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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Mécanismes d'extraction de la numérosité“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Mécanismes d'extraction de la numérosité"
Joxe, Ludovic. „Quand les bandits deviennent des princes : Le cas du sindicato de Las Claritas au Venezuela“. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 21.03.2025, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008423924000672.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Mécanismes d'extraction de la numérosité"
Chapalain, Thomas. „Investigating the representation of numerosity in humans and convolutional neural networks using high-variability photorealistic stimuli“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UPASG020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe ability to rapidly estimate the number of items in a scene without explicit counting, known as visual number sense, has been the focus of extensive research. Experimental studies and computational models have sought to uncover the mechanisms that enable the human brain to extract numerosity at a glance. Recent advances in imaging techniques, including ultra-high-field functional MRI (fMRI), multivariate pattern analysis, and population receptive field (pRF) modeling, have provided deeper insights into how numerical information is encoded in the brain.These studies have highlighted the involvement of higher-order regions, such as the frontal and parietal cortices, but also lower-level areas, in numerical perception. Most research on numerosity perception has relied on simplified visual stimuli, such as binary dot arrays. While useful, these stimuli fail to capture the complexity of real-world visual environments and present a special case where numerosity is tightly correlated with some low-level statistics of the visual input. This raises questions about ecological validity, and about the extent to which previous findings reflected the discrete number of items per se as opposed to correlated low-level factors. In this thesis, we developed a synthetic photorealistic stimulus dataset to address these limitations, introducing high variability in the characteristics of both objects and scenes while maintaining precise experimental control. This dataset allows for the study of numerosity perception in contexts closer to natural images. Using this new dataset of photorealistic renderings of 3D objects embedded in diverse background scenes, our analyses demonstrated that deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) optimized for object recognition could encode numerical information with robustness to diverse objects and scenes in distributed activity patterns of their higher convolutional layers. Conversely, untrained networks failed to discriminate numerical content across changes in those other high-level visual properties and mainly encoded low-level summary statistics.These findings suggest that untrained models may not truly encode discrete numerosity and emphasize the importance of using complex stimuli to probe the neural mechanisms of visual number sense. Given the role of CNNs' as models of the ventral visual stream, this research motivates further investigation of how numerical information is represented in the brain beyond commonly studied dorsal-parietal areas. Therefore, in an independent 7T fMRI study, we recorded brain activity of both ventral and dorsal visual pathways while participants viewed and attended to the numerical content of similar synthetic photorealistic stimuli.This experimental paradigm enabled us to disentangle numerical information from correlated visual statistics, allowing for the examination of their distinct contributions to brain activity. Our findings revealed that lateral occipital areas, commonly linked to object recognition, could simultaneously represent numerical and object-related information. Additionally, dorsal parietal regions demonstrated a specialized role in encoding numerical information beyond basic visual features. In contrast, low-level visual statistics primarily influenced early visual and higher-level ventral temporal areas, with minimal impact on higher-order dorsal regions. These findings illustrate a hierarchical organization in visual processing, transitioning from encoding of low-level features to more invariant representations of objects and numerosity in higher-level brain areas. Our work underscores the abstract nature of numerosity representations, advancing our understanding of numerical cognition under more realistic visual conditions
Meze, Florian. „Etude des mécanismes d'extraction du TBP saturé par le nitrate d'uranyle“. Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066476.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSukhbaatar, Tamir. „Approche multi-échelle pour la compréhension de mécanismes d'extraction de l'uranium en utilisant des liquides ioniques“. Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCM0002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to their attractive properties such as negligible vapor pressure, non-flammability and large electrochemical window, Ionic Liquids are considered to be good substitutes to volatile organic compounds and have been main topic of many research studies for different applications including solvent extraction, which is one of the widely used techniques in hydrometallurgy. Despite a large number of reported mechanistic studies, effect of such diluents on both of extracting agents’ capacity and self-assembling feature has not been elucidated so far and even less concerning uranium extraction from a leachate produced by ore leaching. In this context, main focus of the present thesis has been uranium extraction from i) phosphate media and ii) sulfate media by using ionic liquid as a diluent of an extracting phase. First of all, a screening test of different ionic liquids has been performed with the reference extracting agents (HDEHP/TOPO mixture for extraction from phosphate media and trioctylamine from sulfate media) as well as with amidophosphonate and aminophosphine oxide bifunctional compounds. Then, uranium extraction mechanisms in a selected ionic liquid with these extractants have been investigated at molecular and supramolecular scales. As an analogy to the Critical Micellar Concentration which is related to the Gibbs free energy of Micellization in a case of surfactants, a Critical Aggregation Concentration has been determined by using results obtained by Small-Angle X ray, Neutron Scattering techniques and interfacial tension measurements. Finally, the results obtained in the ionic liquid have been compared to those obtained in a conventional molecular diluent
Pecheur, Olivia. „Compréhension des mécanismes synergiques pour l'extraction de l'uranium des mines de phosphates“. Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0031/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUranium VI is commonly extracted from phosphoric ores by a well-known process exploiting the synergistic mixture of two extractant molecules : HDEHP and TOPO. In the field of liquid-liquid extraction, synergistic combinations are common but the mechanisms at the origin of the synergy are not well understood. A multi-scale approach has been used to describe these mechanisms, combining two different descriptions : the molecular scale focuses on the ion point of view, while the supramolecular scale focuses on extractants' aggregation. These two approaches have been rationalized by molecular dynamics computations. The results allow describing the synergy through the structure of the complexes and aggregates. With the same approach, some bifunctional compounds, combining the two extracting sites in one molecule, have been studied and compared to the HDEHP/TOPO system in order to identify the origin of their increased capacities in extraction and selectivity
Delafosse, Doriane. „Contributions des principales étapes du traitement des eaux usées à l’abattement des charges en virus entériques humains : approche des mécanismes mis en jeu“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALV019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman enteric viruses (HuEV), which are responsible for the majority of acute gastroenteritis, arereleased in large quantities into the water environment via faeces. Analysis of HuEV loads in wastewatertherefore represents a real public health issue, both at the treatment plant inlet (1st epidemic alert level)and at the outlet (contamination of downstream environments).Through this work, we wanted to contribute to the effort to improve the analysis of HuEVs inwastewater, which, faced with a complex and changing environment, is still too constrained by the limitsof the techniques used. We also wanted to provide elements for interpreting the contribution of the playersinvolved in virus retention in WWTPs.In the 1st chapter, a methodology for the analysis of viral loads in wastewater was optimised in termsof human and material resources available to an environmental analysis laboratory. The protocol wassubsequently applied throughout the remainder of the thesis. With regard to the sampling process, ourresearch was conducted as part of an investigation into the potential of innovative techniques for theextraction of viruses using adsorbent materials, namely activated carbon and chitosan. These have resultedin the creation of prototype samplers, from which a field passive sensor will be developed.Before going into detail about the effects of treatments on viral loads, it was necessary to examine thereality of their abatement under real conditions in a WWTP. The 2nd chapter presents the operation of theGrand Chambéry UDEP through some of the plant's self-monitoring analyses, supplemented byquantifications of norovirus (NoV) and adenovirus (AdV). A multiple correlation analysis shed light on themutual relationships between concentrations and abatement rates of HuEVs, as well as their relationshipswith some of the variables that explain their physical and chemical environment.The primary treatment of the UDEP is the removal of suspended solids through decantation, facilitated bythe addition of polymers. The 3rd chapter presents a comparative analysis of the effects of differentpolymers, selected on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, in terms of retention and viabilityof viral loads. In general, the findings indicate that a significant number of HuEVs pass through this phasewithout being retained. Infectivity measurements indicate that the majority of the particles retain theirinfectious nature, although the majority are retained in the flocs.The relative contributions of the various processes involved in virus retention in biological reactors,whether physical, chemical or biological, remain poorly understood. In this context, we aim to contributeto the existing body of knowledge by presenting the tests described in the 4th chapter, which represent apreliminary approach to the subject matter. The retention of HuEVs was conducted at two distinct scales:firstly, at the laboratory pilot level, which simulated the biofilters of the UDEP; and secondly, at themicrocosm level, represented by grains of pozzolan colonised by biofilms. The results elucidated the extentand temporality of the physical and biological processes involved in HuEV retention.In conclusion, the work emphasises the value of a comprehensive approach to the processes involved ineliminating viral loads from wastewater in WWTPs in order to gain a deeper understanding of theirperformance and to inform improvements
