235.

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SynopsisThe first degree relatives of three groups of women were interviewed; 51 women who had had an illness within two weeks of childbirth and no non-puerperal episodes (the puerperal group), 33 who had puerperal and non-puerperal episodes (the mixed group), and 19 women with bipolar manic-depressive disorder who had non-puerperal episodes only (the manic-depressive group).Over 60% of the affected relatives in all three groups had affective illnesses; in the main these were not puerperal. There were significantly more first degree relatives who had had general practitioner or hospital treatm
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20

Saugstad, Letten F. "Age at Puberty and Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.536.

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The hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental aetiology of manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia is based on the relation between onset of puberty and the final regressive events in the central nervous system (elimination of 40% of neuronal synapses), and the discrepancy in body build in the two disorders which is similar to that between early- and late-maturing individuals. The marked rise in manic–depressive psychoses and decline in schizophrenia, particularly the non-paranoid categories, accompanying the decline in mean pubertal age by some four years during the past hundred years are taken
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21

Keck, Paul E., Mark A. Frye, and Michael E. Thase. "Bipolar Depression: Best Practices for the Hospitalized Patient." CNS Spectrums 12, S19 (November 2007): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015844.

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One of the most challenging clinical topics in psychiatry is the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar depression. The term mood stabilizer is frequently employed in the treatment of the hospitalized bipolar patient, although clinicians do not universally agree on a consensus definition of this term. Most clinicians would agree that a mood stabilizer refers to a medication that is effective for the acute treatment of manic, mixed, hypomanic, or depressive episodes. Many experts agree that such treatment should offer efficacy against mania, should not worsen depression, and preferably should treat
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22

O'MAHONY, E., A. CORVIN, R. O’CONNELL, C. COMERFORD, B. LARSEN, I. R. JONES, F. McCANDLESS, et al. "Sibling pairs with affective disorders: resemblance of demographic and clinical features." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004986.

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Background. As part of a collaborative linkage study, the authors obtained clinical and demographic data on 160 families in which more than one sibling was affected with a bipolar illness. The aim of the study was to identify clinical characteristics that had a high degree of familiality.Method. Data on age at onset, gender, frequency of illness-episodes and proportion of manic to depressive episodes were examined to determine intra-pair correlations in affected sibling pairs. Dimension scales were developed measuring frequency and severity of lifetime mania, depression, psychosis and mood-inc
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23

Kendell, R. E., J. C. Chalmers, and C. Platz. "Epidemiology of Puerperal Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 5 (May 1987): 662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.5.662.

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Computer linkage of an obstetric register and a psychiatric case register made it possible to investigate the temporal relationship between childbirth and psychiatric contact in a population of 470 000 people over a 12-year period resulted in 54 087 births: 120 psychiatric admissions within 90 days of parturition. The ‘relative risk’ of admission to a psychiatric hospital with a psychotic illness was extremely high in the first 30 days after childbirth, particularly in primiparae, suggesting that metabolic factors are involved in the genesis of puerperal psychoses. However, being unmarried, ha
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24

Peselow, Eric D., Ronald R. Fieve, Constance Difiglia, and Michael P. Sanfilipo. "Lithium Prophylaxis of Bipolar Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 2 (February 1994): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.2.208.

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Using a longitudinal life-table analysis, we assessed the efficacy of lithium alone, administered within the context of a naturalistic clinical setting, by calculating the probability of patients remaining free of an affective episode (manic or depressive) over a five-year course. In addition, for those who suffered a manic or depressive relapse, we attempted to analyse the subsequent course of patients who suffered a manic/hypomanic or depressive relapse and were then restabilised on lithium plus either a neuroleptic, carbamazepine, or a benzodiazepine, or lithium plus an antidepressant. Lith
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25

Shulman, Kenneth I., and Mauricio Tohen. "Unipolar Mania Reconsidered: Evidence from an Elderly Cohort." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 4 (April 1994): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.4.547.

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Earlier studies have failed to differentiate the unipolar manic subtype from bipolar patients with both manic and depressive episodes. This retrospective cohort study of 50 elderly manic in-patients identified six patients (12%) who met strict criteria for a course of unipolar mania. Significant differences emerged in age at onset, with a mean of 41.2 years for unipolar mania compared with 64.7 years for the others. Consequently, clinical course was significantly longer, 27.7 v. 7.4 years. Elderly patients pursuing a unipolar manic course are among the very few elderly ‘bipolars’ whose illness
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26

Zaman, R., M. Agius, and A. Hankir. "Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71971-x.

