Dissertationen zum Thema „Microbiologie laitière“
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Theolier, Jérémie. „Approches biochimiques et bioinformatiques pour l'identification de peptides antimicrobiens d'origine laitière“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29768/29768.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuquette-Lozeau, Karine. „Qualité microbiologique de l'air et de la litière de fumier recyclé en production laitière“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37632.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecycled manure solids (RMS) (solid-liquid separation f fresh manure where the solid fraction is used as bedding) gain rising interest in Quebec’s dairy industry. However, RMS use’s associated risks on human and animal health are unknown. This study tried to identify the best composting method regarding to air quality in dairy barns. Four composting methods were tested: SW) static, TW) daily turned, DC24) static after 24 h in a drum composter and DC72) static after 72 h in a drum composter. Air sampling were done with a liquid sampler and a filter sampler at days 0, 5 and 10. Dust concentrations were measured by an optical particle counter. Microorganisms were analysed by culture (mesophilic bacteria and fungi, thermotolerant fungi) or by qPCR for total bacteria (16s rDNA) and Penicillium/Aspergillus (ITS1), as well for several pathogenic agents and a carbapeneme resistance gene (KPC). At day 0 and 5, SW, TW and DC24 lead to the lowest concentrations for dust and mesophilic fungi. Total bacteria were lower for SW and TW, while Penicillium/Aspergillus were lower for DC24. At day 5, DC24 and DC72 lead to the lowest concentrations for dust, while SW and TW lead to lower concentrations for mesophilic fungi, total bacteria and Penicillium/Aspergillus. At day 10, dust and Penicillium/Aspergillus were lower for SW and TW, while total bacteria were lower for DC72 and no mesophilic fungi did not differ. For the three sampling days, SW lead to lower concentration of mesophilic bacteria than DC72. No thermotolerant fungi or endotoxins results differ and no pathogenic agent or the carbapenem resistance gene were detected by qPCR. Thus, SW and TW seem to be the methods to privilege regarding air quality in dairy barns.
Théolier, Jérémie. „Approches biochimiques et bioinformatiques pour l'identification de peptides antimicrobiens d'origine laitière“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24757.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleShoukat, Mahtab. „Le fer comme modulateur de l'écosystème microbien du fromage“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UPASB009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIron is essential for the growth and survival of many microorganisms in the environment, serving as a co-factor in various metabolic pathways, including respiration and the TCA cycle. Cheese, however, is characterized by very low iron content, further restricted by the presence of various metal-binding proteins. This limitation significantly impacts the growth and activity of several microorganisms involved in cheese ripening, with previous research identifying iron as a growth-limiting factor for key cheese-ripening microorganisms. This work explored whether iron addition in cheese could modulate the microbial community's structure and functions. A synthetic microbial community of nine strains representative of surface-ripened cheeses was grown in cheese matrices produced at both laboratory and pilot scales. Different iron sources and concentrations were tested at the lab scale to assess their effects on microbial community composition and metabolome at the end of ripening. At the pilot scale, smear-ripened cheeses supplemented with increasing concentrations of iron chloride were analyzed for microbial growth, volatilome, metabolomics, bio-chemical, and physico-chemical features throughout the ripening cycle. Our results showed that iron addition altered the microbial community composition by dose-dependently increasing the growth of cheese-ripening bacteria, particularly Actinomycetota, such as Brevibacterium aurantiacum. The stimulation of B. aurantiacum correlated with more rapid and intense development of the characteristic orange-red color of the rind of smear-ripened cheeses. Iron addition also influenced cheese's volatilome and free amino acids profiles, though effects were less pronounced at the pilot scale. Overall, these findings suggest that iron addition could serve as a tool to selectively promote the growth of specific cheese-ripening bacteria, potentially accelerating ripening and improving cheese flavor and appearance
Jedidi, Hajer. „Potentiel prébiotique des acides linoléiques conjugués d'origine laitière : analyse in vitro et effets sur l'écosystème gastro-intestinal“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have attracted a lot of interest because of their beneficial effects on health. One hypothesis that could explain the link between the consumption of CLA and the claimed beneficial effects relies to the close interactions between CLA and the human colonic microiota. This study aims to investigate the bioaccessibility of CLA and other fatty acids (FA) of dairy origin during gastrointestinal transit by using different in vitro innovative models. It also aims to evaluate the prebiotic potential of these FA and their impact on the balance of the digestive ecosystem. Fortified milks naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11 18: 2 (c9 t11 18:2) or by emulsifying two synthetic CLA isomers in the forms of triglycerides or free fatty acid were prepared and used. The milk samples were standardized to 1 and 3.25% fat. An in vitro model reproducing the distal part of the digestive tract has been used for the bioaccessibility study of FA in the digestive tract while a continuous colonic fermentation model with immobilized colonic microbiota was used to study the effect different FA on the balance of the colonic microbiota. Our results showed that the bioaccessibility of FA is highly variable and depends on the length of the FA, the presence of double bonds and the percentage of fat. In general, the absorption was more effective in the presence of 1% fat. Furthermore, the effects of milk CLA after gastrointestinal digestion on the survival and growth of different probiotic strains has shown that Bifidobacteria were not affected by any of the treatments, while a stimulation of growth of Lactobacilli was observed with synthetic FA at 1% MG. Digested milk containing 3.25% fat seems to lead to a mixture of residual fatty acid exhibiting a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect on Lactobacilli. Finally, the study of the impact of CLA and milk FA did not inducu any significant changes in the microbiota equilibrium. However, some bacterial groups such as bifidobacteria were stimulated. Regarding metabolic activity, we noted a production of oleic acid, vaccenic acid, stearic acid, cis 9, trans-11 18: 2 and trans-10, cis -12 18: 2 which was concomitant with a consumption of linoleic acid.
