Dissertationen zum Thema „National University of Rwanda“

This aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which writing skills offered in the one-year intensive English course and in the 75 hour course of Speaking and Writing Skills, prepare students for academic writing in the subjects which are offered through the medium of English. The study focused on first year Economics and Management.

In this thesis we aim to study the librarians’ and library users’ views on librarianship and the library at National University of Rwanda. Accordingly, we have gathered information from these groups. The information is based on qualitative interviews as well as observations and participation in a work group for library promotion. The latter made it possible to investigate how respondents consider these issues and how librarians’ self image is expressed in their daily work and in promotion. We analyze the most important frame factors that impede on librarians’ self image and library users’ perception of library services. This makes it possible to understand what probably affects the actual situation at NUR’s library. Marked impeding frame factors established are for example the economy and the organization. Information provided through this thesis could to be shared among library personnel and used as a base for their further development of library services. Our thesis points out library users’ opinions about the library in general as well as the areas that are most critical to improve. These areas are service at the circulation desk, acquisitions and courses in how to retrieve information. It also points out the need for a more explicit professional librarian identity and that the librarians need to work more as knowledge librarians. An explicit identity would imply unified library personnel that would make it possible to work towards common goals and clarify how to conduct daily work.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-83).
Water scarcity is a major issue faced by both developed and developing countries. According to the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations, the number of people that do not have access to an improved water supply should be halved by the year 2015. Rwanda is a Sub-Saharan developing country where water scarcity is an issue. This thesis presents results from a preliminary evaluation of possible groundwater supply to the village of Bisate, located in the Northern Province of Rwanda. Suffering from the "walk for water", the Bisate community has to give up vital activities such as school and agriculture in order to fetch water. During the dry season, the people are obliged to go into the Volcanoes National Park to get water from springs and swamps, disrupting the fragile ecosystem by the human activity. All these factors make it important to provide water at the point of use. Since the region receives a considerable amount of rain and the groundwater recharge rate is high (0.3 m/year), groundwater supply could be a feasible alternative for the Bisate community. For this thesis, three major tasks were achieved.
(cont.) First, a description of the park's hydrogeology was developed based on previous studies and field observations. Second, a calculation of the groundwater recharge using the Water Balance Method was completed. And finally, a groundwater model was built using MODFLOW software. The aim of the model is to estimate the depth to the water table. The model results have shown that the water table could be as deep as 750 meters below the ground surface of quite shallow depending on the model assumptions. According to four trials, each with different boundary conditions and internal properties of the medium, the results were found to depend upon the assumed hydraulic conductivity and the boundary conditions. The strongest conclusion is that field investigations of the groundwater system are needed to determine actual aquifer properties and field conditions.
by Christiane A. Zoghbi.
M.Eng.

La déforestation et la fragmentation en milieu tropical africain facilitent la chasse de subsistance. Les populations des grands mammifères les plus ciblés par la chasse ont déjà fortement diminué et sont désormais menacées d’extinction. Ces changements dans les communautés animales affectent les processus d’interactions entre les organismes et modifient la dynamique de tout l’écosystème forestier. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence dans quelle mesure l’altération des relations entre un arbre et les animaux disperseurs de ses graines en milieu chassé pouvait impacter la régénération forestière. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le Parc National de Nyungwe, Rwanda, où l’éléphant forestier Loxodonta cyclotis est éteint depuis 1999 à cause du braconnage. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié les stades de régénération, de la dissémination, et la survie des graines jusqu’au recrutement des plantules de Carapa grandiflora (Méliacée), un arbre de canopée qui produit de gros fruits semblables à ceux consommés et dispersés par les éléphants. Les graines sont également consommées et secondairement dispersées par les rongeurs. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié la diversité des plantes susceptibles d’être disséminées sur de longues distances par les éléphants et à courtes distances par les rongeurs. Malgré l’extinction de l’éléphant, les petits mammifères - dont le rat géant Cricetomys kivuensis - sont toujours présents dans le Parc National de Nyungwe. Les arbres de C. Grandiflora continuent à se régénérer et à produire des fruits dont les graines sont emportées et dispersées par C. Kivuensis. Les graines cachées isolément réussissent à germer et à s’établir autour de l’arbre parent. Par ailleurs, nos résultats mettent en évidence que les éléphants et les rongeurs pourraient interagir pour participer à la régénération des plantes à grosses graines sur des distances plus ou moins éloignées des arbres. Les rongeurs favorisent ainsi la survie et la résilience des espèces forestières à grosses graines qui ont perdu leurs agents de dissémination à longues distances. Les recherches à long terme sont indispensables pour approfondir le rôle des gros rongeurs dans la dynamique des forêts après l’extinction des grands mammifères en forêt tropicale africaine
The deforestation and the fragmentation in African tropical forest facilitate subsistence hunting. Large mammals are the most targeted and their populations have been greatly reduced and are now threatened with extinction. These reductions in animal communities are changing the existing dynamics in the entire forest ecosystem by influencing the interactions between organisms. In this study, we aimed at showing how changes in plant – animal interactions in a hunted habitat may in turn, affect plant regeneration. This work was carried out in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, where forest elephants, Loxodonta cyclotis were extirpated in 1999 due to poaching. In the first part of this study, we examined the stages of regeneration, from the dissemination, seed dispersal to seedlings recruitment of Carapa grandiflora (Meliaceae), a canopy tree that produces large fruits with large seeds which characteristics are mainly those of fruits eaten by elephants. Seeds of such fruits are also known to be eaten and secondarily dispersed by rodents. In a second part, we reviewed the plants consumed and dispersed by rodents and elephants at short and long distances, respectively. Despite the extinction of the elephant, small mammals including the giant rat, Cricetomys kivuensis are still present in Nyungwe National Park. Carapa grandiflora trees continue to regenerate and produce fruits which seeds are taken and secondarily dispersed by C. Kivuensis. Individually hidden seeds germinate successfully and recruit at distance from the parent tree. Furthermore, our results showed that in intact forests, elephants and rodents might interact to participate in the regeneration of large seeded plants underneath or away from the adult tree. Rodents may thus support the resilience of large seeded forest trees species that have lost their main disperser. Long-term research is needed to determine the role of large rodents in the forest dynamics after the extinction of large mammals in African tropical forest

Depuis aout 1980, l'entreprise pecherie du lac ihema a ete creee pour organiser et gerer les activites de peche dans les lacs du parc national de l'akagera. La peche a ete d'abord developpee dans le lac ihema de 1980 a 1984, puis aussi dans les autres lacs du parc. Les variations des captures, de sa production en valeur financiere, des efforts de peche nominal et effectif et des p. U. E. * ont ete analysees. La part prise dans la production par les lacs du parc autres que le lac ihema est devenue importante depuis 1988. C. Gariepinus, une des especes exploitees dans le lac ihema, a fait l'objet d'une etude de la reproduction, de la fecondite, de la croissance et de l'estimation des parametres demographiques. Les modeles generalises de production ont ete proposes pour la gestion des stocks des tilapia spp. Et c. Gariepinus dans le lac ihema: le diagnostic est celui d'une surexploitation. Pour la peche des tilapia spp. , il faudrait reduire l'effort actuel de 55%; pour la peche de c. Gariepinus, il conviendrait d'encourager sa peche car ses p. U. E. Ne sont pas un indice representatif de son abondance. Un modele de fonctionnement de l'ecosysteme du lac ihema a ete aussi propose: il prevoit la diminution des biomasses des taxons precedents si l'effort augmente; cette augmentation de l'effort n'aurait pas de consequences importantes sur la biomasse des autres compartiments

