Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Mao Naga language“

Sumi (also known by its exonym ‘Sema’) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Nagaland, North-east India. It is one of the major languages of the state, with an estimated 242,000 speakers living primarily in Zunheboto district, as well as in the major cities of Kohima and Dimapur. Bradley (1997) places Sumi (referred to as Sema), among the ‘Southern Naga’ languages, which include Angami (also known as Tenyidie) and Ao, in contrast to the ‘Northern Naga’ languages such as Konyak and Nocte. Burling (2003) offers a more conservative classification, placing Sumi (referred to as Simi) in an ‘Angami-Pochuri’ group containing Angami, Chakhesang (Chokri and Kheza) and Mao. Four main dialects of Sumi have been identified: the Western dialect, the Eastern dialect, the Chizolimi dialect, and the Central dialect. The Central dialect is the standard dialect used in published works of Sumi (Sreedhar 1976: 4–5).

The subject of the Quran is a man, and all its teaching is to give guidance to human beings on the right path. It is impossible to get real guidance without understanding the message of Allah existing in its rich text. The Quran is the richest and authentic book regarding its style, and it is abundant with rhetorical devices and other forms of language and literature. No book can even compete with the Quran with its choice of words and rhetorical devices. This present study attempts to throw light on some of the rhetorical devices employed in Surah An Naba, the 78th Surah of the Quran of the English translated version by Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall. This study aims to determine the rhetorical devices used in its English translation, so understand the real and true lessons lying between the texts. For this purpose, the major rhetorical devices as persuasive words. Amplification, hyperbole, simile, metaphor, parallelism, etc. were found. This study is qualitative. A content analysis technique is used to complete the objective of the study. The analysed data and findings are presented in the descriptive form. This study further recommends the researchers to research the other Surah of the Quran as well.

Al editar un texto a mano, las líneas pueden tacharse, o eliminarse, en actos de borrado. Este artículo sostiene que el tachado y la supresión son opuestos, tanto operacionalmente como en sus efectos superficiales. Mientras que el tachado raya físicamente las palabras, ontológicamente no hace más contacto con la superficie sobre la que están escritas que una línea inscrita en un espejo con lo que se refleja en el vidrio. Es como si el trazo se dibujara a través de otro plano, superpuesto a la página de escritura. Sin embargo, frotar o rayar erosiona la superficie misma. Cuando la misma superficie se reutiliza repetidamente, como era común con la escritura en pergamino, surgen huellas del pasado mientras que las huellas del presente se hunden. Lo mismo ocurre con la reutilización del suelo, en ciclos de cultivo. Ambos conducen a la formación de un palimpsesto. Con el palimpsesto, darse la vuelta es fundamental para la renovación. El estado territorial, por el contrario, asume que el suelo está estratificado en capas, apilado en una secuencia temporal. La renovación, entonces, solo puede llegar agregando más capas. Llegamos así a una distinción entre dos tipos de superficie: la superficie estratificada, que cubre lo anterior y se cierra a lo que sigue; y la superficie profunda, que no cubre nada más que a sí misma y, sin embargo, se eleva al aire libre. Estas superficies encarnan, respectivamente, los principios contrarios de estratigrafía y antiestratigrafía. El camuflaje funciona engañándonos para que tomemos un tipo de superficie por otra. El ejemplo del entierro, sin embargo, muestra cómo ambos principios pueden combinarse. Enterrar el pasado lo pone a un lado, pero no lo hará desaparecer. Solo cuando finalmente salga a la superficie, el pasado podrá ser borrado por los estragos del tiempo.

