Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Multimethod study“

IntroductionDomestic violence and abuse (DVA) is an everyday aspect of many children and young people’s lives, both in the home and in their own relationships. Studies estimate that up to one million children and young people experience some form of DVA each year in the UK. Although the majority of families experiencing DVA have more than one child, most research to date has focused on individual children within these families. This study aims to explore the views of practitioners, parent/carers and young people on sibling responses in the context and aftermath of DVA. Our protocol has followed SPIRIT guidelines.Methods and analysisWe propose a multimethod study consisting of semistructured interviews, the completion of Sibling Relationship Questionnaires, photovoice interviews and illustrative case studies to explore sibling experiences in the context and aftermath of DVA. A purposive sample of front-line practitioner participants will be recruited and interviewed first. We will ask them to introduce us to parent/carer and young people participants using a snowball approach (n=70). Qualitative data will be analysed through reflexive thematic analysis, theoretically underpinned by critical realism, to explore patterns in participants’ views and experiences of siblings in the context and aftermath of DVA. Quantitative data collected from the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire’s four domains (warmth/closeness, power/status, conflict and rivalry) will be analysed. Data triangulation of the quantitative and qualitative data within this study will occur at the results interpretation stage.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the University of Birmingham Research Ethic Committee (ERN_21-0795). Findings will be published in open access peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences and events. Child-facing infographics and front-line practitioner guides will also be produced.

The utilization of multimethod assessment approaches can provide comprehensive information regarding daily interpersonal and personality functioning, increasing opportunities to guide treatment planning in a more personalized, evidence-based manner. The routine implementation of multimethod assessment within clinical settings, however, remains rare, and there are few studies that have reviewed the clinical utility of multimethod assessment. Our goal in this study was to analyze multimethod data collected from a single research subject enrolled in residential treatment in order to illustrate the process of integrating data across both single-occasion (e.g., self-report, performance-based, and behavioral tests) and multitimepoint (ecological momentary assessment of interpersonal experiences) dimensions. Results revealed both areas of convergence and divergence across measures, enabling the development of a complex clinical formulation that sharpened diagnostic considerations and contributed valuable insights to treatment planning. Our findings provide support for the value of incorporating multimethod assessment into routine clinical practice.

Our goal in this paper is to assess reliability and validity of egocentered network data using multilevel analysis (Muthén, 1989, Hox, 1993) under the multitrait-multimethod approach. The confirmatory factor analysis model for multitrait-multimethod data (Werts & Linn, 1970; Andrews, 1984) is used for our analyses. In this study we reanalyse a part of data of another study (Kogovšek et al., 2002) done on a representative sample of the inhabitants of Ljubljana. The traits used in our article are the name interpreters. We consider egocentered network data as hierarchical; therefore a multilevel analysis is required. We use Muthén’s partial maximum likelihood approach, called pseudobalanced solution (Muthén, 1989, 1990, 1994) which produces estimations close to maximum likelihood for large ego sample sizes (Hox & Mass, 2001). Several analyses will be done in order to compare this multilevel analysis to classic methods of analysis such as the ones made in Kogovšek et al. (2002), who analysed the data only at group (ego) level considering averages of all alters within the ego. We show that some of the results obtained by classic methods are biased and that multilevel analysis provides more detailed information that much enriches the interpretation of reliability and validity of hierarchical data. Within and between-ego reliabilities and validities and other related quality measures are defined, computed and interpreted.

Objective. Despite recommendations for concurrent use of contraceptives and condoms to prevent unintended pregnancy and STIs, multimethod contraceptive use among women is poor. This study examined individual-, interpersonal-, and environmental-level factors that predict multimethod use among sexually active adolescent women diagnosed with psychological disorders.Methods. This multisite study analyzed data from 288 sexually active adolescent women who provided sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral data related to birth control and condom use.Results. 34.7% of the participants reported multimethod use in the past three months. Controlling for empirically and theoretically relevant covariates, a multivariable logistic regression identified self-efficacy, multiple partners, pregnancy history, parental communication, parental norms about sex, and neighborhood cohesion as significant predictors of multimethod use.Conclusions. While continued targeted messages about multi-method contraceptive use are imperative at the individual level, an uptake in messages targeting interpersonal- and environmental-level factors such as adolescents' parents and the broader community is urgently needed.

