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Teikari, Petteri. „spectral modulation of melanopsin responses : role of melanopsin bistability in pupillary light reflex“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999326.
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In addition to the canonical photoreceptors, rods and cones, a novelmelanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cell (mRGC) was recently discovered.The novel photopigment melanopsin in the human retinahas been shown to express invertebrate-like bistable properties bothin vitro and in vivo. In bistable photopigment systems, light elicitsphotosensory responses and drives photoregeneration of the chromophoreto restore photic responsiveness. These studies have shownthat prior light exposure can modulate the amplitude of subsequentphotic responses of melanopsin.In this thesis, the putative bistability of melanopin in humans isexamined. The bistability was studied using 1) pupillary light reflex(PLR) as a tool, 2) developing a method for quantifying the effectsof lens density for melanopsin-mediated photoreception, and 3) providinga quantitative mathematical framework for modeling bistablepigment systems and non-image forming (NIF) visual system.Exploiting the bistable properties of melanopsin could allow foroptimization of spectral light distribution in experimental, industrial,domestic and clinical phototherapy applications by appropriate useof the photoregenerative effects of long wavelength light.
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Ramos, Bruno Cesar Ribeiro. „Fototransdução em células embrionárias ZEM-2S do peixe teleósteo Danio rerio“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-16012015-151748/.
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A melanopsina foi descoberta em 1998 por Ignacio Provencio e colaboradores em melanóforos de Xenopus leavis. Desde sua descoberta, esse fotopigmento surgiu como um possível candidato a intermediar os fenômenos de sincronização nos vertebrados. Nos mamíferos, a melanopsina é encontrada num pequeno subgrupo de células ganglionares da retina, conhecido como células ganglionares retinianas intrinsecamente fotossensíveis (ipRGCs) e o seu papel como fotopigmento responsável pela percepção luminosa, que leva à sincronização das espécies dessa classe aos ciclos de claro e escuro, já foi estabelecido. A melanopsina está presente na retina de todas as classes de vertebrados estudadas até o momento, mas, em contraposição a essa afirmação, a sua estrutura tem maior semelhança com opsina de invertebrados do que com opsina de vertebrados, sugerindo que sua fototransdução ocorra através da via dos fosfoinositídeos. Essa hipótese foi confirmada por diversos trabalhos na literatura e estudos posteriores demonstraram que, em vertebrados não mamíferos, a melanopsina é codificada por dois genes: um ortólogo ao de mamíferos, Opn4m, e um ortólogo ao de X. leavis, Opn4x, levantando diversas questões a respeito da funcionalidade dessa opsina. Nosso grupo vem estudando esse fotopigmento nos tecidos periféricos de vertebrados desde 2001, sendo que foi pioneiro em demonstrar, em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis, que a dispersão dos grânulos de melanina se dá através da fotoativação da melanopsina que desencadeia a cascata de fosfoinositídeos. E estudos mais recentes vêm colocando a melanopsina como um dos possíveis fotopigmentos responsáveis pela sincronização de relógios periféricos em organismos como peixes e anfíbios. Nesse sentido, a linhagem de células ZEM-2S do peixe teleósteo Danio rerio é um ótimo modelo para o estudo das vias de fototransdução em relógios periféricos. Já foi demonstrado que essa linhagem de células é responsiva a estímulos luminosos, exibindo uma proliferação diferencial frente a diferentes regimes de claro e escuro, e ativando a expressão de genes de relógio como clock, per1 e cry1b, que conhecidamente são responsáveis por sincronizar os ritmos biológicos ao fotoperíodo ambiental. Nossos experimentos de imunocitoquímica detectaram a presença das duas proteínas codificadas pelos genes opn4m-1 e opn4m-2 da melanopsina, e mostraram uma significativa diferença na distribuição das proteínas Opn4m-1 e Opn4m-2. Análises de PCR quantitativo mostraram que um pulso de luz azul de 10 min é capaz de alterar a expressão dos genes de relógio per1b, per2, cry1a e cry1b, e que essa alteração ocorre através da via dos fosfoinositídeos em células embrionárias ZEM-2S de Danio rerio. Em adição mostramos que para promover a alteração dos genes de relógio, a via dos fosfoinositídeos interage com outras vias de sinalização como a via do óxido nítrico (NO) e a via das proteína quinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPKs). Esses dados sugerem que a melanopsina seja um dos principais candidatos a intermediar os processos de sincronização nessas células, pois a somatória dos resultados de detecção da melanopsina, estimulação dentro de seu espectro de absorção e ativação da via dos fosfoinositídeos, a coloca a frente de outras opsinas como vertebrate ancient opsin (Va-opsin) e teleost multiple tissue opsin (Tmt-opsin) e de outros candidatos como Crys fotossensíveis e mecanismos de estresse oxidativo. No curso deste trabalho também conseguimos definir metodologias eficientes de transfecção de RNA de interferência e de DNA plasmidial em células ZEM-2S de D. rerio, que são ferramentas fundamentais nos estudos de expressão gênica nesse modeloMelanopsin was discovered in 1998 by Ignacio Provencio and colleagues in Xenopus leavis melanophores. Since its discovery, this photopigment has emerged as a possible candidate to mediate synchronization in vertebrates. In mammals the melanopsin is found in a subset of retinal ganglion cells, known as intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and their role as the photopigment responsible for photoentrainment in mammals has already been established. Melanopsin is present in the retina of all vertebrate classes studied to date, nevertheless, its structure is more similar to invertebrate than to vertebrates opsins, suggesting that their phototransduction pathway occurs through the phosphoinositide pathway. This hypothesis has been confirmed by several studies in the literature. Later studies showed that melanopsin is encoded by two genes in non-mammalian vertebrates, Opn4m orthologous to mammalian and Opn4x orthologous to X. leavis, raising new questions about the functionality of this opsin. Our group has studied this photopigment in vertebrate peripheral tissues since 2001 and, in Xenopus laevis melanophores, we demonstrated that pigment granule dispersion occurs through photoactivation of melanopsin and triggering of phosphoinositide pathway. More recent studies have put melanopsin as a possible photoreceptor responsible for peripheral clocks entrainment in organisms like fish and amphibians. In this context, the ZEM-2S cell line of the teleost fish Danio rerio is a good model to study the mechanism of phototransduction in peripheral clocks. It has been previously demonstrated that this cell line is responsive to light stimuli, exhibiting a differential proliferation when submitted to different light/dark regimes and activating the expression of clock genes such as clock, per1 and cry1b, known to synchronize the biological rhythms to environmental photoperiod. Our immunocytochemistry experiments detected the presence of two proteins encoded by the melanopsin genes opn4m-1 and opn4m-2, and showed a significant difference in the distribution of proteins Opn4m-1 Opn4m-2. Quantitative PCR analyses showed that a 10-min blue light pulse is able to change the expression of the clock genes per1b, per2, cry1b and cry1a, and that this change occurred through the phosphoinositide cascade in embryonic ZEM-2S cells of D. rerio. In addition we showed that, to promote the change in clock gene expression, the phosphoinositide pathway interacts with other signaling pathways such as the nitric oxide (NO) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. These data suggest that melanopsin is a major candidate to mediate the photoentrainment in these cells, because taken together, the detection of melanopsin, stimulation within its absorption spectrum and activation of the phosphoinositide cascade, puts it ahead of other opsins, as the vertebrate ancient opsin (Va-opsin) and teleost multiple tissue opsin (Tmt-opsin), and other candidates, as photosensitive Crys and mechanisms of oxidative stress. In the course of this work, we could also define efficient methods for transfection of interference RNA and plasmidial DNA in ZEM-2S cells of D. rerio, which are fundamental tools in studies of gene expression in this model
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Roecklein, Kathryn Ariel. „Melanopsin polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder /“. Download the thesis in PDF, 2005. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Roecklein2005.pdf.
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Santos, Luciane Rogéria dos. „Expressão gênica de receptor de melatonina (Mel1) e melanopsinas (Opn4x e Opn4m) em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-09022011-104538/.
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Muitos vertebrados ectotérmicos ajustam suas cores corporais para serem confundidos com o ambiente, através da migração de pigmentos no interior de cromatóforos, regulada por sistemas neurais e/ou hormonais. Essas mudanças de coloração auxiliam no mimetismo, termorregulação, comunicação social e expressão de comportamentos como excitação sexual, agressividade e medo. Entretanto, cromatóforos de inúmeras espécies respondem diretamente à luz. Estudos sobre a resposta à luz nos melanóforos de Xenopus laevis levaram à descoberta do fotopigmento melanopsina, uma opsina que está presente na retina de todos os grupos de vertebrados, inclusive no homem. Vários hormônios podem regular o processo de mudança de cor nos vertebrados, dentre eles a melatonina, hormônio secretado pela glândula pineal. Este é o principal órgão responsável pela integração do sistema neuroendócrino dos vertebrados ao meio ambiente, traduzindo direta ou indiretamente a informação do fotoperíodo em sinal hormonal, coordenando assim os ritmos fisiológicos circadianos com o meio ambiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: investigar se a expressão gênica das melanopsinas e do receptor de melatonina em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis apresenta variação temporal sob diferentes condições luminosas; verificar se a expressão gênica das melanopsinas e do receptor de melatonina em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis pode ser modulada por melatonina. Dados do trabalho demonstram que as melanopsinas em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis são sincronizadas aos ciclos de claro-escuro, expressando um robusto ritmo ultradiano com período de 16h para Opn4m e um ritmo circadiano com período de 25h para Opn4x. Curiosamente, essa ritmicidade só foi observada quando os melanóforos foram mantidos em ciclos 12C:12E e foram submetidos à troca de meio durante a fase clara do fotoperíodo. A constância na expressão gênica do receptor de melatonina Mel1, quer sob diferentes regimes de luz, quer sob tratamento por melatonina, sugere que esse gene é extremamente estável, não sofrendo alterações ao ser submetido a estímulos exógenos, podendo ser considerado um gene constitutivo. O tratamento com melatonina por 6h na fase clara do fotoperíodo, além de inibir drasticamente a expressão de Opn4x e Opn4m, aboliu a ritimicidade de ambas as melanopsinas. Nossos resultados indicam que os melanóforos de Xenopus laevis possuem um relógio funcional e podem ser caracterizados como relógios periféricos, porém necessitam do ciclo claro-escuro associado à troca de meio para exibirem sua sincronização.Many ectothermic vertebrates adjust their body color to mimic the environment, through the pigment migration within chromatophores, regulated by neural and / or hormonal systems. These changes in color help in camouflage, thermoregulation, social communication and behaviors such as sexual arousal, agressiveness and fear. However, chromatophores of several species respond directly to light. Studies about light response in melanophores of Xenopus laevis have led to the discovery of the photopigment melanopsin, an opsin that is present in the retina of all vertebrate groups, including man. Various hormones may regulate the process of color change in vertebrates, among them melatonin, hormone secreted by the pineal gland. This is the main organ responsible for the integration of the neuroendocrine system of vertebrates to the environment, translating directly or indirectly the photoperiod information into hormonal signal, thus coordinating physiological circadian rhythms with the environment. The objectives of this work were: to investigate whether the gene expression of melanopsins and melatonin receptor in melanophores of Xenopus laevis exhibited temporal variation under different light conditions; to verify whether gene expression of melanopsins and melatonin receptor in melanophores of Xenopus laevis could be modulated by melatonin. Our data show that melanopsins in melanophores of Xenopus laevis are synchronized to light-dark cycles, expressing a robust ultradian rhythm with a period of 16h for Opn4m and circadian rhythm with a period of 25h for Opn4x. Interestingly, the rhythm was only observed when the melanophores were maintained in 12L: 12D regime and medium change was performed during the fotophase of photoperiod. The constancy in the expression of melatonin receptor Mel1c, either under different light regimes, or under treatment by melatonin, suggesting that this gene is extremely stable, not being altered by exogenous stimulus, and may be considered a constitutive gene. Treatment with melatonin for 6h during the fotophase of the photoperiod, drastically inhibit the expression of Opn4x and Opn4m, and abolished the rhythm of both melanopsins. Our results indicate that melanophores of Xenopus laevis possess a functional clock and can be characterized as peripheral clocks, but they need the light-dark cycle associated with change of medium to exhibit their synchronization.
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Moraes, Maria Nathália de Carvalho Magalhães. „Efeito da endotelina sobre a expressão gênica das melanopsinas (Opn4x e Opn4m) e do receptor de endotelina, subtipo ETc, em melanóforo de Xenopus laevis“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-18022011-104223/.
