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Thematische Bibliographien / Medial malleolus / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Medial malleolus“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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1

Barchick, Stephen, Samuel Adams, and Andrew Matson. "Medial Malleolus Fracture Fixation in the Setting of Concomitant Tibial Shaft Fractures." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (2017): 2473011417S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000106.

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Category: Ankle, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The association between tibial shaft fractures and concomitant posterior malleolus fractures has been well-studied; however less is known about tibial shaft fractures and concomitant medial malleolus fractures. Treatment of tibial shaft fractures with a plate or intramedullary nail in the setting of concomitant medial malleolus fracture may pose obstacles to standard medial malleolus fractures fixation due to hardware that impedes optimal screw placement. The purpose of this study is to report the presentation and management strategies used to trea

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Fram, Brianna R., Joseph L. Schmitz, Ryan G. Rogero, Gerard Chang, and James Krieg. "2.4mm Non-Cannulated Screws are Non-Inferior to 4.0mm Cannulated Screws for Medial Malleolar Fixation in Unstable Ankle Fractures." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (2020): 2473011420S0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00214.

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Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Ankles fractures are the third most common adult fractures, representing significant cost to society. This makes the effectiveness of ankle open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) an important area for study. The majority of existing literature on medial malleolus fracture fixation involves biomechanical testing in synthetic bone or cadaveric models. We sought to compare the clinical efficacy of medial malleolar fixation with 2.4mm non-cannulated screws to 4.0mm cannulated screws by evaluating rates of loss of reduction and hardware failure. Method

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Duan, Xiaojun, and Anish R. Kadakia. "Operative Treatment of Posterior Malleolar Fractures." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711010732.

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Fractures of the posterior malleolus can occur in conjunction with fibular and medial malleolar fractures or in isolation. The indications for fixation of the posterior malleolus remain controversial except for the fragment sizes. A number of different surgical approaches and techniques for internal fixation of posterior malleolar fractures have been reported. Newer techniques such as direct exposure and plating of the posterior malleolus are chosen more frequently than traditional techniques of indirect reduction and percutaneous screw fixation. These attributes help to minimize the occurrenc

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Shabat, S., K. B. Sampson, G. Mann, et al. "Stress Fractures of the Medial Malleolus—Review of the Literature and Report of a 15-Year-Old Elite Gymnast." Foot & Ankle International 23, no. 7 (2002): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070202300711.

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Stress fracture of the medial malleolus is rare and not reported in children. We report a case of a 15-year-old elite gymnast with open physes sustaining a medial malleolar stress fracture. The patient was treated initially by rest and gradually returned to sport with full recovery. Two months later she developed a complete fracture of the medial malleolus of the same side. This was treated surgically by open reduction and internal fixation with a cancellous screw and soon after the operation she returned to full activities. Emphasis is given to the suspected mechanism which led to this unique

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LeBrun, Christopher T., and John O. Krause. "Variations in Mortise Anatomy." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 6 (2005): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504271207.

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Background Variations in ankle mortise anatomy may be a predisposing factor to ankle instability. Hypothesis A posteriorly positioned fibula associated with ankle instability may not be a true pathologic entity but rather the result of measuring off an internally rotated talus. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods The authors reviewed 60 ankle computed tomography scans performed on patients from their institution for reasons unrelated to ankle instability. They also reviewed ankle computed tomography scans on 21 patients surgically treated for clinical ankle ins

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LeMass, Harry, Nicholas Whitworth, and Simon Platt. "Defining A Safe Zone For Percutaneous Screw Fixation Of The Posterior Malleolus." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (2018): 2473011418S0031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00319.

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Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Fixation of the posterior malleolar fragment of an ankle fracture confers stability. Not all posterior fragments are displaced, necessitating open reduction. We hypothesised that a safe anatomic corridor is possible for percutaneous screw fixation in some fracture variants. We conducted an anatomic study to determine if percutaneous fixation was possible and safe. This anatomic assessment of significant structures at the posterior ankle, combined with cadaveric dissection following placement of screw tracts shows that percutaneously fixing the posterior m

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Rocchi, Vanna, Ming-Tung Huang, James D. Bomar, and Scott Mubarak. "The “Double Medial Malleolus”." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 38, no. 4 (2018): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000000788.