Villot, Clothilde. „Recherche d'indicateurs périphériques de l'acidose ruminale subaiguë chez la vache laitière“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC089/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn ruminants, subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a nutritional disease that induces an abnormal acidity of the rumen compartment as well as disturbance in microbial fermentation. When the disease becomes chronic, it can lead to negative effects on production efficiency and animal health at the individual or the herd scales, with negative economic consequences for the farmer. One of the major problems of SARA is that there are no obvious clinical signs. Presently, the only benchmark to define SARA is rumen pH. However, no pH indicator is unanimous due to the important variability related both to the measurement technique itself and to the animal susceptibility. In this context, this thesis aimed to improve the individual diagnosis of SARA in dairy cows by developing a multiparametric approach that could be used on field. We propose new indicators of pH kinetics measured noninvasively with intra-ruminal boluses. These new relative indicators, calculated daily (kinetic normalised on 0, NpH), consist of the time spent under NpH < - 0.3, the NpH standard deviation and the NpH range. These indicators make it possible to overcome the strong sources of variability and have the advantage of being transposable while being more accurate to characterize SARA. At the same time, we have developed multiparametric models including a number of parameters measured simultaneously in various biological compartments (milk, faeces, saliva, blood, urine) or on animal behaviour. The models ability to predict SARA has been evaluated on field. Some models including rumen peripheral parameters (concentration of urea in milk, of bicarbonate in blood, salivary pH) have a proficient sensitivity while others have a proficient specificity (number of drinking acts, faecal pH, and urea concentration in milk). However, no model developed is both sensitive and specific enough. The diagnostic strategy we propose is based on 4 steps: 1) analysis of the SARA diagnostic context, 2) assessment of risk factors, 3) evaluation of multiparametric models and (4) determination of ruminal NpH indicators for individuals presenting a high risk of SARA
Yanibada, Bénédict. „Recherche de marqueurs associés à la production de méthane entérique chez la vache laitière par des approches métabolomiques multiplateformes“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC041/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRuminants produce significant amount of enteric methane, which is a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural origin. This production also results in a loss of 6 to 8% of the energy present in the diet. The reduction of enteric methane emissions from ruminants is an active area of research that requires the use of expensive, constraining measurement methods such as respiratory chambers or the use of a tracer gas that are difficult to use outside experimental farms. Therefore, there is a need of alternative, non-invasive measurement methods that can be used on large number of animals. In this work, we used an open metabolomic approach for identifying potential metabolic biomarkers associated with the production of methane in dairy cows. These discriminant metabolites, once validated, may be used for monitoring methane emissions under field conditions. To maximize the chance of finding such biomarkers, we used a multiplatform metabolomics approach (nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry) to better cover the metabolome and analyzed four biological matrices, namely milk, plasma, ruminal fluid and urine. We carried out a study involving 25 primiparous Holstein dairy cows that were divided into two groups fed a diet with or without a specific anti-methanogenic compound. We measured 22.7% reduction of methane emissions in the Treated group compared to the Control group. We identified 27 discriminant metabolites in plasma and 16 discriminant metabolites in milk. Metabolic network analysis highlighted pathways involved in energy and amino acids metabolism suggesting a general effect on the host animal induced by a reduction in methanogenesis
Haddadi, Kahina. „Mécanismes de la protéolyse dans le lait lors de l'inflammation de la glande mammaire chez la vache laitière : activité des protéases leucocytaires et des protéases bactériennes (cas d'Escherichia coli)“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2006_HADDADI_K.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMastitis is a frequently occurring pathological condition that is widely reported in dairy cow, affecting the whole field. The aim of this work is to investigate the endogenous proteolysis that includes mostly proteases of leukocytes and plasmin-plasminogen system in comparison with exogenous bacterial incidence on proteolysis of casein. The result of this study was possible owing to the feasibility of in vivo experimental mastitis using E. Coli or endotoxin from E. Coli and in vitro inoculation of E. Coli strain in raw milk. Proteolysis in E. Coli in vivo model enabled proteolysis sequentiality to be achieved. Both somatic cell count and bacteria were involved. Between 3 and 216 h PI; from 15 to 33 h PI the plasmin role was preponderant. During inflammation, many peptide fractions including two of cellular origin were present in the proteose-peptones fraction. The role of E. Coli in milk proteolysis, however remains to be elucidated. In vitro study of bacterial proteolysis with E. Coli / milk model demonstrated an interaction between bacteria, bacterial proteases and the plasmin-plasminogen system. The second model involving E. Coli proteases/casein highlighted a preferential order of caseinolysis. Furthermore, LPS experimental mastitis showed that the gelatinase activity associated with mature blood PMN is more notable than in the immature blood PMN
Le, Dizes Anne-Sophie. „Développement de méthodes de quantification moléculaire de bactéries lactiques et de leur activité : application au suivi de Lactobacillus fermentum et Streptococcus thermophilus dans une matrice fromagère modèle“. Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to guarantee the public health, but also to preserve the biodiversity of the microbial ecosystems of fermentation and refining, various strategies are today creating. It is a question as much of describing the involved species and of evaluating their dynamics, to envisage their growth or decrease according to the conditions of manufacture or conservation of food. This study aims to define a method of quantification culture independent, complementary to traditional microbiology. It is based on a DNA extraction and the realization of a range standard making it possible to quantify the micro-organisms culture independent present. The assessment of this study highlights molecular quantifications close to the microbiological data. Once this quantification installation, the second point of the study aims at setting up an “independent culture” technique having for goal to evaluate the real activity of the flora within the dairy products: these experiments make it possible to apprehend the interest of the technique for more pushed studies of the microbial behaviors
Aziza-Tenenhaus, Fanny. „Maîtrise des dangers microbiologiques en industrie laitière basée sur un modèle d'appréciation quantitative des risques. : application à Listeria monocytogenes dans les fromages à pâte molle au lait pasteurisé“. Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGPT0061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJulien, Christine. „Interactions entre la composition de la ration et les levures vivantes Sc47 (ACTISAF®) : effets sur le statut oxydo-réducteur et l’activité fermentaire dans le rumen chez la vache laitière“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0076.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this work is to characterize the effect of live yeast Sc47 on ruminal metabolism and ration digestibility in relation to ruminal redox status of dairy cows fed diets that differed in their composition. Indeed, the rumen environment is very anaerobic and very reducing : the inhabiting micro-organisms are the main sources of particular physic-chemical conditions characterized by low values of redox potential (Eh) or Clark’s exponent (rH): in this study, values were between –213 and –147 mV and between 6.04 and 7.48 units for Eh and rH, respectively. The impact of three constituting ingredients of the diet of dairy cows was investigated. On the one hand, the reducing status of rumen was observed and on the other hand, the metabolism and/or digestibility of the diet with or without addition of live yeast was explored. The tested constituents were: hay for dry dairy cows, two concentrates differing in nitrogen levels of ruminal solubility, and two energetic concentrates differing in rate of ruminal degradation of starch – quickly or slowly degradable in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. It clearly appeared that the diet and the level of dry matter intakes of animals directly influenced the reducing ruminal status: low levels being favorable to the activity of cellulolytic microflora whereas higher levels appeared to be indicators of metabolic disorders occuring in the rumen. Indeed, the reducing power was correlated to rumen fermentative activity and the structure of bacterial communities involved. According to our results, the effect of live yeast on rumen reducing conditions appeared strongly influenced by the level of the intrinsic reducing status induced by diet: reducing conditions in the rumen could be strengthened to the extent that the original values ranged between –174 and –152 mV. This reinforced ruminal conditions would uphold the activity of fibrolytic microflora if it is not dominant, this functional group then participating to the maintenance of reducing conditions. In addition, live yeast has a direct impact on proteolytic bacteria promoting by-pass proteins so that the protein value of the ration may be improved especially in terms of PDIA
