Dissertationen zum Thema „Multi-omique“
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Mareschal, Sylvain. „Caractérisation multi-omique des Lymphomes B Diffus à Grandes Cellules“. Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are tumors originating in the lymphatic system, accounting for 4 000 new cases per year in France. While much progress has been made regarding their treatment, one of three patients still does not respond to current immuno-chemotherapies. The present work consisted in characterizing these cancers using various high-throughput technologies, in order to identify somatic alterations that could explain this refractoriness or allow it to be suspected at diagnosis. Gene expression profiling had previously identified two subtypes with distinct outcomes, termed « Activated B-Cell like » and « Germinal Center B-cell like », which we were able to identify using a new simple diagnostic test. The development of bioinformatics software to handle CGH array data confirmed several copy number gains and losses in DLBCLs, and led to a more precise characterization of CDKN2A loss. Finally the sequencing of 14 exomes of relapsed or refractory DLBCLs produced an interesting picture of somatic mutations associated with this phenotype, and highlighted several new leads. An extensive review of the bibliography is proposed on each of these three aspects of tumoral genome alteration, as well as several new bioinformatics methods that may be applied to distinct cancer types in a near future
Crespo, Marion. „Analyse multi-omique des acylations de lysines d'histones pendant la gamétogénèse“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV066.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe innovative aspect of this project lies in the study of acylations at lysine 27 from histone H3 (H3K27), conventionally studied in a methylated or an acetylated form. We performed this work on meiotic and post-meiotic mouse germ cells. Spermiogenesis, which involves a specific expression program as well as a fine regulation of transcription, is a process that is particularly well suited to understanding the roles of new histone modifications. This work combines the use of four different omics approaches, namely proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics and ChIP- sequencing to decipher the regulation of acylations on H3K27.In the first part of this project, we explored the dynamics of acetylation and crotonylation on histone lysines during the processes of yeast sporulation and mouse spermatogenesis, which allowed us to highlight in particular crotonylated H3K27. Its accumulation on the histone variant H3.3 and its important stoichiometry compared to the acetylated form H3K27ac in mouse post-meiotic germ cells led us to study the genomic distribution of this mark by ChIP-seq analysis. The comparative analysis of H3K27ac and H3K27cr revealed a synergy between the presence of these acylations at both promoters and distal enhancers, suggesting a possible alternation of the two marks to regulate transcription. At the promoter level, we observed an increase of these modifications between the meiotic and post-meiotic stages upstream of the genes characteristic of spermiogenesis. In addition, the simultaneous presence of the two marks coincides with the co-localization of several transcriptional regulators specific for this process (SLY, SOX30) and of chromatin-binding proteins (BRD4, BORIS and CTCF), whereas a binding selectivity is observed when H3K27ac and H3K27cr are identified alone at promoters. Interestingly, we observe similar results at enhancers as well as super-enhancers, confirming that the regulation of transcription is modulated by the alternative presence of these two acylations.The second part of my thesis focused on the study of the possible propionylation and butyrylation of H3K27 during yeast sporulation and mouse spermatogenesis. However, this part proved to be full of surprises because the MS/MS analyses and the comparison with the corresponding synthetic peptides did not make it possible to validate a propionylation and a butyrylation on H3K27. It turned out that the modifications observed on H3K27 from mouse histones were strictly isobaric with these known modifications, but of a different nature, since they are more hydrophilic. Several hypotheses were tested in order to determine the structure of these modifications, but at the time of finalizing this manuscript, we have not found out what it is all about.My PhD work contributes further to the idea of a dynamics between acetylation and acylations on lysine residues at the origin of the differential binding of chromatin-binding proteins responsible for regulating transcription. It also highlighted an important role of H3K27crat enhancers which are not classically considered in studies aiming at understanding the roles of new acylations
Puig, Lombardi Emilia Maria. „Conséquences de la stabilisation des G-quadruplex (G4) dans le génome humain ; une approche multi-omique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03055043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNucleic acid G-quadruplex (G4) secondary structures play important biological roles in multiple cellular processes (telomere maintenance, cellular and viral replication, genome rearrangements, DNA damage response, epigenetic, transcriptional regulation). G4 potential motifs are scattered throughout the genome and, depending on the algorithms used to identify them in silico, their number varies and may reach several hundreds of thousands. Recently, the development of small molecules able to stabilise these structures opened the possibility of probing and/or interfering with their formation, allowing to examine the associated biological processes and developing anti-cancer agents. Work in our research unit, using natural and site-directed mutated human minisatellite sequences in yeast treated with different G4 ligands, showed that not all G4 sequences display the same potential to induce G4-dependent genome instability during replication. Namely, G4 structures carrying very short interconnecting loops between the G-runs