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IntroductionA notion exists of a special kind of relationship between poets and being “crazy”. A possible correlation between madness and genius is one of the oldest and most persistent and controvertialof cultural concepts. We decided to investigate the relationship between manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament.MethodA review was conducted on Professor Kay Redfield Jamison's treatise Touched with Fire, Manic-depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament.ResultsResearch strongly suggests that, compared with the general population, writers and artists show a vastly disproporti
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27

Swann, Alan C. "Manic-Depressive Illness and Substance Abuse." Psychiatric Annals 27, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19970701-12.

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28

Jamison, Kay Redfield, and Melvin G. McInnis. "Genetic studies of manic–depressive illness." Nature Medicine 2, no. 5 (May 1996): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0596-521.

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29

De bruyn, A., P. Raeymaekers, L. A. Sandkuijl, K. Mendelbaum, J. Mendlewicz, and C. Van Broeckhoven. "LINKAGE STUDIES IN MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 302B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-00585.

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30

Dubovsky, Steven L. "Calcium Antagonists in Manic-Depressive Illness." Neuropsychobiology 27, no. 3 (1993): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000118978.

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31

Wulsin, Lawson, Michael Bachop, and David Hoffman. "Group Therapy in Manic-Depressive Illness." American Journal of Psychotherapy 42, no. 2 (April 1988): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1988.42.2.263.

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32

Suarez, BrianK, CarolL Hampe, AlanF Wright, J. Mendlewicz, and P. Simon. "LINKAGE ANALYSIS IN MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS." Lancet 330, no. 8554 (August 1987): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90948-2.

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33

Baron, Miron. "The Genetics of Manic Depressive Illness." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177, no. 10 (October 1989): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198910000-00019.

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34

Mendlewicz, J. "Genetic mapping of manic-depressive illness." Trends in Genetics 7, no. 1 (January 1991): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(91)90188-v.

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35

Mendlewicz, J. "Genetic mapping of manic-depressive illness." Trends in Genetics 7, no. 10 (October 1991): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(91)90409-j.

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36

MENDLEWICZ, J. "Manic depressive illness and X chromosome." Lancet 338, no. 8776 (November 1991): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92083-e.

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37

Schou, Mogens. "Lithium Treatment of Manic-Depressive Illness." JAMA 259, no. 12 (March 25, 1988): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720120038032.

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38

McKeon, Patrick, Patrick Manley, and Gregory Swanwick. "Manic-depressive illness — II: treatment outcome in bipolar disorder subtypes." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 9, no. 1 (May 1992): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700013835.

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AbstractThe treatment outcome of 100 bipolar disorder patients (B.P.) was examined retrospectively to determine whether bipolar subtypes had a differential prophylactic response to lithium, carbamazepine, neuroleptics and antidepressant drugs when these treatments were given in a predetermined sequence. Sixty-eight per cent of 53 B.P.-I patients with a mania-depression-normothymic-interval (M.D.I.) sequence of mood changes had a good response to lithium, and all but one of the remainder responded with the addition of carbamazepine or an antidepressant. While only 17% of 12 unipolar manic patie
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39

Solé, Eva, Marina Garriga, Marc Valentí, and Eduard Vieta. "Mixed features in bipolar disorder." CNS Spectrums 22, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000869.

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Mixed affective states, defined as the coexistence of depressive and manic symptoms, are complex presentations of manic-depressive illness that represent a challenge for clinicians at the levels of diagnosis, classification, and pharmacological treatment. The evidence shows that patients with bipolar disorder who have manic/hypomanic or depressive episodes with mixed features tend to have a more severe form of bipolar disorder along with a worse course of illness and higher rates of comorbid conditions than those with non-mixed presentations. In the updated Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
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40

Robinson, A. D. T. "A Century of Delusions in South West Scotland." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 2 (August 1988): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.2.163.

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Two groups of patients admitted to psychiatric hospital in Dumfries were studied, drawn from the periods 1880–1889 and 1970–1979. Feighner criteria were applied to make three diagnostic categories – depression, mania and schizophrenia – and the occurrence and content of delusions were noted for each. A significant decline in the prevalence of delusional depressive illness was found between the two periods, and a similar trend was noted for delusional manic illness. In contrast, the prevalence of delusional schizophrenic illness was stable. This decline is taken to reflect a change in the pheno
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41

Linter, C. M. "Short-Cycle Manic-Depressive Psychosis in a Mentally Handicapped Child without Family History." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 4 (October 1987): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.4.554.

