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1
Nicita, Alessandro. Efficiency and equity of a marginal tax reform: Income, quality, and price elasticities for Mexico. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.
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Nicita, Alessandro. Efficiency and Equity of a Marginal Tax Reform: Income, Quality, and Price Elasticities for Mexico. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3266.
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Magalhães, Pedro C. Economic Outcomes, Quality of Governance, and Satisfaction with Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0009.
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This chapter investigates the impact of economic outcomes and quality of government on political support, arguing that the effect of economic performance is contingent on the quality of government. This hypothesis is derived from procedural fairness theories in organizational psychology according to which procedural fairness moderates the effects of outcome favorability on support for authorities. The chapter develops and tests the hypotheses that citizens’ political support is most affected by economic outcomes in those countries where the quality of government is lowest. In contrast, in contexts of high quality of government, political support is expected to be less sensitive to short-term economic fluctuations. Using ESS data and aggregate indicators of economic performance, the chapter finds that in countries where the quality of government is high, the impact of economic indicators is marginal, but where the quality of government is low, political support is quite sensitive to economic outcomes.
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Marginal Damages and Pollution Credit Training: A Study of Air Pollution in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2013.
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Chimeli, Ariaster B. Environmental Issues. Herausgegeben von Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni und Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.29.
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This chapter discusses critical issues surrounding the economics of the environment in Brazil. A general framework for analyzing the state of the environment in a developing country is first presented and is used as a departure point for the study of the recent Brazilian case. High marginal utility of consumption, high marginal cost of abatement, imperfect representation of citizens by politicians, and market failures are put forth as candidate explanations for poor environmental quality and low willingness to pay for environmental improvements in developing countries, even when large gains to health and income could result. These arguments are applicable in several contexts in Brazil, but not universally. The chapter presents a critical and selective literature review on key topics including deforestation in the Amazon region, aspects of ethanol production and consumption, and climate change.
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Qian, Nancy. The Effect of China’s One Child Policy on Sex Selection, Family Size, and the School Enrolment of Daughters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0014.
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A large economics literature provides evidence that parents trade-off the quantity of children with the quality of children, which implies that child ‘quality’ declines as family size increases. Child psychologists argue that increases in the number of children can increase the child quality because it provides children with opportunities to teach and learn from each other. Alternatively, there may simply be economies of scale in childcare costs for items such as clothes and textbooks such that an additional child lowers the marginal cost of quality for all children. Both China and India have experimented with different family planning policies to limit family size. This study addresses the effect of family size by examining the impact of increasing the number of children from one to two on school enrolment in rural China. To establish causality, the author exploits region and birth year variation in relaxations of the one child policy.
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Chiang, Connie Y. Desert Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842062.003.0005.
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This chapter explores efforts to develop agricultural programs that would allow the camps to grow or raise most of the food consumed by Japanese Americans. This was a particularly important goal because wartime rationing and military demands limited food supplies. However, it was also quite challenging, as most of the camps were located on arid land with short growing seasons and variable soil quality. Even the most experienced farmers found it difficult to grow crops on marginal land. In addition to weather and soil problems, the WRA encountered labor shortages, resistance from local municipalities, and wartime mandates. While the camps did not produce all of their food, they did develop an extensive agricultural program with significant yields.
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Prince, Erin L., und Heidi R. Umphrey. Multiple Circumscribed Masses. Herausgegeben von Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman und Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0019.
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A circumscribed mass is a mass with margins demonstrating a sharp demarcation between the lesion and surrounding tissue. On mammography, at least 75% of the margin must be well defined in order for the mass to qualify as circumscribed. Multiple circumscribed masses may be seen unilaterally or bilaterally and can be seen on up to 1.7% of screening mammograms. After mammography, these masses may need to be further evaluated with ultrasound and correlated with clinical information. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for multiple circumscribed masses. Topics discussed include cysts, fibroadenomas, oil cysts, metastases, lymph nodes, and neurofibromas.
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Moller, David Wendell, Hrsg. Dying at the Margins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.001.0001.