are more stable in vitro and correlatively, are more prone to trigger genome instability in vivo. At the extreme, the G4s with the consensus G3N1G3N1G3N1G3 motif (where N is any nucleotide) – herein called G4-L1 – carry the higher potential to fold and trigger instability. This raises the unresolved questions of how these ‘at risk’ sequences are formed in vivo, maintained in genomes and how they evolve. To address these issues, we have used up–to-date bioinformatics, analytical and biological approaches to: (1) map, annotate and compare G4-L1 motifs in the human genome, using the hg38 reference and the 1000 Genomes project variation information to assess common polymorphism, as well as examine their maintenance across over 500 species; (2) characterize, using various human cell lines and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches, the potential of these sequences to mutate or induce perturbations upon treatments with G4 ligands; and (3) to improve our understanding of the roles of stable G4s in transcription, we have associated gene expression with the frequency of canonical G4 motifs near gene by combined G4 ligand/genomic analyses in fibrosarcoma cells
Ngo, Carine. „Caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité moléculaire des sarcomes épithélioïdes par analyse multi-omique et transcriptomique sur cellule unique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEpithelioid sarcoma (EpS) is an ultra- rare, aggressive sarcoma, occurring in all age groups, with two traditionally recognized clinicopathological entities – the distal and proximal subtypes – suggesting the presence of inter-tumor heterogeneity. Like rhabdoid tumors in infants, EpS is characterized by the loss of SMARCB1, a core subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Using bulk multi-omics and single-cell transcriptomic data, we identified two molecular transcriptomic subtypes – “distal-like” and “proximal-like" – which only partly overlap with the traditional clinicopathological entities. The distal-like molecular subtype of tumors, which included all distal morphological subtypes and a subset of proximal and mixed subtypes, expressed specific epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers including DSG2 (desmoglein 2), which might be routinely assessed by immunohistochemistry. They also displayed higher density of peritumoral CD8+ T cells and pro-tumoral myeloid cells. By contrast, the proximal-like molecular subtype of tumors, which was associated with worse outcome, displayed a higher density of intratumoral pro-tumoral M2 macrophages and high inter-tumoral heterogeneity, with some cases resembling other SMARCB1-deficient tumors by DNA methylation profiling. The identification of these two molecular subtypes open new opportunities for treatment, understanding of biology and future translational research in EpS
Beaumont, Chloé. „Intégration multi-omique pour prédire la croissance et le turnover des protéines des fruits en développement“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0443.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo overcome barriers related to improving plant production, a better understanding ofthe mechanisms underlying fruit development is essential, with protein metabolism at the core ofthese processes. Recent studies on protein turnover in tomato have highlighted the importance ofprotein synthesis in metabolic and physiological traits. Recent results from the laboratory also showthat proteins play a key role in fruit growth, allowing for a good prediction of the relative growthrate (RGR) in a panel of nine species.In this context, this thesis aims to study the stability of proteins in a panel of ten fleshy fruit species,selected for their genetic diversity and contrasting characteristics, such as the development duration,ranging from 30 to over 200 days. The objective is to identify generic and specific propertiesduring growth. Multi-omics data (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) were acquired at tenstages of development, all expressed in absolute quantification.We first compared the physiological growth data with fruit development rates and metabolic fluxesestimated by modeling. This highlighted the importance of nitrogen metabolism, particularly proteins,in the growth-defense trade-off.Next, transcriptomic data were explored to predict fruit development characteristics (growth, RGR,total protein content). Generalized linear models showed reliable predictions, highlighting the centralrole of proteins and cell wall compounds in fruit growth.The following chapter describes the comparative proteomic data obtained from the same samplesof the nine fruit species. The analysis of proteins derived from multi-species orthologous genes revealskey biological functions shared between species, including roles in fruit maturation, energymetabolism regulation, and protein synthesis and degradation.Finally, the last part compares protein turnovers calculated from transcriptomic and proteomic data.The synthesis rates are relatively stable across species, while the degradation rates vary accordingto the development duration, with more stable proteins in slow-developing fruits (trees) comparedto fast-developing fruits (herbaceous plants). The analysis of orthogroups shows that protein stabilitydepends on their function, with proteins involved in essential processes being more stable thanthose with regulatory functions, such as stress response. These results open up prospects for usingadvanced techniques, such as deep learning, to predict protein lifespan based on their sequences