After the cessation of violent conflict, societies have to undergo several changes to re-establish asense of harmony and repair the broken intergroup relationships. These changes can be summarized as the process of reconciliation. The different levels of reconciliation are in this thesis described as emotional-, motivational-, and structural reconciliation. I argue that the reconciliation process is facilitated by means of a recategorization of social identities. According to the Common ingroup identity Model, a shared identity will increase positive intergroup dynamics and reduce hostility and antagonism. This study has sought to find evidence for the suggested hypotheses through a structured focused comparison on the post-conflict countries, Rwanda and Burundi. The theorized relationship has found some support, as the post-conflict reconciliation processes of the case-studies showed the expected variation, and for one hypothesis the expected mechanism. However, the findings show that social identity recategorization on its own cannot account for all the variation in outcomes, and another possible mechanism has been detected. This warrants future research into the topic.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin
In this dissertation, I problematize 'victim's justice' in post-genocide Rwanda. I argue that the kind of justice that was meted out in post-genocide Rwanda, namely victors' justice and complementary to it – victims’ justice, does not allow for the political reform required to break the cycle of violence in Rwanda. In the aftermath of the 1994-Rwandan Genocide, both state and society were faced with a moral and political dilemma, because the popular agency or mass participation of perpetrators derived from the Hutu majority, who targeted the Tutsi minority, with intent to annihilate them. There were massacres of both Hutus and Tutsis, but Hutus were targeted as individuals, whereas Tutsis were targeted as a group. It is the specific ‘intent to annihilate’ Tutsis as group, that makes this a Genocide against Tutsis. I draw and develop arguments made by Mahmood Mamdani, elaborating on the specific question of ‘victims justice’ for political reform in Rwanda. Both kinds of justice were outcomes of the logic of the Nuremburg Trials. Since its inception, the legacy of the Nuremburg Trial is demonstrated in how it was idealized at the end of the Cold-War by international law and human rights regime. In essence, the historical and political context of the Nuremburg trial has been removed, as it has been produced into a template- the 'Nuremburg-styled criminal trial'. 'Criminal justice' has come to define how we think of justice after mass violence, as the most morally acceptable form of justice for the victims, and the most politically viable response for constituting a 'new political order' after mass violence. This dissertation addresses the argument made, that victors' justice and victims' justice in Rwanda, has constituted two categories, which collectivise Tutsis as victims and Hutus as perpetrators. In the context of a genocide, where the perpetrators are derived from the Hutu majority and the victims from the Tutsi minority, this present both a moral and political dilemma for Rwanda’s state-building and national reconciliation project. Criminal justice also frames mass violence as being criminal, rather than addressing it as political violence. This has troubling consequences for intervening into the cycle of violence in Rwanda. The 'cycle of violence' in Rwanda, refers to the continuation of political violence, in which 'every round of perpetrators has justified the use of violence as the only effective guarantee against being victimised yet again. Thus, intervention into the cycle of violence would mean thinking out of the logic of victimhood and pursuing an alternative kind of justice. To think of the genocide as political violence, redirects the attention to the issues that made the genocide possible. I establish the importance and necessity of critically interrogating 'victims justice' in Rwanda, by placing the 1994-Genocide in its historical and political context, with a particular focus on the legacy of colonialism. The post-colonial regimes in Rwanda, inherited the colonial institutions of rule; and the politicisation of Hutu and Tutsi into racial categories, which have shaped particular meanings for power, justice and citizenship. I demonstrate in this dissertation that critical issues found in post-genocide Rwanda today, are symptomatic of the inherited colonial legacy. I address the prevailing political crisis through an analysis on post-genocide governance; national reconciliation; the 'land question'; and the Great Lakes refugee crisis. Furthermore, I found that it was critically important for my research question, to also adopt a regional perspective, because Rwanda lies at the epicentre of the Great Lakes regional crisis. This dissertation concludes with returning to the question of political reform, and breaking the 'cycle of violence'. My suggestion is that we need to think of Mamdani's concept of survivor's justice, rather than victims' justice or victors' justice, which assist in confronting the needs of political reform that address colonial legacies.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010
Over the past years, protected areas have been affected by illegal activities, which are perpetrated by humans and continuations of these activities do not only harm wildlife, but also the welfare of current, as well as, future generations. Conservation of wildlife cannot be achieved if local community support is not ensured. This study aims to find whether or not improved or positive relationships between protected area and people can effect long-term conservation of wildlife. The main objectives of the study were to investigate conservation attitudes of the Rwandan community that lives adjacent to the Akagera National Park. A quantitative survey-based study, which used a self-administered structured and closeended questionnaire, was undertaken within a period of a month and a half to obtain information about conservation attitudes within the local community. In addition, qualitative data was gathered through in-person unstructured interviews with key informants including local authorities and park officials in order to verify and enrich quantitative data, which was obtained from the survey. Collected data was analysed with use of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for descriptive statistics in the form of tables and charts. In addition, statistical tests, using chi-square values at the 0.05 level of significance, were conducted to determine which factors influence the local community’s conservation attitudes. The study revealed that the local community support Akagera National Park’s conservation although they participate in illegal activities within the park. Poaching and livestock grazing are the main illegal activities that take place at Akagera National Park. The study also found that people’s awareness of wildlife importance does not necessarily translate into positive attitudes towards conservation. Problems caused by wildlife, combined with the absence of economic opportunities from the protected areas, are strong influencing factors regarding the local community’s conservation attitudes. The findings of this study suggest that the local community’s support for conservation can only be achieved if problems that are caused by wildlife are effectively addressed and solved and people are provided with more economic opportunities, which would allow them to improve their welfare.

Kazakhstan's higher education system is based on the Soviet governance structure, limited academic freedom and no autonomy from the state. In such a system faculties are contract employees delivering predesigned courses with no incentive to bring new ideas and methods. But employers and the general public are concerned with the mismatch between market demand and curricula of universities. Qualitative research based on two case studies collected evidence on the opportunities for faculty to influence academic affairs of the two most prominent research universities in Kazakhstan. The study gave a detailed picture of state controls, hierarchical structures and limited role of faculty at the higher education institutions under investigation. The national universities of Kazakhstan were also compared with the University of West Florida, a public research university of similar size which is based on academic freedom, shared governance and faculty authority over academic matters. Conceptual framework for the analysis is based on the theory that university governance differs from other organizations in its involvement of faculty in decision making on academic affairs. The power is shared with faculty because of their recognized knowledge and authority in teaching and research in their particular professional fields.

The study identified that the national universities in Kazakhstan are established regulated and run like government organizations with a hierarchical structure. The existing centralized and stricter controlled environment results in frustrated and demotivated faculty who are not able to produce good quality teaching and research. Universities are required to produce similar academic programs and courses and offer a limited number of majors approved by the inter-ministerial committee. Structures of degree programs are set according to State Standards and contain certain share of mandatory courses which are provided by the Ministry. The universities are managed by the rectors who have wide powers especially in hiring and promotion of faculty as well as on other academic matters.

The research identified a number of shortcomings and mismatches with international theory and international best practice. If national universities are to develop they have to be allowed to compete and have freedom to innovate. The national universities need the governing boards to be introduced. Increasing faculty participation will be central to promoting key values of higher education such as academic freedom, autonomy and transparency. Empowering faculty will contribute to their greater responsibility and engagement in developing higher education institutions and their core functions of teaching, research and community service.

This thesis examines the commemoration of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, through its narration and visual representation in national museums and memorials. It is concerned with the ways in which this conflict is remembered and the current impact these modes of commemoration have on contemporary Rwandan society. By focusing on the national lieux de memoire, this work discusses their functions within Rwanda's memoryscape, as well as the contemporary artworks that are displayed therein and the commemoration ceremonies that are held around them. These visual modes of commemoration are important in contemporary Rwanda because of their role in the creation of a postmemory of the genocide. The children of genocide survivors, witnesses, perpetrators and returnees do not have direct experience of the genocidal events and they learn about them through representation, projection and creation. Therefore, the ways in which these events are portrayed in national museums and memorials is crucial because of the role these representations may play in policies of unification and reconciliation within the country. In particular, questions concerning ethnicity - one of the main 'causes' of the genocide but abolished after 1994 by the current Government - need to be addressed sensitively in the genocide memorials and museums. When dealt with satisfactory, museological displays can contribute to a better understanding between the two main ethnic groups of Rwanda. However, the exclusion of certain groups from mourning rituals and historical narratives may exacerbate tensions. An analysis of these commemorative practices is thus crucial for Rwanda's post-conflict recovery.

Thesis (M.A. in Stabilization and Reconstruction)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Porch, Nancy Roberts. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69) Also available online.

Justice and reconciliation are both highly complex concepts that are often described as incompatible alternatives in the aftermath of violent conflicts, despite the fact that both are fundamental to peacebuilding in societies divided by the legacies of political violence, oppression and exclusion. This thesis examines the relationship between justice and reconciliation, pursued as essential ingredients of peacebuilding. After advancing an inclusive working conceptual framework in which seemingly competing conceptions regarding justice and reconciliation are reconceived to work compatibly for building peace, the thesis presents the results of an in-depth case study of Rwanda's post-genocide justice and reconciliation endeavour. The thesis focuses on Rwanda's justice and reconciliation efforts and their relationship to the ongoing challenge of reformulating Rwandans' social identities. A field research conducted for this study revealed that issues of victimhood, justice and reconciliation were highly contested among individuals and groups with varied experiences of the country's violent history. Resolving these conflicting narratives so that each Rwandan's narrative/identity is dissociated from the negation of the other's victimhood emerged as a paramount challenge in Rwanda's quest for justice and reconciliation. Rwanda's approach to justice and reconciliation can be seen as an innovative both/and approach that seeks to overcome dichotomous thinking by addressing various justice and reconciliation concerns in compatible ways. However, by limiting its efforts to the issues that arose from crimes committed under the former regimes, the justice and reconciliation endeavour of the Rwandan government fails to reconcile people's conflicting narratives of victimhood, which will be essential to transform the existing racialised and politicised ethnic identities of Rwandan people.

För att ett samhälle ska utvecklas på ett modernt och framgångsrikt sätt är elektricitet en grundläggande faktor. Tillgång till elektricitet förhöjer levnadsstandarden för befolkningen genom att generera positiva synergieffekter såsom att fler utbildar sig, ekonomisk tillväxt och stabilitet, förbättrad välfärd och internationella samarbeten. När den globala populationstillväxten och användningen av elektricitet ökar blir det av ännu större betydelse att andelen förnyelsebara bränslen i energimixen blir större för att inte påskynda den negativa klimatförändringen. Rwanda är ett litet, kustlöst land i Östafrika med ambitiösa planer om att förse sin befolkning, om 11.9 miljoner, med elektricitet år 2024 och att bli en ekonomi med låga koldioxidutsläpp. Idag har endast 41% av befolkningen tillgång till elektricitet, där 30% är uppkopplade till det nationella elnätet och 11% förses med elektricitet från fristående ellösningar eller mikronät. Rwanda arbetar med nationella policys såsom Vision 2020, Energy Sector Strategic Plan and National Energy policy för att uppnå sina nationella mål. Dessa strategier inkluderar också Förenta Nationernas globala mål och andra internationella åtaganden. Rwanda är också medlem i det gränsöverskridande samarbetet Eastern African Power Pool, vilket kommer förbättra deras framtida möjligheter för handel med elektricitet med sina grannländer. Denna studie syftar till att analysera den nationella elsektorn i Rwanda, både det nuvarande läget och framtida prognoser, för att bidra till landets arbete mot det Globala Målet 7 - Hållbar energi för alla. Ett övergripande mål med studien är att finna en fördelaktig energimix för Rwandas samhälle, miljö och ekonomi. Målsättningen är att samla in data om elsystemet och nationella policys genom en fältstudie i Kigali. Insamlad data sammanställs sedan och sju scenario modelleras genom att använda verktyget OSeMOSYS via gränssnittet MoManI. Scenarierna speglar Rwandas arbete med nationella policys, potentiell export samt hur energimixen påverkas när priset på fotovoltaik reduceras. Resultatet påvisar vattenkraftens betydande roll i Rwandas elsystem och hur den i majoriteten av scenarierna utgör den största andelen av energimixen. De exportscenarios som är kombinerade med nationella policys genererar en högre total systemkostnad medan de med enbart export antingen genererar motsvarande utfall som i grundscenariot eller aningen lägre total systemkostnad. I fyra av sju scenarier får befolkningen tillgång till elektricitet år 2024 och mål 7 uppnås. Baserat på denna studie behöver Rwanda begränsa sina koldioxidutsläpp, investera mer i förnyelsebara energikällor och expandera sitt nationella elnät samt förse befolkningen på landsbygden med fristående ellösningar eller mikronät för att nå mål 7.
For a society to function in a modern and prosperous way, electricity is a fundamental necessity. Access to electricity enhances the living standard of the population by generating positive synergies such as more people proceeding in education, economic growth and stability, improved welfare and collaborations with other nations. As the global population grows and the use of electricity increases, it is of great importance to increase the share of renewable energy resources in the energy mix to decelerate the climate change altered by greenhouse gas emissions. Rwanda is a small, landlocked country in East Africa with ambitious plans to electrify its full population of about 11.9 million by 2024 and to become a low-carbon economy. Today merely 41% of the population has access to basic electricity, where 30% are connected to the national grid and 11% are electrified by off-grid solutions. Rwanda is working with national strategies such as Vision 2020, Energy Sector Strategic Plan and National Energy policy to achieve their goals. These policies comprise, among others, United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Rwanda is also a member of the Eastern African Power Pool, which enhances their future possibilities of expanded collaboration with neighbouring countries in terms of electricity trading. This study aims to analyse the national electricity sector of Rwanda, both the current state and future outlooks, to contribute to their achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy for All (SDG 7). The overall aim of the study is to find an energy mix which benefit Rwanda’s society, environment and economy. The objective of the thesis is to collect data about Rwanda’s electricity system and national policies through a field study in Kigali. The collected data is then compiled, and seven scenarios are modelled by using the tool OSeMOSYS through MoManI. The scenarios portray Rwanda’s work with national policies, potential exports and how the energy mix is affected when the price for photovoltaic decreases. The results show the importance of hydropower in Rwanda’s electrification system and how it in the majority of the scenarios constitutes for the largest share in the energy mix. The exports scenarios combined with national policies have a higher total system cost while scenarios with merely exports have either the same total system cost as the business as usual scenario or a bit lower. In four out of seven scenarios electricity access for all inhabitants is ensured by 2024 and SDG 7 is achieved. Based on this study, Rwanda needs to limit their national emissions, invest in more renewables and expand the national grid as well as providing rural areas with off-grid solutions to achieve SDG 7.