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Wagener, Joe, Christine Schweizer, Lukas Zwicky, and Beat Hintermann. "Ligament Balancing During TAR in Varus Deformity by Open Wedge Osteotomy of the Medial Malleolus." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (2017): 2473011417S0000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000079.

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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: After reducing the tilted talus during total ankle replacement (TAR) in severe varus deformities, the surgeon is faced to a contract medial joint and an abducted medial malleolus leaving a wide gutter. A sliding osteotomy will release the deltoid ligament but the “horizontal” position of the medial malleolus remains and bony containment of the ankle joint is not restored. We propose an open wedge osteotomy, which will both lengthen and adduct the medial malleolus and restore ligament balancing. Fixation is done by either screw or plate fixation.

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Carter, T. H., A. D. Duckworth, and T. O. White. "Medial malleolar fractures." Bone & Joint Journal 101-B, no. 5 (2019): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.101b5.bjj-2019-0070.

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The medial malleolus, once believed to be the primary stabilizer of the ankle, has been the topic of conflicting clinical and biomechanical data for many decades. Despite the relevant surgical anatomy being understood for almost 40 years, the optimal treatment of medial malleolar fractures remains unclear, whether the injury occurs in isolation or as part of an unstable bi- or trimalleolar fracture configuration. Traditional teaching recommends open reduction and fixation of medial malleolar fractures that are part of an unstable injury. However, there is recent evidence to suggest that nonope

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Sugimoto, Kazuya, Norihiro Samoto, Yoshinori Takakura, and Susumu Tamai. "Varus Tilt of the Tibial Plafond as a Factor in Chronic Ligament Instability of the Ankle." Foot & Ankle International 18, no. 7 (1997): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079701800705.

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The authors performed a radiographic study of 136 patients with acute ligament sprains and 85 patients with chronic lateral ligament instability of the ankle. Varus angulation of the tibial plafond, varus angulation of the line passing both malleolar ends, and varus angulation of the medial malleolus were measured on the AP views, and dorsal angulation of the tibial plafond was measured on the lateral views. The varus angles of the tibial plafond, the line passing both malleolar ends, and the medial malleolus were larger as mean values in patients with chronic ligament instability than in the

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Harper, Marion C. "Posterior Instability of the Talus: An Anatomic Evaluation." Foot & Ankle 10, no. 1 (1989): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110078901000107.

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A cadaver study was conducted to evaluate the role of the posterior tibial margin or posterior malleolus, as well as medial and lateral supporting structures, in providing posterior stability for the talus. Posterior malleolar fractures consisting of approximately 30%, 40%, and 50% of the articular margin on the lateral radiograph were created in specimens that were then subjected to posterior stressing. No posterior talar subluxation was noted in any specimen. Repeat stressing following removal of the medial malleolus again revealed no subluxation in any specimen. The lateral supporting struc

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Irion, Val, Timothy L. Miller, and Christopher C. Kaeding. "The Treatment and Outcomes of Medial Malleolar Stress Fractures." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 6, no. 6 (2014): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738114546089.

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Context: The medial malleolus is considered a high-risk stress fracture and can be debilitating to the highly active or athletic populations. A range of treatment methods have been described with varying outcomes. Currently, there is no gold standard treatment option with optimal results described. Objective: A systematic search of the literature to determine treatment options and outcomes in medial malleolus stress fractures. Data Sources: OVID/Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from 1950 to September 2013. Study Selection: Included studies mentioned treatment and outcomes of medial ma

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Ramadoss, Kalpana, and Komala Nanjundaiah. "Branching pattern of tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel - a cadaveric study." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 02 (2017): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700734.

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Abstract Background and aims: Tibial nerve is the larger terminal branch of sciatic nerve, ends by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves beneath the flexor retinaculum [Tarsal tunnel]. The level of bifurcation of the tibial nerve is differently quoted in text books and articles. The aim of the present study is to localize the level of bifurcation of tibial nerve. Materials and methods: 50 lower limbs from 25 cadavers available in the Department of anatomy, M.S. Ramaiah medical college and Bangalore medical college were used for the study. A reference line of 1 cm width ‘Medio Malleol

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Hernigou, Philippe, and Daniel Goutallier. "Absence of the Medial Malleolus." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 267 (1991): 141???142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199106000-00020.