Introduction 3D Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) using cone beam computer tomography has been implemented into the UK over the last decade. There is evidence to suggest that the training of therapeutic radiographers and the development of departmental processes may not have kept pace with the implementation. A literature review highlighted a paucity of evidence relating to how therapeutic radiographers make clinical decisions during image interpretation in the IGRT processes. Purpose The study aimed to investigate the types of decision-making processes used by therapeutic radiographers during image interpretation in IGRT. In addition, the study aimed to investigate the factors that impact on the decision-making processes of therapeutic radiographers during IGRT. Method A multimethod research design was adopted that utilised a think-aloud observational method with follow-up interviews. Thirteen participants were observed and interviewed across three United Kingdom (UK) radiotherapy centres. Participants were observed reviewing and making clinical decisions in a simulated environment using clinical scenarios developed in partnership with each centre's Clinical Imaging Lead. Protocol analysis was used to analyse the observational data. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data. Member checking was carried out using an online presentation and questionnaire, along with periodic peer debriefing by the supervisory team. Findings from the observations and semi-structured interviews were then combined using a triangulation protocol. Results Therapeutic radiographers were observed using one of three decision-making processes. These assume the titles simple linear process, linear repeating process and intuitive process. Participants were found to prioritise the target volume to be treated over the organs at risk. There were notably mixed opinions on the impact of overall therapeutic radiographer experience on decision-making. The findings of the study align with general principles of expert performance, which claims that expertise is only improved by seeking out particular kinds of experience and carrying out deliberate practice in this specific task or specific area of practice. A descriptive module was developed to demonstrate the factors that impact on decision-making. The centre structure, training and the wider involvement of the multidisciplinary team were all found to be key factors that impacted on the decision-making process during IGRT. Staffing levels and communication patterns between the multidisciplinary team were found to be highly variable across the three centres. Greater communication and involvement of the multidisciplinary team was found to improve therapeutic radiographers' confidence in making clinical decisions. Issues in relation to pre-registration training were highlighted, with a consensus that recent graduates do not always demonstrate the skills and experience required to make clinical decisions. A lack of education in relation to clinical decision-making was highlighted at both pre-registration and post-qualification levels. A conceptual model to improve clinical decision-making in image interpretation during IGRT was developed and is presented in the thesis. Conclusion This research has provided new and original insight into the decision-making processes of therapeutic radiographers. It has demonstrated that therapeutic radiographers utilise complex processes during image interpretation in IGRT. It has shown that numerous factors affect the decisions that therapeutic radiographers routinely make, and that with improvements in education and radiotherapy centre infrastructure, therapeutic radiographers can be better placed to make safer, more effective decisions during the IGRT process.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009
Department of Information Systems Weatherhead School of Management Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

A multi-method study was conducted to investigate the relationships between a woman’s menstrual-cycle and her moods. Twenty eight participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Each participant provided data for two full menstrual cycles by taking part in a pre and post-study in-depth interview; answering a structured daily self-report diary utilising a Likert scale and completing three established research instruments – the Brunel Scale of Moods, the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire and the Born-Steiner Irritability Questionnaire, weekly. Interviews were conducted in person and quantitative data were collected electronically via e-mail. The mixed-methods methodology resulted in quantitative data that were analysed using STATA statistical software and the ecological multivariate data analysis software package known as PRIMER. Results from the statistical software were represented graphically and indicated that there is a relationship between menstrual cycle days and moods, with individual women’s correlations differing from each other to some extent. The data confirmed that there are groups of women who follow a very similar mood pattern and that educational level, vocation, exercise and participation in volunteer work or hobbies defines these groups to some degree. The qualitative data supported these findings and indicated the impact of menstrual cycle related moods on women’s daily functioning. The study concludes that menstrual cycle related moods play a role in overall life satisfaction and that psycho education and awareness can improve overall quality of life.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.
Thesis research directed by: Human Development. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