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Dying at the Margins: Reflections on Justice and Healing for Inner-City Poor gives voice to a most vulnerable and disempowered population—the urban dying poor—and connects them to the voices of leaders in end-of-life care. Chapters written by these experts in the field discuss the issues that challenge patients and their loved ones, as well as offering insights into how to improve the quality of their lives. In an illuminating and timely follow-up to Dancing with Broken Bones, all discussions revolve around the actual experiences of the patients previously documented, encouraging a greater understanding about the needs of the dying poor, advocating for them, and developing best practices in caring. Demystifying stereotypes that surround poverty, Moller illuminates how faith, remarkable optimism, and an unassailable spirit provide strength and courage to those who live and die at the margins. As with his previous book, Dying at the Margins serves as a rallying call for not only end-of-life professionals, but compassionate individuals everywhere, to understand and respond to the needs of the especially vulnerable, yet inspiring, people who comprise the world of the inner-city dying poor.
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Guffey, Patrick J., und Martin Culwick. Adverse Event Prevention and Management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0009.
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Adverse events are an unfortunate reality of caring for patients in our current healthcare system. Preventing and mitigating these events are an important part of quality improvement. First, an understanding of what events occur and how often they are occurring is critical to planning improvements. Incident reporting systems are one way of gathering this information. Then, events should be categorized and analyzed for improvement. The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and bow-tie diagram are two tools for this purpose. Once an event has occurred, consideration should be given to the caregivers as well as the patient when managing and resolving adverse events. Prevention requires strong analysis of events and recognition of both latent (system) and human causes. Interventions have different degrees of effectiveness, ranging from highly effective forcing functions, to marginally effective encouraging statements. There are four steps to event management: mitigation, immediate management, refractory management, and follow-up.
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Sandberg, Johan, und Moira Nelson. Social Investment in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0025.
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This chapter aims to understand the viability of the SIA in Latin America by focusing on the extent to which conditional cash transfers (CCTs) fulfil the stock, flow, and buffer functions of social investment. Despite evidence that CCTs make important social investment contributions, our analysis shows that they are inadequately supported by policies impacting before (e.g. early childhood education and care (ECEC), and preschool), during (e.g. educational reforms to increase quality of teaching and learning), and after educational trajectories (e.g. labour-market policies). This points to the vast importance of policy context in planning, designing, and implementing social investments. Programmes like CCTs have, to date, been implemented on the margins of existing welfare and social policy systems, and gaps could be addressed in the short and medium term through a comprehensive SIA that ideally pursues three interrelated objectives.
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Levene, Alysa. Childhood and Adolescence. Herausgegeben von Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0018.
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Childhood and youth have undergone a period of much more intensive scrutiny within the social history of medicine in the past few decades. This article discusses the significance of health and well-being of the younger generation as it reflects a variety of wider societal concerns about national efficiency, confidence in medical practice, a healthy and well-balanced population, and the quality of social relations. It discusses more insightful discoveries about the nature of child patients and disease by studying how they are treated compared with others experiencing similar impairment. It also deals with the second theme to emerge in recent medical histories of childhood and youth focusing on the boundaries of normal life experiences. The history of child health is moving from the margins of welfare and employment into its own field, and it is hoped that future work will continue to build up a more convincing set of theoretical reference points.
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Clark, David. Palliative medicine: Historical record and challenges that remain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199674282.003.0007.
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With its growing recognition by the early decades of the twentieth century, palliative medicine was moving from the margins to a more central place within medicine. Much had been achieved and there was growing evidence of palliative care’s successes around the world. At the same time, there were ongoing concerns about the quality of the evidence base to support its practices. There were questions about the relationship between palliative care and end-of-life care. There was also the challenge of delivering good care to all who might need it in the face of serious and life-threatening illness in an era of population growth and ageing. There seemed to be many ways to conceptualize and deliver palliative care. Would this lead to global coverage and spread, and what would be the particular role of palliative medicine within the process? This chapter concludes with reflections on progress to date and challenges for the future.
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Sury, Michael. Procedural sedation in children. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman und Neil S. Morton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0072.