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Os relógios biológicos são fundamentais para a sincronização do comportamento dos organismos a mudanças no fotoperíodo. Todas as alterações rítmicas são determinantes para a sobrevivência da espécie uma vez que elas prevêem que os ajustes internos coincidam com a fase mais propícia do ciclo ambiental, permitindo aos organismos a capacidade de sincronizar esses eventos internos com os ciclos ambientais. Muitos desses ritmos biológicos são claramente associados ao ciclo claro-escuro, sendo este ciclo de grande importância para as espécies que possuem algum tipo de pigmento fotossensível. Os melanóforos de Xenopus laevis são fotossensíveis, respondendo à luz com dispersão dos grânulos de melanina, devido à presença de duas melanopsinas, Opn4x e Opn4m. As células pigmentares dos vertebrados heterotérmicos respondem com migração pigmentar a uma variedade de agentes, incluindo as endotelinas. Em peixes teleósteos, ETs induzem a agregação pigmentar em melanóforos, enquanto que em anfíbios, ET-3 induz a dispersão de grânulos de pigmentos em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis e de Rana catesbeiana, através da ativação de receptores ETc. Propusemos determinar o padrão temporal de expressão dos genes das melanopsinas e do receptor ETc em melanóforos dérmicos de X. laevis em cultura, bem como os efeitos temporais e dose- dependentes da endotelina sobre essa expressão. Demonstramos, através de ensaios de PCR quantitativo, que o tratamento de 12C:12E , somado a uma troca de meio, assim como o de endotelina-3 10-9 e 10-8M em escuro constante, foi capaz de sincronizar a expressão de Opn4x e Opn4m. Entretanto, o receptor ETc parece não ser sincronizado pelo ciclo claro-escuro, ou pelo tratamento hormonal. Dependendo da dose utilizada e do ZT analisado, ET-3 pode promover um aumento ou inibição da expressão gênica de Opn4x, Opn4m e ETc, indicando uma modulação de forma dose-dependente. Além disso, pode atuar como um agente sincronizador da expressão dos transcritos das melanopsinas.The biological clocks are critical for synchronizing the behavior of organisms to changes in photoperiod. All rhythmic changes are crucial to the survival of the species since they provide for internal adjustments to coincide with the phase of the cycle most favorable. Many of these biological rhythms are clearly associated with the light-dark cycle, of major importance for species that have some type of photosensitive pigment. Melanophores of Xenopus laevis are photosensitive, responding to light with dispersion of melanin granules, due to the presence of two melanopsins, Opn4x and Opn4m. The pigment cells of ectothermic vertebrates respond with pigment migration to a variety of agents including the endothelins. In teleost fish, ETs induce pigment aggregation in melanophores, whereas in amphibians, ET-3 induces the dispersion of pigment granules in melanophores of Xenopus laevis and Rana catesbeiana, by activation of ETc. We proposed to determine the temporal pattern of gene expression of the ETc receptor and melanopsins in dermal melanophores of X. laevis in culture as well as the effects of endothelin-3 on the temporal expression of the 3 genes. Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that 12L: 12D regimen, combined with medium changes, as well as the treatment with 10-9 and 10-8M endothelin-3, was able to synchronize the expression of Opn4x and Opn4m. However, ETc receptor seems not to be synchronized by light-dark cycle, or hormone treatment. Depending on the dose and the ZT, ET-3 may promote an increase or inhibition of gene expression of Opn4x, Opn4m and ETc, indicating a dose-dependent modulatory effect. In addition, endothelin-3 may also act as a synchronizing agent of the melanopsins transcripts.
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Hough, Katherine Ann. „Photodispersion and melanopsin expression in Xenopus laevis melanophores“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416960.
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Dey, Ashim. „Melanopsin photoreceptor contributions to brightness perception and photophobia“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/205723/1/Ashim_Dey_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigated the role of rod, cone and melanopsin photoreceptors in mediating human brightness perception across the natural operating range of the eye. In scotopic illumination, brightness perception is initiated by rod signals transmitted to higher brain centres via conventional retinogeniculate and melanopsin pathways. In mesopic illumination, melanopsin photoreception begins to scale brightness perception. In photopic illumination, melanopsin and cone luminance signals combine to mediate light hypersensitivity (photophobia) in healthy controls and migraineurs. These findings advance understanding of the relative photoreceptor contributions to human vision and guide the development of lighting technologies for individuals who experience disease-related photophobia.
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Vachtsevanos, Athanasios. „Probing the molecular basis of melanopsin induced light sensitivity“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:631deeeb-90c0-4e90-b24e-f03e1b318d8b.
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It has been demonstrated that retinal photoreception among mammals extends beyond rods and cones to include a small number of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs), which are capable of responding to light due to expression of the melanopsin (OPN4) photopigment. OPN4 may have therapeutic potential if ectopically expressed in the degenerate retina in cases where photoreceptors are lost, but the other molecules involved in this light induced transduction cascade are less well characterized. Therefore I sought to probe further the mechanism of OPN4 mediated light sensitivity by siRNA mediated knock down of specific molecules in two mice models in which complete loss of rods and cones renders them almost exclusively dependent on the OPN4 pathway for light sensitivity. I generated siRNA probes against the long transcript variant of murine Opn4 mRNA and first tested these probes on the murine Neuro2A (N2a) cell line, before assessing effects in C3H/HeN rd and rodless/coneless rd/rd cl mice. siRNA was injected intravitreally into one eye and pupillometry was assessed, combined with molecular analyses at various timepoints. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in N2a cells confirmed Opn4 knockdown and immunolabelling techniques identified >85% silencing with siRNA. Pupil responses in the rd and rd/rd cl mice were inhibited by the siRNA injections in vivo which confirmed the functional effect of Opn4 silencing detected by molecular analysis. I therefore present a novel reproducible in vivo model in which siRNA induced silencing of the melanopsin pathway can be assessed by pupillometry and compared to levels of mRNA and protein at specific timepoints. Probes against other putative candidate genes, such as TRPC3, may unravel the molecular interactions of this pathway. This may help in future to induce light sensitivity in other retinal neurons in patients who are completely blind from photoreceptor loss.
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Rodgers, Jessica. „Functional characterisation of key residues in the photopigment melanopsin“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d1184150-9b61-4cc9-94ad-2cc13a3d21ce.
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Melanopsin (Opn4) is the opsin photopigment of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). It has a conserved opsin structure and activation mechanism, yet demonstrates unusual functional properties that suggest it will possess unique structure-function relationships. The aim of this thesis was to characterise key OPN4 residues by examining the impact of non-synonymous mutations on melanopsin function. A genotype-driven screen of a chemically-mutagenized mouse archive led to the identification of a novel Opn4 mutant, S310A, located at a known opsin spectral tuning site. Action spectra from ipRGC and pupil light responses (PLR) of Opn4S310A mice revealed no change in wavelength of peak sensitivity. However, Opn4S310A PLR was significantly less sensitive at longer wavelengths, consistent with a short-wavelength shift in spectral sensitivity. This suggests S310A acts as a spectral tuning site in melanopsin. Next, the impact of naturally-occurring missense variants in human melanopsin (hOPN4) was examined in vitro. Fluorescent calcium imaging of 16 hOPN4 variants expressed in HEK293 cells revealed four hOPN4 variants abolished or attenuated responses to light (Y146C, R168C, G208S and S308F). These variants were located in conserved opsin motifs for chromophore binding or hydrogen-bond networks, functional roles apparently shared by melanopsin. Finally, two hOPN4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) P10L and T394I, associated with abnormal non-image forming behaviour in humans, were explored in vivo. Using targeted viral-delivery of hOPN4 SNPs to mouse ipRGCs, a range of OPN4-driven behaviours, such as circadian photoentrainment and pupil light responses, were found to be comparable with hOPN4 WT control. Multi-electrode array recordings of ipRGCs transduced with hOPN4 T394I virus had significantly attenuated sensitivity and faster response offset, indicating this site may be functionally important for melanopsin activity but compensatory rod and cone input limits changes to non-image forming behaviour.
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Papamichael, Christiana. „Non-visual light responses in humans : melanopsin and cone involvement“. Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583379.
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Melanopsin containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are primarily sensitive blue light (- 480 nm) irradiance detectors that mediate non-visual responses (NVRs) such as melatonin suppression by light and alteration of mood and alertness levels. Also, ipRGCs integrate inputs from rods and cones that are content dependent and enable fine-tuning of light-dependent NVR.
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Emanuel, Alan. „Signal Integration and Diversification by Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493393.
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There are three classes of light-sensing cells in the mammalian retina: rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). This dissertation focuses on the signals generated by the ipRGCs, which are important for the regulation of many non-image-forming visual functions such as regulation of the circadian clock, pupillary light reflex, sleep, locomotor activity, and hormone levels. Dysregulation of these functions can have profound effects on health. How ipRGCs regulate these functions remains incompletely understood because many of their basic properties have not yet been established. To better understand ipRGCs, I conducted a quantitative electrophysiological examination of their light responses within the in vitro mouse retina.
Chapter 2 presents evidence that melanopsin, the light-sensing pigment that initiates phototransduction within ipRGCs, has three stable states that are interconverted by light. Two of these states are silent and have distinct spectral sensitivities, which allows ipRGCs to integrate over a relatively broad range of wavelengths. The stability of the active state results in the production of a persistent response that long outlasts the offset of the stimulus and allows ipRGCs to integrate light over time. Most light stimuli, including short-wavelength and white light produce a large fraction of the active state and its associated persistent response. In contrast, long-wavelength light produces a much smaller fraction of the active state and can be used to decrease the persistent response. The effects of melanopsin tristability appear to be particularly suited for the functions regulated by ipRGCs. These effects are absent in other known photoreceptors, which have pigments with only one or two stable states.
IpRGC phototransduction persists for minutes even after illumination has ceased because the signaling state of melanopsin is thermally stable. In Chapter 3, I describe experiments that examine how this persistence influences two fundamental aspects of ipRGC function: activation and adaptation. I found that increased persistence is associated with ipRGC activation that encodes a narrower band of light intensities. Thus, although persistence endows ipRGCs with temporal integration, it does so at the cost of dynamic range. In addition, persistence drives adaptation to desensitize the cell. Accordingly, acutely decreasing the persistent response with long-wavelength light can result in a subsequent recovery of sensitivity. However, this effect is highly variable across the population; some cells show greater desensitization from the long-wavelength light than resensitization from its reduction of the persistent response. Therefore, the balance of activation and adaptation differs among ipRGCs, such that light history may diversify the signals generated by the population.
There are multiple subtypes of ipRGCs, but even a single subtype regulates many distinct functions. In Chapter 4, I describe a systematic approach for examination of the diversity in the biophysical parameters governing ipRGC signaling, including phototransduction, synaptic input, passive membrane properties, and spike generation. Comparison of these parameters across cells revealed a large degree of heterogeneity both between and within two morphologically-defined ipRGC subtypes. The diversity in ipRGC signal generation does not appear to divide among ipRGCs that project to different brain regions that control distinct functions; ipRGCs that project to the hypothalamus have diverse physiological properties that are highly overlapping with the ipRGCs that project to the pretectum. This suggests that functions driven by both areas have access to information from ipRGCs with a similar, broad range of characteristics.
In summary, the research described within this dissertation has revealed that visual pigments can be tristable in physiological conditions and this tristability has unique consequences for signal generation. Furthermore, it has provided insight into the high degree of biophysical diversity that can be present even within a single, molecularly-defined type of neuron. These findings contribute to the emerging understanding of ipRGCs and their distinctions from the classical rod and cone photoreceptors.Medical Sciences
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De, Silva Samantha. „Investigating the effect of melanopsin gene therapy in the degenerate retina“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eebe3a4c-22db-427a-83e2-547ea05c18d7.
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Retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa affect 1 in 3000 people causing visual loss and blindness. In these conditions, photoreceptors are lost whereas other retinal cells and central visual pathways remain largely intact. A strategy for restoring vision in patients with end-stage disease would be to introduce a light sensitive protein into remaining inner retinal cells to make them directly light sensitive. The aim of this thesis was to assess whether the human photopigment melanopsin, normally present in intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells, could be delivered to other residual cells of the degenerate retina using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, and whether this could restore visual function. Several AAV serotypes were tested in the rd1 mouse model of end-stage retinal degeneration. The most effective was found to have a single tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation in the AAV capsid (rAAV2/8 Y733F), and this vector was also able to transduce bipolar cells in human retinal samples cultured ex-vivo. Further evaluation of the vector was then performed to identify whether delivery using a ubiquitous or bipolar cell specific promoter gave optimal expression, and that comparing a wild type to a codon optimised sequence was also assessed. Longevity of expression was also assessed with robust levels of melanopsin seen in the degenerate retina fifteen months after a single subretinal injection. Retina transduced using the optimised vector was tested for functional light responses using ex-vivo multi-electrode array recordings and in vivo light pulsing, with results from both highly indicative of functional photosensitivity mediated by expressed melanopsin. Furthermore, laser speckle cortical imaging demonstrated a light-dependent change in blood flow in the visual cortex of treated mice. Finally to assess whether visual function was restored, in vivo testing of the pupil light response revealed augmented pupil constriction compared to controls two months after subretinal injection of the vector. This effect was maintained and even greater at thirteen months. Further behavioural testing demonstrated that following vector administration both two and thirteen months previously, mice were able to detect a change in visual environment, whereas control rd1 mice were not. These data indicate that the increased photosensitivity derived from expression of human melanopsin in the degenerate retina can generate functionally useful information, which can restore light-driven responses and even enhance performance in a test that relies on image-forming vision in mice with end-stage retinal degeneration. Therefore with further development, this optogenetic strategy has great potential for the treatment of patients with end-stage retinal degeneration.
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Pant, Mukund. „Light adaptation of melanopsin photoreception and its interaction with cone signalling“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/227063/1/Mukund%20Pant%20Thesis.pdf.
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Light adaptation optimises visual responses to illumination changes. Although it is well established that adaptation is faster for cone than rod photopigments, these dynamics are unknown for melanopsin photopigments in human eyes. This thesis reports the development of a novel method for characterising the melanopsin photobleach regeneration characteristic and its effect on the cone-driven pupil light reflex. Compared to cone-opsins, the melanopsin photopigment undergoes less bleaching in broadband light (~43% less) and with a slower regeneration rate (3.4X). During light adaptation, higher melanopsin excitations enhance the cone-mediated pupil response to improve visual contrast sensitivity.
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Gnyawali, Subodh. „Melanopsin cell contributions to visual perception and decision making in humans“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/231544/1/Subodh_Gnyawali_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the visual processes mediated via the fifth and most sparsely represented photoreceptor class in the human eye; melanopsin ganglion cells. It was determined that melanopsin-directed lighting increases the contrast sensitivity of the canonical cone pathway to enhance the perception of brightness. The melanopsin pathway also transmits visual information independently of rod and cone mediated vision. During decision making, its activation produces a signature biphasic pupil dilation. These outcomes inform the development of new energy-efficient lighting spectrums designed to modulate the effects of light on mood and cognition mediated via the melanopsin pathway.
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Ojha, Govinda. „An evaluation of melanopsin function and light exposure in depressive disorders“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107922/3/Govinda_Ojha_Thesis.pdf.
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Melanopsin cells in the eye signal environmental light to multiple brain areas including those for circadian rhythms, for controlling the pupil light reflex and mood. Melanopsin function and daylight exposure in humans with non-seasonal depression was determined to investigate the role of light on depression. Normal melanopsin and light exposure was found in patients with non-seasonal depression and there was no relationship between hours in daylight and melanopsin. This novel finding advances our current understanding on the relationship between environmental light and melanopsin in depressive disorders.
