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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Monochromators“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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1

Rasmussen, Svend Erik. "The Use of a Post Diffraction Curved Germanium Monochromator with a Bragg-Brentano Type Powder Diffractometer." Powder Diffraction 7, no. 3 (1992): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600018534.

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Pyrolytic graphite is frequently used as a post diffraction monochromator with powder diffractometers of the Bragg-Brentano type. Curved graphite monochromators yield high intensities and suppress efficiently fluorescent radiation except from the element which is the same as the target element of the X-ray tube. They are not, however, able to separate the Kα1 line from the Kα2 component with the X-ray targets normally used in powder diffraction. Crystals with smaller mosaic spread than graphite are needed for selecting a pure Kα1 line. Commercially available crystals which are suitable for thi

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2

Sjöblom, Peter, Gabriela Todorescu, and Samuli Urpelainen. "Understanding the mechanical limitations of the performance of soft X-ray monochromators at MAX IV laboratory." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 2 (2020): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520000843.

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MAX IV is a fourth-generation, or diffraction-limited, synchrotron light source with a number of state-of-the-art beamlines. The performance of a beamline is, to a high degree, set by the energy resolution it can achieve, which in turn is governed to a large extent by the monochromator. During the design phase of a monochromator, the mechanical requirements must be fully understood and met with margin. During commissioning, the performance must be verified and optimized. In this paper, six soft X-ray monochromators at MAX IV beamlines (Bloch, Veritas, HIPPIE, SPECIES, FinEstBeAMS and SoftiMAX)

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3

Jark, Werner. "Concepts for flexible and efficient monochromatization of X-rays by refraction to a relative bandwidth of the order of 0.5%." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 20, no. 1 (2012): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049512041556.

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Recently it was shown experimentally that regular arrays of tiny prisms can be used as X-ray monochromators providing a spectral bandwidth of below 2%. Successively the measured spectral transmission functions of monochromators operated under different conditions were found to be in agreement with expectations within an analytical model. This type of monochromator focuses chromatically and thus necessitates the use of an exit slit for the monochromatization. This contribution will show that the lower limit for the achievable bandpass can be predicted under practically feasible experimental con

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4

Sergueev, I., R. Döhrmann, J. Horbach, and J. Heuer. "Angular vibrations of cryogenically cooled double-crystal monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 5 (2016): 1097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516011188.

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The effect of angular vibrations of the crystals in cryogenically cooled monochromators on the beam performance has been studied theoretically and experimentally. A simple relation between amplitude of the vibrations and size of the focused beam is developed. It is shown that the double-crystal monochromator vibrations affect not only the image size but also the image position along the optical axis. Several methods to measure vibrations with the X-ray beam are explained and analyzed. The methods have been applied to systematically study angular crystal vibrations at monochromators installed a

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5

Lindrum, Michael, and Bernhard Nickel. "Wavelength Calibration of Optical Multichannel Detectors in Combination with Single- and Double-Grating Monochromators." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 8 (1989): 1427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894204209.

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For the measurement of a spectrum with an optical multichannel detector (OMCD), the relation N = N(λ) or λ = λ( N) between the channel number N and the wavelength λ must be known. For an ideal OMCD, N(λ) and λ( N) are completely defined by the physical parameters of the monochromator and the channel spacing of the OMCD. Series expansions N = N0 + Σ kA k(λ – λ0) k and λ = λ0 + Σ kBk( N – N0) k are given for single-grating monochromators ( k = 1, 2, 3) and double-grating monochromators ( k = 1, 2). The validity of the series expansions has been checked experimentally and numerically for a double

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6

Izerrouken, M. "Thin Layered Structures Analysis Using NUR Reflectometer." Materials Science Forum 609 (January 2009): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.609.53.

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Reflectometry technique in Centre de Recherché Nucléaire de Draria (CRND) is operational since 2002. The instrument is used for investigation of monochromators and supermirrors. In this communication, several monochromators: 10 and 40 nickel-titanium bilayers deposited on a float-glass substrate with different period are analysed. The investigation of magnetic multilayers (25 silicon-iron bilayers monochromator) is also performed. From the results, Bragg peaks were identified indicating the periodicity of the multilayers.

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7

Nadazdy, Peter, Jakub Hagara, Petr Mikulik, et al. "A high-throughput assembly of beam-shaping channel-cut monochromators for laboratory high-resolution X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 3 (2021): 730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721002338.