AIMS: To explore the potential presence and the experience of EDs in female IBS patients, and to examine GI nurses’ perception and knowledge of each condition. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional multimethod design integrating two phases was selected. The first and quantitative part of the study encompassed the completion of two EDs screening tools and a battery of questionnaires by 134 patients, seeking to evaluate participants’ symptoms, HRQoL, and general well being. From this population, 25 interviews were conducted in order to explore the participants’ experiences and their views on GI symptoms. 91 GI nurses completed a questionnaire on attitudes and perceptions towards IBS and EDs patients. RESULTS: Screening tools proved helpful in the GI setting to identify potential EDs among female patients with IBS. SCOFF tool highlighted a 24.6 % of the study population as potential cases, appearing as the tool of choice. Quantitative analysis highlighted statistically significant (p<0.01) impairment of HRQoL for the study participants, this impact was particularly noted in those individuals identified as potential EDs cases. Emerging themes from the qualitative data underlined the complexity of the individual patient’s journey, and the variety of strategies adopted to comprehend and manage their condition. Suffering, social isolation, unmet support needs and lack of control appeared inherent to the condition. Results suggested that diet and modifying eating habits can be used as a management strategy to control IBS symptoms. The need for nurses’ further education and training regarding IBS and EDs was highlighted by the study findings. CONCLUSIONS: This study gives strong support to the suggestion of IBS and EDs comorbidity, through the specific incidence is yet to be determined.

Background: Several crises have passed and today, the world is witnessing the pandemic Covid-19. As a consequence, society is affected at large where new insights and attitudes are born. Existing literature suggests that a crisis may be a crucial determinant in shaping one’s attitudes and actions, and therefore marketing needs to adapt to these new attitudes and expectations. Involving consumers' perception of this issue, together with companies’ views within the industry, lies the foundation for this research to investigate any changing consumer attitudes towards the airline industry during Covid-19. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how consumer attitudes have changed within the airline industry in Sweden due to the Covid-19 pandemic, applying both consumers’ and companies’ perspectives to provide managerial implications for marketers. Method: With an interpretive nature, the study is qualitative added by quantitative measures, hence stated as multi-method. Primary data is collected through an analytical survey and four semi-structured interviews.  Findings: Investigating attitudes from economic, social and environmental perspectives, the study concludes that consumer attitudes have changed in several perspectives while some attitudes stay consistent with pre-crisis attitudes, hence not directly affected by the crisis. The empirical findings are coherent with the conceptual framework, explaining the complexity of the tourism airline industry and how new attitudes that arise from the Covid-19 pandemic is a predictor of future behavior during the crisis, which may be useful for future crises to come.