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La, Morgia Chiara <1977>. „Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells: relevance to circadian rhythms and sleep in neurodegeneration“. Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4796/.
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In this PhD thesis 3 projects were addressed focusing on the melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) system and its relevance for circadian rhythms and sleep in neurodegeneration.
The first project was aimed at completing the characterization of mRGCs system in hereditary optic neuropathies (LHON and DOA). We confirmed that mRGCs are relatively spared also in post-mortem retinal specimens of a DOA case and pupillometric evaluation of LHON patients showed preservation of the pupillary light reflex, with attenuated responses compared to controls. Cell studies failed to indicate a protective role exerted by melanopsin itself.
The second project was aimed at characterizing the possible occurrence of optic neuropathy and rest-activity circadian rhythm dysfunction in Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD), as well as, at histological level, the possible involvement of mRGCs in AD. OCT studies demonstrated a subclinical optic neuropathy in both AD and PD patients, with a different pattern involving the superior and nasal quadrants in AD and the temporal quadrant in PD. Actigraphic studies demonstrated a tendency towards an increased intradaily variability (IV) and reduced relative amplitude (RA) of rest-activity circadian rhythm in AD and a significant increased IV a reduced RA in PD. Immunohistochemical analysis of post-mortem retinal specimens and optic nerve cross-sections of neuropathologically confirmed AD cases demonstrated a significant loss of mRGCs and a nearly significant loss of axons in AD compared to controls. The mRGCs were affected in AD independently from age and magnitude of axonal loss. Overall these results suggest a role of the mRGCs system in the pathogenesis of circadian dysfunction in AD.
The third project was aimed at evaluating the possible association between a single nucleotide polymorphism of the OPN4 gene and chronotype or SAD, failing to find any significant association with chronotype, but showing a non-significant increment of TT genotype in SAD.
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Procyk, Christopher. „The contribution of melanopsin signalling to image-forming vision during retinal degeneration“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-contribution-of-melanopsin-signalling-to-imageforming-vision-during-retinal-degeneration(6013b730-e5ed-43b3-abff-81c9ca354935).html.
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In the mammalian retina, a small population of retinal ganglion cells are intrinsically photosensitive due to the expression of the photopigment melanopsin. These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) integrate their own intrinsic light response with that of rod and cone photoreceptors to drive a variety of physiological and behavioural responses to light. Recently, however, a subset of these cells have been shown to project to the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the visual thalamus, where they directly contribute to visual perception. In the case of retinal degenerations (the most common being retinitis pigmentosa which affects up to 1:2000 people worldwide), the death of the rod and cone photoreceptors results in complete visual blindness with no available treatment. At least some ipRGCs survive retinal degeneration and can continue signalling light information to the dLGN, suggesting that these cells could support some form of visual perception. However, to-date little is known about this projection during retinal degeneration. Thus, characterising its anatomy and physiology is key to determining the quality of visual information that is conveyed to the dLGN during retinal degeneration and what prevents these cells supporting behaviourally relevant vision. A subset of ipRGCs target the dLGN and continue signalling light information even at advanced stages of retinal degeneration. However, it is unknown whether all ipRGC subtypes survive following the death of rod and cone photoreceptors, and whether they retain normal dendritic architecture following reorganisation of the remnant neural retina. We set out to answer these questions using the multi-colour labelling technique Brainbow. In doing so, we design and describe a unique methodology and toolset, based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to analyse 3-Dimensional (3D) multi-colour images. We then demonstrate its utility by identifying, isolating and reconstructing the 3D morphology of individual ipRGCs from a population of labelled cells in the degenerate retina and quantitatively characterise their dendritic architecture. The results indicate that all known ipRGC subtypes are resilient to the effects of outer photoreceptor degeneration. Melanopsin responses in the dLGN have been shown to support global brightness perception in mice with advanced retinal degeneration. However, to-date, it is unknown whether these cells can encode spatial information. Using in-vitro and in-vivo electrophysiological recordings from mice in advanced stages of retinal degeneration, we demonstrate for the first time that ipRGCs in the retina, and their target neurones in the dLGN, possess discrete spatial receptive fields. These receptive fields are large and lack a centre-surround organisation. The retinotopic organisation of these cells' projections would suggest they could support spatial vision. However the poor temporal resolution of the deafferented melanopsin response is the most significant limitation precluding melanopsin signalling from supporting behaviourally relevant vision under naturalistic viewing conditions. Considering these temporal limitations, we finally investigated if melanopsin could contribute to visual perception at earlier stages of degeneration which is more representative of clinical conditions in humans. Here, vision can rely on both the intrinsic melanopsin-driven light response and residual cone function. Using silent substitution in combination with in-vivo electrophysiological recordings from the dLGN of mice in early-stage degeneration, we identify a number of cone-driven responses which could support normal visual function. However, we were unable to detect a significant and robust contribution of melanopsin signalling to these residual light-responses using our silent substitution stimuli in both retinally degenerate and wildtype mice at these age. However, we did find a significant contribution to the Olivary Pretectal Nucleus (OPN) of visually intact mice at equivalent ages, and to the adult dLGN. Supported by anatomical data, this suggests that there is a specific temporal delay in the maturation of ipRGCs which project to the dLGN during development of the visual system.
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Adhikari, Prakash. „Novel pupillometry protocols for the early detection of melanopsin dysfunction in glaucoma“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102656/8/Prakash_Adhikari_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis developed new pupillometry paradigms to objectively measure melanopsin function in humans with healthy or diseased eyes. It was determined that melanopsin function is independent of age and refractive error. The novel quadrant field pupil protocols detected melanopsin dysfunction in the very early stages of glaucoma (in suspects) when it is difficult to detect visual dysfunction with conventional ophthalmic tests. The outcomes advance understanding of melanopsin function in humans and introduce optimised pupillometry protocols for translation to clinical settings to guide treatment decisions.document.getElementsByName("c12_disable_contact")[0].checked = true;
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Maynard, Michelle Lorraine. „Image and non-image forming melanopsin function in age-related macular degeneration“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/106748/5/Michelle%20Lorraine_Maynard_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis developed clinical protocols for early detection of retinal deficits in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and provides new insight of AMD on melanopsin function, extending to both image-forming and non-image forming pathways. The administration of vision tests under dim illuminations detected deficits in AMD before conventional ophthalmic tests. A sub-class of retinal ganglion cells expressing the melanopsin photopigment was dysfunctional in early AMD and was associated with sleep inefficiency in advanced AMD. This thesis provides the foundation to advance retinal function measurement in AMD and expands our knowledge on the relationship between AMD progression and non-vision related functions.
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Sondereker, Katelyn B. „EXPLORATION OF THE MORPHOLOGY, CONNECTIVITY, AND FUNCTION OF MELANOPSIN GANGLION CELL OUTER RETINAL DENDRITES“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1606144098442214.
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Esquiva, Sobrino Gema. „Alterations in the Melanopsin System and Circadian Rhythms in Retinitis Pigmentosa and Parkinson Disease“. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/49237.
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Joyce, Daniel S. „Temporal, spatial and adaptation characteristics of melanopsin inputs to the human pupil light reflex“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/98495/14/Daniel_Joyce_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis advanced understanding of the timing, spatial and adaptation properties of the human pupil light reflex (PLR). It developed new functional measures of the eye's melanopsin cells, which regulate circadian rhythms and pupil size, and are dysfunctional in a range of common eye and brain disorders. Measuring the PLR under different light stimulations, this research determined that melanopsin inputs to the pupil are independent of stimulus timing, but are sensitive to both stimulus spatial location and adaptation level. The outcomes introduce new frameworks for translating these objective biomarkers of melanopsin function into clinical tools for diagnosing and monitoring disease.
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Gropp, Claire-Marie [Verfasser]. „Regulation of Melanopsin and PACAP mRNA by Light, Circadian and Sleep Homeostatic Processes / Claire-Marie Gropp“. Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052530117/34.
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Markwell, Emma Louise. „Intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin retinal ganglion cell contributions to the post-illumination pupil response and circadian rhythm“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/44136/1/Emma_Markwell_Thesis.pdf.
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Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the eye transmit the environmental light level, projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (Berson, Dunn & Takao, 2002; Hattar, Liao, Takao, Berson & Yau, 2002), the location of the circadian biological clock, and the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) of the pretectum, the start of the pupil reflex pathway (Hattar, Liao, Takao, Berson & Yau, 2002; Dacey, Liao, Peterson, Robinson, Smith, Pokorny, Yau & Gamlin, 2005). The SCN synchronizes the circadian rhythm, a cycle of biological processes coordinated to the solar day, and drives the sleep/wake cycle by controlling the release of melatonin from the pineal gland (Claustrat, Brun & Chazot, 2005). Encoded photic input from ipRGCs to the OPN also contributes to the pupil light reflex (PLR), the constriction and recovery of the pupil in response to light. IpRGCs control the post-illumination component of the PLR, the partial pupil constriction maintained for > 30 sec after a stimulus offset (Gamlin, McDougal, Pokorny, Smith, Yau & Dacey, 2007; Kankipati, Girkin & Gamlin, 2010; Markwell, Feigl & Zele, 2010). It is unknown if intrinsic ipRGC and cone-mediated inputs to ipRGCs show circadian variation in their photon-counting activity under constant illumination. If ipRGCs demonstrate circadian variation of the pupil response under constant illumination in vivo, when in vitro ipRGC activity does not (Weng, Wong & Berson, 2009), this would support central control of the ipRGC circadian activity. A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the spectral sensitivity of the ipRGC post-illumination pupil response under the experimental conditions, confirming the successful isolation of the ipRGC response (Gamlin, et al., 2007) for the circadian experiment. In this main experiment, we demonstrate that ipRGC photon-counting activity has a circadian rhythm under constant experimental conditions, while direct rod and cone contributions to the PLR do not. Intrinsic ipRGC contributions to the post-illumination pupil response decreased 2:46 h prior to melatonin onset for our group model, with the peak ipRGC attenuation occurring 1:25 h after melatonin onset. Our results suggest a centrally controlled evening decrease in ipRGC activity, independent of environmental light, which is temporally synchronized (demonstrates a temporal phase-advanced relationship) to the SCN mediated release of melatonin. In the future the ipRGC post-illumination pupil response could be developed as a fast, non-invasive measure of circadian rhythm. This study establishes a basis for future investigation of cortical feedback mechanisms that modulate ipRGC activity.
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Mouland, Josh. „The effect of spatially patterned light on the suprachiasmatic nucleus“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effect-of-spatially-patterned-light-on-the-suprachiasmatic-nucleus(de2b1fff-2058-497e-948a-cc3811ffa39d).html.
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The daily variation in background light intensity (irradiance) can entrain the endogenous clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to the external environment. The only source of this photic information in mammals is the eye, which is primarily a visual organ. It is therefore highly specialised to detect high frequency spatiotemporal modulations. This together with the adaptation which occurs within the retina could be present difficulties when encoding global irradiance. This raises the question of whether spatial patterns, which are present in our everyday viewing, might affect the ability of the SCN to receive 'true irradiance' signals and entrain to the external environment. My first approach was to determine whether individual SCN cells might receive a 'true irradiance' signal. To this end I mapped and characterised the receptive field properties of SCN neurons using in vivo electrophysiology. Indeed a handful of neurons (full field cells) responded to light anywhere in the visual scene and thus may act as 'irradiance detectors'. However, the vast majority of cells only sampled local radiance from a limited area of the visual scene. Having mapped the receptive field properties it became clear that cells which sampled from a limited area of the visual scene would be sensitive to spatial contrast (patterns). To examine the effect of spatiotemporal contrast on the SCN I examined two SCN outputs: locomotor activity and neuronal firing rates. Although spatiotemporal modulation in light intensity could induce large amplitude oscillations in neuronal activity; the time averaged firing rate and locomotor activity, which are believed to be determined by irradiance, were largely unaffected by spatial patterns. This led to the conclusion that the SCN can multiplex photic information into information regarding irradiance, and spatial information by encoding them under different timescales. Melanopsin has been heralded as the key photopigment for encoding irradiance and entraining the SCN. However such experiments have been only performed using diffuse light stimuli. Here I investigated the role of melanopsin under natural viewing conditions which incorporated spatial patterns. Under such stimuli the SCN response can be almost entirely accounted for by the melanopic irradiance of the stimuli.
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McDougal, David H. „The role of melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells in the pupillary responses of human and non-human primates“. Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/mcdougal.pdf.
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Sodhi, Puneet. „Neuromodulation of Ganglion Cell Photoreceptors“. The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428489662.
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Andruška, Martin. „Biodynamické osvětlení“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442515.
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This master thesis is focused on designing a concept of a biodynamic tunable white luminaire for the interior capable of producing user defined output or simulating the conditions of natural exterior lighting. The thesis describes the physiological basis of human sensitivity to lighting and the consequences, as well as the principles of semiconductor radiation sources. Finally, it deals with methods of sensing the lighting conditions and describing the design and functions of the system elements and final implementation.
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Moraes, Maria Nathália de Carvalho Magalhães. „Efeito da luz e endotelina no mecanismo molecular do relógio em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-19032015-153736/.