Manoel de Barros se traduziu na liberdade e no encantamento dos versos, em um trabalho artesanal com as palavras. Na linguagem, construiu um infinito particular, onde desvela muito mais do que as belezas do Pantanal, mas a grandeza do homem e da vida, uma poesia contemporânea que dialoga com a tradição simbolista e moderna. Exemplo disso é O livro das Ignorãças, no qual o autor apresenta seu percurso criativo e as origens de sua criação poética, transformando o ínfimo, o nada e as miudezas em pura poesia. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um pouco do projeto poético de Barros, especialmente no livro em questão, refletindo sobre seu processo criativo de acordo com algumas das teorias da criação poética. *** The unlimits of the word of Manoel de Barros ***Manoel de Barros translated himself into the freedom and enchantment of the verses, in a handcrafted work with words. In language, he constructed a particular infinite, where he unveils much more than the beauties of Pantanal, but the greatness of man and life, contemporary poetry that dialogues with the symbolism and modern tradition. A great example is O livro das Ignorãças, in which the author presents his creative journey and the origins of his poetic creation, transforming the tiny, the nothingness and the offal into pure poetry. Thus, this paper presents a little of the poetic project of Barros, especially in this book, reflecting on its creative process according to some poetic creation theories.Keywords: Poetry; Manoel de Barros; Modern lyric; Poetic creation.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur dan unsur stilistik lirik lagu dalam kesenian Ronggeng Gunung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Data dalam penelitian ini yakni lirik lagu dari hasil wawancara dengan bi Raspi yang merupakan seniman Ronggeng Gunung di Desa Ciulu Kecamatan Banjarsari Kabupaten Ciamis. Dari hasil analisis, terdapat 114 imaji yang terdiri dari (1) 29 imaji visual; (2) 9 imaji auditif; dan (3) 75 imaji taktil/rasa. Lirik lagu tersebut menggunakan patokan pantun, ada 109 buah pantun yang terdiri dari: (1) 79 paparikan; (2) 25 rarakitan; dan (3) 5 wawangsalan. Rima yang terdapat dalam lirik ini adalah ”purwakanti mindoan kawit”, “larasmadya”, “laraswekas”, dan “pangluyu”. Tema dari lirik lagu dalam kesenian Ronggeng Gunung paling banyak berkaitan dengan asmara dan kesedihan. Rasa yang paling banyak tergambar dari lirik tersebut adalah bingung, sedih, dan sakit hati. Nada yang digunakan dalam menyampaikan lirik tersebut di antaranya nada bingung, sedih, dan kecewa. Maksud dari lirik tersebut menjelaskan tentang seseorang yang merasa tergila-gila, keinginan untuk bersama, dan kesedihan ketika patah hati. Sebagaimana cerita Ronggeng Gunung yang tercipta dari rasa kehilangan seorang perempuan yang ditinggal mati oleh kekasih yang sangat ia cintai. Jadi, isi lirik lagunya berhubungan dengan asmara antara seorang perempuan dan laki-laki. Unsur stilistik atau gaya bahasa yang ada di antaranya (1) 1 gaya bahasa simile; (2) 1 gaya bahasa metafora; (3) 4 gaya bahasa personifikasi; (4) 1 gaya bahasa metonimia; (5) 2 gaya bahasa litotes; (6) 1 gaya bahasa hiperbola; dan (7) 1 gaya bahasa pleonasme. ABSTRACTThis study aimed to describe the structure and stylistic the lyrics of song in Ronggeng Gunung. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method by using observation and interviews techniques. Sources of data in this study is lyrics of song from interviews with Ronggeng Gunung artists in Ciulu Village Banjarsari Sub-district Ciamis Regency. From the analysis of the physical structure, there are 114 images which consists of (1) 29 visual image; (2) 9 auditif image; and (3) 75 images of tactile/sense. Lyrics of the song are using poem, there are 109 pieces of poem that consisting of: (1st) 79 paparikan; (2) 25 rarakitan; and (3) 5 wawangsalan. Rhyme contained in the lyrics is assonance “mindoan kawit", "larasmadya", "laraswekas", and "pangluyu". From the analysis of the inner structure, the theme of the lyrics most associated with romance and sadness. The most sense of the lyrics are sad, indecisive, and heartache. The tone used in the lyrics are which vacillation, sadness, and disappointed. The purpose of the lyrics describes someone who feels infatuation, desire to be together, and sadness when heartbroken. As the story of Ronggeng Gunung that is created from a sense of a woman who was left to die by someone she loved very much. Thus, the lyrical content associated with romance between a woman and a man. Stylistic element or language style that is contained in the lyrics which consists of (1) 1 simile; (2) 1 metaphors; (3) 4 personified; (4) 1 metonymy; (5) 2 litotes; (6) 1 hyperbole; and (7) 1 pleonasme.