Introduction.

Le Rwanda a connu de nombreuses difficultés au cours des deux dernières décennies :la situation économique précaire, les guerres civiles, le régime politique défaillant, l’instabilité de la sous-région des Grands Lacs, la pandémie du VIH/SIDA ;tous ces bouleversements ont plongé le pays dans l’extrême pauvreté. Au lendemain de la guerre et du génocide, le ministère de la Santé avec l’appui de différents partenaires a canalisé tous ses efforts dans la reconstruction du système de santé. Une meilleure participation communautaire à la gestion et au financement des services de santé était un des objectifs retenus dans cette reconstruction du système de santé. Pour ce faire, le ministère de la Santé, en partenariat avec le PHR (Partnership for health reform) a mis en place des mutuelles de santé « pilote » dans trois districts sanitaires (Byumba, Kabgayi et Kabutare) sur les 39 districts que compte le pays. L’objectif du ministère de la Santé était de généraliser ce système d’assurance maladie après une évaluation de ce projet pilote. Cette initiative de mise en place des mutuelles s’est heurtée au début de sa mise en œuvre à différents problèmes :le faible taux d’adhésion, les problèmes de gestion de la mutuelle, une faible implication des autorités de base dans la sensibilisation, une mauvaise qualité de soins dans certaines formations sanitaires, une utilisation abusive des services par les mutualistes, etc. Malgré ces problèmes d’autres initiatives de mise en place de mutuelles de santé ont vu le jour et continuent de s’implanter ici et là dans les districts sanitaires du pays. Dans le souci de renforcer cette réforme de financement alternatif par les mutuelles de santé, nous avons évalué l’impact des mutuelles sur l’accessibilité aux soins et le renforcement de la participation communautaire aux services de santé et nous avons proposé des voies stratégiques susceptibles d’améliorer le fonctionnement des mutuelles de santé.

Méthodologie

Pour atteindre ces objectifs de recherche, nous avons combiné trois approches différentes :la recherche qualitative qui a permis d’une part, d’analyser le processus de mise en place des mutuelles de santé au Rwanda et d’autre part, de recueillir les opinions des bénéficiaires de services de santé sur ce processus. Ensuite la recherche quantitative nous a permis d’étudier les caractéristiques des membres et non-membres des mutuelles et l’utilisation des services de santé ;enfin la recherche action nous a permis d’expérimenter les axes stratégiques susceptibles de renforcer le développement des mutuelles de santé.

Cette approche méthodologique utilisée tout au long de notre travail de terrain a mené à une « triangulation méthodologique » qui est une combinaison de diverses méthodes de recherche. Dans chacune des méthodes citées, nous avons utilisé une ou plusieurs techniques :analyse de documents, observations et rencontres avec des individus ou des groupes, analyse et compilation des données de routine.

Résultats

Les résultats clés sont synthétisés selon les trois types de recherche que nous avons menés.

1. Processus de mise en place des mutuelles de santé au Rwanda et opinions des bénéficiaires

Dans les trois districts pilotes (Byumba, Kabgayi et Kabutare), les mutuelles de santé prennent en charge le paquet minimum d’activités complet offert au niveau des centres de santé. À l’hôpital de district elles couvrent :la consultation chez un médecin, l’hospitalisation, les accouchements dystociques, les césariennes et la prise en charge du paludisme grave. Pour bénéficier de ces soins une cotisation de 7,9 $ EU ($ des États-Unis) par an pour une famille de sept personnes est demandée, puis 1,5 $ EU par membre additionnel et 5,7 $ EU pour un célibataire. Le ticket modérateur est de 0,3 $ EU pour chaque épisode de maladie et la période d’attente d’un mois avant de bénéficier des avantages du système de mutualisation.

Des entretiens en groupes de concertation (focus groups) nous ont permis de confirmer que la population connaît l’intérêt des mutuelles de santé et qu’elle éprouve des difficultés pour réunir les fonds de cotisations pour adhérer aux mutuelles.

L’analyse critique du processus de mise en place des mutuelles dans les trois districts pilotes nous a permis de conclure que les autorités locales et les leaders d’opinions étaient peu impliqués dans le processus de mise en place des mutuelles et que la sensibilisation était insuffisante. L’appui au processus de mise en place par le PHR a été jugé insuffisant en termes de temps (18 mois) et de formation de cadres locaux qui devraient assurer la poursuite de ce projet. Les défaillances évoquées ont alerté le ministère de la Santé, qui a mis en place un comité de mise en place et de suivi des mutuelles de santé. Depuis ce temps, on observe une émergence des initiatives mutualistes. Le pays compte actuellement 21 % de la population totale qui possède une certaine couverture (partielle ou totale) d’assurance maladie.

2. Caractéristiques des membres et non-membres des mutuelles de santé et utilisation des services de santé par la communauté

Il a été constaté que la répartition selon le sexe, l’état civil et le statut professionnel des membres et non-membres de la mutuelle les caractéristiques ne diffèrent pas significativement entre les adhérents et les non-adhérents à la mutuelle de santé (p > 0,05). Parmi les membres, les proportions des ménages avec revenus élevés sont supérieures à celles observées chez les non-membres (p < 0,001). Quant à la « sélection adverse » que nous avons recherchée dans les deux groupes (membres et non-membres de la mutuelle), nous avons constaté que l’état de morbidité des membres de la mutuelle ne diffère pas de celui des non-membres (p > 0,05). Les personnes qui adhèrent à la mutuelle de santé s’y fidélisent au fil des années (> 80 %) et fréquentent plus les services de santé par rapport aux non-membres (4 à 8 fois plus pour la consultation curative et 1,2 à 4 fois plus pour les accouchements). Les non-membres ont tendance à fréquenter les tradipraticiens et à faire l’automédication. Bien que les mutualistes utilisent plus les services de santé que les non-mutualistes, ils dépensent moins pour les soins.

3. Axes stratégiques développés pour renforcer les mutuelles de santé

Pour mettre en place les stratégies de renforcement des mutuelles de santé, cinq types d’actions dans lesquelles nous avons joué un rôle participatif ont été menés.

D’abord la stratégie initiée pour faire face à l’exclusion sociale :il s’agit de l’entraide communautaire développée dans la commune de Maraba, district sanitaire de Kabutare. Ce système d’entraide, nommée localement ubudehe (qui signifie « travail collectif » en kinyarwanda), assure un appui aux ménages les plus pauvres selon un rythme rotatoire préalablement établi en fonction du niveau de pauvreté.

Une autre stratégie est celle du crédit bancaire accordé à la population pour pouvoir mobiliser d’un seul coup le montant de cotisation. Cette stratégie a été testée dans le district sanitaire de Gakoma. Un effectif de 27 995 personnes, soit 66,1 % du total des membres de la mutuelle de ce district ont souscrit à la mutuelle de santé grâce à ce crédit bancaire.

Les autorités politiques et des leaders d’opinions ont été sensibilisés pour qu’ils s’impliquent dans le processus de mise en place des mutuelles dans leurs zones respectives. Il a été constaté que les leaders d’opinions mobilisent plus rapidement et plus facilement la population pour qu’elle adhère aux mutuelles de santé, que les autorités politiques. Cette capacité de mobiliser la population est faible chez les prestataires de soins.

Certaines mesures ont été proposées et adoptées par les mutuelles de santé pour éviter les risques liés à l’assurance maladie. Il s’agit de l’adhésion par ménage, par groupe d’individu, par association ou par collectivité ;l’exigence d’une période d’attente avant de bénéficier des avantages des mutualistes ;l’instauration du paiement du ticket modérateur pour chaque épisode de maladie ;les supervisions réalisées par les comités de gestion des mutuelles de santé et les équipes cadres de districts ;l’utilisation des médicaments génériques ;le respect de la pyramide sanitaire et l’appui du pouvoir public et/ou partenaire en cas d’épidémie. Ces mesures ont montré leur efficacité dans l’appui à la consolidation des mutuelles de santé.

Enfin, l’« Initiative pour la performance » est la dernière stratégie qui a été développée pour renforcer les mutuelles de santé. Elle consiste à inciter les prestataires à produire plus et à améliorer la qualité de services moyennant une prime qui récompense leur productivité. Les résultats montrent que les prestataires de services ont développé un sens entrepreneurial en changeant leur comportement vis-à-vis de la communauté. Certaines activités du PMA (paquet minimum d’activités) qui n’étaient pas offertes ont démarré dans certains centres de santé (accouchement, stratégies avancées de vaccination, causeries éducatives, etc.). Des ressources supplémentaires ont été accordées aux animateurs de santé, aux accoucheuses traditionnelles et aux membres de comités de santé qui se sont investis plus activement dans les activités des centres de santé. L’intégration des services a été plus renforcée que les années précédentes.