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McDonald, Elizabeth, Brian Winters, Rachel Shakked, David Pedowitz, Steven Raikin, and Joseph Daniel. "Effect of Post-Operative Toradol Administration on Bone Healing After Ankle Fracture Fixation." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (2017): 2473011417S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000288.

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Category: Ankle, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Ketorolac has been reported to delay bone healing when administered after spine surgery, and there is hesitancy to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) in the fracture setting despite its reliable ability to relieve surgical pain. The effect of ketorolac administration after foot and ankle surgery has not been well-defined in the literature to date. The purpose of this study is to report clinical and radiographic outcomes for patients treated with a perioperative ketorolac regimen after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle

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Warner, Stephen J., Elizabeth B. Gausden, Ashley E. Levack, and Dean G. Lorich. "Supination External Rotational Ankle Fracture Injury Pattern Correlation With Regional Bone Density." Foot & Ankle International 40, no. 4 (2018): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100718816680.

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Background: Rotational ankle fractures can present with an array of possible osseous and ligamentous injury combinations in reliable anatomic locations. What accounts for these different injury patterns and whether specific patient and injury factors underlie the different injury patterns is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether causative factors exist that could account for the various injury patterns seen with rotational ankle fractures. Methods: A registry of operatively treated supination external rotation stage IV (SER IV) ankle fractures was used to identify patient

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Bhargavevem, Krishna, Anvesh Kumar Kondlapudi, Sai Pavan Kumar Murari, and Srinivasa Murthy. "OUTCOME OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIMALLEOLAR FRACTURES IN ADULTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 11 (2017): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.20808.

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Objectives: Appropriate management of malleolar injuries is crucial as the ankle is an important weight-bearing joint, and locomotion is determined by and dependent on joint stability. We studied the functional outcome of surgically managed bimalleolar fractures of the ankle.Methods: Fractures were classified anatomically and as per Lauge–Hansen, arbeitsgemeinschaft für osteosynthesefragen (AO)/orthopedic trauma association classification. The stability of the structures at the fracture site, the extent of damage, mechanism of injury was assessed. Radiologically, tibiofibular clear space of &g

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Vosoughi, Amir Reza, Hamid Ravanbod, Mark Gilheany, Mohammad Ali Erfani, and Kamran Mozaffarian. "Posterior tibialis tendon rupture associated with closed medial malleolus fracture and avulsion of anterior talofibular ligament: A case report and review of the literature." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 25, no. 4 (2018): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907917753441.

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Introduction: Traumatic rupture of posterior tibialis tendon in association with medial malleolus fracture is extremely rare. Case Presentation: We demonstrate our experience in the management of a complete posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) rupture and anterior talofibular ligament avulsion fracture from the talus in association with medial malleolus fracture in a 30-year-old male motorcyclist without any open wounds. Discussion: We believe this to be the first reported injury of this type in the literature. Closed ankle fractures may obscure surrounding tendon rupture and the clinician may be t

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Zhang, Mandy, and Yue Shuen Wong. "Painful Medial Ankle in a Young Dancer: A Case Report of a Symptomatic Secondary Ossification Center of the Medial Malleolus." Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 24, no. 1 (2020): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12678/1089-313x.24.1.44.

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An osseous fragment at the distal tip of the medial malleolus in a skeletally immature individual may represent a secondary ossification center and should not always be interpreted as a fracture. In this case study of a young dance student presenting with bilateral medial ankle pain, we postulated that hindfoot valgus, in combination with extreme loads placed on the foot during ballet training, increased stresses at the medial malleolus and accessory physis. Our patient was treated conservatively for symptomatic secondary ossification of medial malleolus and she returned to dance class at 6 mo

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Taki, Masanori, and Naohiro Hio. "The Lateral Trans-Malleolar approach for Posterior Malleolar Fracture of the Ankle: A Clinical and Computed Tomography Evaluation." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (2020): 2473011420S0046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00463.