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A four-bounce monochromator assembly composed of Ge(111) and Ge(220) monolithic channel-cut monochromators with V-shaped channels in a quasi-dispersive configuration is presented. The assembly provides an optimal design in terms of the highest transmittance and photon flux density per detector pixel while maintaining high beam collimation. A monochromator assembly optimized for the highest recorded intensity per detector pixel of a linear detector placed 2.5 m behind the assembly was realized and tested by high-resolution X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements using a

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8

Mikula, P., E. Krüger, R. Scherm, and V. Wagner. "An elastically bent silicon crystal as a monochromator for thermal neutrons." Journal of Applied Crystallography 23, no. 2 (1990): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889889012975.

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Some experimental results are presented for an elastically bent perfect silicon crystal in a strongly asymmetric diffraction geometry as a neutron monochromator. The use of this unconventional geometry of the monochromator appears to be suitable for a wide (several centimetres) incident polychromatic beam, when, thanks to the spatial condensation of the diffracted neutrons (Fankuchen effect), a high monochromatic beam density may be obtained. Furthermore, when using focusing in real and in momentum space by adjusting an optimum bending radius, the intensity diffracted by a sample may be compar

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9

Mildner, D. F. R., M. Arif, and S. A. Werner. "Neutron transmission through pyrolytic graphite monochromators." Journal of Applied Crystallography 34, no. 3 (2001): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801002254.

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Thermal neutron transmission measurements have been made as a function of wavelength on a pyrolytic graphite monochromator crystal that has been set to diffract a horizontal beam at different take-off angles. The major dips in the transmission caused by the various reflections have been identified. These results can be used for the design of a beamline on which more than one instrument is placed. The transmission data show that it is best for the monochromator with the greatest (horizontal) take-off angle to be placed upstream, with monochromators with decreasing take-off angles progressively

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10

Yamaoka, Hitoshi, Tetsuro Mochizuki, Yoshiharu Sakurai, and Hiroshi Kawata. "Bent-crystal monochromators for high-energy synchrotron radiation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597018645.

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Two kinds of monochromators covering the energy ranges 100–150 keV and ∼300 keV have been designed for inelastic (Compton) scattering experiments at the elliptical multipole wiggler beamline, BL08W, of SPring-8. Finite-element analyses using ANSYS for bent crystals indicate that thermal problems are not serious for the 300 keV monochromator, while an energy spread of about 10−3 for the 100–150 keV monochromator is possible in the centre of the crystal. Detailed calculations of X-ray interaction with the silicon crystal were performed. The results show that Compton scattering is a dominant proc

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Mendenhall, Marcus H., David Black, Donald Windover, and James P. Cline. "Polarization effects of X-ray monochromators modeled using dynamical scattering theory." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 77, no. 4 (2021): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273321003879.

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The difference in the diffracted intensity of the σ- and π-polarized components of an X-ray beam in powder diffraction has generally been treated according to equations based on dipole scattering, also known as kinematic X-ray scattering. Although this treatment is correct for powders and post-sample analyzers known to be of high mosaicity, it does not apply to systems configured with nearly perfect crystal incident-beam monochromators. Equations are presented for the polarization effect, based on dynamical diffraction theory applied to the monochromator crystal. The intensity of the π compone

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Zhong, Z., M. Hasnah, A. Broadbent, E. Dooryhee, and M. Lucas. "Phase-space matching between bent Laue and flat Bragg crystals." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 6 (2019): 1917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519010774.

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Through phase-space analysis of Dumond diagrams for a flat Bragg crystal, a single bent Laue crystal and a monochromator consisting of double-bent Laue crystals, this work shows that it is possible to match the flat Bragg crystal to both the single-crystal and double-crystal Laue monochromators. The matched system has the advantage that the phase space of the bent crystal's output beam is much larger than that of the flat crystal, making the combined system stable. Here it is suggested that such a matched system can be used at synchrotron facilities to realize X-ray dark-field imaging, analyze

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13

Siddons, D. P. "Microcontroller-based servo for two-crystal X-ray monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597017111.

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Microcontrollers have become increasingly easy to incorporate into instruments as the architectures and support tools have developed. The PIC series is particularly easy to use, and this paper describes a controller used to stabilize the output of a two-crystal X-ray monochromator at a given offset from its peak intensity position, as such monochromators are generally used.