The Italian context, in line with what is happening in many other European countries, is increasingly becoming a multicultural reality. Due to the growing number of immigrants worldwide, migrant youth are at present an integral part of our society. To ensure the successful integration and full realization of the immigrants’ potential, as well as to prevent behavioral risk and educational inequalities, it is fundamental that receiving societies invest in the well-being of immigrant youth. Early adolescence represents a critical developmental period involving changes and challenges not only at the physical level, but also in the emotional, social and psychological domains. Such developmental processes are even more complicated for immigrant youth, who additionally need to face the challenges linked to having their “feet in two worlds”. Hence, one might think that immigrant preadolescents might generally be at higher risk of socio-emotional difficulties. However, this is not always the case, and mounting evidence suggests that immigrant youngsters manage to move adaptively across their worlds, coping without undue stress with these important developmental issues. Thus, the latest evidence invites researchers to overcome the deficit perspective which dominated past research on immigration in favor of a more positive oriented one, able to shed light on the resources that immigrant minors need as to adjust well to their societies. Indeed, immigrant youths’ adaptation seems to vary according to the unique interaction of different cultural, social and personal aspects. Which variables could represent risk or protective factors for early adolescent immigrants’ socio-emotional adjustment? This question is the cradle of my doctoral thesis. Providing answers to this question would lay the ground for the development of valid interventions in cross-cultural contexts, needed now more than ever to promote the integration and well-being of immigrant populations. Such an objective necessarily requires an integrative and multidisciplinary framework, taking into consideration the complexity that arises from different levels and developmental contexts in which immigrants’ adaptation is embedded: the cultural (e.g., ethnicity, receiving society), social (e.g., family, community), and individual levels (e.g., memory, impulsivity). In our studies, we focus on Moroccan, Romanian and Chinese immigrant families as they form the largest ethnic communities in Italy, a country where immigration is a still recent, but nonetheless growing phenomenon. In Study 1, we assessed whether executive functions (EFs) moderated the association between self-construal and social adjustment among Moroccan, Romanian, and Italian early adolescents. Our results showed that the positive effect of having an interdependent orientation on social competence emerged to be stronger for Moroccan and Romanian immigrants with high levels of cognitive flexibility, as well as for Moroccan immigrants counting on high levels of inhibitory control. Last, working memory was associated with higher social competence, regardless of cultural influences. In Study 2, we sought to examine whether the discrimination-problem behavior link was moderated by youths’ acculturation orientations and impulse control among Moroccan and Romanian early adolescent immigrants. The findings indicated that the negative effect of discrimination on behavioral adjustment was stronger for immigrants who endorsed separation as acculturation strategy, but only at low levels of impulse control. In contrast, in face of discriminatory experiences, a good impulse control represented a risk for behavioral problems among assimilated immigrants. In addition, discrimination had a detrimental effect on behavioral adjustment especially for Romanian immigrants when they could not count on good levels of impulse control. In Study 3, we aimed to investigate whether EFs moderated the association between parental practices and emotional-behavioral problems among Chinese immigrant and Italian non-immigrant early adolescents. Our results indicated that a scarce level of inhibitory control represented a risk factor in situations of inadequate parental supervision for both groups. In contrast, a better cognitive flexibility put Chinese immigrant early adolescents at more risk of emotional-behavioral problems when left unsupervised. Last, working memory was associated with better emotional-behavioral adjustment, regardless of cultural and family influences. Our work highlights the complex processes involved in immigrant youth’s adaptation, which results from an intricate reality made of cultural influences, developmental contexts and personal characteristics. Overall, the findings highlight both commonalities and specificities in patterns of associations among personal, family/social, and cultural variables across groups. The acknowledgment of the complexity of such results paves the way to some potential guidelines for clinical implications and future research. Cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory may represent important assets for preadolescent immigrants’ positive adaptation. However, each of these individual abilities can assume different meanings and functions according to ethnic and personal differences which are unique to each single adolescent. Our hope is for future researchers and professionals to explore subjective meanings attributed to personal experiences, taking into account the individual and cultural specificities of each young immigrant. This is how we can build bridges between different developmental and cultural contexts, as to facilitate adjustment processes in immigration and multicultural contexts.