Conclusions

Les mutuelles de santé facilitent la population à accéder aux soins de santé et protègent leurs revenus en cas de maladies.

Le modèle de mise en place des mutuelles de santé au Rwanda est de caractéristique dirigiste :à partir des autorités (politiques, sanitaires ou leaders d’opinions). Il ne serait pas le plus adéquat dans la participation communautaire, mais plutôt adapté à un contexte politique de reconstruction d’un pays.
Doctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In 1898, with the foundation of the Metropolitan University of the Qing Dynasty (Jingshi da xuetang) in Beijing, the modern higher education system was established in China. After the Qing Dynasty, China has been ruled by two political parties before and after 1949: Kuomintang (KMT) dated from 1911 to 1949 and Chinese Communist Party (CCP)1 dated from 1949 to present. The history of Nanjing University (NJU) can be traced back to Sanjiang Normal School founded by the Qing government in 1902. The NJU witnessed the development of modern higher education in China. The Nanjing city used to be the capital of the KMT regime and National Central University (NCU) was under the control of the KMT. Nevertheless, today Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province and NJU is under the control of the CCP. As commonly known, the KMT and the CCP followed different political systems. The political status of the city and the university has changed a lot. It is worthwhile to do a research on the party controls of the KMT over NCU and the CCP over NJU within a changeable century to find which political system benefit the university more. This thesis introduces and compares the party controls of the KMT over NCU and the CCP over NJU in chapter two (party controls over personnel) and chapter three (party controls over the whole university). Afterwards, chapter four discusses the continuum of the political controls from the Qing Dynasty, to the KMT and then to the CCP and chapter five gives a summary as the conclusion. It is commonly known that China has a long civilized history for more than five thousand years. Within this long period of time, China formed a traditional Chinese authoritarianism with a typical Confucian orientation and three related structural aspects, hierarchical system, paternalism and bureaucratic pattern. This traditional Chinese authoritarianism was widely accepted and adopted by all dynasties and political regimes in China. All the modern universities (including NCU and NJU) and political parties (including the KMT and the CCP) in China are influenced by this type of authoritarianism while they are at the same time influenced by the Soviet Union (mainly in party constructions of the KMT and the CCP) and western values (mainly in university affairs including university settings and university administrations) in the late days. So the traditional Chinese authoritarianism, Soviet Union influence and western values are the three most important backgrounds in the party controls of the KMT over NCU and the CCP over NJU. Based on the analysis of this thesis, there is a continuum underlying the political controls of Qing Dynasty, the KMT and the CCP. It is found that the traditional Chinese authoritarianism is the dominant element in this continuum. Both the party controls of the KMT and the CCP have the characteristics of a typical Chinese Confucian orientation with its hierarchical structure, paternalism and bureaucratic pattern.

"This paper deals with the prosecution of a crime of crimes, genocide, at international and national levels. The international community has shown interest in penalizing perpetrators of gross human rights violations since the Nuremberg trial, and then the adoption of the 1948 UN Genocide Convention. After these times, significant numbers of international tribunals, although at an ad hoc level, have been established to punish gross violations of human rights including the crime of genocide. Along with these tribunals, quite a number of national courts have engaged in the prosecution of genocide. Nevertheless, due to legal and practical problems, the two legal systems are adopting different approaches to handle the matter, although the crime is one and the same. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess critically where the difference lies, the cause and impact of the disparity on the rights of the accused to fair trial. Moreover, the study will posit some recommendations that might assist to ameliorate this intermittent situation." -- Synopsis. "This work consists of five chapters. Chapter one is addressing the general introduction of the work, and it has already been discussed. Chapter two deals with the crime of genocide and its criminal responsibility as indicated under different national and international laws. The third chapter is devoted to focus on the right to fair trial and the prosecution of genocide, and specifically addresses the issues of the right to legal assistance, speedy trial, obtain and examine evidence, and sentencing. In chapter four the role of the Rome Statue in protecting the rights of the accused, its impact on on national laws, the complementarities of the International Criminal Court and national courts will be discussed. Finally, the work will come to an end by giving concluding remarks and recommendations under the fifth chapter." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Onoria at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

This study examines the impact mountain gorillas has on the sustainable and developmental life of the Volcanoes National Park (VNP) in Rwanda. The study is equally based on the on psychosocial perspectives as it concerns the behavior of the population. It emphases on how ecotourism works and how it affects the mountain gorillas on the nature reserve. The study also investigates the impact of ecotourism with regards to the locals, society and the country using research that has been previously carried out.   The study's findings show that the revenue-sharing system from mountain gorilla tourism activities has changed local communities view on ecotourism both positively and negatively through opportunities and weaknesses in sustainable development. In addition, the study shows the government's ongoing commitment to improving and maintaining the eco-tourism sector by diversifying its activities. It shows that the government of Rwanda has included conferences, ceremonies, and tours in its ecotourism efforts that further provides variation for visitors so that tourism develops throughout the country.
Denna studie undersöker bergsgorillornas påverkan utifrån ett hållbarhets- och utvecklingsperspektiv i Volcanoes National Park (VNP) i Rwanda. Studien utgår från ett psykosociolaperspektiv, hur ekoturismen fungerar och påverkar bergsgorillorna i VNP. Studien undersöker även med hjälp av tidigare forskning; vilka konsekvenser som tillkommer med ekoturism med avseende på lokalbefolkning, samhället och landet. Studiens resultat visar att intäktsdelningsystemet från bergsgorillaturismen har förändrat lokala samhällen både positivt och negativt genom möjligheter och svagheter i hållbarutveckling. Studien visar regeringens ständiga åtaganden att förbättra och upprätthålla ekoturismsektorn genom att diversifiera verksamheten. Rwanda har inkluderat konferenser, ceremonier och turer i sin ekoturism som ytterligare ger variation för besökarna så att turismen utvecklas i hela landet.

The present thesis explores the politics of reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda by focusing on one of its little-studied aspects— the government-led project of ‘unity building.’ To uncover the type of unit(ies) that are actually produced (not just officially envisioned), the analysis operates at three interconnected levels— i) at the level of the discourse of unity and reconciliation (studying its proper logic in addition to the ways in which it is shaped/structured by other discourses, such as security or prosperity/development); ii) at the level of concrete strategies and policies; and finally iii) at the level of ‘enaction’ through a score of official (and purportedly ‘local’ and ‘traditional’) activities. Many of the activities considered here have received no in-depth study. The official activities are explored both in toto and through an in in-depth analysis of one key exemplar – the ingando camps – transitory and transient spaces of re-education/sensitisation and reintegration tailored for selected segments of the population. The thesis demonstrates the ways in which the process of kubaka ubumwe / unity-building is profoundly politicised. Detailed attention is paid to exposing the way in which i) political dynamics affect the very conception of ‘unity’ and ‘reconciliation;’ ii) the manner in which power and the state mould unity and reconciliation activities, determining what can be achieved through them (or not); and finally iii) the ways in which the government appropriates the whole unity-building process for other than stated aims. The research shows how unity is shaped to imply consent, homogeneity and non-dissension, thus serving specific governmentality goals in the highly controlling environment of the authoritarian state (producing docile and legible subjects). Furthermore, the thesis shows how the process of unity and reconciliation is subsumed to the broader social engineering project of the state aimed at shaping citizens’ ‘mentalities’ and at their transformation into ‘perfect development subjects.’

Nowadays, change becomes more and more a continuous basis of the educational systems for their improvement. People increasingly need to tackle and cope with their organisational environments which are complex and dynamic. However, the problem is to know how to move from the status quo to the situation wherein all stakeholders should work both individually and collaboratively as inquirers and learners to investigate and solve problems. My case study is located at the heart of this context. Its purpose was to investigate why and how the process of curriculum change was managed in the National University of Rwanda from 1995. In addition, it aimed to identify how the University community should come together to handle curriculum change as an ongoing feature of improvement, and as a learning organisation. This research was carried out through a triangulation of participant observation, documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. Throughout my case study, I observed that orientations and needs for changing the curricula in the National University of Rwanda essentially stemmed from the situation inherited from the war, genocide and massacres undergone by the country in 1994. Furthermore, initiating curriculum change came from the top management, while the basic organ to deal with development and its implementation was the Department. I noted also that it is likely the National University of Rwanda focused more on changing curriculum frameworks than changing organisational habits, behaviours, values, skills and beliefs. Although the shift to the new culture is at the centre of a learning organisation, most of the time this aspect is left untouched in practice. As lecturers in a professional organisation such as the National University of Rwanda have the skills and control over their own work, I conclude that they are in a position to play a vital role to manage curriculum change, learn from it, help students and other stakeholders learn from and take part within it.
Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

ABSTRACT Scholars in the field of assessment recognize its key role in teaching and learning (Knight 1998, Brown and Knight 1996, Gipps 1994, Glaser 1990, Van Rooyen and Prinsloo 2003). According to Knight, assessment is ‘the most significant prompt for learning’ (1998:37). This study aimed to understand the role and the nature of assessment in academic literacy modules offered in two very different teaching and learning contexts. The focus of the research is ‘Foundation in English Language’ at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and ‘Writing English I’ at the National University of Rwanda (NUR). To conduct the investigation, three lecturers teaching on the Foundation module at Wits and, two lecturers teaching Writing English I at the NUR were interviewed individually and six students from each lecturer’s group participated in a focus group interview. In addition to the interviews, all the assignment and examination tasks, as well as students’ marked assignments and examination scripts were analysed. Although the study reveals many differences in both attitudes and practices in the two institutions, it also shows some similarities, especially in relation to students’ negative response to participation in one on one consultation with a lecturer. The most important difference noticed is in the role of assessment in the two modules. It was found that in the Writing English I module at NUR, assessment is considered separate from the teaching and learning process, whereas at Wits it is an integral part of the process. This difference in orientation to assessment influenced much of the planning and assessment of the two modules. In the Foundation module at Wits, assessment was planned into the course. Consequently, assignments were carefully scaffolded to promote students’ learning in regard to academic writing, with feedback given on essay drafts. At NUR where assessment was not planned into the course there was no clear focus on some important aspects of academic writing such as referencing and writing from sources without plagiarizing and there was no scaffolding of the assignments or feedback on drafts. The study concludes with some recommendations to lecturers and students and also to the leadership of the institutions, given that some of the recommendations have resource implications.