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14

AHMED, F. U., S. M. YUNUS, I. KAMAL, et al. "OPTIMIZATION OF GERMANIUM MONOCHROMATORS FOR NEUTRON DIFFRACTOMETERS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 05, no. 01 (1996): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301396000062.

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A computer program TISTA has been employed to study the behavior of reactor-neutrons at the sample position of a neutron spectrometer diffracted from Ge(111), (220), and (311) monochromators. Our aim is to design a double axis neutron spectrometer and to determine the behavior of beam intensity and resolution at the sample position. The study will be helpful to design experiments with the existing triple axis neutron spectrometer at TRIGA Mark II research reactor, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The optimum values of crystal and instrument parameters have been determined through these calculations. The flu

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15

Hrdý, Jaromír, and Edoardo Busetto. "Rotated-inclined double-crystal monochromator for synchrotron radiation: aberration and its compensation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597019080.

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A rotated-inclined double-crystal X-ray monochromator was designed for high-power undulator beamlines for SPring-8 to reduce the impinging radiation power density. Recently, it has been shown that an inclined double-crystal monochromator suffers from a certain type of geometrical aberration that may be relatively easily compensated. In this paper, it is shown that a similar aberration exists also in the case of rotated-inclined monochromators and that as in the inclined case the aberration may also be compensated.

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16

Stoica, A. D., M. Popovici, and W. B. Yelon. "Instrumental line shapes in neutron powder diffraction with focusing monochromators." Journal of Applied Crystallography 33, no. 1 (2000): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889899014454.

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The optics of neutron powder diffractometers with bent-crystal monochromators is considered with respect to the computation of instrumental line shapes, accounting for second-order aberrations. A procedure of Monte Carlo simulation of instrumental line shapes has been developed. An analytical approximation of these shapes is described. Computational results for the case of the MURR diffractometer with position-sensitive detection and a focusing silicon monochromator are presented.

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17

Hofmann, Michael, Günther A. Seidl, Joana Rebelo-Kornmeier, et al. "The New Materials Science Diffractometer STRESS-SPEC at FRM-II." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.211.

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In response to the development of new materials and the application of materials and components in new technologies the direct measurement, calculation and evaluation of textures and residual stresses has gained worldwide significance in recent years. Non-destructive analysis for phase specific residual stresses and textures is only possible by means of diffraction methods. In order to cater for the development of these analytical techniques the new Materials Science Diffractometer STRESS-SPEC at FRM-II is designed to be equally applied to texture and residual stress analyses by virtue of its

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18

Hueber, Dennis M., Christopher L. Stevenson, and Tuan Vo-Dinh. "Fast Scanning Synchronous Luminescence Spectrometer Based on Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 11 (1995): 1624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953965830.

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A new luminescence spectrometer based on quartz-collinear acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) and capable of synchronous scanning is described. An acousto-optic tunable filter is an electronically tunable optical bandpass filter. Unlike a tunable grating monochromator, an AOTF has no moving mechanical parts, and an AOTF can be tuned to any wavelength within its operating range in microseconds. These characteristics, combined with the small size of these devices, make AOTFs an important new alternative to conventional monochromators, especially for portable instrumentation. The relevant perfo

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19

Kahl, F., and E. Voelkl. "Present Concepts and Designs for Gun Monochromators." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030683.

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The attainable information in transmission electron microscopes is limited today primarily by chromatic aberrations, because the new generation of spherical aberration correctors has practically eliminated resolution limits caused by spherical aberration. If it would be possible to develop an electron source with 0.2 eV energy width, the limitations of chromatic aberrations could be minimized, and techniques like Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) could provide much more detail on the type of bonding between atoms. At present, the main approach to reduce the energy width of present day f

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20

Schoeffel, Erik. "Multiple-pass monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 13, no. 3 (2006): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049506009861.

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21

Nikitin, M. M. "Spectroscopy without monochromators." Journal of Optics 24, no. 3 (1993): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0150-536x/24/3/005.

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22

Pouey, M. "Dedicated undulator monochromators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 246, no. 1-3 (1986): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90085-9.

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23

Krivanek, Ondrej L., Jonathan P. Ursin, Neil J. Bacon, et al. "High-energy-resolution monochromator for aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy/electron energy-loss spectroscopy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1903 (2009): 3683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0087.