Il contesto italiano, in linea con la situazione di molti altri stati europei, si delinea sempre più come una realtà multiculturale. L’aumento del numero di persone immigrate a livello internazionale ha fatto sì che una parte sempre più cospicua della nostra società sia rappresentata da minori stranieri. Per garantire l’integrazione e la piena realizzazione del potenziale degli immigrati, e per prevenire il rischio di disuguaglianze educative e psicologiche, è fondamentale che le società riceventi investano nella promozione del benessere dei ragazzi immigrati. La preadolescenza è un periodo critico per lo sviluppo, ricco di cambiamenti e di sfide evolutive non solo a livello fisico, ma anche sul piano emotivo, sociale, nonché psicologico. Questi processi evolutivi sono ancora più complicati per i minori immigrati, che si ritrovano in più a dover affrontare anche le sfide legate all’“essere a cavallo tra due mondi”. Verrebbe quindi da pensare che i ragazzi immigrati siano tendenzialmente a maggior rischio di problemi socio-emotivi. Tuttavia non è sempre così e un numero crescente di studi dimostra come questi ragazzi riescano a viaggiare tra un mondo e l’altro in modo adattivo, affrontando senza particolari conseguenze negative questi importanti compiti evolutivi. Così, ricerche recenti invitano a superare la prospettiva deficitaria che ha regnato a lungo nello scenario della ricerca sull’immigrazione, per fare posto a una visione più positiva, che illumini le risorse che questi minori sviluppano per riuscire a vivere bene nella loro società. Infatti, l’adattamento degli immigrati sembra variare a seconda di come diversi aspetti culturali, sociali e personali interagiscono tra loro. Quali sono le variabili che possono rappresentare dei fattori di rischio o di protezione per l’adattamento socio-emotivo dei preadolescenti immigrati? Questa è la domanda al centro di questa tesi di dottorato. Una risposta anche parziale a questa domanda potrebbe gettare le basi per lo sviluppo di interventi validi in contesti multiculturali, necessari ora più che mai per promuovere l’integrazione e il benessere delle popolazioni immigrate. Un obiettivo del genere richiede necessariamente una cornice teorica multidisciplinare e integrativa, che riesca a tenere conto della complessità dei diversi livelli e contesti di sviluppo in cui si colloca l’adattamento dei giovani immigrati: il livello culturale (ad es., etnia, società ospite), sociale (ad es., famiglia, comunità) ed individuale (ad es., memoria, impulsività). Nei nostri studi, ci concentriamo sulle famiglie immigrate marocchine, romene e cinesi, che rappresentano le più numerose comunità immigrate in Italia, un paese in cui l’immigrazione è un fenomeno recente, ma in forte crescita. Nel primo studio abbiamo indagato come le funzioni esecutive (FE) moderassero la relazione tra concetto di sé e adattamento sociale in un campione di preadolescenti marocchini, romeni e italiani. I nostri risultati hanno evidenziato che l’effetto positivo dell’aver un orientamento interdipendente sul livello di competenza sociale è più forte per i ragazzi marocchini e romeni con un alto livello di flessibilità cognitiva, così come per i ragazzi marocchini che possono contare su alti livelli di controllo inibitorio. Infine, la memoria di lavoro è risultata associata ad una migliore competenza sociale indipendentemente dalle influenze ethniche e culturali. Nel secondo studio abbiamo cercato di capire se l’associazione tra discriminazione e comportamenti problematici fosse moderata dalle strategie di acculturazione e dal livello di controllo degli impulsi in ragazzi marocchini e romeni immigrati. Abbiamo trovato che l’effetto negativo della discriminazione percepita sull’adattamento psicologico sembra essere particolarmente forte per i ragazzi immigrati che scelgono la separazione come strategia di acculturazione, ma solo quando non possono contare su un buon livello di controllo degli impulsi. Al contrario, di fronte ad episodi discriminatori, un buon controllo degli impulsi può rappresentare un rischio di maggiori problematiche comportamentali per i ragazzi assimilati. Inoltre, la discriminazione è risultata avere un effetto dannoso per l’adattamento specialmente per quei ragazzi romeni che non possono contare su buoni livelli di controllo degli impulsi. Nel terzo studio eravamo invece interessati ad investigare se le FE moderassero l’associazione tra le pratiche genitoriali e i problemi emotivo-comportamentali in preadolescenti cinesi e italiani. I nostri risultati hanno indicato che un livello scarso di controllo inibitorio rappresenta un fattore di rischio in situazioni di inadeguata supervisione genitoriale in entrambi i gruppi. Invece, livelli più alti di flessibilità cognitiva rendono i ragazzi cinesi immigrati più vulnerabili a problematiche emotivo-comportamentali quando lasciati senza supervisione. Infine, la memoria di lavoro è risultata associata ad un migliore adattamento indipendentemente dalle influenze culturali e familiari. Il nostro lavoro mette in luce la complessità dei processi coinvolti nell’adattamento dei ragazzi immigrati, frutto di un’intricata realtà fatta di influenze culturali, contesti di sviluppo e caratteristiche personali. In generale, i nostri risultati evidenziano sia somiglianze sia specificità nei pattern di associazioni tra variabili personali, familiari/sociali e culturali nei nostri gruppi. Il riconoscimento della complessità di questi risultati ci permette di suggerire alcune implicazioni cliniche e di ricerca per il futuro. Sembra che la flessibilità cognitiva, il controllo inibitorio e la memoria di lavoro possano essere delle importanti risorse per i preadolescenti immigrati, ma sembra anche che ognuna di queste capacità possa assumere significati e ruoli diversi a seconda del background etnico e personale di ciascun ragazzo. L’invito è quindi ad esplorare i significati soggettivi attribuiti all’esperienza, tenendo conto delle specificità individuali e culturali di ciascun ragazzo immigrato. Solo così sarà possibile promuovere iniziative che sostengano la costruzione di ponti tra i vari contesti culturali e di sviluppo per agevolare i processi di adattamento nei contesti di immigrazione.