-Monika Arnez, Niels Mulder, Southeast Asian images; Towards civil society? Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2003, ix + 253 pp. -Adriaan Bedner, Connie Carter, Eyes on the prize; Law and economic development in Singapore. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, xviii + 307 pp. [The London-Leiden series on law, administration and development 7.] -Amrit Gomperts, J.R. van Diessen ,Grote atlas van Nederlands Oost-Indië/Comprehensive atlas of the Netherlands East Indies. Zierikzee: Asia Maior, Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (KNAG), 2004, 480 pp. (editors, with the collaboration of R.C.M. Braam, W. Leijnse, P.A. Levi, J.J. Reijnders, R.P.G.A. Voskuil and M.P.B. Ziellemans), F.J. Ormeling (eds) -Stuart R. Harrop, Adriaan Bedner ,Towards integrated environmental law in Indonesia? Leiden: Research school CNWS, School of Asian, African and Amerindian studies, 2003, 161 pp. [CNWS publications 127.], Nicole Niessen (eds) -David Henley, Paul H. Kratoska ,Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of knowledge and politics of space. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2005, xi + 326 pp., Remco Raben, Henk Schulte Nordholt (eds) -Gerry van Klinken, Anthony J. Langlois, The politics of justice and human rights; Southeast Asia and universalist theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xi + 214 pp. [Cambridge Asia-Pacific studies.] -Koh Keng We, Jurrien van Goor, Prelude to colonialism; The Dutch in Asia. Hilversum: Verloren, 2004, 127 pp. -Lim Beng Soon, Thomas H. Slone, Prokem; An analysis of a Jakartan slang. Oakland: Masalai Press, 2003, 95 pp. -Lim Beng Soon, Neil Khor Jin Keong ,The Penang Po Leung Kuk; Chinese women, prostitution and a welfare organisation. Kuala Lumpur; The Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic society (MBRAS), 2004, VII + 181 pp., Khoo Keat Siew (eds) -Dick van der Meij, J. Thomas Lindblad ,Macht en majesteit; Opstellen voor Cees Fasseur bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar in de geschiedenis van Indonesië aan de Universiteit Leiden. Leiden: Opleiding Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Universiteit Leiden, 2002, xviii + 328 pp. [Semaian 22.], Willem van der Molen (eds) -Dick van der Meij, Renato Rosaldo, Cultural citizenship in island Southeast Asia; Nation and belonging in the hinterlands. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2003, x + 228 pp. -Lisa Migo, Sjoerd R. Jaarsma, Handle with care; Ownership and control of ethnographic materials. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002, x + 264 pp. [ASAO monograph series 20.] -Jonathan H. Ping, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto, Thailand, Indonesia and Burma in comparative perspective. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002, xiv + 308 pp. [The international political economy of new regionalisms series.] -Anthony L. Smith, Amitav Acharya, Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia; ASEAN and the problem of regional order. London: Routledge, 2001, xx + 234 pp. -Achmad Sunjayadi, Elsbeth Locher-Scholten ,Hof en handel; Aziatische vorsten en de VOC 1620-1720. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 2004, x + 350 pp. [Verhandelingen 223.], Peter Rietbergen (eds) -Gerard Termorshuizen, Marieke Bloembergen, De koloniale vertoning; Nederland en Indië op de wereldtentoonstellingen (1880-1931). Amsterdam: Wereld-bibliotheek, 2002, 463 pp.''Koloniale inspiratie; Frankrijk, Nederland, Indië en de wereldtentoonstellingen 1883-1931. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 2004, 256 pp. -Jojanneke van der Toorn, Philip Taylor, Goddess on the rise; Pilgrimage and popular religion in Vietnam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004, x + 332 pp. -Holger Warnk, Azyumardi Azra, The origins of Islamic reformism in Southeast Asia; Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'ulama' in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004, ix + 253 pp. -Robert Wessing, Gregory Forth, Beneath the volcano; Religion, cosmology and spirit classification among the Nage of eastern Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1998, xi + 369 pp. [Verhandelingen 117.] -Edwin Wieringa, Dauril Alden, Charles R. Boxer; An uncommon life: soldier, historian, teacher, collector, traveller. Lisboa: Fundacão Oriente, 2001, 616 pp. (author assisted by James S. Cummins and Michael Cooper)