Ali, Baber. „Prédiction et compréhension des interactions génotypes x environnements par des approches d'intégration multi-omique chez le maïs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB060.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaize breeding programs heavily rely on multi-environmental trials (MET) to evaluate the phenotypic (P) performance of hybrids under diverse field conditions. Within these trials, genotype by environment (GxE) interactions has substantial effect on phenotypic variability, and can sometimes exceed the main genetic effect (G). Therefore, predicting and understanding GxE interactions is of utmost importance to ensure genetic improvement of maize.Classical genomic prediction models, even the ones accounting for GxE component separately from G, do not consider the complexity of maize genome and how genomic regions respond differently to environmental stimuli. By assuming an infinitisemal model, they act as black boxes relying on statistical rather than biological relationships. Researchers have suggested that genome functional annotations and multi-omics information have potential to better explain the genotype phenotype relationship. Studies have shown that prioritizing genomic markers, i.e., SNPs, based on a prior biological or functional information can help improve predictive abilities of models. Similar results have also been reported in the studies accounting for multi-omics information, such as transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, in genomic prediction. However, most of these studies are either performed for a single experiment or a set of experiments within a single location. Their potential in capturing GxE interactions for complex quantitative traits in a large MET setting needs further validation.Therefore, this thesis aims to (i) evaluate the potential of genomic functional annotations to improve maize predictions by prioritizing those genomic regions that respond to environmental stimuli for a given trait, (ii) investigate the potential of multi-omics data to account for GxE while improving prediction of complex traits, and (iii) identify genes that are found to be associated with productivity traits and respond to environmental conditions to offer insights into the biology beyond GxE interactions.Our study uses a set of 244 maize hybrids evaluated for productivity traits in field trials carried out across Europe and Chile under contrasted watering regimes. Environmental covariates related to key developmental stages of plants in field were also obtained. In addition, gene ontology (GO) functional annotations for maize genome was obtained from publicly available databases. The same genotypes were also evaluated for ecophysiological traits, and transcriptomic and proteomic profiles were measured for contrasting watering regimes in controlled conditions on a platform.In Chapter 1, we illustrated that when the right GO terms are considered, biologically relevant SNPs can account for variance separately from the rest of the SNPs, ultimately improving predictions of both field productivity and platform ecophysiological traits.In Chapter 2, we were able to show that the omics data could increase predictive ability in comparison to genomic selection, in particular for the traits phenotyped in the controlled experiment in which the omics were measured. We also integrated ECs and multi-omics information within the same model, that according to our knowledge this was the first example in literature.In Chapter 3, transcriptome wide association study (TWAS) showed that omics measured in controlled platform conditions can help dissect the genetic architecture of grain yield measured in field MET. We also found that some of the significantly associated transcripts have already been reported in the literature to be associated with response to stress. Importantly, we observed that TWAS complements GWAS as it can improve resolution and detection power of association analysis.Overall, this thesis indicates that functional annotations and multi-omics are useful in understanding and predicting GxE interactions
Galati, Gianni. „Étude de la synthèse des furocoumarines chez le panais par des approches d'ingénierie métabolique et de multi-omique“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0065/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlants are subjected to many environmental stresses during their life. Faced with these constraints, plants have developed different strategies during their evolution. The most emblematic is the establishment of a specialized metabolism, represented by a great chemical and functional diversity. Although this metabolism has been studied more and more in recent years, many gaps remain, related in particular (i) to the complexity of the metabolomic changes generated by the perception of stress, (ii) to the costs and benefits that these metabolites impute to the producing plant, and (iii) to the metabolic pathways leading to the diversity of compounds. To cope with these different issues, we adopted a strategy combining approaches of phytochemistry, molecular biology and genetics. First, we studied global metabolic changes caused by the application of two environmental stresses, ozone and mechanical wounding, on parsnip. The obtained results allowed us to identify 40 metabolites differentially accumulated under these conditions, including some furocoumarins. Subsequently, we focused our study on these molecules by evaluating their accumulation profiles under mechanical wounding stress condition, using differential analyzes. From this data, we initiated the search and identification of candidate genes potentially involved in this pathway based on transcriptomic and genomic parsnip libraries analyses. The function of the selected genes was evaluated by heterologous expression approach in yeast. In parallel to this work, we have developed a strategy to better understand the metabolic cost of specialized metabolites synthesis. To do this, we have adapted a multigene cloning method to furocoumarines, allowing to transfer several genes involved in the same pathway in a plant, in a single operation. This method allowed us to initiate the generation of stable lines having integrated the first two genes of the pathway. These plants will be compared to wild plants and will thus allow to study the metabolic and physiological costs of the introduction of this new biosynthetic pathway and its benefits in terms of plant defense