This article describes the rapid development of institutions for the study of qualitative methods in the past decade. It first begins by presenting an overview of the approach to methodology that underpins the idea of qualitative and multimethod work. It then discusses these new organizations, in particular the Organized Section on Qualitative and Multi-Method Research of the American Political Science Association, and the annual Institute for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research. It outlines the patterns of publication, and a conclusion considers briefly the merits of an integrative, versus a separate tracks, approach to coordinating alternative methodologies. The formation of the organizations linked with qualitative/multimethod work reflected the need for methodologists with convergent skills and objectives to have a meaningful forum for dialogue.

AbstractThe combination of cross-case and within-case analysis in Multi-Method Research (MMR) designs has gained considerable traction in the social sciences over the last decade. One reason for the popularity of MMR is grounded in the idea that different methods can complement each other, in the sense that the strengths of one method can compensate for the blind spots and weaknesses of another and vice versa. In this chapter, we critically address this core premise of MMR with an emphasis on the external validity of applying some cross-case method, like standard regression or Qualitative Comparative Analysis, in combination with case study analysis. After a brief overview of the rationale of MMR, we discuss in detail the problem of deriving generalizable claims about mechanisms in research contexts that likely exhibit mechanistic heterogeneity. In doing so, we clarify what we mean by mechanistic heterogeneity and where researchers should look for potential sources of mechanistic heterogeneity. Finally, we propose a strategy for progressively updating our confidence in the external validity of claims about causal mechanisms through the strategic selection of cases for within-case analysis based on the diversity of the population.

AbstractCase studies enable policy-relevant causal inferences when experimental and quasi-experimental methods are not possible. Even when other methods are possible, case studies can strengthen inferences either as a standalone method or as part of a multimethod research design. The chapter outlines the case study method of process tracing (PT), which is a within-case mode of analysis that builds upon Bayesian logic to make inferences to the best explanation of the outcomes of single cases. The chapter locates the epistemological basis of PT in the development and testing of theories about the ways in which causal mechanisms operate to generate outcomes. It then defines PT and outlines best practices on how to do it, illustrating these with examples of case study research on the COVID pandemic. The chapter then outlines the comparative advantages of PT vis-à-vis other methods, and identifies the kinds of research questions and research contexts for which PT is most useful. This leads to a brief discussion of two methodological innovations: formal Bayesian PT and the use of causal models in the form of Directed Acyclic Graphs to assist PT and integrate qualitative and quantitative evidence. The chapter concludes with the strengths and limits of PT.

Using more than one method of data collection or analysis in research is a well-established tradition in social sciences. The study adopted qualitative research and employed a multimethod approach for data collection. Findings revealed that the existing records management infrastructure in courts was highly inadequate. The study concluded that the current state of records management practices was likely to impede on the discharge of justice. The study recommends that, for the judiciary to improve the discharge of justice, records management should be driven by establishing a records management policy, building records management staff capacity and hiring qualified personnel, and following a top-down approach in records management with buy-in from all stakeholders involved in the processes of the justice system. Furthermore, a best practice framework for managing records in support of the discharge of justice is provided. This study contributes to the understanding between multimethod and mixed methods research.

This chapter examines how the qualitative and quantitative research traditions empirically assess theories about mechanisms when making causal inferences. In the qualitative paradigm, researchers carry out this assessment by attempting to observe causal mechanisms through process tracing and through the analysis of causal-process observations. In the qualitative paradigm, the within-case analysis of specific cases is combined with the effort to observe mechanisms. By contrast, statistical methods are not designed to observe mechanisms within particular cases. The chapter considers the importance of mechanisms in causal inference as well as the use of process tracing in multimethod vs. qualitative research. It shows that multimethod research, which integrates regression and case study analysis, is increasingly regarded as a best practice.