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An all-magnetic monochromator/spectrometer system for sub-30 meV energy-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope is described. It will link the energy being selected by the monochromator to the energy being analysed by the spectrometer, without resorting to decelerating the electron beam. This will allow it to attain spectral energy stability comparable to systems using monochromators and spectrometers that are raised to near the high voltage of the instrument. It will also be able to correct the chromatic aberration of the probe-forming col

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Korytár, D., C. Ferrari, P. Mikulík, et al. "Linearly graded GeSi beam-expanding/compressing X-ray monochromator." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 1 (2009): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809048109.

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In standard single-crystal V-channel germanium (220) X-ray beam-expanding/compressing monochromators for Cu Kα1radiation, a total beam expansion/compression of 5 and 10 corresponding to the asymmetry angles of 9 and 12° is achieved, respectively. Higher one-dimensional beam expansion/compression is achievable using larger angles of asymmetry at the expense of a decrease in the total intensity. To increase the intensity, a linearly graded Ge-rich GexSi1−xsingle crystal was used to prepare a monochromator with 15° asymmetry angles (total expansion/compression factor of 21) for Cu Kα1radiation. T

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Gog, Thomas, Diego M. Casa, Ayman H. Said, et al. "Spherical analyzers and monochromators for resonant inelastic hard X-ray scattering: a compilation of crystals and reflections." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 20, no. 1 (2012): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049512043154.

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Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments require special sets of near-backscattering spherical diced analyzers and high-resolution monochromators for every distinct absorption-edge energy and emission line. For the purpose of aiding the design and planning of efficient RIXS experiments, comprehensive lists of suitable analyzer reflections for silicon, germanium, α-quartz, sapphire and lithium niobate crystals were compiled for a multitude of absorption edges and emission lines. Analyzers made from lithium niobate, sapphire or α-quartz offer many choices of reflections with intrin

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Zhang, Lin, Manuel Sánchez del Río, Giulio Monaco, et al. "Thermal deformation of cryogenically cooled silicon crystals under intense X-ray beams: measurement and finite-element predictions of the surface shape." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 20, no. 4 (2013): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049513009436.

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X-ray crystal monochromators exposed to white-beam X-rays in third-generation synchrotron light sources are subject to thermal deformations that must be minimized using an adequate cooling system. A new approach was used to measure the crystal shape profile and slope of several cryogenically cooled (liquid nitrogen) silicon monochromators as a function of beam powerin situand under heat load. The method utilizes multiple angular scans across the Bragg peak (rocking curve) at various vertical positions of a narrow-gap slit downstream from the monochromator. When increasing the beam power, the s

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Huang, X. R., A. T. Macrander, M. G. Honnicke, Y. Q. Cai, and Patricia Fernandez. "Dispersive spread of virtual sources by asymmetric X-ray monochromators." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 2 (2012): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812003366.

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The principles of the virtual source spread (spatial broadening) phenomenon induced by angular dispersion in asymmetric X-ray Bragg reflections are illustrated, from which the virtual source properties are analyzed for typical high-resolution multiple-crystal monochromators, including inline four-bounce dispersive monochromators, back-reflection-dispersion monochromators and nondispersive nested channel-cut monochromators. It is found that dispersive monochromators can produce spread virtual sources of a few millimetres in size, which may prevent efficient microfocusing of the beam as required

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Servidori, M. "X-ray monochromator combining high resolution with high intensity." Journal of Applied Crystallography 35, no. 1 (2002): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801018489.

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A two-germanium-crystal four-220-reflection (+ - - \,+) monochromator, combining high intensity with high resolution, is proposed in this work. The main characteristic is that only the first reflection is asymmetric. The asymmetry factor was chosen so as to allow mixing of asymmetric and symmetric reflections in a monolithic channel-cut crystal without the need for rotation of the two monolith components to correct for the different refraction-induced angular shifts of the reflection pair. It is demonstrated that the exit-beam divergence in the diffraction plane and the fractional wavelength b

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Seong, Baek-Seok, Vyacheslav Em, Pavol Mikula, Jan Šaroun, and Mi-Hyun Kang. "Optimization of a bent perfect Si(111) monochromator at a small take-off angle for use in a stress instrument." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 3 (2010): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810008551.