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Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Posterior malleolar fracture reduction including the articular surface of trimalleolar ankle fracture has been reported to be an important prognostic factor. The lateral trans-malleolar approach (LTA) is a surgical approach that provides direct visualization of the articular surface of the posterior malleolus. We herein report the clinical results and computed tomography (CT) findings for the articular reduction status after LTA for posterior malleolar fracture of the ankle. Methods: Sixteen patients (9 men, 7 women, mean age 52.6+-18.1 years old)

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Nema, SandeepKumar, Gopisankar Balaji, P. Pasupathy, and N. Ravi. "Traction apophysitis of the medial malleolus." Clinical and Translational Orthopedics 1, no. 3 (2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2468-5674.189517.

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ARIYOSHI, MAMORU, KENSEI NAGATA, KOJI HIRAOKA, KYOSUKE SONODA, REIKO HORI, and AKIO INOUE. "Stress Fracture of the Medial Malleolus." Kurume Medical Journal 44, no. 3 (1997): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2739/kurumemedj.44.233.

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Donley, Brian G., and Hakan Ilaslan. "Stress Fractures of the Medial Malleolus." Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine 14, no. 4 (2006): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2006.07.001.

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Orava, S., J. Karpakka, S. Taimela, A. Hulkko, J. Permi, and U. Kujala. "Stress fracture of the medial malleolus." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 77, no. 3 (1995): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199503000-00005.

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Shelbourne, K. Donald, David A. Fisher, Arthur C. Rettig, and John R. McCarroll. "Stress fractures of the medial malleolus." American Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 1 (1988): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600111.

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Ishii, T., S. Miyagawa, and K. Hayashi. "Traction apophysitis of the medial malleolus." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 76-B, no. 5 (1994): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.76b5.8083273.

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Biyani, A., and A. J. M. Simison. "Collicular fractures of the medial malleolus." Injury 25, no. 10 (1994): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(94)90012-4.

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Iliev, Alexandar A., Georgi P. Georgiev, Boycho V. Landzhov, Svetoslav A. Slavchev, Iva N. Dimitrova, and Wladimir А. Ovtscharoff. "Symptomatic Os Subtibiale Associated with Chronic Pain Around the Medial Malleolus in a Young Athlete." Folia Medica 58, no. 1 (2016): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2016-0009.

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AbstractAn os subtibiale is a rare accessory bone located below or behind the medial malleolus. Herein we present a rare case of a painful os subtibiale in a young triathlete who presented with pain, redness and swelling below his left medial malleolus. Plain radiographs and three-dimensional computed tomography revealed a well-defined oval bone distal to the left medial malleolus. After conservative treatment failed, the ossicle was excised in an open surgery with complete resolution of symptoms. This case report emphasizes the need for clinical awareness of different anatomical variations of

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Hovis, W. David, and Robert W. Bucholz. "Polyglycolide Bioabsorbable Screws in the Treatment of Ankle Fractures." Foot & Ankle International 18, no. 3 (1997): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079701800303.

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Twenty-one patients with unstable medial malleolar, bimalleolar, or trimalleolar ankle fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the medial malleolus with 4.5-mm polyglycolide screws. All lateral malleolar fractures were internally fixed with standard metallic implants. Radiographic and clinical follow-up results were available on 16 of 21 patients. All fractures healed at an average of 3.4 months (range, 3–6 months), and there were no medial wound infections. Eight of 16 patients developed an inflammatory reaction to the biodegradable polyester at 3 to 4 months after implant

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Mahbuba Akter, Jubaida Gulshan Ara, Lutfun Nahar, Khandaker Nadia Afreen, Fahmida Zaman, and Perven Sultana. "Morphometric Study of Height of Medial Malleolus of Fully Ossified Dry Human Left Tibia." Z H Sikder Women’s Medical College Journal 3, Number 1 (2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/zhswmcj.2021.v0301.02.