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Os ciclos claro-escuro (CE) são considerados importantes pistas para o ajuste de relógios biológicos. Alças de retroalimentação positiva e negativa de transcrição e tradução de genes de relógio são a base molecular subjacente tanto a relógios centrais como periféricos. A opsina não visual, melanopsina (Opn4), expressa na retina de mamíferos, é considerada o fotopigmento circadiano pois é responsável pelo ajuste do relógio biológico endógeno. Este fotopigmento também está presente nos melanóforos de Xenopus laevis, onde ele foi descrito pela primeira vez, mas seu papel nestas células ainda não está completamente esclarecido. Espécies de vertebrados não mamíferos expressam duas ou mais melanopsinas e, no caso de X. laevis, há dois genes, Opn4m and Opn4x. Melanóforos de X. laevis respondem à luz com dispersão dos grânulos de melanina, a resposta máxima sendo atingida no comprimento de onda correspondente àquele de excitação máxima da melanopsina. Entre vários hormônios, endotelinas também dispersam os melanossomos em melanóforos de Xenopus através de via similar àquela evocada pela luz. Tendo esses fatos em mente, decidimos investigar se a luz e a endotelina modulam a expressão de genes de relógio em melanóforos de Xenopus, usando PCR quantitativo para avaliar os níveis relativos de RNAm de Per1, Per2, Clock e Bmal1. Ciclos CE promoveram alterações temporais na expressão de Per1, Per2 e Bmal1. Pulsos de 10 min de luz azul aumentaram a expressão de Per1 e Per2, diminuíram a expressão de Opn4x, mas não tiveram efeito sobre Opn4m. Ainda mais, diferentes localizações foram mostradas para cada melanopsina: imunorreatividade para OPN4x foi vista principalmente na membrana celular, enquanto OPN4m foi imuno-localizada no núcleo. Estes resultados em conjunto apontam para funções diferenciais das duas melanopsinas neste modelo. A translocação de grânulos de melanina foi maior quando um pulso de luz azul foi aplicado na presença de endotelina ET-3. E os níveis de RNAm de Clock exibiram variação temporal em melanóforos submetidos a CE após tratamento com ET-3 10-9M, enquanto a expressão de Per1 não foi afetada pelo tratamento hormonal. Em adição, ensaios farmacológicos indicaram que as respostas de Per1 e Per2 à luz azul são evocadas através da ativação da via de fosfoinositídeos, com crosstalks com GMPc/proteina quinase G (PKG) para ativar os genes de relógio. Estes dados sugerem a participação de melanopsina na foto-ativação de genes de relógio, e apontam para uma participação menor de endotelina como sincronizador desta linhagem celular. Nossos resultados constituem uma importante contribuição ao campo emergente dos relógios periféricos os quais, em espécies de não mamíferos têm sido mais extensivamente estudados em Drosophila melanogaster e Danio rerio. Dentro deste contexto, nós mostramos que os melanóforos de Xenopus laevis representam um modelo ideal para a compreensão da modulação de ritmos circadianos por luz e hormôniosLight-dark cycles (LD) are considered important cues to entrain biological clocks. Positive and negative feedback loops of clock gene transcription and translation are the molecular basis underlying the mechanism of both central and peripheral clocks. The non-visual opsin, melanopsin (Opn4), expressed in the mammalian retina, is considered a circadian photopigment because it is responsible of entraining the endogenous biological clock. This photopigment is also present in the melanophores of Xenopus laevis, where it was first described, but its role in these cells is not fully understood. Non-mammalian vertebrate species express two or more melanopsins, and in X. laevis there are two melanopsin genes, Opn4m and Opn4x. X. laevis melanophores respond to light with melanin granule dispersion, the maximal response being achieved at the wavelength of melanopsin maximal excitation. Among various hormones, endothelins also disperse melanosomes in Xenopus melanophores through a similar pathway as light does. Therefore, we decided to investigate whether light and endothelin modulate clock gene expression in Xenopus melanophores, using quantitative PCR to evaluate the relative mRNA levels of Per1, Per2, Clock and Bmal1. LD cycles elicited temporal changes in the expression of Per1, Per2 and Bmal1. A 10 min pulse of blue light increased the expression of Per1 and Per2, decreased Opn4x expression, but had no effect on Opn4m. In addition, a different localization was shown for each melanopsin: immunoreactivity for OPN4x was mainly seen in the cell membrane, whereas OPN4m was immunolocalized in the nucleus. These results taken together point to a differential role for each melanopsin in this model. Melanosome translocation was greater when a blue light pulse was applied in the presence of endothelin ET-3. And mRNA levels of Clock exhibited temporal variation in melanophores under LD cycles after 10-9 M ET-3 treatment, whereas Per1 expression was not affected by the hormone treatment. In addition, pharmacological assays indicated that Per1 and Per2 responses to blue light are evoked through the activation of the phosphoinositide pathway, which crosstalks with cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) to activate the clock genes. These data suggest the participation of melanopsin in the photo-activation of clock genes and point to a minor role of endothelin as synchronizer for this cell line. Our results add an important contribution to the emerging field of peripheral clocks, which in non-mammalian species have been mostly studied in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio. Within this context, we show that Xenopus laevis melanophores represent an ideal model to understanding circadian rhythms modulation by light and hormone
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Hubbard, Jeffrey. „The melanopsin-dependent direct non-circadian effects of light : a third principal mechanism for the regulation of sleep and wake“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ094/document.
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Entre 15 et 30% de la population souffrent de troubles du sommeil, ce qui représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique et souligne la nécessité de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation du sommeil. La régulation du sommeil est décrite comme un modèle à 2-processus comprenant un mécanisme circadien et homéostatique. La lumière exerce un effet sur le sommeil de deux manières distinctes: indirectement en resynchronisant l'horloge, et directement par des mécanismes qui restent mal compris. Cet effet direct est médié par des cellules spécialisées de la rétine intrinsèquement photosensibles et contenant un photopigment la mélanopsine (Opn4) mais aussi par les cônes et bâtonnets qui transfèrent l'information à ces cellules. Pour comprendre la façon dont ces effets directs influencent le sommeil et la veille, nous avons caractérisé des souris Opn4-/- et des souris sans horloge fonctionnelle (Syn10cre/creBmal1fl/-), ainsi qu’un rongeur diurne, Arvicanthis ansorgei. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient les suivants: (1) identifier les voies neuronales sous-tendant les effets directs de la lumière médiés par la mélanopsine ; (2) valider ces effets chez un rongeur diurne; (3) établir une relation entre lumière, Opn4 et homéostasie du sommeil. Ce travail a permis (1) de mettre en évidence que les effets directs de la lumière représente un troisième mécanisme majeur de régulation du sommeil permettant même de maintenir un rythme veille sommeil en l’absence d’horloge centrale (2) de démontrer que ces effets sont inversés entre espèces diurnes et nocturnes; (3) de démontrer que la mélanopsine et la lumière sont fortement liées à la modulation de l’homéostasie du sommeilBetween 15-30% of the general population is affected by sleep disorders, representing a major public health challenge, and as such a need to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of sleep and waking. This has been previously described as a 2-process model; both a circadian and homeostatic process. Light exerts an effect on sleep and wake in two distinct ways: indirectly, through the resynchronization of the clock, and directly via mechanisms that remain poorly understood. This direct effect is primarily a result of interaction with specialized cells in the retina which are intrinsically photosensitive containing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4) in addition to rods and cones, which to a lesser extent pass information through these cells. To understand the way in which these direct effects influence sleep and waking we characterized mice lacking Opn4, and a second group possessing a functionally disabled clock (Syn10cre/creBmal1fl/-), as well as a diurnal rodent, arvicanthis ansorgei. The aims of this study were to: (1) identify the possible neural pathways to the hypothalamus transmitting the Opn4-mediated direct effects of light; (2) validate these effects in a diurnal rodent; (3) demonstrate a biological link between light, Opn4, and sleep homeostasis. This work has provided (1) strong evidence for a third regulatory mechanism of sleep and waking (direct effects of light) that is able to maintain a sleep wake rhythm in the absence of central clock (2) an inversion of this mechanism between nocturnal and diurnal species; (3) demonstration that Opn4 and light are strongly related to the modulation of homeostatic sleep process
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Kawasaki, Aki. „Selective wavelength pupillometry to evaluate outer and inner retinal photoreception“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Oftalmiatrik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-79628.
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Purpose Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express a unique photopigment called melanopsin. Capable of direct phototransduction, the ipRGCs are also influenced by rods and cones via synaptic inputs. Thus, the photoinput that mediates the pupil light reflex derives from both outer (rods and cones) and inner (melanopsin-mediated) retinal photoreception. This thesis has aimed to develop a pupillometric test that provides quantitative information about the functional status of outer and inner retinal photoreception in healthy eyes and in eyes with retinal degeneration. In addition to regulating the pupil light reflex, the ipRGCs signal light information for the circadian rhythm, thus, these two non-visual physiologic responses to inner retinal photoreception were examined simultaneously. Methods Pupil responses to a long and short wavelength light over a range of intensities (under conditions of light, mesopic and dark adaptation) were recorded using a customized infrared computerized pupillometer. Results were compared for two groups: patients with retinitis pigmentosa and controls. The response function threshold intensity and a half-max intensity was determined from the rod-weighted and cone-weighted pupil responses and correlated to extent of visual loss. The pupil response to light offset was assessed as a measure of direct melanopsin activation. Lastly, pupil responses to red and blue light at equal photo flux were recorded hourly during a 24-hour period and correlated to salivary melatonin concentrations in healthy subjects. Results In normal eyes, the blue light evoked greater pupil responses compared to equiluminant red light. With increasing intensity, pupil contraction became more sustained which was most apparent with the brightest blue light. In patients with retinitis pigmentosa, the pupil responses mediated predominantly by rod and cone activation were significantly reduced compared to controls, (p<0.001) and the relative decrease in their contribution resulted in a greater influence of melanopsin on the post-stimulus response. Even at endstage retinal degeneration, pupil responses that derived predominantly from residual cone activity were detectable. The threshold intensity of the rod-mediated, but not cone-mediated, pupil response was also significantly reduced (p=0.006) in patients and the half-maximal intensity of rods correlated with severity of visual loss (r2=0.7 and p=0.02). In healthy controls, the melanopsin-mediated pupil response demonstrated a circadian modulation whereas the cone-mediated pupil response did not. Conclusion Early and progressive loss of rod function in mild-moderate stages of retinitis pigmentosa is detectable and quantifiable as a progressive loss of pupillary sensitivity to extremely dim blue lights obtained under conditions of dark adaptation. In advanced stages of retinal degeneration, chromatic pupillometry is more sensitive than standard electroretinography for detecting residual levels of rod and especially cone activity. In addition, selective wavelength pupillometry can assess non-visual light-dependent functions. The timing of the post-stimulus pupil response to blue light is in phase with melatonin secretion, suggesting a circadian regulation of this pupil parameter.Bakgrund Jätteganglieceller (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, ipRGCs) är en klass av fotoreceptorer som utnyttjar ett unikt vitamin-A-baserat fotopigment som kallas melanopsin. Utöver deras direkta ljuskänslighet, mottar ipRGCs stimulerande och hämmande synaptiska signaler från andra fotoreceptorer (tappar och stavar) som därigenom kan modulera aktiviteten hos ipRGCs. Ögats pupillreflex medieras alltså av ljus både via yttre (stavar och tappar) och inre (melanopsin-medierad) retinal fotoreception, och den gemensamma afferenta pupillomotor-signalen leds till den pretectala nucleus olivarius via axoner från ipRGCs. Arbetet i denna avhandling syftar till att utveckla ett kliniskt pupilltest som ger kvantitativ information om yttre och inre retinala fotoreceptorers funktionella status hos friska försökspersoner och patienter med retinal degeneration. Förutom att styra pupillreflexen, skickar ipRGCs även impulser som påverkar kroppens dygnsrytm. Därför ingår även en delstudie i vilken ipRGCs aktivitet studeras genom att avläsa icke-visuella fysiologiska reaktioner på inre retinal fotoreception. Metoder Ljus av lång (röd) respektive kort (blå) våglängd presenterades med stegvis ökad ljusstyrka för att selektivt stimulera stavar, tappar eller melanopsin. Pupillreaktionerna registrerades med en infraröd datoriserad pupillometer och jämfördes mellan friska kontroller och patienter med retinitis pigmentosa. I uppföljande experiment gjordes mer noggranna tester i syfte att isolera aktiveringen av varje ljusmottagande element. Tröskelintensiteten för stav- eller tapp-medierad pupillreaktion bestämdes med linjär regressionsanalys. Reaktionskurvan för stavmedierad pupillreflex kvantifierades (halv-maximal intensitet) och jämfördes med svårighetsgraden av sjukdomen i två familjer med samma sjukdomsframkallande mutation för retinitis pigmentosa. För att undersöka icke-visuella reaktioner på inre fotoreception från ipRGCs, undersöktes pupillreaktion på rött och blått ljus varje timme under en 24-timmarsperiod och korrelerades till melatoninkoncentration i saliv hos friska personer med normal syn. Resultat I normala ögon, gav blått ljus en kraftigare pupillreaktion jämfört med rött ljus av samma ljusstyrka. Med ökande intensitet, blev pupillkontraktionen mer ihållande, vilket var tydligast med starkt blått ljus. Hos patienter med retinitis pigmentosa, var både tapp- och stav-medierad pupillreaktion signifikant reducerad jämfört med kontroller, (p<0,001). Patienter med avancerad sjukdom och icke-reaktivt elektro-retinogram hade fortfarande mätbar pupillreflex, huvudsakligen härrörande från kvarvarande stavaktivitet. I två familjer med retinitis pigmentosa beroende på en enda missense-mutation av NR2E3 genen, var tröskelvärdet för stavmedierad pupillreflex signifikant reducerat (p= 0,006) och korrelerade till sjukdomens svårighetsgrad. Tappmedierad pupillreflex hos dessa patienter skilde sig dock inte signifikant från kontroller, trots att fotopiskt (tapp) elektroretinogram var klart avvikande. Hos friska kontroller visade melanopsinmedierat pupillsvar en dygnsvariation medan tapp-medierat pupillsvar inte gjorde det. Slutsatser Som tillägg till standardundersökningar kan selektiv våglängds-pupillometri (kromatisk pupillometri) vara användbart för utvärdering av funktionen hos stavar och tappar. Denna avhandling visar att tidig och gradvis förlust av stav-funktion i milt-måttligt stadium av retinitis pigmentosa är detekterbar och mätbar som en progressiv förlust av pupillens känslighet för mycket svagt blått ljus, efter mörkeradaptation. I avancerade stadier av retinal degeneration är kromatisk pupillometri känsligare än standardelektroretinografi för att detektera kvarvarande nivåer av stav- och speciellt tapp-aktivitet. Hos unga patienter, där elektroretinografi kan vara tekniskt svårt, är pupillometri en lovande teknik för att värdera yttre retinal fotoreception relaterad till synfunktion. Dessutom kan selektiv våglängdspupillometri ge information om icke-visuella ljusberoende funktioner. Pupillreaktionen på blått ljus varierar med melatoninsekretionen, vilket tyder på en cirkadisk reglering. Ytterligare studier krävs för att undersöka om selektiv våglängds-pupillometri även kan användas i samband med sjukdomar relaterade till störd dygnsrytm, som sömnlöshet och årstidsbunden depression.