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The reflectivity and resolution properties of focusing cylindrically bent perfect crystal Si(111) monochromators of different diffraction geometries were tested with the aim of evaluating their possible use in a stress instrument with an unusually small take-off angle (2θM≃ 30°). The experiments showed that an Si crystal with reflecting planes (111) in the symmetric diffraction geometry provides a maximum figure of merit for accuracy in the peak position that is comparable to that achieved previously from an optimized Si(220) monochromator at 2θM≃ 55°.

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Toellner, T. S., J. Collins, K. Goetze, et al. "Ultra-stable sub-meV monochromator for hard X-rays." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 5 (2015): 1155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515012230.

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A high-resolution silicon monochromator suitable for 21.541 keV synchrotron radiation is presented that produces a bandwidth of 0.27 meV. The operating energy corresponds to a nuclear transition in151Eu. The first-of-its-kind, fully cryogenic design achieves an energy-alignment stability of 0.017 meV r.m.s. per day, or a 100-fold improvement over other meV-monochromators, and can tolerate higher X-ray power loads than room-temperature designs of comparable resolution. This offers the potential for significantly more accurate measurements of lattice excitation energies using nuclear resonant vi

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Trulson, Mark O., Horst B. Lueck, and Donald M. Friedrich. "Performance of a Spatial-Filter-Equipped Single Monochromator for Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 6 (1994): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370294774368910.

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A technique for reducing stray-light artifacts in Raman spectroscopy is described. The performance of a spatial filter at the output of a single monochromator is reported. The filter reduces both the diffuse background and the scattered-light artifacts encountered in single monochromators while maintaining high luminous throughput. Unlike other wavelength-selective methods for rejecting laser-excitation light (such as use of holographic edge or notch filters), spatial filtering of scattering artifacts may be used with any excitation wavelength. This is an advantage for Raman spectroscopy in th

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Giannini, C., and L. Tapfer. "A High-Resolution Multiple-Crystal Monochromator for X-ray Diffraction Studies." Journal of Applied Crystallography 29, no. 3 (1996): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889895014439.

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This work proposes a new four-crystal monochromator particularly indicated for applications in the field of high-resolution X-ray diffraction. The monochromator is made of two monolithic crystal elements. The first one is a channel-cut crystal consisting of two symmetrically cut components set in a parallel nondispersive geometry. The second monolithic crystal is composed of two crystal components in a parallel nondispersive geometry but the crystal surfaces are miscut with respect to the diffraction planes. The diffraction geometry for both components of the second monochromator crystal eleme

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Shard, A. G., V. R. Dhanak, and A. D. Smith. "An electrostrictive drive for fine pitch control in double-crystal monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 829–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597014714.

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Precise control of the pitch angle of the crystals in a double-crystal monochromator is essential to preserve their accurate alignment while the instrument is scanned. Computer-controlled piezoceramic electrostrictive actuators have recently been installed to the top crystal in two monochromators at the Daresbury SRS to facilitate this. This complements the coarser control provided by the existing stepper motor to give an accurate positioning of the crystal alignment over the full rocking-curve width of the crystals. To maintain accurate alignment during a scan, a number of servo feedback opti

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POUEY, M. "RSY DEDICATED STIGMATIC MONOCHROMATORS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 48, no. C9 (1987): C9–69—C9–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987908.

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Tsuno, K. "Monochromators in electron microscopy." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 645, no. 1 (2011): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.12.164.

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36

Marot, G., M. Rossat, A. Freund, et al. "Cryogenic cooling of monochromators." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 1 (1992): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142736.

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Magerl, A. "Towards still better monochromators." Physica B: Condensed Matter 213-214 (August 1995): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00322-z.

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Kulda, J. "Towards ideal focusing monochromators." Physica B: Condensed Matter 213-214 (August 1995): 926–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00324-3.

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39

Maessen, F. J. M. J., and J. A. Tielrooij. "Dispersion of grating monochromators." Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 323, no. 5 (1986): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00470767.

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40

Korytár, D., P. Vagovič, K. Végsö, et al. "Potential use of V-channel Ge(220) monochromators in X-ray metrology and imaging." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 4 (2013): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889813006122.