Bellengier, Pascale. „Sélection de souches de Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides et dextranicum pour leurs aptitudes en technologie fromagère et étude de leur croissance dans le lait“. Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD807.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDavid, Patrick. „Suivi de la fermentation lactique par dosage immunochimique d'un marqueur de la croissance bactérienne : la citrate lyase“. Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD359.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuang, Yayu. „Effect of live yeast on the fermentation and microbiological physico-chemical parameters of the rumen, depending on the nature of the diet : modeling and validation in ruminant“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRuminal acidosis is one of the major concerns of current dairy farms. Live yeasts (LY) have been extensively studied and used in dairy cows for stabilization of rumen fermentation. Recently, measurement of ruminal redox potential (Eh, in mV) has been considered as an interesting tool to indicate ruminal fermentation disorder. The positive effect of LY on ruminal Eh has been reported, but it remains variable according to the experimental conditions. The aims of this work was to provide better understanding of mode of actions of LY, and to define the optimal condition of LY utilization in dairy cows. The first part of this work consisted to quantitative analysis of existing results from 22 experiments with cannulated dairy cattle. The second part of this work consisted to verify some of the results from quantitative analysis by an in vivo experiment in lactating cows. By using quantitative analysis of existing data from previously conducted experiments, we clarified the relationship between ruminal redox and other main ruminal parameters such as pH and VFA profile, and suggested that Eh variations might be related to the transfer of electrons in the reactions producing VFAs in the rumen. Moreover, response of ruminal Eh following live yeast supplementation was also related to that of ruminal VFA profile, which suggested that the effect of LY on VFA profile was achieved via the increase of reducing power, possibly reflected improved electron transfer and use in the rumen. The analysis further demonstrated that the regulation of ruminal Eh by LY would be particularly effective when risk of digestive disorder is high. Since the influence of dietary characteristics on ruminal Eh was quantified, the effect of LY in a given diet could be indirectly estimated. In addition, quantitative analysis also associated the response of ruminal Eh following LY supplementation to the intake of soluble sugars. The in vivo experiment in early-lactating cows confirmed greater effect of LY on ruminal Eh in diet rich in soluble sugars, and further demonstrated that i) LY supplementation tended to impact the richness of ruminal bacteria, and ii) some unidentified metabolites were also influenced by LY supplementation, probably associated to the decrease of ruminal Eh
Tomas, Anne. „Caractéristiques physico-chimiques et sensorielles d'émulsions laitières selon la composition et les conditions d'émulsification“. Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHatoum, Rima. „Levure laitières à activité antimicrobienne : une nouvelle génération de cultures protectrices et de probiotiques“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30013/30013.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe overall objective of this thesis was to isolate and identify new yeast strains from Quebec dairy products with antagonistic activity against food-borne pathogens such as Listeria sp. It also aims to evaluate the potential of these strains to be used as a natural food biopreservation. A total of 95 isolates of yeasts isolated from milk and cheese of Quebec were screened. Four yeasts, in particular, namely Candida tropicalis LMA-693, Debaryomyces hansenii LMA-916, Pichia fermentans LMA-256, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus LMA-827 selected for their inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. The inhibitory activity of these strains appears to be related to the production of an extracellular hydrophobic substances extracted from the culture supernatant. The evaluation of the inhibitory activity of these strains showed a strong inhibition against L. ivanovii HPB28 with microbial reduction of 97, 92, 84 and 78 %, respectively. Attempts to purify and characterize peptides produced by W. anomalus were conducted from the culture supernatant. Two protein HPLC peaks have demonstrated significant inhibition of L. ivanovii HPB28 were then identified and purified. In the second part of the thesis, the protective effect of D. hansenii LMA-916 and W. anomalus LMA-827 was analyzed as well as their acetone extracts concentrated against L. monocytogenes LMA-1045 in Camembert cheese model curd. Microbiological analyzes of different curds models showed significant inhibition of L. monocytogenes LMA-1045 in Camembert curd models containing the acetone extracts from the first day of ripening up to the fifth and ninth days. The electron microscopy observations revealed an extensive cell lysis, with the formation of pores. Finally, the survival of D. hansenii LMA-916 in a Camembert curd model under the gastrointestinal stress was studied using dynamic simulator in vitro gastrointestinal tract (TIM-1). The behavior of this strain showed a digestive stress tolerance and survival rate (number of CFU in the effluent from the TIM-1 / number of CFU input to the TIM-1 multiplied by 100) 2.08 % comparing with 1.85 % for Saccharomyces boulardii.
Treguier, Sylvain. „La spectroscopie comme outil de caractérisation des microorganismes : application à la microbiologie du sol et des produits laitiers“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacteria are unicellular microorganisms involved in many biological processes. Species involved in lactic fermentation and plant growth generates a particular interest in agro-industry. The identification of bacterial strains is essential for the creation of lactic ferments for dairy products and biofertilizers for soils. Current techniques for the identification of bacteria are destructive, and therefore require dedicated sample preparation for analyses. The purpose of this work is to develop a UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy screening method for bacteria inoculated on Petri dishes, in order to evaluate its potential as a simple, rapid and non-destructive alternative to conventional diagnostic tools. A measurement protocol was first elaborated on a limited number of bacterial strains for a NIR spectrometer and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer. 142 strains of lactic acid bacteria and 76 strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria were then grown on agar plates and analyzed with both instruments during several experiments. Bias related to these series of inoculations and measurements was present in the raw spectra. A reduction of this bias was possible by correcting the acquisitions from pure agar plate spectra acquired during each experiment. An exploratory analysis of the spectral data revealed differences between genera and species of bacteria. They were mainly attributed to polysaccharides contained in the cell walls, forming the bacterial capsule or produced in the extracellular environment. Classification models have been developed with the spectral data using PLS-DA and artificial neural networks. Their performances were compared in prediction on 84 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw milk and 19 additional strains of rhizobacteria. The correct classification rates of the best models obtained were 70% and 63% for the genus and species of lactic acid bacteria and 66% for the genus of rhizobacteria, respectively. Suggestions have been made to improve the performance of the method and extend its applications
Levesque, Sébastien. „Développement d'un outil génétique pour Brevibacterium aurantiacum et analyse génomique comparative de souches laitières“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34492.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrevibacterium aurantiacum is an orange-pigmented actinobacterium that confers key organoleptic properties to washed-rind cheeses during surface ripening. To date, only two complete and assembled genomes of B. aurantiacum are available and there is currently no genetic tool available to study this industrially relevant species. The acquisition of fundamental knowledge on the gene repertoire of this species and their functions is essential to understand its evolution and its role in cheese ripening In this study, 12 plasmids and 4 synthetic vectors were used to transform 6 B. aurantiacum dairy strains and one B. linens strain in the aim of adapting CRISPR-Cas9 tool for these bacterial species. Different electrocompetent cell preparation and electroporation methods were tested to transform various Brevibacterium strains, but no transformants were recovered with all the experiments. Therefore, it seems that Brevibacterium strains are recalcitrant to genetic transformation We sequenced six additional genomes of Brevibacterium and performed phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that cheese isolates, previously identified as B. linens, belong to the B. aurantiacum species, making this species a key player in cheese production. B. aurantiacum genomes are composed of 2612 core genes with an open pan-genome reaching now 6259 genes. Horizontal gene transfers (HGT) between cheese actinobacteria were observed in all B. aurantiacum genomes. HGT regions involved in iron acquisition were found in five B. aurantiacum genomes, which suggests cooperative evolution between smear-ripened cheese actinobacteria. Our comparative genomic analysis provides novel insights into the evolution and the adaptation of B. aurantiacum to the cheese ecosystem.