On the assumption that leadership involves individuals with distinct qualities who take much ingenuity, energy and skills to trigger greater capacity in the organization for moving people towards organizational vision and goal achievement, the aim of this study is to identify and describe the leadership shown by managers and lecturers for the successful implementation of academic programme change at National University of Rwanda. That includes investigating the improvement of academic practice in the higher education institution while implementing change, i.e. introduction of the Module-Based Teaching and Learning (MBTL) methodology which is a new approach to schooling, as well as defining an appropriate leadership style needed for the management of this implementation. The research was carried out at National University of Rwanda as a case study and supported by the aid of interviews with faculty managers and lecturers as they are the main developers and users of teaching and learning programmes. Next, data collected were complemented by means of textual analysis. The findings revealed that the MBTL introduced at NUR as an innovation in academic practice was a top-down decision made by the policy makers without consultation with academic staffs and implemented without adequate preparation whereas they are the main actors in the implementation. Coupled with the change in the language of instruction from French to English and the lack of educational material required by the MBTL approach, the situation had an unenthusiastic impact on the engagement of NUR academics for accurate successful implementation. The overall conclusion is that inadequate management of the introduction of an educational change programme leads to misadoption and reluctance at best and resistance by the implementers at worst.

Every country, nation and continent across the world has its own history. That history could be bad or good, according to what happened in that country or continent. Thus, the history of many countries and continents across the world was characterized by internal conflicts, quarrels, disputes, aggressions, wars etc..among its population or by external conflicts or wars against other countries. The impact and consequences of these conflicts and wars were so many and were mostly negative. Indeed, the African continent especially the great lake region has experienced up to now internal and external conflicts and wars. These repetitive internal and external conflicts and wars have negative impacts on the development of those countries. For example Burundi has internal conflicts between Tutsi and Hutu and is involved in an external conflict (war) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C). Uganda is also fighting against the rebels in the North and it is also fighting in the D.R.C. Thus, Rwanda as a country located in Africa, moreover situated in the great lake region has not escaped the internal and external conflict and wars. The history of Rwanda is characterized by different wars since the time of its expansion up to the recent different ethnic wars (1959 , 1960, 1962, 1963, 67, 73 and the genocide of 1994) . The impact of these repetitive wars especially the genocide on Rwanda's socio-economic, cultural, administrative, political, development was so wide and negative. The researcher's contribution through this research consisted in identifying what the impact of national unity has had on sustainable development in Rwanda after seven years in power of the so-called "government of national unity" . Rwandan politicians, the ordinary population or friends of Rwandans together should stand up to fight for building and consolidating the national unity of Rwanda. This research had aimed to identify and to clarify what impact national unity in Rwanda has had on sustainable development, after the genocide of 1994. The research had also as specific objectives to: * Verify if there is national unity in Rwanda; * Identify the different factors that influence national unity in Rwanda; * Verify if the Rwandan administrative system allows sustainable Development; * Identify the factors that influence sustainable development in Rwanda; * Identify the impact that national unity has on sustainable development in Rwanda; *Propose recommendations. This study also aimed to answer four complementary questions not isolated variables. Each allowed one to explain the other and vice versa. These questions are: • Is there national unity present in Rwanda? • Which basic factors for national unity were in Rwanda? • Does the Rwandan administrative system allow sustainable development? • What were the factors in favour of sustainable development present in Rwanda? • What was the impact of national unity on sustainable development present in Rwanda? However, the probable answers to the above questions constitute the hypotheses of the research. These are as follows: • There is a unity among Rwandans. • Rwandan national unity is influenced by political, social, economic and demographic factors. • The Rwandan administrative system allows sustainable development. • The democratic state, the state based on the rule of law, media freedom and the people's participation in national planning are the factors that influence sustainable development positively; • The impact of national unity on sustainable development in Rwanda is measured by the improvement or positive social, economic and political change that can be noticed in Rwanda after the genocide of 1994. • National security, peace, good governance, popular education are the other ingredients for sustainable development in Rwandan. For the methodological framework, the researcher used different methods and techniques. So far, historico-comparative, systemic, structural-functionalist and dialectic methods have been used. Documentary research and investigation (enquiry) by questionnaire and interviews with interview-guide have been used as techniques for collecting data in the field. All interviews were tape recorded. The research is delimited in space and time. In space, the study is limited to the country of Rwanda. In time the delimitation of the study starts from 1994 (after the genocide) up to now. However, running the research all over the country was quite impossible, because of the lack of money and time. So far the representative sample of politicians, the military, journalists, civil and public societies and the ordinary people within five provinces have been chosen as a sample and were taken as the respondents. In this research, all objectives were reached and hypotheses accepted or confirmed. The theoretical framework of the research explored precisely the theme of national unity for sustainable development in general and in Rwanda in particular. The first part of the study is composed of the general introduction, methodology, literature review and the theoretical framework. The literature review defines different concepts and key words relative to unity and sustainable development that will be used in the research. It gives the sources, typologies and forms of conflicts, defines wars and their impact, typology of violence, peace, sustainable development and the issues of unity and development in Rwanda. The theoretical framework defines different theories of conflict, cohesion, democratic peace and development. The second part of the study concerns the exploration of the topic "The impacts of national unity on sustainable development in Rwanda". Done within a sociological framework, the study has reached sufficient results. Regarding the hypotheses, which are subject to verification, the responses from all sampled provinces are in agreement and therefore confirm the hypotheses. Regarding the hypothesis of the need for a "democratic state, state based on the rule of law, media freedom and the participation of people in national planning are imperative for sustainable development"; this was confirmed by 64,4% of the politicians, 72,4% of representatives of the military, journalists, civil and public societies and 63,5% of the ordinary population. The respondents stated that presently Rwanda is slowly becoming a democratic state, with the application of the rule of law and media freedom. However, they also mentioned that peoples' participation in national planning is still at the lower stage. All respondents confirmed that Rwandan national unity facilitates, promotes and encourages the bilateral collaboration between people, between people and authorities and between authorities themselves. The involvement and participation of the people in national planning and protection of national developmental project for future generation; lead to sustainable development. They also confirmed that the Rwandan national unity has improved and influenced positively Rwandan social, economic and political systems. Lastly, good governance, security, peace, unity and popular education were also cited as the other ingredients of national unity and sustainable development. From this study one can see that national unity in Rwanda has a positive impact on sustainable development, and all factors have played their role. The consequences of Rwandan conflicts are: 1. Social; 2. Economic; 3. Political; 4. Judicial. Indeed, after conducting this research, the researcher acquired a technical experience about dealing with people, and authorities. The researcher has verified that the quantitative (with questionnaire) technique that was used, reached limited results. With direct questions that held different possibilities of responses, the respondents had a tendency to give suggested responses, which responses are not often in correspondence with what they feel exactly. However, with the qualitative research (direct interviews with a tape recorder) and the researcher's experience of being a Rwandan who had lived in the country before, during and after the genocide allowed one to collect different information that allowed one to verify the hypothesis. That experience allowed the researcher to collect rich and viable information on the impact of national unity on sustainable development in Rwanda.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2002.

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. There is evidence of the rising incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases of lifestyle in developing countries. Physical activity has been regarded as a commonly accepted modality for treating hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine if physical activity levels are associated with hypertension among employees of Kigali Institute Science and Technology in Kigali,Rwanda. A quantitative, cross- sectional design was used and all staff members (325 employees) of Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) represented the study population. Random sampling was used to determine the study sample. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire adopted from The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 15.0. Descriptive statistics using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations and inferential statistics using Chi-square tests were employed. The data were presented with use tables,figures,graphs, and pie charts. Ethical issues including obtaining permission for conducting the study, informe consent,anonymity,confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw from the study was observed in this study. The study found a prevalence of 34% participants with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was associated with age, smoking, drinking alcohol, suffering for diabetes mellitus, and body mass index (BMI). Over one-fifth of the participants in the physically active group were hypertensive while 68% of the participants in the physically inactive group were hypertensive. This study shows that hypertension status is strongly associated with physical activity levels [X² = 20.381 with (P<0.001)]. The study further showed that smoking and suffering from diabetes mellitus were also associated with levels of physical activity (P = 0.003 and p = 0.004 respectively). The current study concludes that physical activity is needed for employees at Kigali Institute of Science and Technology as part of preventive measures for chronic diseases of lifestyle. Therefore, the recommendations were proposed to various categories of people and stakeholders to be actively involved in the promotion of physical activity among employees of Kigali Universities in Rwanda.
Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
國際文教與比較教育學系
101
Establishment in Open University is one of strategies for Higher education massificattion. Every country faced that higher education in short supply. Therefore, they use distance education to establish notional level of Open University, in order to provide the public equal and fair higher education. The media technology plays an important role in Curriculum in Open University. To eliminate learning barrier, Open University use media technology by teaching. So with the development of technology, teaching style will change. In Open University, curriculum design has a system. It differs from normal university. It has a special the teaching mode, learning system, curriculum rule. By means of four points, the researcher compared with curriculum of Taiwan National Open University and Spain National Distance Education University. The researcher came to seven conclusions and got five suggestions. The five suggestions as below: I. Taiwan National Open University can add to master and doctor degrees II. Taiwan National Open University can make subject field professional. III. Taiwan National Open University can add to the science and engineering field, to broaden students learning fields. IV. Taiwan National Open University can have limit time on graduation and serious class credits plan. V. Taiwan National Open University can have diversification in student assessment.