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While channel-cut crystals, in which the diffracting surfaces in an asymmetric cut are kept parallel, can provide beam collimation and spectral beam shaping, they can in addition provide beam compression or expansion if the cut is V-shaped. The compression/expansion ratio depends in this case on the total asymmetry factor. If the Ge(220) diffraction planes and a total asymmetry factor in excess of 10 are used, the rocking curves of two diffractors will have a sufficient overlap only if the second diffractor is tuned slightly with respect to the first one. This study compares and analyses sever

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41

Rasmussen, Svend Erik. "Relative merits of reflection and transmission techniques in laboratory powder diffraction." Powder Diffraction 18, no. 4 (2003): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1633563.

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Data for the standard material NBS SRM 674, TiO2, were collected on two diffractometers: a) a Philips PW 1050/37 standard diffractometer of the Bragg-Brentano type equipped with a post diffraction curved Ge monochromator, b) a Stoe Stadi P diffractometer of transmission type equipped with a curved incident beam Ge monochromator. Both monochromators were set to select pure CuKα1 radiation. The reflection type instrument gives a much larger peak to background ratio than the transmission instrument, for which the background is much higher than with the reflection instrument. Rietveld refinements

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42

Cussen, L. D. "An acceptance-diagram description of beams from focusing monochromators." Journal of Applied Crystallography 35, no. 6 (2002): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889802015376.

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`Acceptance' diagrams are used to describe the beams produced by curved segmented (`focusing') monochromators in the kinematic approximation. This semi-analytic semi-graphical method leads to a complete description which is readily visualized in terms of instrument variables. Focusing both in and perpendicular to the scattering plane is considered. Clear relationships are identified between instrument dimensions and the beam produced. The description is directed towards neutron scattering instruments but the formalism should also apply to photons and electrons. It is demonstrated that a monoch

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43

Deacon, Ashley M., Todd Appleby, Donald H. Bilderback, Steven E. Ealick, Ernest Fontes, and Daniel J. Thiel. "Protein crystallography using a multilayer monochromator." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597017275.

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A multilayer monochromator was installed on a bending-magnet beamline at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) and was used to provide an unfocused pseudo-monochromatic X-ray beam for protein crystallography experiments. Datasets were collected from lysozyme at room temperature and human methylthioadenosine phosphorylase at 100 K. The wide energy bandpass of the multilayer allowed short exposure times, typically only a few times longer than on a focused multipole wiggler beamline. The diffraction images were processed using unmodified monochromatic data-processing software to yiel

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44

Zhou, Guanqun, Zhengxian Qu, Yanbao Ma, et al. "Two-stage reflective self-seeding scheme for high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520014824.

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) open a new era of X-ray based research by generating extremely intense X-ray flashes. To further improve the spectrum brightness, a self-seeding FEL scheme has been developed and demonstrated experimentally. As the next step, new-generation FELs with high repetition rates are being designed, built and commissioned around the world. A high repetition rate would significantly speed up the scientific research; however, alongside this improvement comes new challenges surrounding thermal management of the self-seeding monochromator. In this paper, a new configurat

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Ishikawa, Tetsuya, Kenji Tamasaku, and Makina Yabashi. "High-resolution X-ray monochromators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 547, no. 1 (2005): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.05.010.

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46

Padiyath, J., J. Stahn, P. Allenspach, et al. "Smooth interfaces of multilayer monochromators." Physica B: Condensed Matter 357, no. 1-2 (2005): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.11.061.

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47

Popovici, M., and W. B. Yelon. "Focusing monochromators for neutron diffraction." Journal of Neutron Research 3, no. 1 (1995): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10238169508200187.

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48

Vogt, T., U. Wildgruber, L. Passell, and S. Cheung. "Wafer stacks as neutron monochromators." Journal of Neutron Research 5, no. 1 (1996): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10238169608200214.

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49

Polack, François, Eric Delcamp, Bruno Lagarde, and Alessandro Mirone. "Optimization strategies for XUV monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597018669.

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The techniques of monochromator optimization are reviewed, and it is shown that until recently only a few of the available parameters were used at the same time. Efficient optimization can be performed numerically. The computation method developed at LURE is explained and an example is given. Extension and development of the method are outlined.

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Epikhin, V. M., F. L. Vizen, Z. A. Magomedov, and L. L. Pal’tsev. "Polarizer-Free Acousto-Optic Monochromators." Technical Physics 63, no. 7 (2018): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784218070113.

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