Loysance, Catherine. „Détection, identification et écologie des Bacillus et des moisissures, agents d'altérations des produits laitiers frais“. Brest, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BRES2049.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBurgain, Jennifer. „Microencapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices laitières : études des mécanismes de formation par une approche multi-échelle“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0255/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work thesis, an encapsulation process for probiotic bacteria using only milk proteins is developed. The laboratory scale followed by a pilot and an industrial scale development of the process allow the production of stable and resistant microparticles both in aqueous and gastric media. The nature and quantities of proteins added is found to influence the bacterial location in the microparticles. The bacteria are located mostly at the surface when only caseins are present. Oppositely, well encapsulated bacteria are observed when addition of whey proteins are performed. A molecular study of interactions established between milk proteins and bacteria is possible with the use of atomic force microscopy. Whey proteins are found to specifically interact with bacteria whereas the caseins establish non-specific links. In addition, the presence of piliated bacteria is found favorable to establish strong and long interactions between proteins and bacteria. This work permits the interpretation of results obtained at a macroscale (encapsulation rate and bacterial survival in stomach conditions) thanks to microscopic observations and nanoscopic interactions study. This multiscale approach permits the elucidation of mechanisms driving the probiotic encapsulation in milk matrices
El, Haddad Lynn. „Utilisation des bactériophages pour le contrôle de "Staphylococcus aureus" dans les produits laitiers“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25636.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStaphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxins pose a risk to the food industry and for consumers. Approximately half of the S. aureus strains can release toxins leading to symptoms of nausea, diarrhea and vomiting to the person who ingests a contaminated product. One emerging solution to eliminating and preventing S. aureus enterotoxin production is the use of a phage cocktail. Through this doctoral project, three objectives were developed to pursue a strategy for selecting an anti-S. aureus phage cocktail based on well-defined criteria. First, a methodology was developed leading to the isolation and characterization of two phages from raw milk. Then, in order to avoid a transfer of virulence factors, anti-staphylococcal myophages were produced on a strain of Staphylococcus xylosus, a non-pathogenic species used in food processing. Their genomic identity when propagated separately on the two species was confirmed. Moreover, the host range of these phages was tested against a panel of S. aureus strains isolated from different sources. Their genome was analyzed to confirm the lack of virulence genes. In addition, their resistance to different environmental conditions was used to select different phages for application purposes. These data helped design two efficient phage cocktails leading to a significant drop of S. aureus concentration in small-scale laboratory-based Cheddar cheeses. In addition, they did not trigger the overproduction of staphylococcal enterotoxin C confirming the safety of their use in the dairy environment. Finally, in the aim of commercializing the product, conservation methods were investigated and the encapsulation and freeze of phages in micro-beads consisting of alginate/calcium gel particles appear promising. Staphylococcal virulent phages seem to be excellent biocontrol agents, being harmless and infecting specifically a given bacterial species. Having confirmed the efficacy of two phage cocktails, the use of the phage product could help decreasing the risk of emergence of phage resistant bacteria. Furthermore, undertaking a constant update of the phage cocktail could also help reducing contamination caused by S. aureus and thereby preserving safety and food quality.
Queguiner, Claire. „Nouvelles propriétés fonctionnelles de protéines laitières obtenues par traitements thermomécaniques d'extrusion“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20271.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAyadi, Mohamed Ali. „Traitement thermique des fluides alimentaires encrassants par la technologie du chauffage ohmique en géométrie rectangulaire“. Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN10002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn experimental study on the heat treatment of fouling food fluid by flat ohmic cells was carried out. This study highlighted first of all the close link existing between the flow structure and the deposit distribution on to electrode surfaces. Measurements of velocity and temperature profiles in a non-fouled ohmic cell showed that according to the hydrodynamic behavior (velocity profile and rheologic behavior of the fluid) the variation in the temperature gradient between the wall and the bulk could be more or less significant. Then, a specific study of the heat treatment of a fouling model fluid in an ohmic cell was carried out. This study showed the existence of three distinct phases: (i) a first phase in which no evolution of the process parameters could be observed, (ii) a linear phase, where the deposit layers build up on the electrode surfaces was heated continuously by the Joule effect until reaching the boiling point and (iii) a third phase which corresponded to an overheating of the deposit layers with potential removal phenomenon. Lastly, based on the results obtained, a mathematical model was developed in order to predict the thickness of the deposit from the evolution of the electric parameters versus the operating time. The comparison between a Plate Heat Exchanger and the ohmic apparatus in terms of deposit thickness clearly showed different kineticks evolutions, apparently in favour of the ohmic technology
Lavoie, Karine. „Caractérisation microbiologique des laits du terroir québécois servant à la production de fromages de spécialité“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27677/27677.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCommenges, Aude. „Impact du microbiote laitier sur la biopréservation des fromages“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR063.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe dairy industry is a major sector of the agri-food industry, representing 20% of the total agri-food industries. Cheese, as the primary product of milk transformation, holds a significant position, particularly in France and Quebec. Increasing consumer demand for natural and healthy products, coupled with the need to extend the shelf life of cheeses, is driving industry professionals to adopt “Clean Label” practices and develop biopreservation techniques to preserve product quality while addressing health and naturalness concerns. Cheese ecosystems host a diverse microbial population that contributes to their typicity and offer an opportunity to discover potential candidates for biopreservation. The isolation of strains with antimicrobial activity from cheese has become increasingly interesting, especially for inhibiting spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms. In this project, two artisanal French cheeses and two Quebec cheeses were selected. The overall characterization of the microbiota in French cheeses was conducted using molecular methods to visualize their uniqueness and microbial diversity. Through systematic isolation of microorganisms from these cheeses, a total of 794 isolates comprising bacteria, yeasts, and molds were characterized for their antimicrobial activities on double-layer agar. Antifungal activity was tested against 3 undesirable yeasts and 4 molds, while antibacterial activity was experimented against 9 pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. Among these, 36 cheese isolates demonstrating inhibition capacity against various contaminants were identified through sequencing of 16S rRNA (bacteria) or ITS (yeasts). Among them, yeasts Metschnikowia pulcherrima LMA-2038 from “Carré du Vinage” and Trichosporon asahii LMA-810 from “Rose Blanche” exhibited both antifungal activity (against Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium commune) and antibacterial activity (against Listeria innocua and Clostridium tyrobutyricum).Their potential as biopreservation agents was tested in model cheeses, significantly reducing the growth of the two contaminating yeasts, Y lipolytica and R. mucilaginosa. Characterization tests of potential biopreservation compounds were conducted to better understand the nature of the molecules involved in these antagonistic activities. These findings confirm that cheeses are potential reservoirs of antimicrobial strains that could serve as biopreservation agents and contribute to the development of tools to meet "Clean Label" requirements
Vautor, Eric. „Caractérisation moléculaire d'isolats de Staphylococcus aureus responsables de mammites chez des ovins laitiers dans le Sud-Est de la France“. Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4040.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study characterized phenotypic and genotypic traits of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from dairy sheep farm in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (PACA). The typing by PFGE, MLST, RAPD-PCR, RFLP shown that the strains were genetically related. Among forty six strains tested for adherence and slime production, 39% and 26% were positive respectively despite the absence of bap gene (coding the biofilm-associated protein) but with the presence of the intercellular adhesion locus (icaA-D). The strains were mainly susceptible to ten antibiotics (absence of plasmids). The in vitro production of enterotoxins A-D in fifteen isolates illustrated the phenotypic variability for this parameter in these genetically related strains. A genomic comparative study was carried out on 113 S. Aureus isolates recovered from sheep, goats, cows, from nostrils recovered from regional sheep and from other dairy sheep farms in France. For this purpose, a single-dye DNA microarray had been developed for simultaneous characterization of 187 genes implicated in S. Aureus virulence. The screening of the 113 isolates allowed us to identify a few genes or alleles which were specifically associated with the regional dairy sheep in correlation to their genetic clonality. Some genes had been found to be specific to small ruminants versus cows. The nasal carriage isolates had identical genetic specificity in comparison with mastitis isolates. The S. Aureus strains compared in the part two shown that gangrenous mastitis had genetic particularities (presence of genes of virulence) in comparison with the strains responsible of subclinical mastitis