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Ortuño-Lizarán, Isabel. „Cellular alterations of the human retina in Parkinson’s disease and their use as early biomarkers“. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/118447.
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En la presente Tesis Doctoral se describen los cambios celulares que ocurren en la retina en la enfermedad de Parkinson y su posible uso como biomarcadores tempranos de la enfermedad. Los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson poseen acumulaciones de alfa sinucleína fosforilada en la retina similares a las que se encuentran en el cerebro de los mismos pacientes. De hecho, la cantidad de alfa-sinucleína fosforilada en la retina correlaciona con la cantidad de alfa-sinucleína fosforilada en el cerebro, con el estadio de progresión de la enfermedad y con la severidad de los síntomas motores. Además, en la retina de enfermos de párkinson se describe una degeneración de las células ganglionares melanopsínicas de la retina, lo que podría explicar las alteraciones en los ritmos circadianos y los desórdenes del sueño que aparecen en pacientes. Finalmente, también se muestra la degeneración de las células amacrinas dopaminérgicas, que se reducen en un 45%. Este fallo en el sistema dopaminérgico de la retina provoca alteraciones morfológicas en las células amacrinas AII, sus principales postsinápticas, y podría explicar algunas alteraciones visuales descritas en la enfermedad como la disminución de la sensibilidad al contraste o de la agudeza visual. En global, los resultados muestran que la retina reproduce los procesos degenerativos que ocurren en el cerebro en la enfermedad de Parkinson y, por tanto, que es un tejido idóneo para el estudio de la enfermedad. Además, el estudio de la retina aporta información sobre el estadio de la enfermedad y puede ser empleado como un biomarcador temprano que ayude al diagnóstico y seguimiento de la misma.
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Shorter, Patrick D. „Flashing Light-Evoked Pupil Responses in Subjects with Glaucoma or Traumatic Brain Injury“. The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429622042.
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Prayag, Abhishek Sokappadu. „Characterisation of non-visual photoreception in humans“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1144.
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Chez l'homme, la lumière influence 1) les rythmes circadiens, 2) le cycle veille-sommeil, et 3) active les fonctions non-visuelles. La rétine qui reçoit et traite l’information lumineuse possède des caractéristiques uniques de sensibilité à la lumière qui dépendent de la longueur d'onde. Elle se compose de photorécepteurs visuels (cônes S-, M-, ou L-) présentant une sensibilité au bleu, vert, et rouge et des photorécepteurs non-visuels (les cellules ganglionnaires à mélanopsine, ipRGCs) sensible à 480nm. Peu d'études ont étudié l'impact de lumières colorées sur les fonctions non-visuelles. De telles études ont utilisées des lumières monochromatiques de longue durée, administrées après les horaires normaux de coucher, avec une pupille dilatée. Cela contraste avec l'exposition à la lumière ambiante. Comment celle-ci influence la dynamique des réponses non-visuelles et est-ce que leur intensité ou leur composition de couleur influe sur les rythmes circadiens n'est toujours pas élucidée.Nous avons étudié les effets d’une lumière polychromatique sur les dynamiques de l'activité corticale (EEG), le réflexe pupillaire, la suppression de la mélatonine, la fréquence cardiaque, la température et les performances neurocomportementales. 28 sujets hommes ont été exposés à 4 stimuli lumineux de 50 min, entre 19-2300 h. Les stimuli avaient une contribution mélanopique différente, mais une densité de photons identique de 10e14 photons/cm²/s. Cela nous a permis de disséquer les contributions relatives des photorécepteurs non-visuels/visuels dans les fonctions non-visuelles. Dans une seconde étude, les photorécepteurs et niveaux de lumière nécessaires pour 1) initier et saturer la suppression de la mélatonine et 2) les plages actives ont été calculés. Ces résultats ont des implications dans notre compréhension des effets d’une exposition à la lumière artificielle sur la veille et le sommeil et les troubles du rythme circadien tels que le syndrome du retard de phaseIn humans, light influences 1) circadian rhythms, 2) sleep-wake cycle, and 3)activate non-visual functions. While white bright light studies provide insight on the effect of light per se, the retina consists of visual photoreceptors (S-M-L cones) exhibiting sensitivity in blue, green, red colour range and non-visual photoreceptors (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, ipRGCs) most sensitive at 480nm. Few studies investigated the impact of coloured light corresponding to the different photoreceptors on light-dependent physiology. Such studies employed long duration monochromatic light, administered past normal bedtimes, after pupil dilator application. This contrasts with real-life light exposure. Furthermore, the link between light, non-visual responses and sleep-wake cycle has not been dynamically assessed. How ambient light influences the kinetics of non-visual responses and whether their intensity or colour impacts circadian rhythms is still unclear.We investigated polychromatic light exposure on the kinetics of cortical activity (EEG), pupillary light reflex, melatonin suppression, heart rate, temperature and neurobehavioral performances in humans. In a first study, 28 males were exposed to 4 light pulses of 50 min each from 19-2300 h. Light pulses had different melanopic contribution but identical photon density of 1014 photons/cm²/s. This allowed us to dissect relative contributions of non-visual/visual photoreceptors on light-dependent physiology and wakefulness markers. In a second study, we determined the sensitivity and thresholds of nocturnal melatonin suppression by light and the photoreceptors involved. Light levels needed to 1) initiate suppression, 2) saturation and 3) the active ranges were calculated. These findings have implications in our understanding of artificial light exposure on the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythm disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder
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Haner, Cheryl. „Novel Roles for Reelin in Retinogeniculate Targeting“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2233.
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In the developing visual system, the axon of a pre-synaptic cell must be guided to a post-synaptic partner. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye are an excellent model to study this process. Multiple classes exist that respond to specific types of light input, and these project to different destinations in the brain that process distinct types of information. The RGC axons that navigate to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) do so in a class-specific manner. Axons from RGCs that mediate non-image forming functions innervate the ventral LGN (vLGN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). Axons from RGCs that process image-forming information bypass these regions to innervate the dorsal LGN (dLGN). The extracellular protein reelin was identified as a potential factor in RGC axonal targeting of the vLGN and IGL, and the reeler mutant mouse used to study the effects of its functional absence. Anterograde labeling of RGCs and their axons with Cholera toxin B (CTB) revealed reduced patterns of retinal innervation to the vLGN and IGL in mutant mice. Moreover, the absence of functional reelin resulted in axons incorrectly growing into inappropriate regions of the thalamus. We identified these misrouted axons as those of the intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCS), a class of RGCs known to project to the affected subnuclei. In contrast to defects in ipRGC targeting, no deficits were seen in retinogeniculate or corticothalamic projections in classes of axons that normally target the dLGN. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal any effects of the absence of the functional reelin on the LGN cytoarchitecture, which is unlike many other brain regions altered in the reeler. In summary, results suggest that intact reelin is required for class-specific retinogeniculate targeting to the vLGN and IGL. The defects are likely to be in targeting and not in neuronal positioning.
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Karnas, Diana. „Les cellules ganglionnaires intrinsèquement photosensibles de la rétine (ipRGC) chez les rongeurs diurnes et nocturnes : une comparaison morphologique, moléculaire et physiologique“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ070.
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Les horloges circadiennes, permettant l´anticipation des changements environnementaux cycliques, sont synchronisés par la lumière du jour via un signal lumineux à la rétine. Outre les cônes et les bâtonnets, la rétine contient des cellules ganglionnaires intrinsèquement photosensibles (ipRGCs), subdivisées en sous-types distincts exprimant le pigment mélanopsine et impliquées dans l´entrainement de l´horloge biologique à la lumière. Le système circadien est très similaire chez les animaux nocturnes et diurnes. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier les propriétés morphologiques, moléculaires etphysiologiques des ipRGCs de rongeurs nocturnes (souris) et diurnes (Arvicanthis ansorgei). Ce travail révèle des morphologies comparables des différents types d´ipRGCs pour les deux espèces, mais la proportion du type M1 était plus élevée chez Arvicanthis. Des immunomarquages spécifiques des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine ont révélé que les ipRGCs constituent une population hétérogène. Chez les deux espèces, l'expression de neurofilaments et de Brn3 différait selon le type d´ipRGC. Les propriétés physiologiques des ipRGCs étaient principalement similaires pour les deux espèces. Chez Arvicanthis, les ipRGCs de type I étaient plus sensibles à de courts éclairs lumineux. En conclusion , les ipRGCs des rongeurs nocturnes et diurnes partagent des caractéristiques communes. Cette étude est la première à décrire la sensibilité des ipRGCs a des éclairs de courte durée. De plus, ce travail étend les connaissances sur l'hétérogénéité moléculaire des différents types d´ipRGCsCircadian clocks permit anticipation of cyclic environmental changes and are synchronized to solar day through photic input from the retina. Besides rods and cones, the retina contains intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), consisting of distinct sub-types. IpRGCs express the photopigment melanopsin and are implicated in photoentrainment of the biological clock. Light information shapes the animal’s temporal behavior, but the circadian systems of nocturnal and diurnal animals appear to be very similar. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the morphological, molecular and physiologicalproperties of ipRGCs in nocturnal (C57BL/6 mouse) compared to diurnal (Arvicanthis ansorgei) rodents. The morphological analysis revealed comparable characteristics of the different ipRGC types in both species; however the proportion of M1 cells was higher in Arvicanthis than in mouse. Immunostaining patterns using RGC markers revealed that ipRGCs are a heterogeneous population. In both species, Brn3 and neurofilaments expression were partly distinct between the ipRGC types.The physiological properties of ipRGC types were mostly similar between the two species, but type I ipRGCs were more sensitive to short light flashes in Arvicanthis than in mouse. In conclusion, the melanopsin system of nocturnal and diurnal rodents shares many common features. Importantly, this study is the first describing responses of ipRGCs to short light flashes and the observed molecular heterogeneity extends the characterization of individual ipRGC types
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Calvel, Laurent. „L’influence des effets directs, non circadiens de la lumière et de la phototransduction mélanopsinergique sur l’humeur, la veille et le sommeil“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ039/document.
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Les troubles du sommeil et la dépression ont une interaction fonctionnelle et constituent un enjeu majeur de santé publique. La lumière influence la physiologie, le comportement, en particulier la locomotion, le sommeil et l’humeur, via des effets, circadiens (entrainement de l’horloge) et directs,non-circadiens. L’objectif de ce travail a été de caractériser les effets directs, non circadiens de la lumière sur les comportements, et d’évaluer le rôle des différents photorécepteurs impliqués. Des souris « melanopsin knockout » ont été exposées à différents niveaux de luminance (<10 lux, 150 lux,600 lux) sans changer la phase du rythme circadien. Nos résultats montrent que l’intensité lumineuse influence l’humeur, le sommeil, et la locomotion et qu’à <10 lux, il existe une altération de l’humeur et de l’homéostasie du sommeil. Ces effets sont principalement mélanopsine dépendants. Si elles sont confirmées chez l’homme, ces observations seront pertinentes pour optimiser les indications de la luminothérapie et l’utilisation de la lumière dans notre sociétéSleep regulations and mood disorders exert strong functional interactions, representing a major public health challenge. Light greatly influences physiology and behavior, including regulation of locomotion,sleep and mood. These non-visual effects are either, indirect through the phase shifting of circadian rhythms or direct. Our goal was to characterize the direct, non-circadian effects of light on behaviorand to assess the contribution of the different photoreceptors involved. To achieve this, melanopsin knockout mice were exposed to different luminance (<10 lux, 150 lux, 600 lux) without changing the phase of circadian rhythm. Our results indicate that light influences mood, locomotion and sleep, with< 10 lux leading to mood and sleep homeostasis alteration. These effects are primarily mediated by melanopsin-based phototransduction. If confirmed in humans, our observations will have applications for the clinical use of light as well as for societal lighting conditions
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Ruppert, Elisabeth. „Influence non-circadienne de la lumière sur les comportements : identification des structures impliquées et application clinique“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ102/document.
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La lumière influence fortement la physiologie et le comportement en exerçant des effets non-visuels de deux types : i) indirects, via la resynchronisation de l’horloge centrale qui est située dans les noyaux suprachiasmatiques (NSC), ii) directs, indépendants du processus circadien, via des mécanismes encore mal compris. Nos travaux chez la souris ont montré que l’influence directe de la lumière constitue un mécanisme majeur de régulation du sommeil, de l’éveil et de l’humeur, au même titre que le processus circadien. Ces effets sont majoritairement médiés par la mélanopsine, un photopigment exprimé dans la rétine, et relayés au niveau cérébral par différentes structures comme les NSCs et le VLPO. Ainsi, le rôle des NSCs ne doit pas être interprété qu’au travers de leur fonction d’horloge. Ensuite, dans une perspective de recherche translationnelle de l’animal à l’homme, nous avons validé Arvicanthis ansorgei, comme modèle d’étude du sommeil afin de pouvoir interpréter nos résultats chez un rongeur diurne. Enfin, de nombreuses données suggérant que les effets directs de la lumière modulent l’activité du système dopaminergique, nous avons évalué l’intérêt de la luminothérapie dans des pathologies dopaminergiques (maladie de Parkinson, syndrome des jambes sans repos, troubles de l’humeur). Ces avancées ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives pour une meilleure utilisation de la lumière dans notre société ainsi qu’en pathologieLight influences physiology and behavior through both types of non-image-forming effects: i) indirect, synchronizing the circadian master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), ii) direct effects, independent from the circadian process though mechanisms poorly understood. Our studies in mice demonstrate that the direct influence of light constitutes a key mechanism of regulation for sleep, alertness and mood and is as important as the circadian process. The direct effects of light are mainly mediated through melanopsin, a retinal photopigment that projects to the different structures of the brain such as the SCN and the VLPO. The SCN, beyond their role as circadian clock are also a relay system for the direct effects of light. Further, we validated Arvicanthis ansorgei as a diurnal model for the study of sleep regulatory mechanisms. This is an important step in the translational approach from animal research to applications in humans. Various data suggest that the direct effects of light interact with the dopaminergic system. In the last part of this thesis, we evaluated the indication of bright light therapy in dopaminergic pathologies (Parkinson disease, restless legs syndrome, mood disorders). These advances open up new perspectives for possible applications of light therapy and may help improving societal lightening conditions
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Najjar, Raymond. „Non visual photoreception in humans : circadian consequences of spectral modulations of light“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10110.