碩士
國立中正大學
戰略暨國際事務研究所
104
School education, "national defense education" teaching purposes, mainly for the establishment of an effective way for students to defense of common sense, with the Meaning of "national defense education" to understand "national defense education" is to train vigilant, concerned about national defense, defense support culture and national identity. This study was designed to investigate the influence of the National Defense Education Curriculum for students of colleges and universities to national security awareness. To national security by the self perception questionnaire as a research tool for information and to carry out the service itself TungHai University student questionnaires were administered test 936 students who effectively counted as 893 people, Surveying effective rate was 95 percent. Information obtained by statistical analysis of their relative proportions, to understand the purposes of national defense education students, through the small country into the teaching, the difference in high school and university level selected compulsory courses, the analysis of its impact on the national security awareness. The analysis found that after contact with college students' national defense education "cognitive impact on national security," the overall perception of national security "and" national consciousness "," national security "and" comprehensive national security "has a significant correlation. Another found that the National Defense Education small period of the country fear because after the memory of the more obscure or course content leaner, so that college students than those without impression, but since high school education into the formal curriculum, until university to accept the education of national safety awareness of students of is being lifted . Overall, students receive national defense education curriculum and overall national security awareness has a high degree of positive correlation. The authors suggest recommendations based on this study, data analysis and the results, for education authorities, teaching instructors and follow-up study by reference.

博士
國立臺南大學
教育經營與管理研究所博士班
101
University governance has taken seriously of the higher education sector in recent years. In Taiwan, a national comprehensive research university is also a government bureaucracy institute, same time to compete with domestic universities and foreign universities, governance work has its difficulty. Under the government to promote plan of “First-class Universities and Top-level Research Centers”, the university who obtained the financial assistance should present good performance accountability, on the other hand the sustainable development must be considered. There for university governance is more complex. This article is a case study of the National Cheng Kung University, The study found that school has taken a “change governance” in order to respond to and manage the higher education environment changes, taken a task-oriented “share governance” in order to pursue sustainable development, taken a “services governance” to strengthen external relations with social resources and also taken a “cultural governance ”to create a arts campus to enhance school humanities. This study detailed description and analysis all facts and the context behind these above four governance models. This study is a description and interpretation based Phenomenon of research, the main argument is how the school in a dilemma between such of stability and innovation, technology and the humanities, development and service, academic power and administrative power, financial needs and outcome demand with Communication and decision-making. This study is able to show the governance function, also available for the suggestions of the institutions of higher education governance.

碩士
國立清華大學
科技管理研究所
102
The concept of entrepreneurial university, contributing in economy and society, is more and more valued after reforming the related institutional contexts. Entrepreneurial universities take researches or knowledge as commercial value putted on the market. The literature emphasized more on how environment makes commercialization activities worked. However, there are less discussion on what kinds of the commercialization strategies in campus are. This research pay more attention to how to operate and integrate commercialization strategies in entrepreneurial universities, including, University-Industry collaboration, technology transfer, and business incubation, studied with data collection, interview, and case study to investigate NTHU and NCTU. We found that the commercialization strategies are deeply influenced by the environmental contexts. The ones in NTHU concentrating on academic excellence and faculty autonomy are driven by U-I collaboration. The ones in NCTU with high consensus of contributing industry are developed in patents, U-I collaboration, technology transfer, and business incubation in balance. The commercial strategy in entrepreneurial university should develop their characteristic by their background and different factors of environment. In addition, the strategy to put academic knowledge on the market should be revised by their environment and business strategies to approach their goal. Keyword: entrepreneurial university, commercialization strategies, technology transfer, University-Industry collaboration

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
94
During the last few decades, university campus planning and development in Taiwan had always focused on satisfying the building demand of floor area ratio without considering the comprehensive planning and development as well as the aesthetic harmony of built forms at campus. Along with the growth of universities and the financial crisis in Taiwan, the development of university campus has gradually slowed down recently. It’s the time to re-examine the problems resulted from the rapid growth of campus development and to evaluate in-depth the developmental projects towards the future. This research will focus on the regulation of the built forms at university campus and takes both National Taiwan University and National Taiwan Ocean University as two cases studies. It firstly reviews the theories and paradigms of urban design as well as the exemplary cases of foreign campus planning. Secondarily, it will explored how campus redevelop under the regulatory framework of built forms, growth management and through the concept of building infill, can appropriately develop in steps and create the harmony texture at new campus towards the sustainable future. Besides, it is also expected to provide an example for university campus planning in Taiwan.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
臨床醫學研究所
93
Background Corneal infection is a leading cause of ocular morbidity and blindness worldwide. Effective topical therapy, using fortified antimicrobials selected based on the results of diagnostic corneal smears and cultures, is essential for management of patients with microbial keratitis. The spectrum of micro-organisms responsible for microbial keratitis varies in different geographical locations. Variations such as these probably occur worldwide, however, relatively little is known about the situation in Taiwan, where the climate is subtropical. Understanding the spectrum of microorganisms and clinical characters of microbial keratitis in our environment is the key for successful treatment. The antibiotic drug susceptibility changes with different locations and different time according to literature reviews. The spectrum of microorganisms and drugs available differ with different countries. There was no such report in Taiwan, and it is necessary for us to establish the work. Some pathogens have special treatment modality. Some pathogens are susceptible to special antibiotics, and the relationship may vary with time. Some pathogens have poor response to medical treatment, and surgery is inevitable. These pathogens reflect the weak side of our modern pharmacology. It is necessary to establish the spectrum of microorganism of microbial keratitis and the drug susceptibility in Taiwan. The work will improve the prognosis of microbial keratitis in this local area and will be helpful in the drug susceptible monitoring in the world. Study aims: 1. To analyze the clinical characters and spectrums of microorganisms of microbial keratitis in national Taiwan university hospital in proceeding 12 years. 2. To analyze the antibiotics susceptibility of bacterial keratitis in national Taiwan university hospital in proceeding 12 years and try to find the best regiment for bacterial keratitis. Materials and Methods: Medical records were reviewed for patients with clinical diagnosis of keratitis who were hospitalized at the National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), one of the largest tertiary medical centers in northern Taiwan, from January 1992 to December 2003. These patients were identified through a computerized diagnostic code search for all inpatients that had keratitis as the discharging diagnosis. Medial records were carefully examined and patients with diagnosis of microbial keratitis were included. All data were typed in Microsoft Excel software and were transported to STATA software. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. For the purpose of comparison, the patients were divided into two groups stratified according to diagnosis during the six-year periods, January 1992 to December 1997, and, January 1997 to December 2003. Results and Discussions Five hundred seventy-three eyes in 547 patients were included in the final evaluation. Patients included 272 males (49.7%) and 275 females (50.3%), aged from seven months to 96 years (mean age 40.8±22.2). The mean age of microbial keratitis in recent 6 years was younger than in previous 6 years（39.1 vs. 43.8, p=0.013）. The patients in 16-30 years group increased significantly in recent 6 years（30.3% vs. 45.8%, p<0.001）. The most common predisposing factor for microbial keratitis was contact-lens wear (45.4%), followed by ocular trauma (22.6%), chronic ocular and systemic disorders （17.1%） and recent ocular surgery （15%）. Identification of pathogens from the smears of corneal scrapings was achieved for 270 eyes (49.3%), and included Gram-negative (48.9%) and Gram-positive organisms (24.4%), fungi (16.7%), acid-fast bacilli (8.5%), and Acanthamoeba species (1.5%). Cultures of corneal scrapings were available for 550 eyes, with pathogens recovered for 260 (positive culture rate 48.9%). Pseudomonas species were the most commonly isolated organisms (38.17%), followed by fungi (13.4%), staphylococcus species (8.4%), nontuberculous mycobacteria (7.7%), Streptococcus species (7.4%), and Acanthamoeba species (4.3%). The prevalence of atypical mycobacterial keratitis decreased significantly from 12.8% and 5.5% during the second half of this study (1997-2001, p=0.026). Contact lens wear was highly related to Pseudomonas infection （odds ratio=4.26, p=0.007） as compared with referent other predisposing factors . Recent ocular surgery predisposing factor was related to atypical microbacterial infection （odds ratio=5.84, p=0.008）. Contact lens wear was reversely related to Streptococcus infection （odds ratio=0.12, p=0.01） . Ocular trauma was related to fungal infection （odds ratio=5.94, p=0.009） . Medical treatment was successful for 421 eyes (73.5%), while 152 eyes (26.5%) required additional surgical treatment, including lamellar keratectomy (n=35), penetrating keratoplasty (n=93), enucleation (n=11), and evisceration (n=13). The percentage of medical treatment increased significantly in recent 6 years（64.7% vs. 79.6%, p<0.001）. The percentage of patient receiving penetrating keratoplasty decreased significantly in recent 6 years（23.8% vs. 10.9%, p<0.001）. There was no antibiotic susceptibility change in Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas and atypical mycobacterium in recent 6 years. In Gram-negative organisms the susceptibility of fortified antibiotics, cefazolin and gentamicin combination, was 79.4% during 1994 to 2003. The susceptibility of ciprofloxacin was 98.5%. Ciprofloxacin was better in dealing with Gram-negative organisms（p<0.001）. In all bacterial pathogens the susceptibility of cefazolin and gentamicin combination was 79.7%. The susceptibility of cefazolin and ciprofloxacin combination was 89.3%（p=0.008）. In the relationship between special pathogen and clinical characters, we found that Pseudomonas was related to a large corneal erosion（OR=1.03）, shorter time between symptom onset to definite treatment（OR=0.9）, and medical treatment only（OR=0.31） as compared with referent other pathogens. Atypical mycobacterium was related to longer time between symptom onset to definite treatment（OR=1.04）and surgical treatment indicated（OR=29.61）. Fungal keratitis was related to old age（OR=1.03）and surgical treatment indicated（OR=2.65）. In surgically treated microbial keratitis we found that the patients were older（OR=1.04）, have longer time between symptom onset to definite treatment（OR=1.02）. In predisposing factors contact lens wear was reversely related to surgical treatment（OR=0.25）as compared with other predisposing factors. In spectrum of microorganism atypical mycobacterium was highly related to surgical treatment（OR=16.5） as compared with other micro-organisms. Fungal infection was also related to surgery（OR=3.48）. But pseudomonal infection was reversely related to surgical treatment（OR=0.47）. Conclusions: Pseudomonas（37.9%） was the most common pathogens, followed by fungus（13.4%）, atypical mycobacterium（8.4%）, Staphylococcus（7.7%）, Streptococcus（7.4%）and Acanthamoeba（1.5%）. Atypical mycobacterial infection decreased significantly. Contact lens wear（45.4%） was the most common predisposing factors, followed by ocular trauma（22.6%）, chronic ocular and systemic disorder（17.1%）and ocular surgery（15%）. The contact lens wear increased and ocular trauma decreased significantly. Contact lens wear was highly related to pseudomonal infection. Recent ocular surgery was related to atypical mycobacterium infection. Ocular trauma was related to fungal infection. 73.5% of microbial keratitis was treated medically, and 26.5% needed surgical treatment. Bacterial keratitis was treated medically and surgery was inevitable in atypical mycobacterium and fungal keratitis. Fungal keratitis was the most common in cases treated by enucleation or evisceration. There was no increase in drug resistance in Pseudomonas, atypical mycobacterium, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Ciprofloxacin was better than cefazolin and gentamicin combination in drug susceptibility test in Gram-negative bacteria during 1994 to 2003. Cefazolin and ciprofloxacin combination regiment was better than cefazolin and gentamicin combination in drug susceptibility test in all bacteria. Pseudomonal keratitis was related to contact lens wear, short interval between symptom onset to definite treatment, large corneal erosion size, and medical treatment only. Atypical mycobacterial keratitis was related to ocular surgery factor, long interval between symptom onset to definite treatment, and additional surgical treatment. Fungal keratitis was related to old age and ocular trauma factor. Patients who were old and had longer time between symptom onset to definite treatment were prone to receive additional surgical treatment.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
圖書館學系
81
The forerunner of National Taiwan University(NTU) was Tai- pei Empire University which was founded at the time of Japanese occupied Taiwan. During that time, Japanese actively collected histories and records of local customs about Taiwan and South- east Asia and Indonesia, with published a lot of research, so NTU stored a large amount of them. Those rare books and archives were separated at different units or libraries at NTU because of some historical reason. Including precious first hand materials such as "Tai wan guan shi he lan dang an"(臺灣關 係荷蘭檔案), "Dan shin dang an"(淡新檔案) and "An li da she wen shu"(岸大社文書), those docu- ments could afford the scholars of Taiwan histories to do re- search. Owing to some cooperations and endeavors between libraries and several units, adding the investigation from "The Club of Taiwan Studies", NTU'' s materials of Taiwan at least made efforts at bibliographical control. Then NTU Library published a union catalog of them in 1992. In the future, it will be a big chal- lenge for extension library service to promote the value of materials of Taiwan in historical and academic scope. According to the experience of materials of Taiwan, the next step, regul- ating materials of Southeast Asia and Indonesia, will go more smmothly.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
90
The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the future market and the future contracts of bill. For twenty years the bill market has developed rapidly and the transaction Volume has progressed substantially. As long with the development of the bill market there is a demand to hedge the short-term interest rate risks. Moreover, there is an instant need to speed the efficiency of bill market, especially for those institution investors、enterprises and bill finance company. To establish a future market for bill becomes important and necessary. The essay concludes 　1.as a matter of fact, government positively push bill 　　　　　interest rate future listed, the first of mission to 　　　　　accelerate the short-term benchmark rate set up, that this 　　work should be depend on regulator、financial information 　　　service company and bill finance company mutual aid and 　　　　cooperation, lets all work together for the worthy project. 　2.The future contracts must be structured to satisfy third 　　　investors、bill finance company and speculators. 　　　　　　　Considerable transaction volume and turnover in future 　　　　market will not only attract more participators but assure 　　the function in order. 　3.For bill finance company that own a lot of fixed income 　　　　securities, bill interest rate future not only provides the 　　demand of heding, but the best opportunity of arbitrage 　　　　between the future market and spot market.