Sadek, Ali. „Propriétés probiotiques de levures non-Saccharomyces à activités antibactériennes et étude du mycobiote de vaches laitières“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first objective of this thesis was to study the fungal component of ruminant microbiota, particularly in dairy cows. To this end, we targeted the intestinal mycobiota of dairy cows differently fed and considering also the impact of the seasonality. Therefore, the analysis of beta-diversity showed a different mycobiota, depending on the type of feed received. The cows were fed with a summer pasture diet and a winter diet constituted of hay, corn and grass silage and production concentrate. The alpha diversity indices (Simpson inverse, Chao1, Simpson uniformity) unveiled a greater richness, diversity and uniformity of mycobiota with summer feeding, and a noticeable decrease in these parameters with winter feeding. In our analysis, we found that Geotrichum genus was present in all ruminants in this study in winter, leading to the highest relative abundance 65%. A second study revealed a mycobiota composed of an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) belonging to the Dipodascaceae family and present in all compartments of the gastrointestinal tract (rumen, colon, rectum). The OTU could not be further identified, but it should be noted that the Geotrichum genus belongs to the Dipodascaceae family. Analysis of the beta-diversity of these same samples was carried out after DNA extraction using 3 different kits, and analysis of the mycobiotic profiles revealed differences between the profile obtained using DNA extracted with a commercial kit recommended for microbiota analysis (ZM), and the profiles obtained with the other two kits (MN and ZQ). The second objective was to screen and characterize a collection of non-Saccharomyces yeasts for their probiotic trends and design a potential application in the animal production, particularly in ruminants. Following a screening of a collection of 431 non-Saccharomyces yeasts for their inhibitory activity against Gram-positive target bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, 71 strains showed inhibitory activity against at least one of the target bacteria. Nonetheless, we considered 6 non-Saccharomyces yeasts (ICVY060, LAN55, ICVY061, ICVY062, ICVY063 and ICVY064) due to their spectrum of activity in vitro against ruminant pathogens, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and prevailing temperatures of 30°C and 39°C. Two strains, ICVY060 and LAN55, showed the broadest spectrum of activity by inhibiting all targeted bacteria. Of note, these strains were characterized for their resistance to conditions mimicking those prevailing in the animal abomasum and intestine compartments, with better survival rate in the in vitro abomasum conditions. Finally, all these strains resulted to be safe as non-cytotoxic, non-hemolytic activity was registered and were also sensitive to the main antifungal agents of clinical use. Further analyses, such as their surface properties or their impact on membrane integrity by studying the expression of genes encoding cell junction proteins were established
Lafarge, Véronique. „Identification des microorganismes du lait par des méthodes moléculaires et incidence des traitements thermiques et de la microflore du lait sur la cinétique de croissance de Listeria monocytogenes“. Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1633.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMilk thermization is often used in cheese making but risks associated to this practice on "L. Monocytogenes" bacterial danger were to date little known as data comparing the behaviour of this pathogen in raw milk and thermized milk were not available. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the thermization sca1es on the growth kinetics of L. Monocytogenes and to show up the interactions between the microbial species of raw milks and this pathogen. The description of the microbial species in raw milks and thermized milks was performed by a new molecular approach we have deve1oped. This approach is based on the direct analysis of microbial DNA extracted from milk samples, PCR amplification and e1ectrophoretics separations in denaturing conditions of ribosomal DNAr fragments that discriminate microbial species. For rapid species identifications, exhaustive reference databases were created inc1uding electrophoresis fingerprints of microbial species met in dairy products. By comparing milks microbial profiles to the reference database we were able to rapidly (2-3 days) identify the microbial species in milk samples. Results of this work shows that industrial dairy practices that consist to heat milk be1ow the pasteurization treatment in order to reduce contaminations by L. Monocytognes present a risk. According to the applied treatment (time x temperature) and the level of contamination by L. Monocytogenes, thermization can be insufficient to destroy all Listeria. We have also shown that thermized milk is more favourable to L. Monocytogenes recontamination than raw milk. The residual population of lactic bacteria after thermization seems to be a determinant factor in the inhibition of L. Monocytogenes
Martínez, González José Luis. „Caractérisation métataxonomique du microbiote intestinal dans un modèle porcin nourri avec un régime hyperlipidique composé de fromage cheddar et de beurre“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68971.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn recent decades, dairy products have been associated with weight gain due to their high fat milk content, generating a negative consumer assessment. However, scientific studies revealed beneficial effects of dairy products such as cheese due to the presence of functional peptides produced from hydrolysis, as favorable ingredients for health. Nevertheless, several cheeses as cheddar contain a high concentration of dairy fat. Given the interest to know how the dairy products could affect the clinical physiology of host, studies about the gut microbiota structures has been proposed. However, controversial results from these studies have been obtained. This thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of butter and proteins hydrolysate from cheese on the structure of the gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters of lipidemia. The goal of this project was to characterize microbiota variations in the intestinal sections of the ileum, colon and fecal sample using a metataxonomic approach with Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. In the first part of this project, a porcine model was established to provide a model for the study of gut microbiota associated with obesity from fecal samples including ileum and colon. In the first part of this study, the approach of isolation and purification of high-quality DNA has been standardized and established. Subsequently, a bioinformatics pipeline was generated using QIIME v.1.9.1 open source software. Later, a trial was defined in pigs fed with lard-fructose (HFF). At 12 weeks of treatment, a dysbiosis process was associated with diet-induced changes estimated by a LEfse discriminant method (significant LDA score> 2.0), as well as alpha and beta diversity. The genus Fusobacteria, a potent pathogen carrying LPS, associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio and Anaerovibrio a genus of bacteria with lipolytic activity, showed a significant increase (p-value <0,05) of this model fed to HFF in pigs. These metataxonomic profiles of the pig gut microbiota have also been linked to an increase in lipidemia parameters in the peripheral blood. This microbiota composition was also profiled to metabolic syndromes by qPCR. These results constitute an important reference base for the characterization of an obesogenic diet associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. In order to validate the effects of the high-fat free-fructose (HF) diet, a second test was performed. In this trial, the results obtained showed an asymptomatic dysbiosis. Indeed, alpha and beta diversity profiles, in addition to qPCR profiling, showed significant distances between HF treatment and low-fat treatment control. However, the measure of lipidemia (cholesterol and triglycerides) and the level of LPS were irrelevant between treatments. These results showed that the high-fat diet can significantly alter the VI ecological structures of the microbiota without necessarily causing physiological changes in the host. Finally, the third part of the project, consisting in the characterization of the impact of diets with butter or cheddar cheese composed of highly hydrolyzed peptides, on the gut microbiota of pig model. The ileum, the colon, and the feces were sampled at 10 weeks. Measurements of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and Weighted-UniFrac phylogenetic distances, and the LDA-LEfse discriminatory analysis of the beta and alpha diversities demonstrated a neutral effect on the gut microbiota subjected to the cheddar diet, while significant dissimilarities were observed with the butter treatment. The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Paraprevotella, Phasolarctobacterium, Turicibacter, Clostridiaceae Akkermansia sp., Bacteroides sp., Lactobacillus reuteri, and Ruminococcus characterized the gut microbiota of the treatment with butter. The significant increase of Akkermansia and Ruminococcus gnavus in (two clades closely related to the degradation of mucin, which is a health indicator of intestinal integrity), suggest an alteration of the gut microbiota due to butter treatment, which could be proposed as biomarkers to comply with the control diet with lard-HF. We highlighted the identification of the taxonomic level by oligotypes of the genus Akkermansia in the pig model. This identification revealed nine signed-oligotypes from the Akkermansia taxon, in the colon and fecal samples of pigs fed butter. This was the first time that a highly discriminating depth of metataxonomic analysis was performed in the pig model. The pig as a model that allows the characterization of the gut microbiota affected by a dietary treatment. Finally, diets enriched with cheddar cheese and butter have convergent effects on the host-microbiota relationship and can be observed distinctly through microbial structures in the intestinal sections.