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Chez les mammifères dont l’Homme, les rythmes circadiens physiologiques et comportementaux sont régulés par l’horloge centrale, localisée dans les noyaux suprachiasmatiques de l’hypothalamus. Possédant une période endogène proche mais pas exactement de 24 heures, cette horloge est constamment synchronisée à la période terrestre par le cycle lumière-obscurité perçu au niveau de l’oeil. Cette synchronisation entraîne l’expression de rythmes appropriés (hormonaux, veille-sommeil, température corporelle, etc.). Les hypothèses de ma thèse sont : 1- une exposition chronique à un spectre lumineux appauvri en longueurs d’ondes courtes, causée par l’opacification du cristallin chez le sujet âgé ou par l’exposition chronique à des lumières artificielles blanches, est à l’origine d’une altération de la réponse du système circadien à la lumière ; 2- une exposition chronique à un spectre lumineux enrichi en longueurs d’ondes courtes chez le sujet jeune, améliore la synchronisation du système circadien, la vigilance, les performances cognitives et la qualité du sommeil. L’objectif de ma thèse est d‘évaluer ces hypothèses selon deux approches : 1. Une approche physiologique : chez le sujet âgé sain, le brunissement physiologique du cristallin oculaire conduit à une filtration des longueurs d’ondes courtes du spectre lumineux. Cette approche inclus la mise au point et la validation d’un système de mesure de transmittance du cristallin in vivo. Ce système est nécessaire pour quantifier la qualité spectrale de la lumière atteignant la rétine. 2. Une approche artificielle : chez des sujets jeunes exposés de manière chronique (63 jours) à des lumières ambiantes blanches ou enrichies en longueurs d’ondes courtesPhysiological and behavioral circadian rhythms in mammals and humans are under the control of a central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. This endogenous clock has a period close to but not exactly 24 hours and therefore needs to be constantly entrained to the 24-h period of the earth, by the light-dark cycle. Light is perceived through the eyes and implicates all the retina’s photoreceptors (rods, cones, melanopsin ganglion cells (ipRGCs)). A properly entrained circadian system leads to an appropriate rhythmic expression of many physiological functions (hormonal secretion, sleep/wake cycles, core body temperature …). My project’s hypotheses are: 1- a chronic exposure to blue deprived light, as occurring in the aged due to lens filtration or under standard indoor lighting, leads to a decreased nonvisual sensitivity to light.; 2- exposure to blue enriched white light in the young subjects enhances non-visual responses to light such as, entrainment of the circadian system, vigilance, mood, sleep quality and cognitive performance. The aim of my thesis is to evaluate these hypotheses using two approaches : 1. A physiological approach: In the aged subject, in whom the ocular crystalline lens specifically filters short wavelength lights, known to be crucial for circadian entrainment. This approach includes the development and clinical validation of a scotopic heterochromatic flicker photometry technique to assess lens transmittance in vivo. This technique is essential to evaluate individual light spectra reaching the retina. 2. An artificial approach: In young subjects chronically exposed (63 days in the Concordia base, Antarctica) solely to standard white or blue enriched white light
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Lahouaoui, Hasna. „Impact de la rétinopathie diabétique sur le fonctionnement et l’entraînement par la lumière des horloges centrale et rétinienne“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10305.
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La rétinopathie diabétique est une cause majeure de cécité et de malvoyance qui affecte jusqu'à 90% des patients atteints de diabète. Le Maroc n’échappe pas à cette pathologie, qui est connue pour altérer le fonctionnement du système visuel et pourrait conduire également à des désordres chronobiologiques, aussi bien chez l’Homme que chez des modèles animaux. Ces altérations pourraient être liées aux dégénérescences neuronales des systèmes de photoréception classique (cône et bâtonnet) et des cellules ganglionnaires à mélanopsine, impliqués dans la régulation et l’entraînement par la lumière du système circadien. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, peu d’études ont analysé précisément l’impact de la rétinopathie diabétique sur le système circadien. L’objectif de notre travail est d’analyser au cours de la rétinopathie diabétique (1) l’atteinte des cônes, des bâtonnets et des cellules ganglionnaires à mélanopsine, (2) le fonctionnement endogène moléculaire et la réponse à la lumière des horloges centrale et rétinienne et (3) la réponse comportementale du système circadien à la lumière. Notre stratégie est basée sur l’utilisation d’un modèle murin, chez lequel le diabète est induit expérimentalement par l’administration d’un agent chimique la streptozotocine (STZ), toxique pour les cellules β pancréatiques. Des approches morphométriques, moléculaires et comportementales ont été utilisées. Nos résultats montrent que le diabète induit des changements morphologiques des cellules ganglionnaires à mélanopsine tels que des gonflements des somas et des varicosités au niveau des dendrites avec une préservation du nombre total de ces cellules. Ceci est associé à une diminution de l’induction par la lumière du gène c-fos et des gènes de l’horloge Per1 et Per2 au niveau du SCN et à l’absence de cette induction au niveau rétinien au stade 12 semaines après l’induction du diabète. La machinerie moléculaire des horloges rétinienne et centrale évaluée par l’analyse de l’expression circadienne des gènes de l’horloge et des gènes contrôlés par les gènes de l’horloge montre que certains gènes de l’horloge clés pour chaque tissu sont altérés. A l’échelle comportementale, les souris STZ (souris diabétiques) montrent une réduction de l’amplitude du rythme de leur activité locomotrice totale et une diminution de la sensibilité à la lumière aux faibles intensités. Après une avance de phase du cycle 12L/12D, ces animaux présentent également une diminution de la vitesse de resynchronisation au nouveau cycle lumineux imposé par rapport aux animaux témoins. Ces nouvelles données montrent que le diabète de type 1 altère les réponses du système circadien à la lumière d’un point de vue moléculaire et comportemental et suggèrent que les patients diabétiques peuvent présenter des troubles circadiens particulièrement lorsqu’ils sont soumis aux challenges chronobiologiquesDiabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness and is commonly viewed as a vascular complication of type 1 diabetes. However, this kind of diabetes causes visual dysfunction before the onset of clinically visible microvascular changes, associated with diabetic retinopathy. Several histopathological studies in diabetic patients and in chemically-induced or genetic rodent models of diabetes indicate that photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are affected by diabetes with apoptotic degeneration. There is increasing evidence that melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells that are crucial for the regulation of a range of non-visual functions including the photic synchronization of circadian rhythms are altered in retinal pathologies. The link between diabetes and circadian rhythms has only been addressed in a relatively limited number of studies. Using a streptozotocin-induced (STZ) model of diabetes, we investigated the impact of diabetic retinopathy on non-visual functions by analyzing the morphology of melanopsin ganglion cells and light-induced c-fos and Period 1-2 clock genes in the central (SCN) and the retina clocks. The effect of this pathology on the endogenous circadian function of clock and controlled clock genes was assessed in the SCN and the retina at 12 weeks post-diabetes. Behaviorally, the ability of STZdiabetic mice to entrain to light was challenged by the exposure of animals to 1) successive light/dark (LD) cycle of decreasing or increasing light intensities during the light phase and 2) 6-hr advance of the LD cycle. Our results show that diabetes induces morphological changes of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells including soma swelling and dendritic varicosities with no reduction in their total number, associated with decreased c-fos and clock genes induction by light in the SCN and also in the retina at 12 weeks post-onset of diabetes. In addition, the circadian expression of major clock genes was altered in the central and retinal clocks, suggesting that RD affects the endogenous molecular machinery and the light response of these two clocks. Moreover, STZ-diabetic mice exhibited a reduction of overall locomotor activity, a decrease of circadian sensitivity to light at low intensities, and a delay in the time to re-entrain after a phase advance of the LD cycle. These novel findings demonstrate that diabetes alters clock genes and behavioral responses of the circadian timing system to light and suggest that diabetic patients may show an increased propensity for circadian disturbances, in particular when they are exposed to chronobiological challenges
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Pradhan, Asik. „Supplemental light exposure for sleep disturbances associated with type 2 diabetes“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208390/1/Asik_Pradhan_Thesis.pdf.
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This experimental case series provides a proof of concept for the beneficial effect of supplemental light to improve sleep behaviour in people with type 2 diabetes with no clinical retinopathy. Photoreceptor dysfunctions identified using novel pupillometry protocols in this population point towards sub-optimal entrainment of the master clock leading to sleep and circadian disruption. These preliminary data will guide future clinical trials in early-stage diabetes to develop light therapy for managing sleep disturbances.
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Comar, William D. Ph D. „ESTABLISHING AND MANIPULATING THE DIMERIC INTERFACE OF VISUAL/NON-VISUAL OPSINS“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron152882487417841.
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Mehdi, Madah Khawn i. Muhammad. „The impact of exposure to constant light and hyperoxia on the retina“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ025.
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Les yeux forment des avant-postes visuels importants du cerveau. Comme les autres organes, la rétine sensorielle des yeux est vulnérable aux effets nocifs des facteurs environnementaux, tels que la lumière et l'oxygène. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’impact de l’exposition à une lumière constante et l’hyperoxie prolongée sur l'architecture et la fonction rétinienne. Dans la première partie de notre étude, nous avons montré qu’ une exposition de sept jours à une lumière constante perturbe la phagocytose des bâtonnets et cônes et régule négativement leur renouvellement dans la « rétine riche en cônes " d’Arvicanthis ansorgei. Notre étude donne un aperçu sur la physiopathologie des cônes, ce qui représente la principale source de handicap visuel dans une variété de pathologies rétiniennes, y compris la rétinite pigmentaire (RP) et la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge (DMLA). Dans la deuxième partie de notre étude, nous avons montré qu’ une exposition de cinq jours à l’hyperoxie entraîne chez les souris néonatales une perte significative de cellules ganglionnaires dans les régions périphériques de la rétine, et de cellules à mélanopsine (ipRGC). L’exposition prolongée à l’hyperoxie perturbe également la capacité de photoentrainment des animaux probablement due à la perte des ipRGC et la perte de la rhodopsine dans les segments externes des bâtonnets chez les animaux traitésEyes form important visual outposts of the brain. Just like other organs, sensory retina in the eyes is also vulnerable to the injurious effects of environmental factors; such as light and oxygen. In this work, we have focused on the impacts of constant prolonged light and hyperoxia on the retinal architecture and function. In the first part of our study, we show that seven days of constant light disrupts rod and cone phagocytosis and downregulates their turnover in the “cone rich retina” of Arvicanthis ansorgei. The study gives an insight on the cone pathophysiology, which represents the major source of visual handicap in a variety of retinal pathologies, including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the second part of our study, we show that five days of hyperoxia treatment in the neonatal mice results in the significant loss of retinal ganglion cells in the peripheral regions; the loss of melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) was found to be significant. Hyperoxia also affects the photoentrainment capability of the animals probably because of the loss of ipRGC and the loss of rhodopsin in the outer segments of the photoreceptors in the treated animals
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Duque-Chica, Gloria Liliana. „Estudo da resposta da melanopsina na neuropatia óptica e no distúrbio de sono através do reflexo pupilar à luz“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-22022016-151326/.