Enterprise social media (ESM) are web-based platforms dedicated to corporate-based communication and collaboration. Although the practitioner literature and industry reports have suggested the potential value of ESM for organizations, there has been limited research that focuses on employees' reactions to ESM implementation and their post-implementation use behaviors. The authors conducted a mixed methods study of a large-scale ESM implementation in a Fortune 500 manufacturing company and found that widely used IT adoption models and determinants failed to explain employees' ESM use. To help explain this paradoxical finding, the authors leveraged their qualitative data and found several major challenges, both internal and external, that the company faced during ESM implementation. Their findings have a number of generalizable lessons for practice as well as implications for research.

This chapter discusses methodological approaches for examining the causality, accuracy, stability, and mechanisms of short-term adversity-driven change in samples drawn from different populations, each highly likely to be exposed to different forms of challenge and failure. This methodological work builds on Frazier et al.’s (2009) groundbreaking longitudinal study. The authors discuss the advantages of using longitudinal multimethod measurement burst designs and a profile approach utilizing a round-robin design, as well as a qualitative assessment. Each methodology promises to address novel questions concerning the perception, meta-perception, and development of character following challenge and failure. The chapter also examines individual difference factors, such as social support and cumulative life adversity, which may moderate this relationship. Given that participants from different populations likely differ in the amount of cumulative adversity they have experienced, the authors also examine the possibilities and limitations of lifetime adversity in acting as a catalyst for subsequent growth.

Researchers are employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrices to estimate parameters representing trait, method, and error variance, as well as parameters representing the correlations among traits (or factors). This study utilizes CFA with MTMM matrices to assess the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and the presence and effects of method variance in the end-user computing satisfaction instrument (EUCSI) and the computer self-efficacy instrument (CSE). The results of the study indicate that, in these samples, the two instruments demonstrate adequate convergent and discriminant validity, but that method variance is present and accounts for a large proportion of the variance in both models. Further, the proposed factor structure of the EUCSI appears to be unstable as a result of the effects of multiple methods, while the proposed factor structure of the CSE remains stable in the presence of the methods.

The topic of ethnicity is a topic that is often discussed in research, especially psychology research. Considering that Indonesia is a country with many ethnicities, therefore, ethnicity is a very important and relevant topic to be discussed in many studies. In this regard, robust tests measuring ethnicity are needed to collect data and further the data can be validly interpreted. The purpose of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the effects of the method of using two-way items (favorable and unfavorable) on two scales, Ethnic Experience and Ethnic Identity. This evaluation will lead to an evaluation of possible new factors that may arise due to the use of two-way items. The approach used is the Multitrait Multimethod (MTMM), with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), to test the four alternative models used. The results of this study indicate that two (CTCM, and CTUM) of the four proposed models have a satisfactory fit. This proves that there is indeed an effect from the method of using two-way items (favorable and unfavorable).

Purpose – While influence of movies and television on destination image and tourist destination choice is well documented in tourism literature, understanding of the perceptions of destination marketers in movie locations remains an emerging area of inquiry. Consequently, the objectives of this study are: (a) to assess the perceptions of key destination stakeholders regarding the level of integration of movie-induced tourism and destination marketing after a movie's release, and (b) to compare their perceptions to what can actually be observed, in a relatively popular movieshooting destination such as Zadar County (ZC), Croatia. Methodology – Using the Hudson and Ritchie (2006a) model for exploiting movie marketing opportunities, this study employs multimethod research, combining interviews and observation. First, 10 representatives of the tourism and movie industries in ZC are interviewed about the following four factors: movie-induced tourism, marketing activities, branding, and stakeholder involvement. Second, seven tourism-related websites in ZC are analyzed for presence and quality of the movie-related promotional content. Findings – Interviews reveal that key stakeholders (1) embrace the notion of movie-induced tourism, (2) find movie tourism to be well integrated into destination marketing activities, (3) believe that movies are an integral part of ZC's place branding strategy, and (4) perceive that tourism and movie stakeholders actively and systematically collaborate on advancing the movie tourism. However, website content analysis reveals exactly the opposite. Contribution – Theoretically, this research sheds light on the destination marketers' perspectives in regards to movie-induced tourism. Practically, it offers insights on how to tap the potential benefits of movie tourism.