Fomenky, Bridget. „Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota by two direct fed microbials and their efficacy as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoter use in calf management operations“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34456.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL’usage des produits microbiens administrés directement (aussi appelés probiotiques) gagne de l’intérêt comme alternative à l’utilisation des antibiotiques comme promoteurs de croissance dans les élevages. Cependant, très peu d’informations existent quant à l’influence des probiotiques sur la modulation du microbiote gastrointestinal et la réponse immunitaire innée chez le veau laitier. Les objectifs de cette thèse visaient à (1) Étudier l’effet de Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 ou de Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1- 1079 sur les constituants sanguins, biochimiques / chimiques du sang. (2) Déterminer les mécanismes potentiels d’une réponse immunitaire renforcée de Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 et de Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079. (3) Déterminer comment Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 ou Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 modulent la composition de la communauté microbienne GIT de veau par séquençage de nouvelle génération de la région V3-V4 du gène ARNr 16S. (4) Comparer l'efficacité de ces deux DFM avec la tetracycline-néomycine, un promoteur de croissance antibiotique. Quatre traitements ont été distribués aléatoirement à 48 veaux âgés de 2 à 7 jours (n=12). TÉMOIN : lactoremplaceur (LR) suivi d’une moulée de démarrage (MD); SCB) TÉMOIN + Saccharomyces cereviseae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 [7,5 × 108 unités formatrices de colonie (CFU)/L de LR + 3 × 109 CFU/kg de MD]; LA) TÉMOIN + Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 (2,5 × 108 CFU/L de LR + 1 × 109 CFU/kg de MD); ATB) TÉMOIN + traitement antibiotique composé de chlortétracycline (528 mg/L de LR + 55 mg/kg de MD) et de néomycine (357 mg/L de LR). Les animaux ont été élevés selon les procédures d’élevage conventionnelles pendant les 96 jours de la période expérimentale. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés de la veine jugulaire à différents moments pendant les périodes de pré-sevrage (jours 1 à 42), de sevrage (jours 43 à 53) et de post-sevrage (jours 54 à 96). Aux jours 33 et 96 dans chacun des groupes, 4 veaux ont été euthanasiés afin de prélever des échantillons de tissus et de digesta. Des SCB viables ont été retrouvées tout au long du tractus gastrointestinal, ainsi que dans les fèces des veaux en périodes pré- et post-sevrage. Autour du sevrage, les fèces du groupe SCB contenaient une population de lactobacilli plus importante que celles du groupe TÉMOIN. Au cours de la période pré-sevrage, la distribution des lactobacilli évoluait graduellement à travers les sections du tube digestif (colon > contenu iléal > rumen > muqueuse iléale). À l’exception du rumen, tous les autres compartiments présentaient une population de lactobacilli réduite en post- vs. en pré-sevrage. Comparativement aux groupes TÉMOIN et LA, la profondeur et la largeur des cryptes du colon des groupes SCB et ATB étaient réduites. Toujours comparativement aux groupes TÉMOIN et LA, le nombre de cellules caliciformes contenant des mucines neutres tendait à augmenter pour les groupes SCB et ATB, alors que le nombre de mucines acides augmentaient. Globalement, les traitements n’ont pas affecté les performances des animaux. Pendant le sevrage, une amélioration de la stimulation oxydative et de la phagocytose, ainsi qu’une augmentation des concentrations des protéines de la phase aiguë, ont été observées chez les groupes SCB et LA. L’ajout de probiotiques à la diète du veau a eu moins d’impact sur la diversité bactérienne mais a tout de même modifié significativement l’abondance des différentes populations microbiennes, et ce plus particulièrement dans l’iléon. L’ajout de SCB ou de LA a réduit l’abondance de certains genres bactériens pathogènes, tels que Streptococcus et Tyzzerella_4, alors que cela a augmenté l’abondance de bactéries potentiellement bénéfiques pour l’hôte tel que celles appartenant au genre Fibrobacter. Par ailleurs, d’autres bactéries bénéfiques tel que Rumminococcaceae UCG 005 et Olsenella étaient aussi plus abondantes, mais seulement pour le traitement SCB. Les bactéries pathogènes Peptoclostridium et Ruminococcus_2 étaient respectivement moins abondantes lorsque les traitements SCB et LA étaient ajoutés à la ration. Les analyses de prédiction fonctionnelle ont montré qu’en plus des effets observés sur les voies métaboliques locales impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire, la sécrétion biliaire et les voies de signalisation de l’AMPc et du proteasome, l’ajout des deux formes de probiotiques a également affecté d’importantes voies impliquées au sein d’autres tissus comme la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes ou le fonctionnement des synapses dopaminergiques. Cette étude suggère que les probiotiques, et plus particulièrement SCB, devraient être davantage considérés comme modulateur de la santé gastro-intestinale du veau laitier. Aussi, la supplémentation en SCB, en améliorant la réponse immunitaire innée, permettrait de stimuler le système immunitaire du veau avant l’infection, le préparant ainsi à mieux affronter les périodes plus sensibles comme celle du sevrage. Le SCB et le LA ont modifié la composition en bactéries du GIT. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude a montré une démonstration remarquable de l’importance du DFM sur le microbiote de la TI. Cependant, il faut mieux comprendre les molécules et les mécanismes qui déterminent le rôle du microbiote, puis exploiter ces connaissances pour améliorer la santé et augmenter la production animale.