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Sedation is a state of reduced consciousness in which the patient should be rousable. The main concern is that sedation can become too deep, unintentionally, and the patient can be harmed. The practitioner must therefore be trained to cope with all the common side-effects of sedation. Sedation techniques depend on the intended procedure. Four common scenarios are covered in this chapter: painless imaging, painful procedures, endoscopy, and dental procedures. Each of these has specific demands and they are discussed in detail. The anaesthetist should choose short-acting potent drugs to provide effective sedation or anaesthesia. Non-anaesthetists should, unless specifically trained, limit their techniques to those which are truly sedation and have a wide margin of safety. Unfortunately, such drugs are usually less potent and the techniques have a failure rate. In the absence of anaesthetists, high-quality services need to minimize the risk of failure and develop effective sedation techniques by trained staff.
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Winker, Margaret A., und Stephen J. Lurie. Study Design and Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.003.0020.
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Statistical concepts, such as the margin of error in a public opinion poll or the probability of rain or snow, appear in everyday conversation. But, just as one may understand how the heart functions and how blood circulates but not be able to perform a cardiac catheterization, an understanding of statistical concepts does not enable one to perform the work of a statistician. Although the concepts may be familiar, the tools of statistics may be misapplied and the results misinterpreted without a statistician’s help. In medical research, the quality of the statistical analysis and clarity of presentation of statistical results are critical to a study’s validity. Decisions about statistical analysis are best made at the time that the study is designed and generally should not be deferred until after the data have been collected. Even the most sophisticated statistical analysis cannot salvage a fundamentally flawed study. Regardless of the statistician’s role, authors (who may include statisticians) are responsible for the appropriate design, analysis, and presentation of the study’s results...
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Furtado, Gustavo Procopio. Documentary Filmmaking in Contemporary Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867041.001.0001.
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This book examines the vibrant field of documentary filmmaking in Brazil from the transition to democracy in 1985 to the present. Marked by significant efforts toward the democratization of Brazil’s highly unequal society, this period also witnessed the documentary’s rise to unprecedented vitality in quantity, quality, and diversity of production—including polished auteur films as well as rough-hewn collaborative works; films made in major metropolitan regions as well as in remote parts of the Amazon; intimate first-person documentaries as well as films that dive headfirst into struggles for social justice. The transformations of Brazilian society and of filmmaking coalesce and become entangled in this cinema’s preoccupation with archives. Historically linked to the exercise and maintenance of power, the concept of the archive is critical for the documentary as a cultural practice that preserves images from the present for the future, unearths and repurposes visual materials from the past, and is historically invested in filmic images as records of the real. Contemporary films incorporate, reflect on, and rework a variety of archives, such as documents produced by official institutions, ethnographic images, home movies, and photo albums—and engage not only with what is preserved but also with lacunas in the record and with alternate forms of remembering, retrieving, and transmitting the past. Through its interaction with archives, this book argues, the contemporary documentary reflects on and intervenes in the distribution of visibilities and invisibilities, centers and margins, silences and speech, living memory and its preservation in the record—thus locating the documentary on archival borders that concern Brazilian society and filmmaking alike.
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Cremona, Marise, und Claire Kilpatrick, Hrsg. EU Legal Acts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817468.001.0001.
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In this collection of essays, which were first presented at the Academy of European Law in Florence, we bring together a series of contributions which explore the changing landscape of the EU’s legal acts, and the boundaries between legal acts and acts and processes which may create norms but which do not create ‘law’ in the traditional sense. We bring together two different ways of looking at this picture. The first is to focus on the transformations in and challenges to the EU’s ‘classic’ or traditional legal acts, in particular since the reconfiguration of the categories of legal act and the procedures for their adoption by the Lisbon Treaty. The second perspective is to focus on those acts found at – or beyond – the margin of the classic EU legal acts, including acts of the Member States such as inter se treaties; self-regulation and collective agreements; so-called soft law; and decision-making outside the normal legislative procedures. On the one hand, the volume is concerned to explain this somewhat puzzling adaptability of the EU legal order given that the legal instruments at the Union’s disposal appear essentially the same as they were when the Treaty of Rome came into force 60 years ago (regulations, directives, decisions and international agreements). On the other, it explores the challenges the making and quality of acts pose for the EU’s legal order, such as alterations to institutional balance and the roles of the different institutional actors and challenges to the rule of law.