Stress among nurses is still perceived as a challenge experienced by the nursing profession. Several studies have shown the negative impact of stress on both nurses and patients. However, little is known about the factors influencing stress among nurses in Rwanda. Aim: The overall aim of the study was to explore the factors contributing to nurses’ stress and related coping strategies used by nurses in the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (UTHB), Rwanda. Methods: The researcher used a non-experimental, descriptive study to explore the factors contributing to nurses’ stress and related coping strategies used by nurses in the University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Rwanda. This study was informed by a stress and coping theoretical framework. A questionnaire was used to collect the demographic characteristics of participants, while nurses’ stressors were assessed using the questionnaire of nurse’s stressors previously developed by Bianchi. The ways of coping were evaluated using the ways of coping elaborated by Folkman & Lazarus. A convenient sampling of 85 registered nurses, working at UTHB, participated in this study. Permission to conduct the study was requested and obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Ethics Committee, the Kigali Health Institute -Institutional Review Board and the management of UTHB. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 15, and was summarized using descriptive statistics. The results were presented in tables and graphs. Results: The findings of the study revealed that registered nurses at UTHB face a variety of stressors such as shortages of staff and materials, facing death and dying, dissatisfaction with the work environment, work overload and time spent on bureaucratic activities. It was shown that consequences of stress vis-à-vis registered nurses could be low quality of care, job dissatisfaction and burnout syndrome. Among the major strategies of coping with stress, registered nurses have indicated problem solving, social support and accepting responsibility. This study indicates that stress can be prevented and managed by using vi nursing strategies such as team work, effective communication improving work conditions and fostering the managerial nursing strategies in working unit. Conclusion: Drawing from these findings, it can be inferred that nurses’ stressors need to be addressed in order to create a working environment conducive to high quality of care and also to enhance nursing staff morale, satisfaction, motivation and retention.
Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
圖書資訊學研究所
99
In recent years, the development of internet promoted the rapid expansion of e-learning, and the promotion of Open Content make knowledge acquired free easier by internet. OpenCourseWare is the outcome of these concepts , learners can acquire any learning content, material from institutions of higher education which developed OCW by internet. The main demands of OCW are anyone can acquire learning material, and learners from different background can use these materials. So far every institution which develop OCW have their own course characteristic, and what kinds of user will attracted to use these different OCW , and the usability and their satisfication of users on OCW are the important things on OCW development. The research objects are the OCW platforms of National Taiwan Normal University and National Chiao-Tung University, users were investigated their using motivations, utilizations and satisfication of the two OCW platforms by questionnaire, and analysis the web site log of the two OCW site to understand the curriculum department, number of users and clicks, and the continuity of using the top 10 courses. This study revealed that users’ main motivation of OCW is habit, and students will use it for their lessons or class selection, but for on-the-job users, using OCW for jobs is not the main reason. The clicks and user number of the two sites during the vacation are less than the semester period apparently, but the using frequency and using curriculum numbers of NCTU OCW are more than NTNU, and it’s unconcerned with using frequency and using by anyone’s recommend. Most of users can watch courses which are not majored in, in NCTU, users who major in science or engineer can use the business or management course, and the users major in business and management also use the science or engineer courses, in contrast the users of NTNU from different discipline focus on liteture or educations curriculums. On the comments of users, all users approve the importance of reality curriculums, but users using NCTU OCW consider it can substitute for user’s absence of reality curriculums, in contrast the NTNU OCW users think reality curriculums can’t replaced by OCW, but users are willing to using OCW. On user’s response, most users consider the kinds of curriculums and the serve and quality of video materials must be improved. Accroding the results of this study stated above, the OCW platform operation and recommendation on research topics were purposed as reference for research on the user behavior and the operation of OCW.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所在職專班
101
The formulation of business strategy is a very important job for any organization because the quality of strategy will have a significant impact on its success.Therefore,an organization has to evaluate its internal and external environment in order to setup an appropriate strategic direction.At present,many of the public school’s swimming pools are operated by using outsourcing business model. However,this model is not entirely feasible for most of the schools due to the differences in their location, population,etc. Hence,this study takes National Formosa University’s swimming pool as example and uses SWOT strategy analysis method to analyze its current situation in order to determine the four strategic direction (SO,ST, WO,WT) in the SWOT strategy matrix.Hopefully,the result of this study can be useful reference for decision makers in determine future swimming pool operation strategy.

碩士
國立高雄大學
政治法律學系碩士班
103
During the half-century after the end of World War II, higher education in many countries has undergone a comprehensive reform, for it transformed from elite education to public education. In recent years, the acceptance rate for Taiwan universities keep reaching record high, indicating a trend of easier access to college education. Though the higher university acceptance rate greatly improves the quality of human resources as well as the social mobility, the excessive number of universities causes serious effects on financial pressures, education quality, and job market in Taiwan. Besides, the total fertility rate in Taiwan keeps declining in the past few years. According to the data from the Dept. of Statistics of Ministry of the Interior, there will be a drastic shortage of 50,000 college freshmen in 2016, causing severe impact on some private universities due to low enrollment. The low fertility rate hence becomes a major concern for university management authorities in Taiwan, and the university merger is considered a necessary action to be carried out. In 2011, the amendments of Article 7 of the University Act allow the Ministry of Education to carry out university merger. The merger involving National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology (referred to as “NKFUST”), National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences (referred to as “KUAS”), and National Kaohsiung Marine University (referred to as “NKMU”) is the first university merger proposed, which attracts lots of attention from the general public. Through document review, in-depth interviews, and participant observation, this study aims to investigate the demands and problems on university merger under low fertility rate, analyze the divergent attitudes of participants with different background variables, and also conclude key factors to the success or failure of a university merger. The author is a staff from NKFUST, which is one of the universities involving in the merger, and has taken a part in the merging, so a qualitative research method is adopted to indicate the particular role of the author. By proposing opinions and thoughts from the first-hand experience, the author aims to discover issues related to university merger from both macroscopic and microscopic aspects. The conclusion of this study includes: (1) problems that may arise during university merger; (2) university merger is a result of the cooperation between education authority and universities; (3) the attitude of students & faculty is the crucial key to the merger result; and (4) the grasp of key success factors will increase the chances of a successful university merger. Finally, this study aims to serve as a model example of technological university merger, and serve as a reference for education authority and national university in implementing university merger plans.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
生命教育與健康促進研究所
99
The aim of this study was to understand the concepts of good death of college students. The subjects were students from freshmen to seniors of a college in Taipei. Class was taken as the unit, and 26 classrooms and 749 students were taken randomly by cluster sampling. A self-designed good death scale questionnaire on college students was used as the research tool. From the pre-test of exploratory factor analysis and a reliability test, the questionnaire was shown to have good reliability and validity. An additional semi-strucutred interview was conducted to understand the relevant context and background of the students’ concepts of good death. 　　The students’ concepts of good death were generalized into 48 items, which were extracted into seven categories: “death with mental and physical ease”, “death after the realization of true truth”, “death without physical harms and with mental peace”, “death out of one’s will”, “death without pain”, “natural death”, and “death without illness”. Among the categories, “death with mental and physical ease” refers to people who die after realizing the dream and carrying out the duty so that they will leave with less regret and guilty. “Death after the realization of true truth” means that when dying, they know where to go and how to die for a good cause or justice which better matches good death. “Death without physical harms and with mental peace” means that good death seems to be their bodies undamaged by accidents and non-perception of death’s approach. “Death out of one’s will” shows that the students consider a death for the dream or a meaningful and valuable death to be good death. “Death without pain” shows that a good death should be out of nature and safety, and no pain. “Natural death” shows that the students hope they are accompanied by relatives and have their wishes when it’s time to say goodbye. “Death without illness” shows that the students hope to be healthy and long-lived unitil they die. They also hope to die with dignity. In addition, the variable of individual background and the variable of environmental experience result in the different levels of the students’ concepts of good death. Among the subbjects, females, seniors, ones who have undergone relatives’ death, ones who or whose parents have a religion, ones who have taken life education courses, ones whose families have talked about death, ones who have touched on death-related reports, and ones who have more positive concepts of good death, have deeper understading of death. 　　Finally, the study proposed three suggestions based on the discussions and conclusions: 1) it is necessary to construct a life education course whose core concepts is good death; 2) several methods were suggested to the research subjects for helping them achieve the goal of good death according to the differences of their personal background and environmental experiences; 3) this study proposed several research directions for future studies.