Galati, Gianni. „Étude de la synthèse des furocoumarines chez le panais par des approches d'ingénierie métabolique et de multi-omique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0065.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlants are subjected to many environmental stresses during their life. Faced with these constraints, plants have developed different strategies during their evolution. The most emblematic is the establishment of a specialized metabolism, represented by a great chemical and functional diversity. Although this metabolism has been studied more and more in recent years, many gaps remain, related in particular (i) to the complexity of the metabolomic changes generated by the perception of stress, (ii) to the costs and benefits that these metabolites impute to the producing plant, and (iii) to the metabolic pathways leading to the diversity of compounds. To cope with these different issues, we adopted a strategy combining approaches of phytochemistry, molecular biology and genetics. First, we studied global metabolic changes caused by the application of two environmental stresses, ozone and mechanical wounding, on parsnip. The obtained results allowed us to identify 40 metabolites differentially accumulated under these conditions, including some furocoumarins. Subsequently, we focused our study on these molecules by evaluating their accumulation profiles under mechanical wounding stress condition, using differential analyzes. From this data, we initiated the search and identification of candidate genes potentially involved in this pathway based on transcriptomic and genomic parsnip libraries analyses. The function of the selected genes was evaluated by heterologous expression approach in yeast. In parallel to this work, we have developed a strategy to better understand the metabolic cost of specialized metabolites synthesis. To do this, we have adapted a multigene cloning method to furocoumarines, allowing to transfer several genes involved in the same pathway in a plant, in a single operation. This method allowed us to initiate the generation of stable lines having integrated the first two genes of the pathway. These plants will be compared to wild plants and will thus allow to study the metabolic and physiological costs of the introduction of this new biosynthetic pathway and its benefits in terms of plant defense
Le, Corre Anne-Claire. „Approche multi-échelles (élevage, cellule, -omique) des mécanismes de transmission inter-espèces d’Anaplasma phagocytophilum et de sa circulation chez les bovins“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1073.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular alphaproteobacterium, mainly transmitted by Ixodes ticks. It is the causative agent of bovine and human granulocytic anaplasmosis and can infect various mammalian species, including rodents and wild ruminants. Several epidemiological cycles may coexist in Europe. In particular, human and bovine strains seem to belong to distinct cycles, which leads to the hypothesis that cattle strain are not zoonotic. Due to its intracellular location in vivo inside granulocyte neutrophils, A. phagocytophilum culture is challenging and leads to several methodological difficulties. This explains why few studies have so far been performed in order to explore the interactions between this bacterium and its host species (mammals and ticks). In order to investigate these interactions at different levels, I performed four complementary studies. First, our epidemiological study in cattle herd highlighted the genetic diversity of strains circulating in the herds and challenges the role of cattle as a reservoir for A. phagocytophilum. The infections of endothelial cells that we performed to study the role of these cells as niche cells and/or determinants of species barrier during A. phagocytophilum infection led us to consider that endothelial cells could host A. phagocytophilum during their transmission from dermis to blood, without allowing their multiplication. For studying A. phagocytophilum transcriptomic reactions during the transmission from tick to vertebrate host, we submitted infected tick cells to heat shocks. Our results suggest that few transcriptomic events are induced during this transmission. Nevertheless, A. phagocytophilum is able to respond to non-physiological heat stress. We identified differentially expressed proteins, which could play an important role during tick or mammal infection. The yeast two hybrid analysis allowed us to detect three host cell interactors to APH_0032, an A. phagocytophilum vacuolar membrane protein. This technique could be applied for studying the molecular interactions involving proteins that where differentially expressed during heat shock, for example. Finally, our four complementary studies raise the question of the basis for such genetic variability and host diversity within an obligate intracellular bacterium and open up a wide field of perspectives
Le, boulch Pauline. „Déterminants moléculaires de la résistance au puceron vert (Myzus persicae) chez le pêcher (Prunus persica) : étude multi-omique des réponses à l'infestation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AVIG0371.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOf the many pests that plants face, aphids are certainly the most damaging to crops due to their rapid multiplication, the direct damage they cause and the plant pathogenic viruses they transmit. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae, Sulzer) is a generalist pest that attacks a wide range of plants including peach, its primary host, but also numerous secondary hosts from various botanical families including different cultivated species. Previous work has highlighted peach accessions with resistance to M. persicae conferred by the Rm locus that was characterised by an antixenosis phenomenon that rapidly causing the aphids to leave. The objective of our study was to identify, using an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, the factors involved in the expression of resistance to M. persicae in peach trees in order to obtain a quasi-exhaustive description of the biological functions activated or repressed by the infestation. We compared the responses to infestation of two peach genotypes, GF305 susceptible to M. persicae and Rubira carrying the Rm2 resistance gene, 48 h post-infestation, a period corresponding to the effective establishment of Rm2-induced resistance.Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the two peach varieties revealed a very limited response of GF305 to infestation while profound reconfigurations in Rubira were observed. The transcriptional reconfiguration resulted in a repression of genes involved in growth and development functions and an overexpression of defence genes, indicating a reorientation of cell function towards defence. This observation was confirmed by the significant reduction in metabolic pools of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur and by the accumulation of caffeic acid conjugates with anti-appetent or toxic properties towards aphids. Among the defence genes, the overexpression of PRR and NLR receptors suggested a joint activation of both branches of the plant immune system, PTI and ETI. Furthermore, the enrichment of oxidative stress-related genes, coupled with the activation of H2O2-generating metabolic pathways such as photorespiratory glyoxylate synthesis and P5C/proline futile cycle activation, underlineed the probable involvement of ROS synthesis in Rubira resistance to M. persicae. The appearance of necrotic lesions indicative of a hypersensitive reaction could also be attributed to an oxidative burst in response to infestation. The triggering of an acquired systemic response was also suggested by the activation of salicylic and pipecolic acid metabolism. Finally, as the involvement of pipecolic acid in plant resistance to aphids is poorly documented and in order to determine the role of this compound in peach resistance, the effect of an exogenous supply of pipecolic acid on the escape behaviour of M. persicae and on the development of aphid colonies, as well as on the metabolic profile of the apices was investigated. Although this experiment did not show the capacity of pipecolic acid to induce resistance, it provided new informations concerning the metabolic markers inducible by this molecule. To conclude, this work illustrates the extent and complexity of the expression of resistance to M. persicae conferred by Rm2 and underlines the interest of integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic data for the analysis of the plant/aphid interaction. This functional knowledge will be crucial in order to exploit natural sources of resistance and sustainably control aphid populations
Laguillaumie, Marie-Océane. „Exploration multi-omique de la maladie résiduelle minimale dans deux modèles syngéniques murins de dormance tumorale de leucémie myéloïde et de mélanome“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBackground : Tumor dormancy, a resistance strategy used by cancer cells, is a major impediment in cancer therapy, leading to minimal residual disease (MRD) and increasing the risk of relapse. Although clinically significant, the mechanisms behind tumor dormancy and MRD are not well understood. In this research, we employed two syngeneic murine models of myeloid leukemia and melanoma to explore the genetic,epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles linked to tumor dormancy. By applying a multiomics approach, we aimed to uncover the molecular processes driving MRD and identify possible therapeutic targets. Results : We performed a comprehensive omics analysis that included whole-exome sequencing (WES), copy number variation (CNV) analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq), and investigations of the transcriptome and proteome. The WES analysis identified a limited overlap of gene mutations between the melanoma and leukemia dormancy models, with many mutations found exclusively in dormant cells. These unique genetic signatures suggest that selective pressures during MRD may provide resistance to the surrounding microenvironment or treatments. Combining CNV data, histone marks, and transcriptomic gene expression signatures with Gene Ontology enrichment analysis,we identified the potential functional roles of these mutated genes and gained insights into the pathways involved in MRD. Furthermore, by comparing "murine MRD genes"with corresponding human disease data from public databases, we identified common features related to disease progression. Proteomic analysis, integrated with multi-omics genetic investigations, revealed a distinct protein signature in dormant cells with minimal involvement of genetic mechanisms. Pathway enrichment analysis pointed to the metabolic, differentiation, and cytoskeletal remodeling processes involved in MRD. Ultimately, we identified 11 proteins that were differentially expressed in dormant cells across both types of pathology. Conclusions : Our research highlights the intricate nature of tumor dormancy, involving both genetic and non-genetic elements. Through the comparison of genomic,transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic data, we deliver an extensive overview of the molecular landscape associated with minimal residual disease. These findings laya solid groundwork for future studies and suggest promising directions for developing targeted therapies for MRD in leukemia and melanoma patients. This underscores the necessity of incorporating both genetic and non-genetic factors into treatment strategies
Benkirane, Hakim. „Deep learning methods for the integration of multi-omics and histopathology data for precision medicine in oncology“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePrecision medicine is an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle. The objective it to predict more accurately which treatment and prevention strategies for a particular disease will work in which groups of people. In oncology, precision medicine comes with a drastic increase in the data that is collected for each individual, characterized by a large diversity of data sources. Advanced cancer patients receiving cancer treatment, for instance, are often subject to a complete molecular profiling, on top of clinical profiling and pathology images. As a consequence, integration methods for multi-modal data (image, clinical, molecular) is a critical issue to allow the definition of individual predictive models. This thesis tackles the development of computational models and learning strategies adept at deciphering complex, high-dimensional interactions. A significant focus is also placed on the explainability of these AI-driven models, ensuring that predictions are understandable and clinically actionable