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Diagnosis of classic psychiatric illness in mentally handicapped individuals remains difficult. Manic-depressive illness has previously been reported in both pre-pubertal and pubertal children with a mental handicap and with a family history. This paper reports a case of manic-depressive psychosis in childhood, with no family history, short-cycle mood swings and good response to lithium therapy.
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42

Crammer, J. L. "Disturbance of Water and Sodium in a Manic-Depressive Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 3 (September 1986): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.3.337.

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Specific questioning and frequent observation of a 69 year-old woman with cyclic bipolar manic-depressive illness showed that she had disturbances of thirst, appetite, bowel and bladder function and dramatic changes in body weight, in association with different phases of her mental illness. Examination of one manic phase under constant diet and inpatient control showed cardiovascular changes, sodium retention, body weight gain, with raised aldosterone secretion but steady vasopressin. There appears to be a sub-group of manic-depressive patients with evidence of disturbed hypothalamic functions
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43

Feier, Gustavo, Samira S. Valvassori, Gislaine T. Rezin, Márcio Búrigo, Emilio L. Streck, Flávio Kapczinski, and João Quevedo. "Creatine kinase levels in patients with bipolar disorder: depressive, manic, and euthymic phases." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 33, no. 2 (March 18, 2011): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462011005000005.

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OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder is a severe, recurrent, and often chronic psychiatric illness associated with significant functional impairment, morbidity, and mortality. Creatine kinase is an important enzyme, particularly for cells with high and fluctuating energy requirements, such as neurons, and is a potential marker of brain injury. The aim of the present study was to compare serum creatine kinase levels between bipolar disorder patients, in the various phases (depressive, manic, and euthymic), and healthy volunteers. METHOD: Forty-eight bipolar patients were recruited: 18 in the euthymic ph
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44

Lazarus, Arthur. "Factitious Disorder in a Manic Patient: Case Report and Treatment Considerations." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 15, no. 4 (December 1986): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1j1y-ap87-8w21-f0nx.

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A case of factitious disorder with physical symptoms is described in a patient with manic-depressive illness. The coexistence of factitious disorder and bipolar disorder has not been previously reported. Clinicians should search for an underlying affective disorder in patients who fabricate signs and symptoms of physical illness, since mania may simulate or contribute to the production of factitious behavior.
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Da Silva, Rafael Assis, Daniel Mograbi, Luiza Nogueira Amadeo, Cristina MT Santana, Jesus Landeira-Fernandez, and Elie Cheniaux. "The relationship between affective temperament and suicide attempt, clinical history and current subclinical symptoms in bipolar disorder." DIVERSITATES International Journal 9, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53357/cpav4969.

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Background: Affective temperament may strongly influence psychopathological characteristics in mood disorders such as clinical course of major or minor affective episodes, predominant polarity, clinical symptoms, long term clinical course, suicidality, and response/adherence to medication.Objective: The objective of this work is evaluate the association between affective temperament and clinical characteristics in bipolar disorder (BD) patients.Method: 88 euthymic bipolar patients were evaluated through Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Clinical Global Impress
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46

Ghaemi, S. Nassir, James Y. Ko, and Fred er ick K. Goodwin. "“Cade's Disease” and Beyond: Misdiagnosis, Antidepressant Use, and a Proposed Definition for Bipolar Spectrum Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47, no. 2 (March 2002): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700202.

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The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) has been in con sis tent and frequently mis under stood in re cent years. To identify the causes of this problem and suggest possible solutions, we under took a critical review of studies concerning the nosology of BD and the effects of antidepressant agents. Both the under diagnosis of BD and its frequent mis diagnosis as unipolar major depressive dis order (MDD) appear to be problems in patients with BD. Under diagnosis results from clinicians' in adequate under standing of manic symptoms, from patients' im paired in sight into mania, and
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47

Kendler, Kenneth S. "Kraepelin's final views on manic-depressive Illness." Journal of Affective Disorders 282 (March 2021): 979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.200.

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48

Yildiz, Aysegul. "Phosphoinositide metabolism, lithium and manic depressive illness." Spectroscopy 16, no. 3-4 (2002): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/535201.

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Physiology underlying manic depressive illness and treating effects of its most commonly used remedy – “lithium” is yet to be elucidated. Recent years of psychopharmacology research witnessed sparkling developments in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying lithium’s mood stabilizing effects. Recent data on molecular biology andin vivomagnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that some of the initial actions of lithium may occur through the inhibition of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) and reduction ofmyo–inositol, which in turn initiate a cascade of events at different level
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49

Gershon, Elliot S. "Single gene findings in manic-depressive illness." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (February 1991): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199102000-00012.

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