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Dentre as células ganglionares da retina existe uma pequena população de células que contem melanopsina e respondem diretamente à luz. Estas são as células ganglionares intrinsecamente fotossensíveis (ipRGCs), cujas funções são principalmente não visuais. Dentre as funções não visuais das ipRGCs sua influência na resposta pupilar dependente da luz foi o objeto central desta tese. Tanto a retina interna, através das ipRGCs, quanto a retina externa, através dos bastonetes e cones, fornecem uma informação neural que regula a resposta pupilar à luz (RPL). Este estudo avaliou a integridade das ipRGCs através do RPL em pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA), leve, moderado e avançado, e em pacientes com síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), moderada e grave. Também foi avaliada a discriminação cromática e a sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância (SC), a perimetria visual e a espessura da retina avaliada por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT). Foram avaliados 98 participantes: 45 pacientes com GPAA ( 27, 18; idade média = 65,84 + 10,20), 28 pacientes com SAOS ( 14, 14; idade média = 52,93 + 7,13), e 25 controles ( 17, 8; idade média = 54,27 + 8,88). Após o exame oftalmológico foram avaliadas a SC de grades e a discriminação de cores através do Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). A avaliação do RPL foi feita apresentando-se flashes de 470 e 640 nm, de 1s de duração, em 7 luminâncias desde -3 até 2.4 log cd/m2 em um Ganzfeld Q450 SC (Roland Consult). O RPL foi registrado pelo sistema de eye tracker View Point System (Arrington Research Inc.). Os testes foram realizados em ambos os olhos, de forma monocular e no escuro. Para a comparação dos dados entre os grupos, utilizou-se um modelo de equações de estimação generalizada (GEE), para correção da dependência entre os dois olhos. O RPL dos pacientes com GPAA moderado e avançado apresentou redução significativa na amplitude do pico, dependente da severidade do glaucoma, nas diferentes luminâncias tanto para 470 nm quanto para 640 nm, evidenciando redução das contribuições dos cones e bastonetes ao RPL. As contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL (avaliadas pela amplitude da resposta sustentada entre 6-8 s) foram também significativamente menores em GPAA moderado e avançado. No estado inicial do GPAA as contribuições das ipRGCs para o RPL encontram-se preservadas. No entanto, o GPAA parece afetar o processamento espacial desde o inicio da doença. Nos pacientes com GPAA leve foi observada uma perda acentuada nas faixas baixas de frequência espacial, compatível com prejuízo seletivo das células ganglionares do tipo M. A SC de pacientes com GPAA moderado e avançado mostrou perdas nas faixas baixas e altas de frequência espacial, apontando um prejuízo nas vias parvo- e margnocelulares. Uma perda significativa da discriminação de cores no eixo azul-amarelo foi observada em todos os estágios do GPAA. O RPL nos pacientes com SAOS está parcialmente preservado, não obstante, as respostas da amplitude do pico para o flash de 470 nm diminuem conforme aumenta a severidade da SAOS. As contribuições dos fotorreceptores da retina externa ao RPL, foram significativamente menores em algumas das luminâncias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas de SC ou discriminação de cores nos pacientes com SAOS. Em conclusão, no estágio moderado e avançado do glaucoma tanto as contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL quanto as vias M e P, se encontram mais afetadas do que no inicio do GPAA, quando a via parvocelular e as contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL parecem estar mais preservadasAmong the retina ganglion cells there are a small population of cells containing melanopsin and which respond directly to light. They are the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs), whose functions are mainly non-visual. Among these non-visual functions of the ipRGCs, their influence on the pupillary response as a function of light was the central subject of this thesis. Both the inner retina through the ipRGCs and the outer retina through the rods and cones, provide neural information that regulates the pupillary light response (PLR) to light. This study evaluated the integrity of ipRGCs through PLR in patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), mild, moderate and advanced, and in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), moderate and severe. We evaluated also the color discrimination and achromatic spatial contrast sensitivity (CS), visual perimetry and retinal thickness evaluated by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). 98 participants were evaluated, 45 patients with POAG ( 27 18; mean age = 65.84 + 10.20), 28 with OSAS ( 14 14; mean age = 52.93 + 7.13) and 25 controls ( 17 8; mean age = 54.27 + 8.88). After the ophthalmological exam it was evaluated the contrast sensitivity and color discrimination measures using the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Pupil responses were elicited by Ganzfeld (Q450 SC, Roland Consult) presentation of 1-sec flashes of 470- and 640-nm at 7 luminance from -3 to 2.4 log cd/m2. PLR was measured with the eye tracker system View Point (Arrington Research Inc.). The tests were performed monocularly, on both eyes, in a darkened room. In order to compare data across groups, we used a General Estimating Equations (GEE) to adjust for within subject inter-eye correlations. Patients with moderate and advanced POAG had a significantly decreased PLR that depends on the severity of the glaucoma, for both the 470- and 640-nm stimuli, making evident the reduction of the contributions of the cones and rods to the PLR. The contributions of ipRGCs to PLR (assessed by the amplitude of the sustained response between 6 8 sec) were also significantly lower in patients with moderate and advanced POAG. In the initial and mild stages of POAG the contribution of ipRGCs to the PLR is preserved. However, POAG appears to affect spatial processing from the early stages of the disease. Mild-POAG patients showed a marked loss in the low spatial frequency bands, compatible with selective loss of magnocellular ganglion cells. The CS of patients with moderate and advanced POAG showed losses at both low and high spatial frequencies, suggesting a loss in both parvo- and margnocellular channels. A significant loss of color discrimination along the blue-yellow axis was observed in all stages of POAG. The PLR in patients with OSAS is partially preserved, however the peak amplitude responses for the 470-nm flash decreased with increased severity of OSAS. The contributions of the photoreceptors of the outer retina to the PLR were significantly lower at some of the luminance. Significant differences in CS or color discrimination were not observed in patients with OSAS. In conclusion, in moderate and advanced stages of glaucoma, both the contributions of ipRGCs to PLR as well as the M- and P channels, were found more affected than at the beginning of POAG, in contrast the parvocellular channel and the contributions of ipRGCs on the PLR would be more preserved
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Martins, Cássia Borges Lima Bulhões. „Expressão gênica temporal de Melanopsina (Opn4), Clock, Cry e Per e sua regulação por melatonina em células de Danio rerio“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-13032008-144458/.
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Determinamos a presença de RNA mensageiro de melanopsina em células embrionárias ZEM-2S por PCR, o que foi confirmado por sequenciamento. Os experimentos de PCR para receptores de melatonina em cDNA de células ZEM-2S sugeriram a presença do subtipo MT2 em células ZEM-2S. Não foram identificadas bandas correspondentes ao peso esperado para MT1 ou Mel 1C. A identidade do receptor MT2 em ZEM-2S foi confirmada por sequenciamento. Determinamos ainda que, em células embrionárias ZEM-2S, os seis genes Cry conhecidos para Danio rerio estão expressos. Quando as células ZEM-2S foram expostas ao regime de claro e escuro (12C:12E), a expressão de melanopsina apresentou dois picos: no início da fase de claro ZT3, e no início da fase de escuro ZT12. Estes picos foram mantidos quando as células foram submetidas a escuro constante e, curiosamente, em todos os ZTs houve aumento significativo de expressão quando comparados aos ZTs equivalentes das células submetidas a ciclo claro:escuro. Melanopsina não apresentou ritmicidade de expressão em células ZEM-2S em nenhuma das condições. No entanto, há uma tendência a ritmicidade em células mantidas em 12C:12E, que desaparece em escuro constante. O pulso de melatonina aparentemente estimulou a expressão na fase de escuro subjetivo, mas sem significância estatística. O RNAm de Clock não exibiu ritmo em células ZEM-2S mantidas em condições de 12C:12E, escuro constante, ou em escuro constante recebendo pulso de melatonina. Há no entanto visível tendência a aumento de expressão na escotofase e durante o escuro subjetivo, a qual é abolida pelo pulso de melatonina. O RNAm de Per 1 e Cry 1b apresentou marcada ritmicidade em células submetidas a fotoperíodo 12C:12E. Vê-se aumento significativo 3 horas antes do início da fase de luz (ZT21), e acentuado declínio na fase de escuro. Em escuro constante, a ritmicidade de Per1 e Cry1b foi grandemente atenuada, mas persistiu. O pulso de melatonina foi ineficaz em recuperar a amplitude da ritmicidade observada em 12C:12E, e ainda mais, aboliu a ritmicidade para ambos os genes. Após um pulso de melatonina, os genes Clock, Per1 e Cry1b de células ZEM- 2S perderam a expressão rítmica que ainda persistia em escuro constante. É provável que melatonina, semelhantemente ao observado em outras preparações, iniba a fosforilação de CREB nas células ZEM-2S, assim reduzindo a ativação dos promotores dos genes do relógio. De qualquer forma, poderíamos interpretar que a melatonina traz os genes de relógio para um mesmo patamar, dessa forma reajustando o ritmo, independente da fase. Nosso estudo traz contribuições importantes para o conhecimento da fisiologia de relógios periféricos e abre novas perspectivas para futuras investigações sobre mecanismos subjacentes a ritmos em células isoladas e sua regulação por hormônios e luz.The presence of melanopsin mRNA in ZEM-2S embryonic cells was determined through PCR, followed by sequencing. PCR experiments for melatonin receptors with ZEM-2S cell cDNA suggested the presence of the MT2 subtype. Bands corresponding to the expected weight for MT1 or Mel 1C were not identified. The identity of the MT2 receptor in ZEM-2S was confirmed through sequencing. We have also determined that the six Cry genes known in Danio rerio are expressed in ZEM-2S embryonic cells. When ZEM-2S cells were submitted to a light:dark (12L:12D) cycle, melanopsin expression presented two peaks, one at the beginning of the light phase (ZT3), the other at the beginning of the dark phase (ZT12). These peaks of expression remained when the cells were kept under constant darkness, and interestingly, a significant rise in expression was found in all ZTs when compared with the corresponding ZTs of cells kept under the light:dark cycle. Melanopsin did not exhibit a rhythmic expression in ZEM-2S cells in none of the conditions. However, there is a tendency of a rhythm in cells kept under 12L:12D, which disappears under constant darkness. Melatonin pulse seems to stimulate the expression during the subjective dark phase, but without any statistical significance. Clock mRNA did not present a rhythm in ZEM-2S cells kept either under 12L:12D, constant darkness or constant darkness with a melatonin pulse. However, there is a tendency of a rise in expression during the dark phase and during the subjective darkness, which is abolished by the melatonin pulse. Per 1 and Cry 1b mRNAs presented a robust rhythmicity in cells kept under 12L:12D. There is a significant rise three hours before the beginning of the light phase (ZT21), and sharp fall during the dark phase. Under constant darkness, Per1 and Cry1b rhythmicity, although present, was greatly attenuated. Melatonin pulse was not able to recover the amplitude observed under 12L:12D, moreover, it abolished rhythmicity of both genes. After melatonin pulse, Clock, Per1 and Cry1b genes in ZEM-2S cells lost the rhythmic expression, which still persisted under constant darkness. It is possible that 48 melatonin, as observed in other preparations, inhibits the phosphorylation of CREB in ZEM-2S cells, reducing the activation of the Clock genes promoters. Anyway, one could interpret that melatonin brings the Clock genes to the same level, therefore resetting the rhythm, independently of the phase. This study brings important contributions to the understanding of peripheral Clock physiology and opens new perspectives for future investigations of the underlying mechanisms of rhythms in isolated cells and their regulation by hormones and light.
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Farhat, Fernanda Pizão. „Modulação dos genes de relógio Per1, Cry1b, Clock e da melanopsina por endotelina-1 em células embrionárias de Danio rerio“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-22032007-105627/.
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Relógios biológicos são marcapassos endógenos presentes tanto em eucariotos quanto em procariotos. Relógios diferentes possuem períodos distintos, e aqueles que se aproximam de 24h de oscilação são chamados circadianos. Em mamíferos, o primeiro relógio circadiano identificado situa-se no núcleo supraquiasmático, localizado no hipotálamo. O funcionamento do relógio circadiano envolve mecanismos de retroalimentação positiva e negativa, em geral tendo início com a ativação dos genes Per e Cry por CLOCK e BMAL1. Atualmente sabe-se que os relógios estão presentes em áreas do cérebro fora do núcleo supraquiasmático e em muitos tecidos periféricos. Em Drosophila e Danio rerio, os osciladores periféricos podem ser sincronizados diretamente por luz, enquanto em mamíferos o reinício de fase dos mesmos parece ser controlado por sinais regulados pelo marcapasso do núcleo supraquiasmático. Uma nova opsina, denominada melanopsina, foi recentemente descoberta na retina de todos os vertebrados estudados, em uma subpopulação de células ganglionares intrinsecamente fotossensíveis. Ela é responsável pela captura de luz e envio dessa informação para o núcleo supraquiasmático. A endotelina (ET) é um peptídeo vasoconstritor composto por 21 resíduos de aminoácidos. Existem três isoformas endógenas de ETs, designadas ET-1, ET-2 e ET-3. Três tipos de receptores para endotelinas já foram clonados, sendo eles designados ETA, ETB e ETC. Todos pertencem à família dos receptores acoplados à proteína G. Órgãos, tecidos e células de Danio rerio constituem um excelente modelo para o estudo dos genes de relógio e de ritmos in vitro. Em células embrionárias ZEM 2S deste teleósteo, constatamos a presença de melanopsina, do receptor ETA para endotelina, e dos seis genes Cry através de PCR. A presença de melanopsina também foi confirmada por imunocitoquímica. Foram realizadas curvas de crescimento em células ZEM 2S previamente mantidas por cinco dias em regime de 14C:10E (luz acesa às 9:00h). No 6º. dia, as células foram transferidas para as seguintes condições: escuro constante; 14C:10E; 10C:14E e luz constante. Houve inibição da proliferação celular por luz. O padrão de expressão temporal dos genes Per1, Cry1b, Clock e da melanopsina foi estudado, assim como sua modulação por ET-1. Células ZEM 2S foram mantidas em fotoperíodo 12C:12E (luz acesa às 9:00h) durante cinco dias, após o que foram tratadas com ET-1 nas concentrações 10-11M, 10-10M, 10-9M e 10-8M, durante 24h. O RNA extraído a cada 3h foi submetido a RT-PCR para posterior análise por PCR quantitativo. RNA ribossômico 18S foi utilizado como normalizador do experimento. Melanopsina não apresentou ritmicidade de expressão em fotoperíodo 12C:12E. ET-1 exerceu efeito bifásico, aumentando a expressão nas menores concentrações de hormônio utilizadas e diminuindo nas maiores. Na concentração 10-10M, ET-1 aparentemente estabeleceu uma oscilação ao longo das 24 horas, com crescente expressão na fase de escuro, atingindo um pico em ZT21 e decrescente durante o período de luz, com o mínimo em ZTs 6 e 9. A expressão do gene Clock é rítmica em regime fotoperíodo 12C:12E, com valores significativamente maiores em ZT12 a ZT21 do que em ZT0, ZT3 e ZT9, indicando um aumento de expressão coincidente com o período de escuro. Foi observado um pico de expressão em ZT6, durante a fase de luz. ET-1 nas concentrações de 10-11 e 10-10M aboliu o ritmo de expressão de Clock, e inibiu o pico de expressão em ZT6. Expressão de Clock permaneceu elevada somente em ZT18. Nas maiores concentrações (10-9M e 10-8M), a inibição ocorreu em todos os ZTs, abolindo completamente o ritmo e atenuando qualquer variação previamente observada entre os ZTs. A expressão do gene Per1 é rítmica em regime fotoperíodo 12C:12E, com valores significativamente maiores nos ZTs 21, 0, 3, 6 e 9 do que nos ZTs 12, 15 e 18, indicando um aumento de expressão na fase de claro. Vale mencionar que já em ZT21, há um aumento