碩士
國立中正大學
教育學碩士在職專班
107
The establishment of teachers colleges was originally to cultivate primary and pre-school teachers.For decades, they have cultivated many outstanding teachers for our country. However, the impacts of social contexts, government policies, and so on have changed the direction of development for teachers colleges. The government actively promoted the mergers of teachers colleges and other universities- a major change in teachers colleges. Selecting National Chiayi University (National Chiayi Teachers College) and National Dong Hwa University (National Hualien University of Education) as cases of the research, the study aims to investigate the development of teachers colleges in Taiwan, its difficulties encountered, and the recent issues concerning mergers. Through document analysis and interviews, the study provides some insights into mergers and transformation of teachers colleges and analyzes the changes in the following aspects: academic reputation, professional identity in education, institutional tasks and the transformation of teacher-student relationships. Research findings include: 1.After the mergers between teachers colleges and other universities, the academic prestige of both colleges was elevated. 2.In terms of professional identity in education, Chiayi Teachers College considers that it makes no significant difference after the merger, whereas Hualien University of Education finds it lower than the past. 3.In terms of institutional tasks, after Chiayi Teachers College was merged, the task of “Teacher Cultivation” became more diversified and the inter-college cooperation was more common. Yet, at Hualien University of Education, the task was gradually in decline among different departments. 4.After the mergers, the teacher-student relationships at two investigated universities became more alienated than before, and the notion of respecting for teachers was no longer embraced. Based on the findings of this study, the conclusions are as follows: 1.The transformation of Taiwan’s teachers colleges is greatly influenced by the low birth rate and the diversification of teacher cultivation policy. 2.After Chiayi Teachers College and Hualien University of Education merged with other universities respectively, the academic reputation, professional identity in education, institutional tasks and teacher-student relationships have changed. 3.The merger has made an impact on the overall institutional developments. Keywords: university mergers, teachers colleges, organizational transformation

碩士
國立臺灣大學
圖書資訊學研究所
96
University Presses have been devoted to the mission of scholarly communication for nearly five hundred years. Recently, because of the change of scholarly communication and the stiff market competition, every university press is eager to discover, try and create various business plans in order to find the new business model of the times. In comparison with overseas university presses, university presses in Taiwan are smaller in scale and have shorter history. Most of university presses in Taiwan have indefinite roles and are burdened with miscellaneous tasks so that it is difficult for them to fully play the professional role. Hence, university presses in Taiwan have missed the time and opportunities for decades. This research is a case study of National Taiwan University Press. It focuses on the development of National Taiwan University Press in twelve years. The purposes of the research are as follows: (1) to describe the growth of National Taiwan University Press, (2) to survey the operation of National Taiwan University Press, (3) to discover the role of National Taiwan University Press, (4) to find out the forward directions of National Taiwan University Press, and (5) to give suggestions of the operational strategies for National Taiwan University Press. As an empirical research, it takes the qualitative approach to collect the data in order to aim at the research purposes. The research methods include (1) the literature analysis of secondary resources, (2) the document analysis of the meeting documents of the advisory board, (3) the in-depth interviews with the directors, staffs, advisory board members and specialists. The result of the research shows that National Taiwan University press: (1) values scholarly publishing as its core goal, (2) plays the role of professional university press, (3) has basal operation system, including acquisition, peer-review mechanism, editing, printing and marketing, (4) possesses the strengths of scholarly publishing so as to actively develop the academic publications and also to earn the market, (5) faces the problems inside the university press and those in the external environment, (6) owns the objectives such as producing academic books of high quality, publishing in cooperation with other organizations, developing electronic publishing, and expanding the market across the Taiwan strait. The research recommends National Taiwan University Press (1) recruit new staffs and gain the opportunity to enhance the flexibility and efficiency in the administrative part. (2) improve the quality of publication, develop the cooperative mechanism and create various series of books in the executive part. (3) expand the distribution channels, cooperate with much more kinds of organizations and explore the market in mainland China in the marketing part.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
通訊工程研究所
93
In this thesis, a RS code decoder based on the frame of Arithmetic unit (AU) is designed. The architecture of decoder includes Arithmetic Unit(AU), Memory Unit(MU), Control Unit(CU), and I/O Interface. For example, a double-error-correcting step-by-step is designed to show that architecture of the RS decoder is practicable.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
83
The R&D and innovation of industries are the key factor of influencing future competitive advantage. In this study, we try to combine three variables that affecting the "Innovative Power", including R&D Investment Fee, Innovation Number and Sales Revenue, and define the concept of " The Circulation of Innovative Power". It means that the R&D leads to innovation, then innovation affects sales revenue. 　　Besides, in order to compare the difference of Innovative Power of industries, we propose a " Combined Index of Innovative Power". It consists of three " single index" including "R&D Investment Index", "Innovation Index", and "Sales Growth Index". It can provide the firms a judgement of its strength or weakness in innovation in their own industry. 　　Finally, limitations and suggestions for future research are proposed.

碩士
國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
92
Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses that cause significant damage to dicotyledonous plants. Begomoviruses usually inflict bright yellowing symptoms on infected plants. The question how geminivirus initiated DNA synthesis and replication in differentiated cells that are in G0/G1 phase remain to be elucidated. It had been shown that geminivirus could replicate in prokaryotic organisms. Single-stranded circular DNAs of geminivirus were also found in Escherichia coli/phage M13 system in our laboratory. Since the plastids resemble prokaryotic system in plant cells, it is hypothesized that plastids may also support the replication of geminiviruses in plants, which may lead to the damage of plastids and result in the bright yellowing symptoms. The purpose of this study is to study the replication of ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) and tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) in plastids of dicotyledonous plants. AYVV DNA and TLCV DNA genome genome, but not complementary-strand DNA, were detected in intact plastids of virus-infected plants by Southern-blot hybridization with a series of probes specific to TLCV DNA genome. Various AYVV or TLCV isolates were collected from different regions in Taiwan. The respective coat protein (CP) genes were cloned and sequenced. At the protein level, by means of the bioinformatics analyses, it is found that geminivirus coat proteins from many regions of Taiwan and the world may contain chloroplast transit peptides (cTP). In order to confirm the biological function, the putative viral cTP was fused to the N-terminal of GFP and cloned into the pCBSGFP vector under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. The constructs were inoculated into N. benthamiana and analyzed directly by fluorescence microscopy to confirm the biological functions of the putative cTP. However, no significant GFP signals were observed in chloroplasts by fluorescence microscopy. Western blot analyses further suggested that TLCV may not enter the chloroplasts. Therefore, in this study, it is found that TLCV and AYVV DNA genome could enter the chloroplast, but further studies are needed to elucidate the actual functions.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生醫電子與資訊學研究所
101
Lung replacement therapy is the radical way to solve the problem of the end-stage pulmonary dysfunction. The lung replacement therapy includes both lung transplantation and artificial lung, the lung transplantation is the feasible method of the lung replacement therapy nowadays, but this operation is limited to the shortage of the donor lungs. The future practical use of the long-term artificial lung will be the radical solution. According to the 12 cases of lung transplantation reported by NTUH (National Taiwan University Hospital) and checking the effectiveness of the lung replacement therapy in NTUH, it is contributive to perform the artificial lung by virtue of the understanding and mature practice of the lung transplantation. The indications for lung replacement therapy in NTUH include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, primary pulmonary hypertension and Sauropus Androgynus-induced bronchiolitis obliterans. To understand the successful key factors of the lung transplantation in NTUH, e.g. control of the infection, immunosuppression for the rejection, and the skill of the vascular anastomosis, is helpful to the successful performance of the artificial lung. The gas exchange of the artificial lung could occur across a man-made membrane. The spiral coiled membrabe lung is the forerunner of the ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). ECMO and intravascular oxygenator allow only for days to weeks, but paracorporeal artificial lung provides the longer duration than ECMO or intravascular oxygenator. The configurations of the paracorporeal artificial lung include pulmonary artery to left atrium, pulmonary artery to pulmonary artery, right atrium to pulmonary artery, and the double lumen venovenous configuration with a pump. The task requirement for long-term artificial lung is based on the limitation of the shorter utility of ECMO and the technique requirement for long-term artificial lung is mainly to overcome the problem of the biocompatibility of the man-made membrane of ECMO. Therefore, it causes the application of stem cells. The character of the stem cells will be totally compatible with the artificial lung while the artificial lung is treated with the pulmonary stem cells covered the biocompatible scaffold. This biomedical technology will combine the surgical skill of the lung transplantation and biotechnique of the proliferation of the stem cells of the recipient with the biocompatible scaffold to regenerate the artificial lung. The perfect solution of the long-term lung replacement therapy will be the stem-cell regeneration of the artifiial lung.