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Tibia is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates. The objective of this study was to determine the morphometry of the height of medial malleolus of fully ossified dry human left tibia and this morphometric parameter also clinically important in imaging diagnosis of fractures of the medial malleolus. This analytical type of study was done on two hundred (200) fully ossified dry human left tibia conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2015 for a period of one year. From the result

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Liu, Yijun, Hao Lu, Hailin Xu, et al. "Characteristics and classification of medial malleolar fractures." Bone & Joint Journal 103-B, no. 5 (2021): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.103b5.bjj-2020-1859.r2.

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Aims The morphology of medial malleolar fracture is highly variable and difficult to characterize without 3D reconstruction. There is also no universally accepeted classification system. Thus, we aimed to characterize fracture patterns of the medial malleolus and propose a classification scheme based on 3D CT reconstruction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 537 consecutive cases of ankle fractures involving the medial malleolus treated in our institution. 3D fracture maps were produced by superimposing all the fracture lines onto a standard template. We sliced fracture fragments and the sta

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Williamson, Emilie, Kevin Rosas, John Dankert, et al. "Incidence of Chondral and Osteochondral Lesions in Ankle Fracture Patients Identified with Ankle Arthroscopy Following Rotational Ankle Fracture." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (2020): 2473011420S0049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00494.

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Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: It is controversial whether routine arthroscopy is beneficial at the time of ankle fracture fixation. This may be, in part, due to sparse information regarding the incidence of chondral injury in the setting of ankle fractures.The purpose of this study is to systematically review the incidence of chondral injures in patients with ankle fractures and to further characterize intra-articular chondral injuries of the talus, tibial plafond, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus in patients who undergo ankle arthroscopy following an ankle fracture. Met

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Carter, Tom H., Calum HC Arthur, Andrew D. Duckworth, and Timothy O. White. "To fix or not to fix: a novel approach to the safe management of unstable open medial malleolar fractures." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 4 (2019): e228965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228965.

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Displaced medial malleolar fractures, either in isolation or as part of an unstable ankle fracture dislocation, are conventionally treated with internal fixation. We outline the case of a 76-year-old man with diabetes presenting with a grossly deformed open ankle fracture and extruded tibia through a large medial wound. Following irrigation, wound debridement and minimally invasive fibular fixation, the medial fracture reduced anatomically. Contrary to traditional teaching, the medial malleolus was left without fixation. The patient mobilised partially weight-bearing, progressing to both clini

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Hu, Yong, Cheng Yue, Xiucun Li, et al. "A Novel Medial Malleolar Osteotomy Technique for the Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (2021): 232596712198998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121989988.

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Background: The current techniques for medial malleolar osteotomy may lead to posterior tibial tendon injury and have a high rate of malunion. Purpose: To describe a novel partial step-cut medial malleolar osteotomy technique and evaluate its technical feasibility and its advantages compared with traditional methods. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The novel technique consisted of osteotomy of the anterior one-third to two-thirds of the medial malleolus. A total of 19 ankles (18 patients) with osteochondral lesions of the talus underwent the novel osteotomy technique

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Ahmed, Mannan, Harminder S. Sohal, Radhe S. Garg, Sanjeev Jindal, Jitendra Wadhwani, and Vivek Bansal. "Minifragment T-plate Fixation: An Alternative Method for Medial Malleolus Fracture Fixation." Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery (Asia Pacific) 3, no. 1 (2016): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10040-1042.

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ABSTRACT Aim Modern trend in the management of fractures is fast changing in favor of rigid fixation and early mobilization with minimal period of plaster immobilization. We present a prospective cohort study of fixation of medial malleolus fractures with Minifragment T-plate and its evaluation in terms of maintenance of accurate anatomical reduction, stable fixation, and early restoration of functions. Materials and methods A total of 25 patients of median age 45 years (22–70), with medial malleolus fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using Minifragment T-plate. Out

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Miyamoto, Keishi, Kihachiro Morihisa, Toshifumi Shimoda, Yoshiaki Tsutsumi, and Takao Mae. "Treatment of Fracture of the Medial Malleolus." Orthopedics & Traumatology 46, no. 2 (1997): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.46.541.

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SOOD, D., S. KATJAL, A. SINGH, et al. "Vibration sensation testing over the medial malleolus." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 27, no. 4 (2002): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(02)90039-8.