Éste es uno de esos casos en los que la brevedad del título no debe distraernos del calibre de los resultados de investigación que se presentan. Pero tampoco es un mal título: nada más para recordar a un precursor muy cercano en el rigor y la intención, aunque no en el método, viene de inmediato a nuestra mente la Bibliografía mexicana del siglo xvi de Joaquín García Icazbalceta (1886), reeditada modernamente nada más ni nada menos que por Agustín Millares Carlo en 1954…

ABSTRACTInformation and communication technologies were presented as an alternative "effective or not", both for those who teach their use and for those who use them; it is a fact, you want to or not, that arrived to our society to stay and multiply, a complex reality which we have two alternatives: we provide them, deepening them. Technologically speaking, to the decline of the Paleolithic era, our fellow beings had nothing to say, however, if they could speak and communicate through the word. The language is inherent to the human being. It is important to make this clarification. The human body, on both ends, were the first instrument to support mankind used to remember and tell. The fingers of the hand, can be considered the first supports that men and women of ancient times is cost to count and constitute, therefore, the notion of elementary arithmetic, previous even to the notion of number. It is very likely that the fingers of the hands and feet have been the origin of the numerical systems quinary, decimal and vigesimal: i.e., the man could count five, ten or twenty. Constant technologicalpolitical and philosophical - changes which manifested themselves in the 20th century resulted in the appearance that it has been called "Age of the information or technology" which has radically changed the global situation in all aspects, and that it has given rise to a technological revolution present every dayRESUMENLas Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación se presentaron como una alternativa “efectiva o no”, tanto para quienes enseñan su uso como para quienes las utilizan; es un hecho, se quiera o no, que arribaron a nuestra sociedad para permanecer y multiplicarse, una realidad compleja ante la cual tenemos dos alternativas: las proporcionamos, las profundizamos. Tecnológicamente hablando, hasta el ocaso de la era paleolítica, nuestros congéneres no tenían nada que decir…, sin embargo, si podían hablar y comunicarse por medio de la palabra. El lenguaje es consustancial al ser humano; es importante hacer esta aclaración. El cuerpo humano, sobre todo ambas extremidades, fueron los primeros instrumentos que empleó la humanidad como apoyo para recordar y contar. Los dedos de la mano, pueden considerarse los primeros apoyos de los que se valieron hombres y mujeres de la antigüedad para contar y constituyen, por tanto, la noción más elemental de la aritmética, anterior incluso a la noción de número. Es muy probable que los dedos de las manos y los pies hayan sido el origen de los sistemas numéricos quinario, decimal y vigesimal: es decir, el Hombre podía contar cinco, diez o veinte. Los constantes cambios tecnológicos —políticos y filosóficos— que se manifestaron en el Siglo XX dieron como resultado la aparición a lo que se ha dado en llamar “Era de las Tecnologías o Informática” que ha cambiado radicalmente la situación mundial en todos los aspectos, y que ha dado origen a una revolución tecnológica presente cada día.