There is interest in the use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) as substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters in farm animal production. However, little information exists on the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 (LA) and Saccharomyces cereviseae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SCB) on the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota and innate immune responses in dairy calves. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to (1) investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 on blood cellular and biochemical/chemical constituents; (2) determine the potential mechanisms of enhanced immune response by Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079; (3) determine how Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 modulate calf GIT microbial community composition by next-generation sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and (4) compare the efficacy of these two DFM with tetracycline-neomycin, an antibiotic growth promoter. Forty eight calves (2 to 7 days old) were randomly allocated to four treatments: 1) Control (CTRL) fed milk replacer (MR) and starter feed (SF); 2) CTRL supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCMI-1079 (SCB; 7.5 × 108 (CFU)/L MR + 3 × 109 CFU/kg SF); 3) CTRL supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus BT1386 (LA; 2.5 × 108 CFU/L MR + 1 × 109 CFU/kg SF); and 4) CTRL supplemented with antibiotics (ATB) chlortetracycline and neomycin (528 and 357 mg/L MR, respectively), and chlortetracycline (55 mg/kg SF). Animals were raised for 96 days following standard management procedures. Growth parameters (body weight and feed intake) of calves were recorded weekly. Four calves per treatment were euthanized on day 33 (pre-weaning) and an additional four calves per treatment on day 96 (post-weaning) to sample rumen and ileum tissues for real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and colon for histomorphology. The ileum, colon and rumen were also analyzed for viability. Furthermore, samples of digesta (colon, ileum and rumen) and mucosa (colon and ileum) for bacterial characterization by sequencing the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Weekly feces samples were collected for viability analysis. Blood samples were also collected for isolation of neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for oxidative burst and phagocytosis analyses by flow cytometry. Serum measurements of acute phase proteins were done by ELISA. Viable SCB were recovered throughout the GIT and in the feces pre- and post-weaning. The feces of SCB-treated calves showed a greater lactobacilli population compared with CTRL (P < 0.01) around weaning. In the pre-weaning period, the distribution of lactobacilli population differed along the digestive tract (colon > ileum content > rumen > ileum mucosa; P < 0.001). The lactobacilli population were significantly reduced in all compartments (P = 0.02) post-weaning compared to pre-weaning, except in the rumen. Crypts depth and width of the colon decreased (P < 0.01) whereas number of goblet cells containing neutral mucins tended to increase (P = 0.058) while acidic mucins increased (P < 0.05) in SCB- and ATB-treated calves compared with CTRL and v LA-treated calves. Overall, growth performances were not affected by treatment. There was improvement of both oxidative burst and phagocytosis by SCB and LA during weaning in calves. Similarly, the concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive proteins and serum amyloid A proteins) were increased by SCB and LA during weaning. The DFM had less impact on the bacteria diversity but had significant impact on the abundance of the bacteria community with most changes associated to treatments occurring in the ileum. SCB and LA reduced some pathogenic bacteria genera such as Streptococcus, Tyzzerella_4 and increased some potential beneficial bacteria such as fibrobacter. Meanwhile, Rumminococcaceae UCG 005 and Olsenella, also beneficial, were increased only by SCB treatment. The potential pathogenic bacterium, Peptoclostridium, was reduced by SCB only while LA reduced Ruminococcus_2. The functional prediction analyses indicated that besides affecting local pathways such as cell cycle, bile secretion, proteasome or cAMP signaling pathway, both DFM might also affect important pathways in other tissues such as thyroid hormone synthesis or Dopaminergic synapse in the brain. Our results suggest that SCB is a modulator of gastrointestinal health and could prime the immune system prior to infection leading to an enhanced innate immune response in calves especially during periods of stress (e.g., weaning). Consequently, SCB might have the potential to strengthen calf immune system in the critical periods of disease susceptibility. Both SCB and LA changed the bacteria composition of the GIT. Overall, this study showed a remarkable demonstration of the importance of DFM on the GIT microbiota. However, what is needed is a complete and better understanding of the molecules and mechanisms driving the roles played by the microbiota and then to exploit this knowledge to improve health and increase animal production.
Pluvinet, Arnaud. „Polymorphisme génétique du Locus eps (Exopolysaccharide) chez la bactérie lactique Streptococcus thermophilus : évolution rapide par remplacement de séquences“. Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10170.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe texture of dairy products resulting from lactic fermentation is obtained by the presence of exopolysaccharides excreted by the used lactic acid bacteria. These exopolysaccharides are required for the smoothness of the product. The chromosome region involved in the synthesis of exopolysaccharides synthesis in Streptococcus thermophilus is called eps locus. This region is very variable. S. Thermophilus is a lactic acid bacterium used in coculture with other lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis (used in cheese production) or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus (used in yoghurt production). The eps locus represents a model of the implication of intra- and interspecific horizontal transfer in the origin of S. Thermophilus polymorphism. Study of the eps loci of 3 S. Thermophilus strains, CNRZ368, NST2280 and IP6757, allowed to reveal a large variability of this locus caused by horizontal transfers. S. Thermophilus CNRZ368 contains a 32. 5 kb eps locus including a 13. 6 kb region which could originate from L. Lactis. Moreover, the eps loci of 2 very related strains, IP6757 and NST2280, are very different. The comparison of the sequences of 27 kb and 19. 2 kb eps loci of IP6757 and NST2280 S. Thermophilus strains respectively shows two regions with high homology separated by a specific-strain region. These results, associated with the comparison of the eps loci of other phylogenetically related strains of IP6757 and NST2280, indicate that the eps locus of an IP6757 ancestor should have quickly evolved by acquisition, from an other bacterium of the lactic flora, and replacement of a part of its locus
Alfonso, Avila Angel Rene. „Influence du profil minéral de la ration sur la production de matière grasse du lait“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34514.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNegative energy balance typically appears in early-lactation dairy cows as a consequence of a reduction of dry matter intake, as well as of an increase in energy demand for milk production. To compensate this energy deficit, cows are fed with high-concentrate diets. However, highly fermentable carbohydrates introduced in diets can result in a decreased milk fat synthesis. Previous studies reported that addition of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) to high-concentrate diets helps to maintain milk fat, although the mechanism is yet to be established. Consequently, the objective of the current thesis was, firstly, to investigate the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), cation source, and buffering ability of the mineral supplement on rumen biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FA) and production performance of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. Secondly, this thesis aimed at evaluating the effect of K2CO3 on production performance, biohydrogenation of fatty acids, and mineral composition of milk in early-lactation dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet with or without soybean oil (SBO), as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acid. A third objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of K2CO3 supplementation, in diets containing soybean oil (SBO) on rumen microbial population associated with lipid metabolism. Consequently, a first experiment was set up, where 35 early-lactation Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design with 33-d periods, including a 5-d pretreatment collection period used as a covariate. Five different dietary treatments were used to assess the effects of K2CO3 (control vs. K2CO3), buffering ability (K2CO3 vs. KHCO3), DCAD (K2CO3 vs. KCl), and cation type (K2CO3 vs. Na2CO3). In this experiment, and as opposed to previous studies, supplementing high-concentrate diets with K2CO3 did not increase milk or milk fat yield in early-lactation cows. Also, results suggested that increasing dietary K through the addition of K2CO3 could lead to a disequilibrium in cellular ion composition that can impair nutrient transport into and out of the mammary epithelial cells, and consequently affect milk synthesis. A second experiment was conducted where 28 ruminally fistulated Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design. The experiment lasted 33 d, including a 5-d pre-treatment collection period used as a covariate. Experimental treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 0 or 1.5% K2CO3 and with 0 or 2% SBO. Results of this experiment revealed that potential effect of K2CO3 on milk fat synthesis is dependent on the levels of dietary polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, a positive relation was established between milk Cl concentration and milk yield, suggesting that the equilibrium of this ion is linked to the efficiency of lactogenesis Finally, rumen samples were collected from the rumen of 24 cows enrolled in the second experiment (n = 6) to assess treatment effects on rumen microbial population associated with lipid metabolism. Feeding K2CO3 and SBO had distinct effects on rumen bacteria. Dietary K2CO3 stimulated the growth of Butyrivibrio hungatei, a bacterium recognized to produce trans-11-18:1 during biohydrogenation. Conversely, feeding SBO reduced the growth of Butyrivibrio/Pseudobutyrivibrio bacterium group, known to produce trans-11-18:1, of Fibrobacter succinogenes, a fibrolytic bacterium, of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, a bacterium involved in 18:0 production, and of Streptococcus bovis, an amylolytic bacterium. Overall, the experiments conducted and reported in this thesis provide new insights on the impact of mineral supplementation on milk performance in dairy cows.