Cao, Ngoc-Tuyen. „Apport de la Surveillance Microsismique en Champ Proche pour la détection de Mécanismes et Signes Précurseurs aux Instabilités Gravitaires : Surveillance expérimentale d'une Cavité Saline en exploitation : Cas du site de Cerville-Buissoncourt“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL107N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of the precursory signs of a brutal collapse above underground caverns, with an overburden characterized by the presence of a massive and stiff bench, is a major problem for public safety. Thus, to progress in the comprehension and the evolution of the concerned mechanisms, a salt cavern, located in the NE France, was monitored in real-time, since 2004 to 2009, until its collapse. This cavern was mined by solution, until reaching its critical dimension (about 180 m) under a covering of 180 m thick, armed with a stiff Dolomite bench located at 120 m of depth.A multi-parameter high resolution monitoring system aimed at characterizing the precursory signs and following collapse itself. It included both geotechnical and geophysical devices as surface leveling measurements and a permanent microseismic network. This one, which data are the principal subject of this thesis, consisted in nine probes equipped with 40 Hz geophones (5 1D and 4 3D), distributed around and directly below the cavern, including one located in the stiff bench.The evolution of the cavern was marked by two major episodes of microseismic activity:- at the beginning of spring 2008, the dissolution restart in the cavern which caused repeated crisis with several thousand events in a few days, this represent a change in the microseismic regime and marked the cavern instability;- in February 2009, following these observations, the owner decided to trigger the collapse by intensive brine pumping in the cavern. During the three days of the operation, more than 30,000 events were recorded (against 60,000 since 2004).The study of the event signature provides essential information for operational monitoring and the discrimination of these two periods. Particularly, while maximal values reached in amplitude, energy and apparent fundamental frequency are quite stable during the 2008 episodes, the rises of this values are important during the collapse period (prior to the peak of activity), allowed us to suppose its imminence. The evolution of the microseism distribution in terms of energy released and occurrence, calculated similarly to the Gutenberg-Richter law, although often difficult to interpret, has been associated with piezometric level rises, and with small accelerations of surface subsidence. During the collapse, the microseismic activity acceleration follows a power law.Microseisms location required the establishment of an appropriate strategy to ensure the quality and the consistency of the results (record selection, calibration, parametric analysis). However, the use of a constant velocity model over all the period was impossible due to the fast and permanent evolution of the environment. Thus, several models were used, according to the a priori known cavern evolution.The event spatiotemporal distributions, thus located, revealed the existence of preferential failure structures and highlight the role of the stiff bench, located at 120 m depth
Ghorbel, Ben Abid Manel. „Contamination métallique issue des déchets de l'ancien site minier de Jebel Ressas : modélisation des mécanismes de transfert et conception de cartes d'aléa post-mine dans un contexte carbonaté et sous un climat semi-aride : évaluation du risque pour la santé humaine“. Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU30120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn integrated multidisciplinary method was proposed to study the transfer of metallic contamination from the waste of the old mining site (Pb-Zn) of Jebel Ressas, to Humans. We considered the physico-chemical characteristics of the source, the climate conditions and the topography to rank the dispersion vectors of metals from the treatment wastes to the environment. The wind is the main agent of scattering metals in all directions, with variable quantities which may exceed the standards of air quality for Pb and Cd up to several hundreds of meters far from the source. The particle hydric transfer is limited because of the soft topography around the waste dumps. The transfer in solution is negligible thanks to the carbonated environment. The risk assessment for human health at the village of Jebel Ressas show that carbonated environment and the neutral pH of physiological fluids in the body, limits metals dissolution and their bioaccessible amounts. However, Pb and Cd may induce a risk especially for children as well as a probable carcinogenic for the entire population