When adults talk about reading history, most of us think of a range of history- related texts: historical fiction, periodicals, biographies, diaries, documents, reports, and documentaries. Yet, when I talk with students about reading history, they immediately talk about reading history textbooks. This leads me to believe that our task as teachers is twofold: expanding the range of reading that students define as reading history and increasing students’ ability to comprehend that range of texts—including their textbooks. Much of the comprehension support we provide during reading is focused on helping students negotiate a range of texts. For many students, obstacles to comprehension occur when they are presented with a diverse range of text types. Several aspects are involved in supporting students’ comprehension in reading history, because comprehension is always a complex issue. Nagy highlights the complexity of comprehension with this statement in Teaching Vocabulary to Improve Reading Comprehension: “Reading comprehension depends on a wealth of encyclopedic knowledge and not merely on definitional knowledge of the words in the text” (1988, 7). While lists of vocabulary words are often introduced to students prior to assigning reading, it is clear that comprehending reading assignments is about more than defining words. In order for students to comprehend the diverse types of texts they encounter in reading history, they must know how to use and when to employ a wide range of independent reading strategies. Those challenges to comprehension include, but are not limited to, the following text-related reading issues:… • Diverse levels of readability are represented in a single text. • Texts present multiple concepts in a short amount of space (concept density). • Knowledge on how to use text supports to support reading is lacking. • Ability to break the language code (specialized vocabulary) is required. • Comprehension is predicated on significant background knowledge. • Sophisticated study/memory techniques have to be employed to organize and retain information. • Monitoring techniques have to be employed so important concepts aren’t missed. • Knowledge of what supplemental resources (atlas, map, almanac) can provide is necessary. • Knowledge of how to read supplemental resources is required. • Texts may not hold or capture reader’s interest so readers must be selfmotivated. • Multiple texts must be held in memory for comparison, contrast, and discovery of patterns.

The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) code was created through a joint United States industry and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) effort to develop a state-of-the-art aircraft engine cycle analysis simulation tool. Written in the computer language C++, NPSS is an object-oriented framework allowing the gas turbine engine analyst considerable flexibility in cycle conceptual design and performance estimation. Furthermore, the tool was written with the assumption that most users would desire to easily add their own unique objects and calculations without the burden of modifying the source code. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to present an introduction to the discipline of thermodynamic cycle analysis to those who may have some basic knowledge in the individual areas of fluid flow, gas dynamics, thermodynamics, and turbomachinery theory but not necessarily how they are collectively used in engine cycle analysis. Second, this paper will show examples of performance modeling of gas turbine engine cycles specifically using Numerical Propulsion System Simulation concepts and model syntax. Current practices in industry and academia will also be discussed. While NPSS allows both steady-state and transient simulations and is written to facilitate higher orders of analysis fidelity, the pedagogical example will focus primarily on steady-state analysis of an aircraft mixed flow turbofan at the 0-D and 1-D level. Ultimately it is hoped that this paper will provide a starting point by which both the novice cycle analyst and the experienced engineer looking to transition to a superior tool can use NPSS to analyze any kind of practical gas turbine engine cycle in detail.

This study attempts to clarify the tense systems in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea; particularly, the past tense and habitual past forms in the sample three languages in the area: Amele, Waskia, and Kobon. This study thus investigates past tense and habitual features, and discusses how the people in the area interpret past events. The study then discusses how these people map their temporal frames in their grammars (“anthropology of time”, Gell 1996). To aid analysis, I collected data through observing descriptive grammars and fieldwork, finding that Amele exhibits three types of past tense and habitual tense forms, as in (1). Kobon has two distinct simple and remote past tenses, as in (2). Kobon has habitual aspect with the help of the verb “to be.” Waskia, in contrast, has a distinction between realis and irrealis meanings, and the realis forms can indicate past and habitual meanings (two habitual forms: one is include in realis, another is with the help of the verb “stay”), as shown in (3). (1) Amele: Today’s past: Ija hu-ga. “I came (today).” Yesterday’s past: Ija hu-gan. “I came (yesterday).” Remote past: Ija ho-om. “I came (before yesterday).” Habitual past (by adding the habitual form “l”): Ija ho-lig. “I used to come.” (2) Kobon (Davies 1989): Simple past: Yad au-ɨn. “I have come.” Remote past: Nöŋ-be. “You saw” Habitual aspect (by using the verb “mid” to be): Yad nel nipe pu-mid-in. “I used to break his firewood.” (3) Waskia (Ross and Paol 1978): Realis: Ane ikelako yu naem. “I drank some water yesterday.” (simple past) Realis: Ane girako yu no-kisam “In the past I used to drink water” (habitual past) Habitual (by using the verb “bager“ (stay)): Ane girako yu nala bager-em. “In the past I used to drink water.“ Finally, this study claims that Amele and Kobon have remoteness distinctions; near and remote past distinctions, but there is no such a distinction in Waskia. The observed habitual usages are different to each other. Nevertheless, the three languages have a grammatical viewpoint of habitual past mapping.