Pobel, Cédric. „Characterization of de novo metastatic prostate cancer : an ancillary study of the PEACE-1 phase 3 clinical trial“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL118.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDe novo metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (dnmCSPC) represents 5-10% of PC diagnoses but causes 50% of PC-related deaths. In this ancillary study of the PEACE1 trial, we hypothesized that aggressive or neuroendocrine-like variants could be detected at diagnosis. We centrally retrieved paraffin-embedded biopsies at diagnosis from PEACE1 (NCT01957436) trial patients for immunochemistry (IHC), next generation sequencing (NGS) and transcriptomic analyses. From the 1172 dnmCSPC patients randomized in PEACE-1, 595 had a paraffin-embedded sample collected and centrally reviewed. In IHC, at least oneneuroendocrine marker (among synaptophysin, CD56 or chromogranin A) was expressed in 26.2% of patients and was independently associated with a shorter overall survival (HR=1.53, CI95%[1.14-2.06], p=0.005). No biomarker predicted the benefit of abiraterone. The alteration of at least 2 genes among TP53, PTEN and/or RB1 was independently associated with worse prognosis (HR=2.63, CI95%[1.10-6.30], p=0.03). At a gene expression level, we found an AR pathway under-expression with an E2F and G2M pathway over-expression in non-responder patients. A high neuroendocrine signature and a low androgen receptor signature expression was associated with worse outcomes. Altogether, we show at a multiple omics level that neuroendocrine features are present at diagnosis in dnmCSPC and are associated with worse prognosis
Bernard, Maria. „Étude du rôle fonctionnel du microbiote intestinal dans l'adaptation à un régime sous optimal et dans l'efficience alimentaire de la poule pondeuse en utilisant une approche multi-omique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChickens are the most widely exploited farmed animal species in the world, and eggs, in addition to their undeniable nutritional qualities, represent the least expensive animal-based resource for human consumption. The poultry industry strives to optimize production, in particular by improving feed efficiency, an important factor in ensuring farm profitability while reducing environmental impact. This complex trait is influenced by genetics and the environment, but more and more studies are also confirming the role of the intestinal microbiota. It is involved in the breakdown of food and produces numerous metabolites that protect the host and influence its metabolism. Several associations have been established between the microbiota and growth, health, performance and feed efficiency traits.This thesis presents an analysis of the caecal microbiota of laying hens from two lines divergently selected for feed efficiency. As diet influences both feed efficiency and microbiota composition, these two lines were fed two diets, one optimal and the other reduced in energy and enriched in fiber. To characterize the microbial ecosystems, three omics approaches were used: metabarcoding sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene, metagenomics (full DNA sequencing) and metatranscriptomics (full RNA sequencing). While metabarcoding enables less resolutive characterization of microbial communities and functions than the other two, the latter are more costly and present significant experimental and methodological challenges.This thesis therefore aims to answer biological and methodological questions: i) to identify the role of the caecal microbiota in the feed efficiency of laying hens, ii) to assess the impact of diet on the microbiota and its role in feed efficiency, iii) to compare different omics approaches to answer these questions.Analysis of these data revealed differences in taxonomic and functional compositions, both by line and by diet. Furthermore, hypotheses concerning the role of the microbiota in animal feed efficiency are conditioned by the diet used to feed the animals. In particular, they involve the capacity to degrade various carbohydrates (starch or indigestible fibers) and result in the differentiated production of short-chain fatty acids known to influence host metabolism. From a methodology analysis perspective, tools and strategies have been compared to establish a processing chain for these sequences, while highlighting obstacles and difficulties requiring future development.This thesis provides new insights into the role of the microbiota in the feed efficiency of laying hens, with particular emphasis on its metabolic functions. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of the three omics techniques used. Further analysis is needed, however, to integrate the results from these different omics approaches more completely, and to refine the identification of the microbial activities involved
Raad, Sabine. „Développement de nouveaux tests fonctionnels d'aide à l'interpretation des variants de signification biologique inconnue dans le cadre de prédispositions génétiques au cancer“. Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe identification of the constitutional mutation responsible for a genetic predisposition to cancer is essential to the clinical management of the patient and its relatives. With the implementation of high-throughput sequencing to the diagnostic routine of these pathologies, the challenge no longer lies within the detection of alterations but in their biological and clinical interpretation. While specific treatments are emerging, simple functional assays to help with the interpretation of the detected variants are needed. In this context, we used a functional test developed by our team to classify variations in the TP53 gene responsible for Li-Fraumeni syndrome and to understand the genotype-phenotype correlation in LFS patients. On the other hand, we assessed the relevance of a multi-omic approach (RNA-Seq and metabolomics) to discriminate wild-type cells from cells with a deleterious heterozygous mutation in TP53 or in the BRCA genes implicated in genetic predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers. Based on the transcriptomic data, a mathematical model has been developed to detect variants corresponding to deleterious mutations. Then we selected the most discriminating biomarkers and integrated them into a RT-MLPA functional assay dedicated to the p53 pathway. We finally adapted this test to be feasible on a simple blood test, without immortalization of the patient's lymphocytes