Bougouin, Adeline. „Identification of milk fatty acids as proxies of the enteric methane emissions in dairy cows“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMethane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas coming from the anaerobic microbial fermentation of the diet in the rumen. One of the main current challenge for the dairy sector is to find CH4 mitigation strategies (diets or genetics) without altering animal performance. Enteric methane measurement methods are costly and very difficult to apply on a large scale on field. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative measurement methods, such as equations based on proxies to predict CH4 emissions. Milk fatty acids (FA) have been identified as potential predictors of the methanogenesis in dairy cattle, but the prediction ability of extant published CH4 equations must be improved, and their domain of applicability must be enlarged to a wide range of diets. The objective of this PhD thesis was to confirm the potential of milk FA as proxies to predict enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows fed a wide range of diets. Two databases (based on individual and mean data, respectively) were built thanks to an international collaboration, and gathered data on CH4, milk FA composition, dairy performances, diet and animal characteristics. Two in vivo experiments were conducted with the aim to study the effect of dietary strategies poorly documented, on methanogenesis and milk FA. The data from these experiments were included in the created database. Firstly, simple CH4 prediction equations were developed [g/d, g/kg of DMI (DMI), and g/kg of milk] based only on milk FA, and secondly other variables related to cow intake or characteristics, and dairy performance were added and constituted complex equations. Relationships between CH4 and several milk FA (C10:0, iso C17:0 + trans-9 C16:1, iso C16:0, cis-11 C18:1, cis-15 C18:1, cis-9,cis-12 C18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 C18 :2) were found, confirming common rumen metabolic pathways between methanogenesis and lipid metabolism. Equations were also closely related to the diets included in the database used for their development. Simple equations were less accurate than complex ones (prediction error of 58.6 g/d, 2.8 g/kg DMI and 3.7 g/kg milk vs 42.8 g/d, 2.5 g/kg DMI and 3.3 g/kg milk, respectively). A minimum difference of 16% in CH4 emissions between mitigating strategies can be evidenced with the best prediction equation developed in this PhD. Methane prediction equations based on milk FA well determined by infrared spectrometry methods need to be developed in order to be used on a routine basis and on a large scale. These prediction equations would allow studying the effect of novel mitigation strategies of enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows
Bougouin, Adeline. „Identification of milk fatty acids as proxies of the enteric methane emissions in dairy cows“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC036/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMethane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas coming from the anaerobic microbial fermentation of the diet in the rumen. One of the main current challenge for the dairy sector is to find CH4 mitigation strategies (diets or genetics) without altering animal performance. Enteric methane measurement methods are costly and very difficult to apply on a large scale on field. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative measurement methods, such as equations based on proxies to predict CH4 emissions. Milk fatty acids (FA) have been identified as potential predictors of the methanogenesis in dairy cattle, but the prediction ability of extant published CH4 equations must be improved, and their domain of applicability must be enlarged to a wide range of diets. The objective of this PhD thesis was to confirm the potential of milk FA as proxies to predict enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows fed a wide range of diets. Two databases (based on individual and mean data, respectively) were built thanks to an international collaboration, and gathered data on CH4, milk FA composition, dairy performances, diet and animal characteristics. Two in vivo experiments were conducted with the aim to study the effect of dietary strategies poorly documented, on methanogenesis and milk FA. The data from these experiments were included in the created database. Firstly, simple CH4 prediction equations were developed [g/d, g/kg of DMI (DMI), and g/kg of milk] based only on milk FA, and secondly other variables related to cow intake or characteristics, and dairy performance were added and constituted complex equations. Relationships between CH4 and several milk FA (C10:0, iso C17:0 + trans-9 C16:1, iso C16:0, cis-11 C18:1, cis-15 C18:1, cis-9,cis-12 C18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 C18 :2) were found, confirming common rumen metabolic pathways between methanogenesis and lipid metabolism. Equations were also closely related to the diets included in the database used for their development. Simple equations were less accurate than complex ones (prediction error of 58.6 g/d, 2.8 g/kg DMI and 3.7 g/kg milk vs 42.8 g/d, 2.5 g/kg DMI and 3.3 g/kg milk, respectively). A minimum difference of 16% in CH4 emissions between mitigating strategies can be evidenced with the best prediction equation developed in this PhD. Methane prediction equations based on milk FA well determined by infrared spectrometry methods need to be developed in order to be used on a routine basis and on a large scale. These prediction equations would allow studying the effect of novel mitigation strategies of enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows
Beauchemin, Jessika. „Détermination de la contamination microbiologique des litières de fumier recyclé en filière de production bovine en fonction des pratiques de productions et de gestion en élevage“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24705.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecycled manure solid bedding (RMS) is used on Canadian farms as an alternative to conventional straw bedding. RMS is obtained by extracting the solid fraction of dairy cow manure, sometimes followed by maturation. However, the microbiological characteristics of this bedding are poorly documented. This study allowed the description of the microbiota and microbiological characteristics of RMS compared to straw and assessed the impact of the RMS production methods on its microbiota. The results of the microbiota analyses demonstrated that the richness and diversity of the microbiota in unused RMS were different from unused straw. Unused RMS and used RMS possessed more similar microbial diversity compared to the microbial diversity between unused and used straw. Moreover, the different RMS production methods did not influence the richness of the microbiota but influence its composition. The RMS production method using separation followed by heap maturation had a lower bacterial load than production method using separation followed by box maturation. Finally, RMS contained more Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp than straw bedding. This leads to the conclusion that RMS bedding currently produced on farms in Eastern Canada, clearly constitute a greater microbiological risk as compared to straw bedding.