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Shur, Vladimir, and Krum Georgiev. "Stabilization Technique for Comminuted Medial Malleolus Fractures." Techniques in Orthopaedics 30, no. 4 (2015): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bto.0000000000000095.

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Reider, Bruce, Robert Falconiero, and Jeffrey Yurkofsky. "Nonunion of a medial malleolus stress fracture." American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 3 (1993): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100326.

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Ebraheim, Nabil A., Edwared R. Savolaine, Martin C. Skie, and Thomas W. Jackson. "Posterior Collicular Fractures of the Medial Malleolus." Journal Of Orthopaedic Trauma 4, no. 3 (1990): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199004030-00017.

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Ostrum, R., and A. Litsky. "Tension Band Fixation of Medial Malleolus Fractures." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 5, no. 2 (1991): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199105020-00086.

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Ostrum, Robert F., and Alan S. Litsky. "Tension Band Fixation of Medial Malleolus Fractures." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 6, no. 4 (1992): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199212000-00013.

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Sood, Dinesh, Sunil Katjal, Avtar Singh, et al. "Vibration sensation testing over the medial malleolus." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 27, no. 4 (2002): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115550-200207000-00022.

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Hamilton, SW. "Parallel Screw Fixation of the Medial Malleolus." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 7 (2007): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2007.89.7.729b.

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45

Wegner, Adam M., Philip R. Wolinsky, Robin Z. Cheng, Michael A. Robbins, Tanya C. Garcia, and Derek F. Amanatullah. "Sled fixation for horizontal medial malleolus fractures." Clinical Biomechanics 42 (February 2017): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.01.011.

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46

Gross, Christopher E., and James A. Nunley. "Medial-sided Stress Fractures: Medial Malleolus and Navicular Stress Fractures." Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine 22, no. 4 (2014): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2014.09.007.

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47

Vajapey, Sravya, and Timothy L. Miller. "Sequential Vertical Shear Fractures of the Medial Malleolus in a High School Football Player: A Case Report and Literature Review." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 25, no. 4 (2020): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2019-0094.

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We report a case of bilateral vertical shear (pilon variant) medial malleolar fractures in a high school football player that occurred 1 year apart. The player was able to return to his sport after surgical fixation. Treatment of ankle fractures sustained in the athletic setting is dictated by the fracture location and morphology with vertical shear injuries of the medial malleolus commonly requiring surgical plate stabilization. Appropriate knowledge of risk factors and optimal management of these injuries is imperative, given that delayed union or nonunion may result in debilitating conseque

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48

Miller, Matthew A., Tyler C. McDonald, Matthew L. Graves, et al. "Stability of the Syndesmosis After Posterior Malleolar Fracture Fixation." Foot & Ankle International 39, no. 1 (2017): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100717735839.

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Background: We sought to define the rate of syndesmotic instability after anatomic reduction of the posterior malleolus when posterior stabilization of a trimalleolar or trimalleolar equivalent ankle fracture was chosen vs when a supine position and initially conservative management of the posterior elements was chosen. Methods: The types of syndesmotic and posterior malleolar fixation used to treat adult patients with ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus at our level I trauma center were retrospectively assessed (N = 198). Specifically, both bimalleolar and trimalleolar fractures

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Apoorva V, Dodia, and Soman Shardul M. "Case Report of Paediatric Talar Body Fracture Associated with Medial Malleolus Fracture." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (2012): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/159.

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50

Mandel, Jessica, Omar Behery, Rajkishen Narayanan, Sanjit R. Konda, and Kenneth A. Egol. "Single- vs 2-Screw Lag Fixation of the Medial Malleolus in Unstable Ankle Fractures." Foot & Ankle International 40, no. 7 (2019): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719840995.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of medial malleolar fixation with 1 vs 2 screws. Methods: Between April 2013 and February 2017, 196 patients who presented at 2 hospitals within one academic institution with an unstable rotational ankle fracture with a medial fracture and were treated operatively by a trained orthopedic surgeon were identified. These patients’ charts were reviewed and their injury, radiographic, surgical, and follow-up data recorded. Medial malleolus fragment size was assessed on the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views of the initial injur

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