Caro, Ilana. „Caractérisation de la signature moléculaire de la maladie des petites artères cérébrales occultes par l'étude de biomarqueurs multi-omiques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0453.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) encompasses a group of pathological processes affecting small vessels in the brain (arterioles, capillaries, etc.), detectable on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the prevalence of which increases with age. cSVD is a major vascular contributor to cognitive decline and dementia and significantly increases the risk of stroke (both ischemic and hemorrhagic). It results from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. Although more than 70 genetic risk loci have been associated with cSVD, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood, and specific biomarkers and mechanism-based treatments are still lacking. The use of high-throughput multi-omics approaches allows for an agnostic exploration of biomarkers and molecular pathways involved in complex diseases, such as cSVD. In this context, this thesis aims to characterize a molecular signature of cSVD through multi-omics approaches, in order to facilitate the identification of circulating biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. In the first part, we investigated proteomic determinants of the most common MRI-markers of cSVD, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and perivascular spaces. This work revealed a robust proteomic signature, primarily in the cerebrospinal fluid, validated across fluids and ancestries, providing leads for future biomarkers. The majority of cSVD-associated proteins also predicted an increased risk of stroke and dementia. Our results show particularly prominent associations with proteins involved in the extracellular matrix and immune response pathways, notably already in young adults in their twenties for the latter. Opportunities for therapeutic repositioning were also identified. In the second part, we conducted the first epigenome-wide association study of an extreme composite cSVD phenotype, using genome-wide methyl-C capture sequencing (MCC-seq) technology. We identified an epigenetic signature of cSVD, with some CpG sites associated with early MRImarkers of white matter microstructure already in young adults. This signature revealed novel molecular pathways, including axogenesis. A particularly robust signal was identified with methylation of the promoter of SH3YL1, a gene involved in the RhoGAP-GTPase signaling pathway, playing an important role in neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. This work also enhanced the understanding of the functional implication of genetic variants previously associated with cSVD through genome-wide association studies. Finally, at the transcriptional level, we identified several blood miRNAs associated with MRI-markers of cSVD (WMH, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds). Several of these miRNAs appear to regulate the expression of genes associated with cSVD in genome-wide association studies, especially genes predisposing to early cSVD markers throughout the lifespan, suggesting the involvement of developmental mechanisms. Moreover, as an extension of this work, we used Mendelian randomization to explore the association of GLP-1 receptor agonists, a new generation of antidiabetic drugs, with the risk of stroke, dementia, and MRI-markers of cSVD. We showed a protective effect for stroke and Alzheimer type dementia, consistently so in European and East- Asian populations, but no association with MRI-cSVD
Barreda, Léa. „Characterization of the seed specialized metabolome landscape and plasticity in Brassicaceae species“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpecialized metabolites (SMs) play crucial roles in the interaction of plants and seeds with their environment. SM modifications greatly contribute to SM diversity and activities. Despite their importance for seed quality, the study of the impact of the environment on the synthesis, modification and accumulation of SMs in seeds has been neglected. Seeds accumulate both beneficial and antinutritional SMs with a large range of biological and ecological roles and significant importance for human and animal nutrition, and other industrial uses. Hence, study the diversity, distribution and regulation of SMs in seeds upon environmental stresses is of major relevance, especially in the current context of climate change. This is particularly true for seeds of Brassicaceae species, which include both model and crop species that are widely cultivated across the world and used/consumed as vegetables, fodder, or oilseeds. These species show diverse SM composition and distribution, which makes them valuable models to study the impacts of environmental stresses on seed SMs. This Ph.D. project aimed at characterizing the diversity and plasticity of seed specialized metabolites in Brassicaceae species under environmental stresses by using multi-omic, molecular biology and reverse genetic approaches. In a first study, the diversity and plasticity of seed SMs from several Camelina sativa genotypes cultivated in open field for several consecutive years were assessed. The results obtained showed that the accumulation of SMs in Camelina seeds was more impacted by the environmental conditions rather than the genotype, and that the plasticity of