significativo antecipatório da fase de luz. Nas concentrações de 10-11 e 10-10M, ET-1 não alterou o período ou a amplitude desse ritmo. A ação evidente de ET-1 foi a inibição da expressão de Per1 na fase de luz (ZT0, ZT3, ZT6 e ZT9), e também em ZT21 (fase de escuro) nas maiores concentrações (10-9M e 10-8M) não afetando o período da oscilação, mas diminuindo marcadamente sua amplitude. A expressão de Cry1b foi rítmica durante o ciclo claro:escuro, com aumento na fase de claro e diminuição na fase de escuro. Novamente a ET-1 apresentou um efeito bifásico sobre a expressão deste gene, aumentando a mesma durante a fase de luz na concentração de 10-11M, e em ZT6 e ZT9 na concentração 10-10M. No entanto, não alterou o período ou a amplitude do ritmo. Por outro lado, durante toda a fase de luz houve inibição deste gene na presença de ET-1 10-9 e 10-8M, diminuindo a amplitude observada nas células controle.Biological clocks are endogenous timekeepers that are present both in eukaryotic as in prokaryotic organisms. Different clocks have different periods, and those that have about 24h of oscillation are called circadian clocks. In mammals, the first identified circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, in the hipothalamus. It is now well known that clocks are present in brain regions other than the suprachiasmatic nucleus and in many peripheral tissues. In Drosophila and Danio rerio, peripheral oscillators can be synchronized directly by light, while in mammals the reset of the phase seems to be controlled by signals regulated by the suprachiasmatic timekeepers. The maintenance of the circadian clock is governed by positive and negative feedback loops, in general starting with the activation of Per and Cry genes by CLOCK and BMAL1. A new opsin called melanopsin, was recently discovered in the retina of all studied vertebrates, in a subset of intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells. This photopigment is responsible for capturing light and sending this information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Endothelin (ET) is a 21-amino acid residue vasoconstrictor peptide. There are three endogenous isoforms of ETs, ET1, ET2 and ET3. Three subtypes of endothelin receptors have already been cloned: ETA, ETB and ETC, all members of the family of G protein -coupled receptors. Organs, tissues and cells of Danio rerio constitute an excellent model for the study of clock genes and rhythms in vitro. In ZEM 2S embryonic cells of this teleost, we demonstrated the presence of melanopsin, the endothelin receptor ETA, and the six Cry genes by PCR. The presence of melanopsin was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. ZEM 2S cells previously kept for five days in 14L:10D (lights on 9:00am) were transferred in the sixth day to the following conditions: constant darkness, 14L:10D, 10L:14D and constant light, and growth curves were determined. ZEM 2S showed inhibition of proliferation by light. The temporal expression pattern of the genes Per1, Cry1b, Clock and of melanopsin and their modulation by ET-1 were studied. ZEM 2S cells were kept in 12D:12L photoperiod (lights on 9:00am) for five days, and then treated with 10-11M, 10-10M, 10-9M and 10-8M ET-1, for 24h. RNA extracted every 3 hours was submitted to RT-PCR for subsequent analysis by Real Time-PCR. 18S ribosomal RNA was used to normalize the results. Melanopsin did not show rhythmicity of expression in 12D:12L photoperiod. ET-1 exhibited a biphasic effect, increasing the expression in the lower concentrations, and reducing at the higher concentrations. At 10-10M, ET-1 apparently established an oscillation along the 24h-period, with increasing expression in the dark phase, reaching a peak at ZT2, and decreasing during the light phase, with the minimum at ZT6 and 9. The expression of Clock gene was rhythmic in 12D:12L photoperiod, with significant higher values in ZT12 to ZT21 than ZT0, ZT3 e ZT9, indicating an increase of expression coincident with the dark period. A peak of expression was observed at ZT6, during the light phase. At 10-11 and 10-10M, ET-1 abolished the rhythm of expression of Clock, and inhibited the peak of expression at ZT6. Expression of Clock remained high only at ZT18. At the higher concentrations (10-9M e 10-8M), the inhibition occurred at all ZTs, completely abolishing the rhythm and attenuating any variation previously observed among ZTs. The expression of Per1 gene was rhythmic in 12D:12L photoperiod, with significant higher values at ZTs 21, 0, 3, 6 and 9 than at ZTs 12, 15 and 18, indicating an increase of expression in the light phase. It is important to mention that at ZT21 there was already a significant increase, anticipatory of the light phase. At 10-11 e 10-10M, ET-1 did not alter neither the period nor the amplitude of this rhythm. The evident action of ET-1 was the inhibition of Per1 expression in the light phase (ZT0, ZT3, ZT6 e ZT9), and also at ZT21 (dark phase), at the higher concentrations (10-9M e 10-8M), with no change in the oscillation period, but markedly reducing its amplitude. The expression of Cry1b was rhythimic during the light:dark cycle, with increase in the light phase and reduction in the dark phase. Again, ET-1 showed a biphasic effect on this gene expression, increasing it during the light phase at the concentration of 10-11M, and at ZT6 and 9 at 10-10M. However, the hormone did not affect either the period or the amplitude of the rhythm. On the other hand, along the light phase, there was inhibition of Cry1b in the presence of ET-1 10-9 and 10-8M, reducing the amplitude observed in the control cells.
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Bellinger, Robert Glenn. „Developmental and reproductive ecology of Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer) and some other melanopline grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae)“. Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54735.
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The red-legged grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum femurrubrum (De Geer), was found to be developmentally polymorphic. Local field populations in Virginia had five, six, seven, and eight instars, determined by antennal segment counts. Adults with five instars were uncommon, and six and seven-instar adults were the most abundant morphs. Laboratory studies showed that decreasing temperature decreased both the number of instars, and developmental rate. Grasshoppers with fewer instars had the differential number of instars deleted from between the third and penultimate instars, thus, temperature must affect instar number early in the life cycle, i.e., before the third instar. The laboratory study produced no five-instar grasshoppers. Most individuals had six or· seven instars, depending on temperatures. Few eight-instar individuals were produced in the laboratory. Grasshoppers with more instars had longer developmental times and larger body sizes. Females were larger than males and tended to go through more instars, however, males and females which developed with the same number of instars did not differ in developmental time. In field populations, instar number was positively correlated with accumulated heat units the month of hatch, but body size was negatively correlated.
Mean population in Melanoplus spp. grasshoppers is positively correlated with mean species body size. In the laboratory, ovariole number in M. femurrubrum was related to the size of the egg from which the female hatched, and in field populations mean population ovariole number in was determined by mean length of the growing season, and rainfall in the maternal generation. In field populations number of pods laid was less than two, and was related to rainfall in September, while pod size was related to body size and rainfall in October. Numbers of pods laid and total eggs were negatively correlated with the tegmen/femur ratio.Ph. D.
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Bluhm, Ana Paula Canel. „Modulação da expressão dos genes para melanopsina, clock, per1, per2 e bmal1 por melatonina em melanóforos dérmicos do anfíbio Xenopus laevis“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-26022009-142002/.
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O ritmo diário de atividade é uma característica de todos os organismos vivos, que tem a capacidade de se orientar no tempo e no espaço, e distinguir entre tempo linear e tempo cíclico. O ciclo claro:escuro é um importante indicador circadiano para todos os organismos. O trabalho do relógio circadiano envolve mecanismos de retroalimentação positiva e negativa dos genes CLOCK e BMAL1 (brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1) que formam um heterodímero, funcionando como fator de transcrição para a expressão dos genes per (period), cry (cryptochrome) e o receptor órfão REV-ERB. Em geral, o ciclo circadiano tem início nas primeiras horas da manhã com a ativação da transcrição de per e cry por CLOCK/BMAL1. A periodicidade do relógio circadiano resulta da combinação entre retroalimentação transcricional positiva e negativa destes genes. Hoje já se sabe que os vertebrados, além do relógio central (NSQ) possuem vários relógios, distribuídos pelo corpo, os chamados relógios periféricos. A resposta ao estímulo luminoso é resultado da interpretação da informação luminosa por diferentes tipos celulares. A molécula fotorreceptora de melanóforos dérmicos embrionários de X. laevis foi denominada melanopsina (Opn4/Opn4). Neste anfíbio, cones e bastonetes, continuam a exibir ritmo circadiano em cultura durante vários dias, e a sua capacidade de se ajustar pelo estímulo luminoso indica a presença do sistema circadiano. Os objetivos deste projeto foram: verificar qual é o padrão de expressão para Opn4, per1, per2, bmal1 e clock em melanóforos de X. laevis submetidos a diferentes fotofases; verificar se a expressão para Opn4, per1, per2 ,bmal1 e clock nos melanóforos de X. laevis é modulada pela melatonina. Opn4, per1, per2 ,bmal1 e clock Dados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que nesta linhagem celular estes genes apresentam um padrão de expressão aparentemente rítmico, quando estas células são expostas a um ciclo claro:escuro (14C:10E), que difere do padrão obtido quando mantidas em regime de escuro constante. Em geral, estas células mantidas em escuro constante durante 5 dias tendem a apresentar aumento de expressão de RNAm para estes genes e, quando mantidas em escuro constante também durante 5 dias, mas com adição de melatonina por 1h, 24 h antes de sua extração, estes níveis de RNAm tendem a diminuir. Porém, quando comparamos as três situações, podemos observar que a adição da melatonina restaura, em geral, o padrão de expressão dos genes analisados em 14C:10E. O conjunto de resultados, que obtivemos em melanóforos dérmicos de Xenopus laevis, sugere que esta linhagem celular possue características de relógio periférico.The daily rhythm of activity is a characteristic of all living organisms, which have the ability of to behave accordingly time and space, and distinguish between linear and cyclic time. The dark:light cycle is an important time cue for all organisms. The work of circadian clock involves mechanisms of positive and negative feedback of CLOCK and BMAL1 which as a heterodimer act as a transcription factor for the expression of per (period), cry (cryptochrome) and the orphan receptor REV-ERB. A typical circadian cycle begins in the first hours of daytime, which the activation of the transcription of per and cry by CLOCK/BMAL1. It is well known that the vertebrates, besides the central clock (SCN), have several other clocks distributed by the body, the so called peripheric clock. The responses to light are the result of the interpretation of light signal by several cell types The photoreceptor molecule in the dermal melanophores of X. laevis was denominated melanopsin (Opn4/Opn4). In this amphibian, rods and cones maintain circadian rhythm during several days in culture, and their ability to synchronize by light suggest the presence of a circadian system. The objectives of this project were: verify the expression pattern for Opn4, per1, per2 ,bmal1 e clock in dermal melanophores of X. laevis, under different photo phases; and verify whether the expression for Opn4, per1, per2, bmal1 and clock were modulated by melatonin. Our data show that these genes have a rhythmic pattern expression, when these cells are under a 14L:10D, which is different from the pattern exhibited in constant dark. In general, these cells in constant dark have a higher mRNA expression, and in the same condition, but with melatonin applied for 1h, 24h before the data collect, these mRNA levels are lower. However, when we compared these three different experimental conditions, we observed that melatonin resets, in overall, the expression pattern of 14L:10D. These data, taken together, suggest that Xenous laevis dermal melanophores have characteristics of a peripheric clock.
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Undurraga, Montalba Nicole. „Fluctuación poblacional del áfido Melanaphis donacis (Passerini) (Hemiptera: aphididae) y su efecto sobre el rendimiento de Arundo donax (L.)“. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/149050.
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Tesis para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo y al Grado de
Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Sanidad VegetalEl desarrollo de fuentes de energía renovable, particularmente de cultivos energéticos como la caña común, Arundo donax, hace necesario identificar las potenciales plagas asociadas y sus posibles consecuencias en la producción. El áfido Melanaphis donacis (Passerini), es el principal artrópodo que se ha visto asociado a esta especie en parcelas experimentales en la región Metropolitana. Con el objetivo de aportar información básica para un futuro desarrollo de este cultivo y diseñar estrategias de manejo adecuadas y oportunas, se estudió el cambio en abundancia durante un año (2013) de la población de este áfido. Los niveles poblacionales se midieron a través de colectas quincenales de áfidos sobre hojas, desde parcelas sin tratamientos insecticidas y de una población silvestre de A. donax, realizando un recuento directo, calculando la media del número de áfidos por hoja por día de muestreo. El áfido estuvo presente durante todo el año en plantas de A. donax cultivado, siendo especialmente abundante en primavera-verano, con un número promedio máximo de 243 individuos hoja-1, mientras que en las plantas silvestres sólo se llegó a un máximo de 147 áfidos hoja-1. Además, se observaron abundantes enemigos naturales, especialmente coccinélidos y sírfidos, los que podrían estar contribuyendo a mantener las poblaciones de áfidos bajo niveles dañinos.
The development of renewable energy, particularly energy based on crops such as the giant reed, Arundo donax, this make necessary to identify potential associated pests and their possible impact on their production. The aphid Melanaphis donacis (Passerini) is the main arthropod that has been associated with this specie in experimental plots in the Metropolitan region. In order to provide basic information for future development of this crop and design management strategies that are appropriate and suitable, the variation of population of this aphid was studied for one year (2013). Population levels were measured through fortnightly collections of leaves from wild plots of A. donax without insecticide treatments, counting and recording the average per leave and sampling day. The aphid was present throughout year long, being especially abundant in spring and summer, with a maxim average number 243 individuals per leaf, while in wild plants only reached to a maximum of 147 aphids per leaf. Also natural enemies that help to keep aphid populations under damaging levels were observed abundantly, especially ladybirds and hoverflies.
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Liu, Tong. „Lighting Evaluation and Design for the Stockholm Metro System Based on Current Models for Non-visual Responses“. Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280028.
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Light has a wide and profound non-visual impact on the human body. It is related to the suppression or synthesis of a hormone called melatonin which regulates the human circadian clock. In Nordic countries like Sweden, lack of natural light in winter may lead to negative health effects such as circadian disorders or depression. At the same time, the underground metro system in Stockholm carries more than one million passengers on a weekday. The lighting in the train carriage may have distinct circadian effects on the passengers. The paper takes the metro system in Stockholm as an example, calculates the non-visual effects of the artificial lighting in the train according to Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML), Circadian Stimulus (CS) and Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (M-EDI) Models, compares with current guidance and suggestions, considers the daylighting conditions of Stockholm, and proposes a new design solution with adjustable LEDs to achieve a better healthful circadian lighting result.