SMs was higher compared to those of major seed storage compounds, including oil, proteins, and other primary metabolites. A second study aimed to evaluate the impact of stress conditions on developing seeds of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Heat stress (HS) was found to induce the strongest changes in seed specialized metabolome, compared to drought stress and copper chloride stress (inducing oxidative stress and mimicking biotic stress effects). Hence, the study has been focused on studying the effect of HS on specialized metabolome during Arabidopsis seed development by using multi-omic analyses (untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses). A wide range of SMs and genes were affected by HS during seed development. Among them, glucosinolates (GSLs) related to ALKENYL HYDROXALKYL PRODUCING 3 (AOP3) GSL hydroxylase enzyme were strongly induced by HS. Besides, several thioglucose sinapoylated and benzoylated GSLs were identified and reported for the first time. Untargeted metabolomic and physiological analyses were performed with several Arabidopsis mutants for GSL-related genes and wild-type genotype, in order to elucidate the synthesis, modifications, regulation and functions of those thioglucose acylated GSLs. The obtained results showed that the acyltransferase SERINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE LIKE 17 (SCPL17) and BENZOYLGLUCOSINOLATE 1 (BZO1) are involved in the sinapoylation and/or benzoylation of GSL thioglucose moieties and that thioglucose benzoylated and sinapoylated GSLs are involved in Arabidopsis HS responses in seeds. Finally, to study and characterize seed SM distribution, multi-omic analyses have been performed on C. sativa seed embryo (SE) and seed coat and endosperm (SCE) tissues from developing and germinating seeds. The data obtained revealed some specific accumulation pattern of GSLs and related degradation products in the different seed tissues of C. sativa, A. thaliana and Brassica napus species that provide valuable complementary information to the previously described work about GSL functions and activities. In particular, the short methionine derived (Met-de) GSLs (<8C) accumulated in SE, while longer Met-de GSLs (>7C) accumulated in SC. Differently, GSL degradation products accumulation showed diverse accumulation patterns in the three Brassicaceae species
Maurin, Lucas. „A multi-omics approach to identify key genes in the endocrine and exocrine pancreas and their role in T2D“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial, complex disease characterised by chronic elevated blood glucose, and caused by genetic and environmental factors, such as ageing. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified the genetic causes of T2D, epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have had limited success in capturing the environmental impact due to the tissue-specificity of epigenetic changes, very small sample sizes, and the lack of functional studies. Furthermore, the extent of the interaction between genetic and epigenetic variation remains poorly understood. The objective of this thesis was to contribute to our understanding of how environmental factors contribute to T2D pathogenesis, and its progression towards related complications, notably pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).In the first project, we investigated the interplay between age and T2D-associated epigenetic changes and genetic variation in pancreatic islets of 124 individuals, of which 16 had T2D. We developed a novel integrative approach combining DNA methylation, gene expression, and genotyping to identify triad associations, examining whether genetic and epigenetic influence each other. We identified 301 and 743 CpGs associated with age and T2D, respectively, which impacted nearby gene expression (within a 2 Mb window). Of these, less than 10 % were influenced by nearby genetic variants, suggesting that environmentally-driven epigenetic changes operate largely independently of genetic variation. Notably, only three genes, SIX3, ST6GAL1, and TIPIN, were found to co-localise with T2D GWAS risk variants, and were also under epigenetic regulation. Characterisation of the epigenetically-regulated genes highlighted key T2D candidates, including OPRD1 and MEG3. Importantly, adding methylation risk scores (MRS) to polygenic risk scores (PGS) improved T2D risk prediction, underscoring the additive value of epigenetic studies. Our findings suggest that most genes are regulated either by genetic or epigenetic factors, but rarely both.In the second project, we explored the epigenetic influence of T2D in the exocrine pancreas, to explore why T2D individuals are at a higher risk of developing pancreatic disease, notably PDAC, one of the deadliest cancers. We performed an EWAS for T2D (25 T2D individuals and 116 non-diabetic) and identified a single hypermethylation in cg15549216, located in the Pancreatic Lipase Related Protein 1 (PNLIPRP1) gene, which was corelated with a decreased expression of the gene. Knockdown of Pnliprp1 in the rat acinar cell line AR42J increased cholesterol levels, reduced proliferation, and induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), hallmarks of the early stages of PDAC. Notably, this effect was reversed by treatment of statin, highlighting the translational potential of these findings. Additionally, a rare variant analysis using the UKBiobank linked PNLIPRP1 to LDL-cholesterol, confirming the functional results. We propose a model where epigenetic and genetic mechanisms act independently but synergise to promote pancreas injury and disease progression.This thesis underscores the importance of studying DNA methylation as an unbiased approach for identifying environmental factors that contribute to disease. Our findings reveal that these epigenetic alterations are largely independent of genetic factors, underscoring their complementary role T2D pathogenesis. Additionally, PNLIPRP1 serves as an example of how epigenomic studies can indeed identify novel biomarkers with a translational relevance, offering new insights into disease mechanisms and progression